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Yu CY, Chammas M, Gurden H, Lin HH, Pain F. Design and validation of a convolutional neural network for fast, model-free blood flow imaging with multiple exposure speckle imaging. Biomed Opt Express 2023; 14:4439-4454. [PMID: 37791260 PMCID: PMC10545206 DOI: 10.1364/boe.492739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple exposure speckle imaging has demonstrated its improved accuracy compared to single exposure speckle imaging for relative quantitation of blood flow in vivo. However, the calculation of blood flow maps relies on a pixelwise non-linear fit of a multi-parametric model to the speckle contrasts. This approach has two major drawbacks. First, it is computer-intensive and prevents real time imaging and, second, the mathematical model is not universal and should in principle be adapted to the type of blood vessels. We evaluated a model-free machine learning approach based on a convolutional neural network as an alternative to the non-linear fit approach. A network was designed and trained with annotated speckle contrast data from microfluidic experiments. The neural network performances are then compared to the non-linear fit approach applied to in vitro and in vivo data. The study demonstrates the potential of convolutional networks to provide relative blood flow maps from multiple exposure speckle data in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yueh Yu
- Chang-Gung University, Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Marc Chammas
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127, Palaiseau, France
| | - Hirac Gurden
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Hsin-Hon Lin
- Chang-Gung University, Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Frédéric Pain
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127, Palaiseau, France
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Montaner M, Denom J, Jiang W, Magnan C, Trapp S, Gurden H. The local GLP-1 system in the olfactory bulb is required for odor-evoked cephalic phase of insulin release in mice. Mol Metab 2023; 73:101738. [PMID: 37182561 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The olfactory bulb (OB) codes for sensory information and contributes to the control of energy metabolism by regulating foraging and cephalic phase responses. Mitral cells are the main output neurons of the OB. The Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)/GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) system in the OB (GLP-1OB) has been shown to be a major regulator of mitral cell activity but its function in vivo is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the role of GLP-1OB in foraging behavior and odor-evoked Cephalic Phase Insulin Release (CPIR). METHODS AND RESULTS By fluorescent labeling, we confirmed the presence of GLP-1 producing neurons and the expression of GLP-1R in the mouse OB. In response to food odor presentation, we collected blood, quantified plasma insulin by ELISA and showed the existence of an odor-evoked CPIR in lean mice but its absence in obese animals. Injection of shRNA against preproglucagon mRNA in the OB resulted in blunted CPIR in lean mice. Injecting Exendin (9-39), a GLP-1R antagonist, into the OB of lean mice also resulted in decreased CPIR. Since parasympathetic cholinergic input to the pancreas is known to be partly responsible for CPIR, we systemically administered the muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist 4-DAMP which resulted in a reduced odor-evoked CPIR. Finally, local injection of Exendin (9-39) in the OB extinguished olfactory foraging in lean mice whereas the injection of the GLP-1R agonist Exendin-4 rescued the loss of foraging behavior in obese mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that GLP-1OB controls olfactory foraging and is required for odor-evoked CPIR. We describe a new crucial brain function for GLP-1 and GLP-1R expressed within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Montaner
- Université de Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Denom
- Université de Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Wanqing Jiang
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology; UCL; London; UK
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Université de Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology; UCL; London; UK.
| | - Hirac Gurden
- Université de Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France.
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Faour M, Magnan C, Gurden H, Martin C. Olfaction in the context of obesity and diabetes: Insights from animal models to humans. Neuropharmacology 2021; 206:108923. [PMID: 34919903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system is at the crossroad between sensory processing and metabolic sensing. In addition to being the center of detection and identification of food odors, it is a sensor for most of the hormones and nutrients responsible for feeding behavior regulation. The consequences of modifications in body homeostasis, nutrient overload and alteration of this brain network in the pathological condition of food-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes are still not elucidated. The aim of this review was first to use both humans and animal studies to report on the current knowledge of the consequences of obesity and type 2 diabetes on odorant threshold and olfactory perception including identification discrimination and memory. We then discuss how olfactory processing can be modified by an alteration of the metabolic homeostasis of the organism and available elements on pharmacological treatments that regulate olfaction. We focus on data within the olfactory system but also on the interactions between the olfactory system and other brain networks impacted by metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Faour
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Hirac Gurden
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Claire Martin
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
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Denis F, Septans AL, Periers L, Maillard JM, Legoff F, Gurden H, Moriniere S. Correction: Olfactory Training and Visual Stimulation Assisted by a Web Application for Patients With Persistent Olfactory Dysfunction After SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Observational Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e32120. [PMID: 34270442 PMCID: PMC8325081 DOI: 10.2196/32120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Denis
- Institut Inter-Regional Jean Bernard - ELSAN, Le Mans, France
| | | | - Lea Periers
- Service d'Otorhinolaryngologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bretonneau, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Hirac Gurden
- Unite de Biologie Fonctionnelle Adaptative, Unite Mixte de Recherche 8251 Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Moriniere
- Service d'Otorhinolaryngologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bretonneau, Tours, France
