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Púa Torrejón RC, Ordoño Saiz MV, González Alguacil E, Furones García M, Cantarín Extremera V, Ruiz Falcó ML, Soto Insuga V. Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Pediatric Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pediatr Neurol 2022; 136:28-33. [PMID: 36084419 PMCID: PMC9343071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anosmia and hypogeusia are frequent symptoms in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in adults, but their incidence in children is unknown. OBJECTIVE Describe the incidence and associated characteristics of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS Descriptive study carried out by telephone survey of patients aged between five and 18 years with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed between March and December, 2020. RESULTS Two hundred eighty Spanish patients (female: 42.2%) with a mean age of 10.4 years (±3.54, range: 5 to 17) were analyzed, 22.5% with other diseases (mostly respiratory: 11.8%). The most frequent symptoms were fever (55.36%) and neurological symptoms (45.7%). Forty-four (15.7%) were hospitalized due to the infection, in intensive care unit (ICU): 7.1%. Forty-five patients (16.1%) had anosmia and/or hypogeusia: 32 both, eight with hypogeusia only, and five with exclusively anosmia. The mean symptom duration in days for anosmia was 36.4, and for hypogeusia it was 27.6. Either symptom was the initial manifestation in 15 patients. None had anosmia/hypogeusia with no other symptoms. Anosmia/hypogeusia was related to the presence of respiratory infection, gastroenteritis, chills, odynophagia, myalgia, asthenia, and anorexia, but not severity (hospitalization/ICU admission). Cohabitation with another infected individual was associated with a higher incidence of anosmia/hypogeusia (P = 0.041) and duration of anosmia (P = 0.006). The presence of anosmia/hypogeusia in cohabitants was associated with longer duration of anosmia (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of anosmia/hypogeusia in children with SARS-CoV-2 was lower than that reported in adults, although with a longer duration. Although no association was found between anosmia/hypogeusia and greater disease severity, recognition of these symptoms could help identify paucisymptomatic patients.
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Medina Gamero A, Regalado Chamorro M, Guillen Rojas N. [The aftermath of COVID-19: between anosmia and ageusia]. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2022; 73:200. [PMID: 34642502 PMCID: PMC8494994 DOI: 10.1016/j.otorri.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Medina Gamero A, Regalado Chamorro M, Guillen Rojas N. The aftermath of COVID-19: between anosmia and ageusia. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2022; 73:200. [PMID: 35577438 PMCID: PMC8890989 DOI: 10.1016/j.otoeng.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Luna-Mazzola I. [Oral manifestations of COVID-19 and the role of the ACE2 receptor: what is known so far?]. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA ODONTOLÓGICA 2022; 10:e108. [PMID: 38389661 PMCID: PMC10880690 DOI: 10.21142/2523-2754-1002-2022-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a currently pandemic disease that worries professionals in all areas of the Health Sciences. Current literature indicates that certain components of the stomatognathic system (such as lips, oral mucosa, tongue, and tonsils) express ACE2 receptors, responsible for the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the human cell. This expression has a big impact on organular compromise, turning the oral cavity not only into an important route of viral entry but also into a region with the possibility of various manifestations such as xerostomia, halitosis, chemosensory alteration, opportunistic coinfection, and mucosal lesions. The fact that mouth manifestations are reported in the early stages of this disease suggests a possible predictive nature, which would make them very useful for diagnostic referral. In this sense, it is important that the dental professional knows how to recognize this early presentation symptomatology, being able to presumptively detect patients with COVID-19 in whom a significant systemic commitment has not yet been consolidated. This would allow the referral to medical consultation for definitive diagnostic purposes and, if correct, prevent both transmission and the advancement of the disease in the patient. Based on this important work, this review article synthesizes the scientific evidence published in the last 3 years (2019-2021 period) about the oral manifestations of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Luna-Mazzola
- Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Lima, Perú. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Odontología Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Lima Peru
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Ghods K, Alaee A. Olfactory and Taste Disorders in Patients Suffering from Covid-19, a Review of Literature. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (SHIRAZ, IRAN) 2022; 23:1-6. [PMID: 35291682 PMCID: PMC8918638 DOI: 10.30476/dentjods.2021.87800.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Corona virus epidemic has caused a widespread disaster around the world. In studies, there are pieces of evidence of olfactory and taste dysfunction in patients with Covid-19. These symptoms occur independently or can be associated with other symptoms such as dry cough. The mechanism of the above-mentioned disorders and their clinical features in patients are not yet known. The rate of incidence of olfactory dysfunction in patients has been varied from 29.64% to 75.23% and the rate of incidence of taste dysfunction among the people can be different from 20.46% to 68.95%. Therefore, clinicians including ENT specialists and dentists should pay attention to the symptoms of anosmia and ageusia in these patients to prevent delayed diagnosis and inappropriate treatments. In this review article, data have been collected by searching the available articles in the domestic and foreign journals using databases such as PubMed, PubMed Central, Medline, EBSCO, Google Scholar, and Embase with key words of Anosmia, Ageusia, Dysgeusia, Covid-19, and Coronavirus from 2019 to 2020. Among the relevant references, 38 authoritative articles were chosen. The data showed that it seems olfactory and taste function disorders are the obvious symptoms of Covid-19, which can occur independently or with other symptoms, but the pathogenesis is not well specified yet. Therefore, further studies are required to achieve a reliable result in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Ghods