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Denis F, Septans AL, Periers L, Maillard JM, Legoff F, Gurden H, Moriniere S. Olfactory Training and Visual Stimulation Assisted by a Web Application for Patients With Persistent Olfactory Dysfunction After SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Observational Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e29583. [PMID: 34003765 PMCID: PMC8163493 DOI: 10.2196/29583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persistent olfactory dysfunction is a significant complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Olfactory training involving aromatic oils has been recommended to improve olfactory recovery, but quantitative data are missing. Objective We aimed to quantify the benefit of olfactory training and visual stimulation assisted by a dedicated web application for patients who experienced olfactory dysfunction for ≥1 month. Methods We performed an observational, real-life, data-based study on a cohort of patients who experienced at least 1 month of persistent olfactory dysfunction between January 30 and March 26, 2021. An analysis was performed after a mean olfactory training time of 4 weeks, and at least 500 patients were assessable for primary outcome assessment. Participants exposed themselves twice daily to odors from 4 high-concentration oils and visual stimulation assisted by a dedicated web application. Improvement was defined as a 2-point increase on a 10-point, self-assessed olfactory visual analogue scale. Results In total, 548 patients were assessable for primary outcome assessment. The mean baseline, self-assessed olfactory score was 1.9 (SD 1.7), and this increased to 4.6 (SD 2.8) after a mean olfactory training time of 27.7 days (SD 17.2). Olfactory training was associated with at least a 2-point increase in 64.2% (352/548) of patients. The rate of patients’ olfactory improvement was higher for patients who trained for more than 28 days than that rate for patients who trained for less than 28 days (73.3% vs 59%; P=.002). The time to olfactory improvement was 8 days faster for patients with hyposmia compared to the time to improvement for patients with anosmia (P<.001). This benefit was observed regardless of the duration of the olfactory dysfunction. Conclusions Olfactory training and visual stimulation assisted by a dedicated web application was associated with significant improvement in olfaction, especially after 28 days of olfactory training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Denis
- Institut Inter-Regional Jean Bernard - ELSAN, Le Mans, France
| | | | - Lea Periers
- Service d'Otorhinolaryngologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bretonneau, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Hirac Gurden
- Unite de Biologie Fonctionnelle Adaptative, Unite Mixte de Recherche 8251 Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Moriniere
- Service d'Otorhinolaryngologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bretonneau, Tours, France
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Soleimanzad H, Montaner M, Ternier G, Lemitre M, Silvestre JS, Kassis N, Giacobini P, Magnan C, Pain F, Gurden H. Obesity in Midlife Hampers Resting and Sensory-Evoked Cerebral Blood Flow in Mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:150-158. [PMID: 33174382 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) and aging on resting and activity-dependent cerebral blood flow (CBF). METHODS To run a comparison between obese and age-matched control animals, 6-week-old mice were fed either with regular chow or an HFD for 3 months or 8 months. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were assessed for metabolic phenotyping. Resting and odor-evoked CBF at the microvascular scale in the olfactory bulb (OB) was investigated by multiexposure speckle imaging. Immunolabeling-enabled imaging of solvent-cleared organs was used to analyze vascular density. The ejection fraction was studied by using cardioechography. Olfactory sensitivity was tested by using a buried-food test. RESULTS Glucose intolerance and compromised odor-evoked CBF were observed in obese mice in the younger group. Prolonged HFD feeding triggered insulin resistance and stronger impairment in activity-dependent CBF. Aging had a specific negative impact on resting CBF. There was no decrease in vascular density in the OB of obese mice, although cardiac function was impaired at both ages. In addition, decreased olfactory sensitivity was observed only in the older, middle-aged obese mice. CONCLUSIONS OB microvasculature in obese mice showed a specific functional feature characterized by impaired sensory-evoked CBF and a specific deleterious effect of aging on resting CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Soleimanzad
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Mireia Montaner
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan Ternier
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Mathilde Lemitre
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Nadim Kassis
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Pain
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau, France
| | - Hirac Gurden
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
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Mortreux M, Foppen E, Denis RG, Montaner M, Kassis N, Denom J, Vincent M, Fumeron F, Kujawski-Lafourcade M, Andréelli F, Balkau B, Marre M, Roussel R, Magnan C, Gurden H, Migrenne-Li S. New roles for prokineticin 2 in feeding behavior, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: Studies in mice and humans. Mol Metab 2019; 29:182-196. [PMID: 31668389 PMCID: PMC6812023 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Prokineticin 2 (PROK2) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that plays a critical role in the rhythmicity of physiological functions and inhibits food intake. PROK2 is also expressed in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) as an essential factor for neuro-and morphogenesis. Since the MOB was shown to be strongly involved in eating behavior, we hypothesized that PROK2 could be a new target in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis, through its effects in the MOB. We also asked whether PROK2 could be associated with the pathophysiology of obesity, the metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans. Methods We assessed in wild type mice whether the expression of Prok2 in the MOB is dependent on the nutritional status. We measured the effect of human recombinant PROK2 (rPROK2) acute injection in the MOB on food intake and olfactory behavior. Then, using a lentivirus expressing Prok2-shRNA, we studied the effects of Prok2 underexpression in the MOB on feeding behavior and glucose metabolism. Metabolic parameters and meal pattern were determined using calorimetric cages. In vivo 2-deoxyglucose uptake measurements were performed in mice after intraperitoneally insulin injection. Plasmatic PROK2 dosages and genetic associations studies were carried out respectively on 148 and more than 4000 participants from the D.E.S.I.R. (Data from an Epidemiologic Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome) cohort. Results Our findings showed that fasting in mice reduced Prok2 expression in the MOB. Acute injection of rPROK2 in the MOB significantly decreased food intake whereas Prok2-shRNA injection resulted in a higher dietary consumption characterized by increased feeding frequency and decreased meal size. Additionally, Prok2 underexpression in the MOB induced insulin resistance compared to scrambled shRNA-injected mice. In the human D.E.S.I.R. cohort, we found a significantly lower mean concentration of plasma PROK2 in people with T2D than in those with normoglycemia. Interestingly, this decrease was no longer significant when adjusted for Body Mass Index (BMI) or calorie intake, suggesting that the association between plasma PROK2 and diabetes is mediated, at least partly, by BMI and feeding behavior in humans. Moreover, common Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in PROK2 gene were genotyped and associated with incident T2D or impaired fasting glycemia (IFG), MetS, and obesity. Conclusions Our data highlight PROK2 as a new target in the MOB that links olfaction with eating behavior and energy homeostasis. In humans, plasma PROK2 is negatively correlated with T2D, BMI, and energy intake, and PROK2 genetic variants are associated with incident hyperglycemia (T2D/IFG), the MetS and obesity. Fasting alters prokineticin 2 (Prok2) expression in the main olfactory bulb (MOB). Acute injection of PROK2 into the MOB diminishes food intake. Partial deletion of MOB-Prok2 affects meal pattern and induces insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans is correlated with lower plasma PROK2 level. Polymorphisms of PROK2 gene associate with incident T2D and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mortreux
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël G Denis
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Mireia Montaner
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Denom
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Mylène Vincent
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Fumeron
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR-S 1138, Paris, France
| | | | - Fabrizio Andréelli
- Department of Diabetology, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UMR_S 1269, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, UMR-S 1018, University Paris-Sud, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Villejuif, France
| | - Michel Marre
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR-S 1138, Paris, France; Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nutrition, APHP - Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ronan Roussel
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR-S 1138, Paris, France; Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nutrition, APHP - Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Hirac Gurden
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Migrenne-Li
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France.
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Soleimanzad H, Smekens F, Peyronnet J, Juchaux M, Lefebvre O, Bouville D, Magnan C, Gurden H, Pain F. Multiple speckle exposure imaging for the study of blood flow changes induced by functional activation of barrel cortex and olfactory bulb in mice. Neurophotonics 2019; 6:015008. [PMID: 30854406 PMCID: PMC6400140 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.1.015008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Speckle contrast imaging allows in vivo imaging of relative blood flow changes. Multiple exposure speckle imaging (MESI) is more accurate than the standard single-exposure method since it allows separating the contribution of the static and moving scatters of the recorded speckle patterns. MESI requires experimental validation on phantoms prior to in vivo experiments to ensure the proper calibration of the system and the robustness of the model. The data analysis relies on the calculation of the speckle contrast for each exposure and a subsequent nonlinear fit to the MESI model to extract the scatterers correlation time and the relative contribution of moving scatters. We have designed two multichannel polydimethylsiloxane chips to study the influence of multiple and static scattering on the accuracy of MESI quantitation. We also propose a method based on standard C++ libraries to implement a computationally efficient analysis of the MESI data. Finally, the system was used to obtain in vivo hemodynamic data on two distinct sensory areas of the mice brain: the barrel cortex and the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Soleimanzad
- IMNC, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- BFA, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - François Smekens
- IMNC, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Juliette Peyronnet
- IMNC, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Marjorie Juchaux
- IMNC, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- C2N, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Olivier Lefebvre
- IMNC, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - David Bouville
- C2N, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Hirac Gurden
- BFA, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Pain
- IMNC, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Soleimanzad
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR8165, Bat 440, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Hirac Gurden
- Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR8251, Bat Buffon, Paris F-75205, France
| | - Frédéric Pain
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR8165, Bat 440, Orsay F-91405, France
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Soleimanzad H, Gurden H, Pain F. Errata: Optical properties of mice skull bone in the 455- to 705-nm range. J Biomed Opt 2017; 22:10503. [PMID: 28399197 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.1.010503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Soleimanzad
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR8165, Bat 440, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Hirac Gurden
- Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR8251, Bat Buffon, Paris F-75205, France
| | - Frédéric Pain
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR8165, Bat 440, Orsay F-91405, France
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Chelminski Y, Magnan C, Luquet SH, Everard A, Meunier N, Gurden H, Martin C. Odor-Induced Neuronal Rhythms in the Olfactory Bulb Are Profoundly Modified in ob/ob Obese Mice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:2. [PMID: 28154537 PMCID: PMC5244437 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin, the product of the Ob(Lep) gene, is a peptide hormone that plays a major role in maintaining the balance between food intake and energy expenditure. In the brain, leptin receptors are expressed by hypothalamic cells but also in the olfactory bulb, the first central structure coding for odors, suggesting a precise function of this hormone in odor-evoked activities. Although olfaction plays a key role in feeding behavior, the ability of the olfactory bulb to integrate the energy-related signal leptin is still missing. Therefore, we studied the fate of odor-induced activity in the olfactory bulb in the genetic context of leptin deficiency using the obese ob/ob mice. By means of an odor discrimination task with concomitant local field potential recordings, we showed that ob/ob mice perform better than wild-type (WT) mice in the early stage of the task. This behavioral gain of function was associated in parallel with profound changes in neuronal oscillations in the olfactory bulb. The distribution of the peaks in the gamma frequency range was shifted toward higher frequencies in ob/ob mice compared to WT mice before learning. More notably, beta oscillatory activity, which has been shown previously to be correlated with olfactory discrimination learning, was longer and stronger in expert ob/ob mice after learning. Since oscillations in the olfactory bulb emerge from mitral to granule cell interactions, our results suggest that cellular dynamics in the olfactory bulb are deeply modified in ob/ob mice in the context of olfactory learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chelminski