- Student of Dentistry, Membership of Dental Material Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Alaee
- Dept. of Oral Medicine, Membership of Dental Material Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Pang KW, Tham SL, Ng LS. Exploring the Clinical Utility of Gustatory Dysfunction (GD) as a Triage Symptom Prior to Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in the Diagnosis of COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1315. [PMID: 34947846 PMCID: PMC8706269 DOI: 10.3390/life11121315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of COVID-19 is made using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) but its sensitivity varies from 20 to 100%. The presence of gustatory dysfunction (GD) in a patient with upper respiratory tract symptoms might increase the clinical suspicion of COVID-19. AIMS To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), negative likelihood ratio (LR-) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of using GD as a triage symptom prior to RT-PCR. METHODS PubMed and Embase were searched up to 20 June 2021. Studies published in English were included if they compared the frequency of GD in COVID-19 adult patients (proven by RT-PCR) to COVID-19 negative controls in case control or cross-sectional studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. RESULTS 21,272 COVID-19 patients and 52,298 COVID-19 negative patients were included across 44 studies from 21 countries. All studies were of moderate to high risk of bias. Patients with GD were more likely to test positive for COVID-19: DOR 6.39 (4.86-8.40), LR+ 3.84 (3.04-4.84), LR- 0.67 (0.64-0.70), pooled sensitivity 0.37 (0.29-0.47) and pooled specificity 0.92 (0.89-0.94). While history/questionnaire-based assessments were predictive of RT-PCR positivity (DOR 6.62 (4.95-8.85)), gustatory testing was not (DOR 3.53 (0.98-12.7)). There was significant heterogeneity among the 44 studies (I2 = 92%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS GD is useful as a symptom to determine if a patient should undergo further testing, especially in resource-poor regions where COVID-19 testing is scarce. Patients with GD may be advised to quarantine while repeated testing is performed if the initial RT-PCR is negative. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang Wen Pang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.-L.T.); (L.S.N.)
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Barros A, Queiruga-Piñeiro J, Lozano-Sanroma J, Alcalde I, Gallar J, Fernández-Vega Cueto L, Alfonso JF, Quirós LM, Merayo-Lloves J. Small fiber neuropathy in the cornea of Covid-19 patients associated with the generation of ocular surface disease. Ocul Surf 2021; 23:40-48. [PMID: 34781021 PMCID: PMC8588585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To describe the association between Sars-CoV-2 infection and small fiber neuropathy in the cornea identified by in vivo corneal confocal microscopy. Methods Twenty-three patients who had overcome COVID-19 were recruited to this observational retrospective study. Forty-six uninfected volunteers were also recruited and studied as a control group. All subjects were examined under in vivo confocal microscopy to obtain images of corneal subbasal nerve fibers in order to study the presence of neuroma-like structures, axonal beadings and dendritic cells. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire and Schirmer tear test were used as indicators of Dry Eye Disease (DED) and ocular surface pathology. Results Twenty-one patients (91.31%) presented alterations of the corneal subbasal plexus and corneal tissue consistent with small fiber neuropathy. Images from healthy subjects did not indicate significant nerve fiber or corneal tissue damage. Eight patients reported increased sensations of ocular dryness after COVID-19 infection and had positive DED indicators. Beaded axons were found in 82.60% of cases, mainly in patients reporting ocular irritation symptoms. Neuroma-like images were found in 65.22% patients, more frequently in those with OSDI scores >13. Dendritic cells were found in 69.56% of patients and were more frequent in younger asymptomatic patients. The presence of morphological alterations in patients up to 10 months after recovering from Sars-CoV-2 infection points to the chronic nature of the neuropathy. Conclusions Sars-CoV-2 infection may be inducing small fiber neuropathy in the ocular surface, sharing symptomatology and morphological landmarks with DED and diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ignacio Alcalde
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Luis Fernández-Vega Cueto
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - José F Alfonso
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain; Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis M Quirós
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain; Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain; Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Cifuentes-Faura J. Factors influencing the COVID-19 mortality rate in the European Union: importance of medical professionals. Public Health 2021; 200:1-3. [PMID: 34628306 PMCID: PMC8440236 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this paper is to analyze whether health variables such as the total number of physicians, available beds, and public spending on health care influence the number of deaths. The influence of other variables such as the Human Development Index and public health measures is also analyzed. Study design Statistical study. Evaluation of variables associated with COVID-19 mortality in the EU. Methods A multiple regression analysis is performed for the countries of the European Union. Results Health expenditure, public health measures and the number of physicians influence the total number of deaths. The more physicians, the lower the number of deaths. However, the number of beds or the Human Development Index are not determinants of the number of deaths. Conclusions A greater number of medical professionals will improve health care and reduce the number of deaths.