- UMR 8165 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IMNC, Paris Sud University, Paris Diderot University Orsay, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- UMR 8251 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BFA, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité University Paris, France
| | - Serge H Luquet
- UMR 8251 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BFA, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité University Paris, France
| | - Amandine Everard
- UMR 8251 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BFA, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité University Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'OlfactionJouy-en-Josas, France; Université de Versailles St-Quentin en YvelinesVersailles, France
| | - Hirac Gurden
- UMR 8165 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IMNC, Paris Sud University, Paris Diderot UniversityOrsay, France; UMR 8251 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BFA, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité UniversityParis, France
| | - Claire Martin
- UMR 8165 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IMNC, Paris Sud University, Paris Diderot UniversityOrsay, France; UMR 8251 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BFA, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité UniversityParis, France
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Osmanski B, Martin C, Montaldo G, Lanièce P, Pain F, Tanter M, Gurden H. Functional ultrasound imaging reveals different odor-evoked patterns of vascular activity in the main olfactory bulb and the anterior piriform cortex. Neuroimage 2014; 95:176-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Soria-Gómez E, Bellocchio L, Reguero L, Lepousez G, Martin C, Bendahmane M, Ruehle S, Remmers F, Desprez T, Matias I, Wiesner T, Cannich A, Nissant A, Wadleigh A, Pape HC, Chiarlone AP, Quarta C, Verrier D, Vincent P, Massa F, Lutz B, Guzmán M, Gurden H, Ferreira G, Lledo PM, Grandes P, Marsicano G. The endocannabinoid system controls food intake via olfactory processes. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:407-15. [PMID: 24509429 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hunger arouses sensory perception, eventually leading to an increase in food intake, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We found that cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors promote food intake in fasted mice by increasing odor detection. CB1 receptors were abundantly expressed on axon terminals of centrifugal cortical glutamatergic neurons that project to inhibitory granule cells of the main olfactory bulb (MOB). Local pharmacological and genetic manipulations revealed that endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids increased odor detection and food intake in fasted mice by decreasing excitatory drive from olfactory cortex areas to the MOB. Consistently, cannabinoid agonists dampened in vivo optogenetically stimulated excitatory transmission in the same circuit. Our data indicate that cortical feedback projections to the MOB crucially regulate food intake via CB1 receptor signaling, linking the feeling of hunger to stronger odor processing. Thus, CB1 receptor-dependent control of cortical feedback projections in olfactory circuits couples internal states to perception and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Soria-Gómez
- 1] INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France. [2] University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie U862, Bordeaux, France. [3]
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain. [2]
| | - Leire Reguero
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Gabriel Lepousez
- 1] Laboratory for Perception and Memory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. [2] CNRS UMR 3571, Paris, France
| | - Claire Martin
- CNRS UMR 8165, IMNC, Univ. Paris Diderot & Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | - Sabine Ruehle
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Floor Remmers
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tifany Desprez
- 1] INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France. [2] University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Matias
- 1] INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France. [2] University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Theresa Wiesner
- 1] INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France. [2] University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Astrid Cannich
- 1] INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France. [2] University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Antoine Nissant
- 1] Laboratory for Perception and Memory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. [2] CNRS UMR 3571, Paris, France
| | - Aya Wadleigh
- 1] INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France. [2] University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hans-Christian Pape
- Institut fuer Physiologie I, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anna Paola Chiarlone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmelo Quarta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniéle Verrier
- 1] INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France. [2] University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Peggy Vincent
- 1] INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France. [2] University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Federico Massa
- 1] INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France. [2] University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hirac Gurden
- CNRS UMR 8165, IMNC, Univ. Paris Diderot & Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- 1] Laboratory for Perception and Memory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. [2] CNRS UMR 3571, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Grandes
- 1] Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain. [2]
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- 1] INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France. [2] University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie U862, Bordeaux, France. [3]
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Abstract
Anesthetized preparations have been widely used to study odor-induced temporal dynamics in the olfactory bulb. Although numerous recent data of single-cell recording or imaging in the olfactory bulb have employed ketamine cocktails, their effects on networks activities are still poorly understood, and odor-induced oscillations of the local field potential have not been characterized under these anesthetics. Our study aimed at describing the impact of two ketamine cocktails on oscillations and comparing them to awake condition. Anesthesia was induced by injection of a cocktail of ketamine, an antagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, combined with one agonist of α2-adrenergic receptors, xylazine (low affinity) or medetomidine (high affinity). Spontaneous and odor-induced activities were examined in anesthetized and awake conditions, in the same mice chronically implanted with an electrode in the main olfactory bulb. The overall dynamic pattern of oscillations under the two ketamine cocktails resembles that of the awake state. Ongoing activity is characterized by gamma bursts (>60 Hz) locked on respiration and beta (15-40 Hz) power increases during odor stimulation. However, anesthesia decreases local field potential power and leads to a strong frequency shift of gamma oscillations from 60-90 Hz to 100-130 Hz. We conclude that similarities between oscillations in anesthetized and awake states make cocktails of ketamine with one α2-agonist suitable for the recordings of local field potential to study processing in the early stages of the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Chery
- Laboratoire Imagerie et Modélisation en Neurobiologie et Cancérologie, UMR8165, Université Paris-Sud, Paris 7, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orsay, France
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15
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Gurden H. Astrocytes: can they be the missing stars linking neuronal activity to neurofunctional imaging signals? Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:21. [PMID: 23476628 PMCID: PMC3592263 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hirac Gurden
- Imagerie et Modélisation en Neurobiologie et Cancérologie, UMR8165, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot et Paris Sud Orsay, France
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16
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Viggiano A, Marinesco S, Pain F, Meiller A, Gurden H. Reconstruction of field excitatory post-synaptic potentials in the dentate gyrus from amperometric biosensor signals. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 206:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Martin C, Houitte D, Guillermier M, Petit F, Bonvento G, Gurden H. Alteration of sensory-evoked metabolic and oscillatory activities in the olfactory bulb of GLAST-deficient mice. Front Neural Circuits 2012; 6:1. [PMID: 22291618 PMCID: PMC3265768 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2012.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are key cellular elements in both the tripartite synapse and the neurovascular unit. To fulfill this dual role in synaptic activity and metabolism, they express a panel of receptors and transporters that sense glutamate. Among them, the GLT-1 and GLAST transporters are known to regulate extracellular glutamate concentrations at excitatory synapses and consequently modulate glutamate receptor signaling. These major uptake systems are also involved in energy supply to neurons. However, the functional role of GLAST in concurrent regulation of metabolic and neuronal activity is currently unknown. We took advantage of the attractive structural and functional features of the main olfactory bulb to explore the impact of GLAST on sensory information processing while probing both glutamate uptake and neuronal activity in glomeruli and deeper cellular layers, respectively. Using odor-evoked 2-deoxyglucose imaging and local field potential recordings in GLAST knockout mice, we show in vivo that deletion of GLAST alters both glucose uptake and neuronal oscillations in olfactory bulb networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Martin
- Laboratoire Imagerie et Modélisation en Neurobiologie et Cancérologie UMR 8165, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Orsay, France
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Renaud R, Martin C, Gurden H, Pain F. Multispectral reflectance imaging of brain activation in rodents: methodological study of the differential path length estimations and first in vivo recordings in the rat olfactory bulb. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17:016012. [PMID: 22352662 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.1.016012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic maps of relative changes in blood volume and oxygenation following brain activation are obtained using multispectral reflectance imaging. The technique relies on optical absorption modifications linked to hemodynamic changes. The relative variation of hemodynamic parameters can be quantified using the modified Beer-Lambert Law if changes in reflected light intensities are recorded at two wavelengths or more and the differential path length (DP) is known. The DP is the mean path length in tissues of backscattered photons and varies with wavelength. It is usually estimated using Monte Carlo simulations in simplified semi-infinite homogeneous geometries. Here we consider the use of multilayered models of the somatosensory cortex (SsC) and olfactory bulb (OB), which are common physiological models of brain activation. Simulations demonstrate that specific DP estimation is required for SsC and OB, specifically for wavelengths above 600 nm. They validate the hypothesis of a constant path length during activation and show the need for specific DP if imaging is performed in a thinned-skull preparation. The first multispectral reflectance imaging data recorded in vivo during OB activation are presented, and the influence of DP on the hemodynamic parameters and the pattern of oxymetric changes in the activated OB are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Renaud
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR8165, Orsay F-91405, France
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19
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Gobbo OL, Petit F, Gurden H, Dhenain M. In vivo detection of excitotoxicity by manganese-enhanced MRI: comparison with physiological stimulation. Magn Reson Med 2011; 68:234-40. [PMID: 22127903 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.23210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) is a powerful technique for the in vivo monitoring of brain function in animals. Manganese enters into cells through calcium channels, i.e., voltage-gated calcium channels and activated glutamate receptors (e.g., N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors). N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are activated both in normal physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Consistent with these mechanisms, we showed that in the olfactory bulb, the MEMRI signal strongly increases when excitotoxic mechanisms are induced by an administration of a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist, quinolinate. We found that the intensity of the MEMRI signal in excitotoxic conditions is similar to the odor-evoked signal in normal physiological conditions. Finally, we showed that the dynamics of the MEMRI signal are determined by the early phase of manganese in the olfactory bulb. Overall, these data show that, in addition to physiological studies, MEMRI can be used as an in vivo method to follow-up the dynamics of excitotoxic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliviero L Gobbo