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Influenza and anosmia: Important prediction factors for severity and death of COVID-19. J Infect 2021; 83:e10-e13. [PMID: 34418412 PMCID: PMC8373587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Denis F, Septans AL, Periers L, Maillard JM, Legoff F, Gurden H, Moriniere S. Olfactory Training and Visual Stimulation Assisted by a Web Application for Patients With Persistent Olfactory Dysfunction After SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Observational Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e29583. [PMID: 34003765 PMCID: PMC8163493 DOI: 10.2196/29583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persistent olfactory dysfunction is a significant complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Olfactory training involving aromatic oils has been recommended to improve olfactory recovery, but quantitative data are missing. Objective We aimed to quantify the benefit of olfactory training and visual stimulation assisted by a dedicated web application for patients who experienced olfactory dysfunction for ≥1 month. Methods We performed an observational, real-life, data-based study on a cohort of patients who experienced at least 1 month of persistent olfactory dysfunction between January 30 and March 26, 2021. An analysis was performed after a mean olfactory training time of 4 weeks, and at least 500 patients were assessable for primary outcome assessment. Participants exposed themselves twice daily to odors from 4 high-concentration oils and visual stimulation assisted by a dedicated web application. Improvement was defined as a 2-point increase on a 10-point, self-assessed olfactory visual analogue scale. Results In total, 548 patients were assessable for primary outcome assessment. The mean baseline, self-assessed olfactory score was 1.9 (SD 1.7), and this increased to 4.6 (SD 2.8) after a mean olfactory training time of 27.7 days (SD 17.2). Olfactory training was associated with at least a 2-point increase in 64.2% (352/548) of patients. The rate of patients’ olfactory improvement was higher for patients who trained for more than 28 days than that rate for patients who trained for less than 28 days (73.3% vs 59%; P=.002). The time to olfactory improvement was 8 days faster for patients with hyposmia compared to the time to improvement for patients with anosmia (P<.001). This benefit was observed regardless of the duration of the olfactory dysfunction. Conclusions Olfactory training and visual stimulation assisted by a dedicated web application was associated with significant improvement in olfaction, especially after 28 days of olfactory training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Denis
- Institut Inter-Regional Jean Bernard - ELSAN, Le Mans, France
| | | | - Lea Periers
- Service d'Otorhinolaryngologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bretonneau, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Hirac Gurden
- Unite de Biologie Fonctionnelle Adaptative, Unite Mixte de Recherche 8251 Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Moriniere
- Service d'Otorhinolaryngologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bretonneau, Tours, France
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Characterization of Headache in COVID-19: a Retrospective Multicenter Study. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4487-4494. [PMID: 34036488 PMCID: PMC8148871 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02430-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Headache is the most common neurological symptom in COVID-19, reported in 6.5 to 34% of patients. Few studies have analyzed its characteristics, and some of them included cases without laboratory confirmation or reported only critical patients. We aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 associated headache in laboratory-confirmed cases. We conducted a retrospective evaluation of patients with COVID-19 and neurological symptoms. Patients who reported headache answered an interview about its clinical characteristics. Twenty-four patients with COVID-19 associated headache completed the interview. Mean age of patients was 53.8 (standard deviation—17.44), and 14 out of 24 (58.3%) were male. The majority (75%) had no previous history of headache. Fever was documented in 19 out of the 24 patients (79.1%). Headache was predominantly bifrontal or holocranial, in pressure, during hours, worsening with cough or physical activity. COVID-19 headache tends to appear in the first days of symptoms, be either frontal or holocranial and last for days. The quality of pain in pressure and the worsening with cough or physical activity were reported in most cases. We have not found any characteristic that could differentiate COVID-19 associated headache from other causes of headache, possibly because of its multifactorial mechanism.