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Chery R, L'Heureux B, Bendahmane M, Renaud R, Martin C, Pain F, Gurden H. Imaging odor-evoked activities in the mouse olfactory bulb using optical reflectance and autofluorescence signals. J Vis Exp 2011:e3336. [PMID: 22064685 PMCID: PMC3227181 DOI: 10.3791/3336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, sensory stimulation activates distributed populations of neurons among functional modules which participate to the coding of the stimulus. Functional optical imaging techniques are advantageous to visualize the activation of these modules in sensory cortices with high spatial resolution. In this context, endogenous optical signals that arise from molecular mechanisms linked to neuroenergetics are valuable sources of contrast to record spatial maps of sensory stimuli over wide fields in the rodent brain. Here, we present two techniques based on changes of endogenous optical properties of the brain tissue during activation. First the intrinsic optical signals (IOS) are produced by a local alteration in red light reflectance due to: (i) absorption by changes in blood oxygenation level and blood volume (ii) photon scattering. The use of in vivo IOS to record spatial maps started in the mid 1980's with the observation of optical maps of whisker barrels in the rat and the orientation columns in the cat visual cortex1. IOS imaging of the surface of the rodent main olfactory bulb (OB) in response to odorants was later demonstrated by Larry Katz's group2. The second approach relies on flavoprotein autofluorescence signals (FAS) due to changes in the redox state of these mitochondrial metabolic intermediates. More precisely, the technique is based on the green fluorescence due to oxidized state of flavoproteins when the tissue is excited with blue light. Although such signals were probably among the first fluorescent molecules recorded for the study of brain activity by the pioneer studies of Britton Chances and colleagues3, it was not until recently that they have been used for mapping of brain activation in vivo. FAS imaging was first applied to the somatosensory cortex in rodents in response to hindpaw stimulation by Katsuei Shibuki's group4. The olfactory system is of central importance for the survival of the vast majority of living species because it allows efficient detection and identification of chemical substances in the environment (food, predators). The OB is the first relay of olfactory information processing in the brain. It receives afferent projections from the olfactory primary sensory neurons that detect volatile odorant molecules. Each sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor and neurons carrying the same type of receptor send their nerve processes to the same well-defined microregions of ˜100μm3 constituted of discrete neuropil, the olfactory glomerulus (Fig. 1). In the last decade, IOS imaging has fostered the functional exploration of the OB5, 6, 7 which has become one of the most studied sensory structures. The mapping of OB activity with FAS imaging has not been performed yet. Here, we show the successive steps of an efficient protocol for IOS and FAS imaging to map odor-evoked activities in the mouse OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Chery
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie et de Modélisation en Neurobiologie et Cancérologie, UMR8165 Université Paris Sud 11, Paris Diderot 7 – CNRS
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21
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Pain F, L'heureux B, Gurden H. Visualizing odor representation in the brain: a review of imaging techniques for the mapping of sensory activity in the olfactory glomeruli. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2689-709. [PMID: 21584811 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The brain transforms clues from the external world, the sensory stimuli, into activities in neuroglial networks. These circuits are activated in specialized sensory cortices where specific functional modules are responsible for the spatiotemporal coding of the stimulus. A major challenge in the neuroscience field has been to image the spatial distribution and follow the temporal dynamics of the activation of such large populations in vivo. Functional imaging techniques developed in the last 30 years have enabled researchers to solve this critical issue, and are reviewed here. These techniques utilize sources of contrast of radioisotopic, magnetic and optical origins and exploit two major families of signals to image sensory activity: the first class uses sources linked to cellular energy metabolism and hemodynamics, while the second involves exogenous indicators of neuronal activity. The whole panel of imaging techniques has fostered the functional exploration of the olfactory bulb which is one of the most studied sensory structures. We summarize the major results obtained using these techniques that describe the spatial and temporal activity patterns in the olfactory glomeruli, the first relay of olfactory information processing in the main olfactory bulb. We conclude this review by describing promising technical developments in optical imaging and future directions in the study of olfactory spatiotemporal coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pain
- Laboratoire Imagerie et Modélisation en Neurobiologie et Cancérologie, UMR Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Campus d'Orsay Bat, France.
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L'Heureux B, Gurden H, Pain F. Autofluorescence imaging of NADH and flavoproteins in the rat brain: insights from Monte Carlo simulations. Opt Express 2009; 17:9477-9490. [PMID: 19506595 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.009477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There has been recently a renewed interest in using Autofluorescence imaging (AF) of NADH and flavoproteins (Fp) to map brain activity in cortical areas. The recording of these cellular signals provides complementary information to intrinsic optical imaging based on hemodynamic changes. However, which of NADH or Fp is the best candidate for AF functional imaging is not established, and the temporal profile of AF signals is not fully understood. To bring new theoretical insights into these questions, Monte Carlo simulations of AF signals were carried out in realistic models of the rat somatosensory cortex and olfactory bulb. We show that AF signals depend on the structural and physiological features of the brain area considered and are sensitive to changes in blood flow and volume induced by sensory activation. In addition, we demonstrate the feasibility of both NADHAF and Fp-AF in the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L'Heureux
- UMR8165 Imagerie et Modélisation en Neurobiologie et Cancérologie, CNRS/Université Paris XI/Paris VII, Bat 440, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France.