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Alessandro L, Appiani F, Bendersky M, Borrego Guerrero B, Bruera G, Cairola P, Calandri I, Cardozo Oliver JM, Clément ME, Di Egidio M, Di Pace JL, Diaconchuk M, Esliman C, Esnaola y Rojas MM, Fernández Boccazzi J, Franco AF, Gargiulo G, Giardino DL, Gómez C, Guevara AK, Gutiérrez N, Hryb J, Ibarra V, Janota F, Larcher LA, Leone F, Luetic G, Medina CA, Menichini ML, Nieto G, Páez MF, Peñalver F, Perassolo M, Persi G, Pestchanker C, Porta O, Rey RD, Rodríguez GE, Romano M, Rugiero M, Saidón P, Sica MF, Stankievich E, Tarulla A, Zalazar G. Registro argentino de manifestaciones neurológicas por coronavirus-19 (COVID-19). NEUROLOGÍA ARGENTINA 2021. [PMCID: PMC8059983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuarg.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
La enfermedad por COVID-19 se ha extendido por el mundo desde diciembre de 2019. Los síntomas neurológicos forman parte de su espectro clínico. Objetivo Conocer las manifestaciones neurológicas en pacientes infectados por COVID-19 en Argentina. Métodos Estudio multicéntrico realizado en adultos, desde mayo de 2020 a enero de 2021, con COVID-19 confirmado y síntomas neurológicos. Se consignaron variables demográficas, existencia de comorbilidades sistémicas o neurológicas, la forma de comienzo de la infección, alteración en estudios complementarios y el grado de severidad de los síntomas neurológicos. Resultados Se incluyeron 817 pacientes de todo el país, 52% varones, edad promedio 38 años. La mayoría sin comorbilidades ni patología neurológica previa. El primer síntoma de la infección fue neurológico en 56,2% de los casos, predominando la cefalea (69%), luego anosmia/ageusia (66%). También se reportaron mialgias (52%), alodinia/hiperalgesia (18%), astenia (6%). Un 3,2% mostró compromiso difuso del SNC como encefalopatía o convulsiones. Un 1,7% tuvo complicaciones cerebrovasculares. Los trastornos del sueño se observaron en 3,2%. Se reportaron seis pacientes con síndrome de Guillain-Barré (GBS), neuropatía periférica (3,4%), parestesias en lengua (0,6%), hipoacusia (0,4%), plexopatía (0,3%). La severidad de síntomas neurológicos se correlacionó con la edad y la existencia de comorbilidades. Conclusiones Nuestros resultados, similares a los de otros países, muestran dos tipos de síntomas neurológicos asociados a COVID-19: algunos potencialmente incapacitantes o mortales como el GBS o la encefalitis, y otros menos devastadores, pero más frecuentes, como cefalea o anosmia que demandan en forma creciente atención a largo plazo.
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Mutiawati E, Fahriani M, Mamada SS, Fajar JK, Frediansyah A, Maliga HA, Ilmawan M, Emran TB, Ophinni Y, Ichsan I, Musadir N, Rabaan AA, Dhama K, Syahrul S, Nainu F, Harapan H. Anosmia and dysgeusia in SARS-CoV-2 infection: incidence and effects on COVID-19 severity and mortality, and the possible pathobiology mechanisms - a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res 2021; 10:40. [PMID: 33824716 PMCID: PMC7993408 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28393.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study aimed to determine the global prevalence of anosmia and dysgeusia in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and to assess their association with severity and mortality of COVID-19. Moreover, this study aimed to discuss the possible pathobiological mechanisms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19. Methods: Available articles from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and preprint databases (MedRxiv, BioRxiv, and Researchsquare) were searched on November 10th, 2020. Data on the characteristics of the study (anosmia, dysgeusia, and COVID-19) were extracted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess research quality. Moreover, the pooled prevalence of anosmia and dysgeusia were calculated, and the association between anosmia and dysgeusia in presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was assessed using the Z test. Results: Out of 32,142 COVID-19 patients from 107 studies, anosmia was reported in 12,038 patients with a prevalence of 38.2% (95% CI: 36.5%, 47.2%); whereas, dysgeusia was reported in 11,337 patients out of 30,901 COVID-19 patients from 101 studies, with prevalence of 36.6% (95% CI: 35.2%, 45.2%), worldwide. Furthermore, the prevalence of anosmia was 10.2-fold higher (OR: 10.21; 95% CI: 6.53, 15.96, p < 0.001) and that of dysgeusia was 8.6-fold higher (OR: 8.61; 95% CI: 5.26, 14.11, p < 0.001) in COVID-19 patients compared to those with other respiratory infections or COVID-19 like illness. To date, no study has assessed the association of anosmia and dysgeusia with severity and mortality of COVID-19. Conclusion: Anosmia and dysgeusia are prevalent in COVID-19 patients compared to those with the other non-COVID-19 respiratory infections. Several possible mechanisms have been hypothesized; however, future studies are warranted to elucidate the definitive mechanisms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19. Protocol registration: PROSPERO CRD42020223204.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang Mutiawati
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Marhami Fahriani
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Sukamto S. Mamada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Jonny Karunia Fajar
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Andri Frediansyah
- Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Wonosari, 55861, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad Ilmawan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65117, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong-4381, Bangladesh
| | - Youdiil Ophinni
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ichsan Ichsan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Nasrul Musadir
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Syahrul Syahrul
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
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