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Pain F, Dhenain M, Gurden H, Routier AL, Lefebvre F, Mastrippolito R, Lanièce P. A method based on Monte Carlo simulations and voxelized anatomical atlases to evaluate and correct uncertainties on radiotracer accumulation quantitation in beta microprobe studies in the rat brain. Phys Med Biol 2008; 53:5385-404. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/19/008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Desbrée A, Verdurand M, Godart J, Dubois A, Mastrippolito R, Pain F, Pinot L, Delzescaux T, Gurden H, Zimmer L, Lanièce P. The Potential of a Radiosensitive Intracerebral Probe to Monitor 18F-MPPF Binding in Mouse Hippocampus In Vivo. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:1155-61. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.050047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Desbrée A, Rbah L, Langlois JB, Grenier D, Mastrippolito R, Pain F, Pinot L, Lanièce P, Zimmer L, Gurden H. Simultaneous in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and radioactive measurements with the beta-MicroProbe. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 34:1868-72. [PMID: 17594091 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-007-0475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multimodal instrumentation is a new technical approach allowing simultaneous and complementary in vivo recordings of complementary biological parameters. To elucidate further the physiopathological mechanisms in intact small animal models, especially for brain studies, a challenging issue is the actual coupling of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques with positron emission tomography (PET): it has been shown that running the technology for radioactive imaging in a magnet alters the spatiotemporal performance of both modalities. Thus, we propose an alternative coupling of techniques that uses the beta-MicroProbe instead of PET for local measurements of radioactivity coupled with MRI. METHODS We simultaneously recorded local radioactivity due to [(18)F]MPPF (a 5-HT(1A) receptor PET radiotracer) binding in the hippocampus with the beta-MicroProbe and carried out anatomical MRI in the same anaesthetised rat. RESULTS The comparison of [(18)F]MPPF kinetics obtained from animals in a magnet with kinetics from a control group outside the magnet allowed us to determine the stability of tracer biokinetic measurements over time in the magnet. We were thus able to show that the beta-MicroProbe reliably measures radioactivity in rat brains under an intense magnetic field of 7 Tesla. CONCLUSION The biological validation of a beta-MicroProbe/MRI dual system reported here opens up a wide range of future multimodal approaches for functional and pharmacological measurements by the probe combined with various magnetic resonance technologies, including anatomical MRI, functional MRI and MR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Desbrée
- IRSN, BP 17, 92262, Fontenay aux roses, France.
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26
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Gurden H, Uchida N, Mainen ZF. Sensory-evoked intrinsic optical signals in the olfactory bulb are coupled to glutamate release and uptake. Neuron 2007; 52:335-45. [PMID: 17046695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Functional imaging signals arise from metabolic and hemodynamic activity, but how these processes are related to the synaptic and electrical activity of neurons is not well understood. To provide insight into this issue, we used in vivo imaging and simultaneous local pharmacology to study how sensory-evoked neural activity leads to intrinsic optical signals (IOS) in the well-defined circuitry of the olfactory glomerulus. Odor-evoked IOS were tightly coupled to release of glutamate and were strongly modulated by activation of presynaptic dopamine and GABA-B receptors. Surprisingly, IOS were independent of postsynaptic transmission through ionotropic or metabotropic glutamate receptors, but instead were inhibited when uptake by astrocytic glutamate transporters was blocked. These data suggest that presynaptic glutamate release and uptake by astrocytes form a critical pathway through which neural activity is linked to metabolic processing and hence to functional imaging signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirac Gurden
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 11724, USA
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27
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Desbrée A, Pain F, Gurden H, Zimmer L, Pinot L, Lanièce P, Mastrippolito R. Combining the radiosensitive Beta MicroProbe to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: theoretical approach for in vivo studies in small animals. J Neurosci Methods 2004; 140:47-52. [PMID: 15589333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In vivo small animal imaging with multiple modalities has become an important tool in modern biomedical research. Indeed, combining exploratory techniques allows simultaneous recording of complementary data, which is required to elucidate complex physiopathological mechanisms. In this field, because of strict technical constraints in vivo, an exciting challenge remains in the combination of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Coupling NMR with a radiosensitive Beta MicroProbe offers therefore a very interesting technical alternative. Here, we assessed the feasibility of this new combination by theoretically evaluating the ability of the Beta MicroProbe to monitor radioactivity in a magnet. To that aim, we modelled with Geant4 the effect of an intense magnetic field on the probe field of view and showed that the field should not have an impact on the global efficiency of the probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Desbrée
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, Université Paris XI, 91406 Orsay, France
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28
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Jay TM, Rocher C, Hotte M, Naudon L, Gurden H, Spedding M. Plasticity at hippocampal to prefrontal cortex synapses is impaired by loss of dopamine and stress: importance for psychiatric diseases. Neurotox Res 2004; 6:233-44. [PMID: 15325962 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The direct hippocampal to prefrontal cortex pathway and its changes in synaptic plasticity is a useful framework for investigating the functional operations of hippocampal-prefrontal cortex communication in cognitive functions. Synapses on this pathway are modifiable and synaptic strength can be turned up or down depending on specific patterns of activity in the pathway. The objective of this review will be to summarize the different studies carried out on this topic including very recent data and to underline the importance of animal models for the development of new and effective medications in psychiatric diseases. We have shown that long-term potentiation (LTP) of hippocampal-prefrontal synapses is driven by the level of mesocortical dopaminergic (DA) activity and more recently that stress is also an environmental determinant of LTP at these cortical synapses. Stimulation of the ventral tegmental area at a frequency known to evoke DA overflow in the prefrontal cortex produces a long-lasting enhancement of the magnitude of hippocampal-prefrontal cortex LTP whereas a depletion of cortical DA levels generates a dramatic decrease in this LTP. Moreover, hippocampal stimulation induces a transient but significant increase in DA release in the prefrontal cortex and an optimal level of D1 receptor activation is essential for LTP expression. We recently investigated the impact of stress on hippocampal-prefrontal LTP and demonstrated that exposure to an acute stress causes a remarkable and long-lasting inhibition of LTP. Furthermore, we demonstrated that tianeptine, an antidepressant which has a unique mode of action, and clozapine an atypical antipsychotic when administered at doses normally used in human testing are able to reverse the impairment in LTP. Stressful life events have a substantial causal association with psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and depression and recent imaging studies have shown an important role of the limbic-cortical circuit in the pathophysiology of these illnesses. Therefore, we proposed that agents capable of reversing the impairment of plasticity at hippocampal to prefrontal cortex synapses have the potential of becoming new therapeutic classes of antidepressant or antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse M Jay
- INSERM E 0117, Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Centre Paul Broca, 2ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France.
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Gurden H, Takita M, Jay TM. Essential role of D1 but not D2 receptors in the NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation at hippocampal-prefrontal cortex synapses in vivo. J Neurosci 2000; 20:RC106. [PMID: 11069975 PMCID: PMC6773154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An intact mesocortical dopaminergic (DA) input to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been reported to be necessary for long-term potentiation (LTP) to occur at hippocampal-prefrontal cortex synapses. Here, we investigated the role of D1 and D2 receptors in this NMDA receptor-dependent LTP. Local infusion of the D1 agonist SKF81297 at an optimal dose induced a sustained enhancement of hippocampal-PFC LTP, whereas the D1 antagonist SCH23390 caused a dose-related impairment of its induction. The D1 agonist effect was mimicked by infusion of a low dose of the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin, whereas LTP was severely attenuated with a protein kinase A inhibitor, Rp-cAMPS. To further assess the complex interplay between DA and NMDA receptors, changes in extracellular DA levels in the PFC were estimated during LTP, and a significant increase was observed immediately after tetanus. Taken together, these data suggest that D1 but not D2 receptors are crucial for the DA control of the NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic response on a specific excitatory input to the PFC. The interactions of these receptors may play a crucial role in the storage and transfer of hippocampal information in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gurden
- Neurobiologie de l'Apprentissage, de la Mémoire et de la Communication, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8620, 91405 Orsay, France
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Gurden H, Tassin JP, Jay TM. Integrity of the mesocortical dopaminergic system is necessary for complete expression of in vivo hippocampal-prefrontal cortex long-term potentiation. Neuroscience 2000; 94:1019-27. [PMID: 10625044 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex receives dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area and excitatory inputs from the hippocampus. Both afferent pathways target in close proximity dendritic spines of pyramidal cells in layer V-VI of the prefrontal cortex. In view of the prominent role of dopamine in cognitive functions we examined the effects of ventral tegmental area stimulation on the induction of long-term potentiation in the hippocampal-prefrontal cortex pathway of anesthetized rats. Stimulation of the ventral tegmental area at a frequency known to evoke dopamine overflow in the prefrontal cortex produces a long-lasting enhancement of the magnitude of the hippocampal-prefrontal cortex long-term potentiation. The role of dopamine was further examined by investigating the effects of prefrontocortical dopamine depletion induced by an electrolytic ventral tegmental area lesion. A significant correlation (r = 0.8; P < 0.001; n = 14) was obtained between cortical dopamine levels and cortical long-term potentiation amplitude, a depletion of more than 50% of cortical levels corresponding to a dramatic decrease in hippocampal-prefrontal cortex long-term potentiation. However, a recovery to normal long-term potentiation was observed 1 h after tetanic stimulation. In contrast to the effects on long-term potentiation, ventral tegmental area stimulation, when applied at low or high frequency, decreases the amplitude of the hippocampal-prefrontal cortex postsynaptic synaptic response. The present study demonstrates the importance of the integrity of the mesocortical dopaminergic system for long-term potentiation to occur in the hippocampal-prefrontal cortex pathway and suggests a frequency-dependent effect of dopamine on hippocampal-prefrontal cortex transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gurden
- Neurobiologie de l'Apprentissage et de la Mémoire, CNRS URA 1491, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
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Jay TM, Gurden H, Yamaguchi T. Rapid increase in PKA activity during long-term potentiation in the hippocampal afferent fibre system to the prefrontal cortex in vivo. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10:3302-6. [PMID: 9786225 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine whether cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) was implicated in the process of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal afferent fibre system to the prefrontal cortex in vivo. Using a biochemical approach, we measured PKA activity at different times after induction of LTP. We show that there is an NMDA receptor-dependent increase in PKA activity in the prefrontal cortex, only at five minutes after LTP induction. These data demonstrate a role of PKA in the induction and not the expression of cortical LTP and suggest that if PKA is involved in the late phase of LTP, it does not appear to be a persistent activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Jay
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Apprentissage et de la Mémoire, CNRS URA 1491, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
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Gurden H, Schiffmann SN, Lemaire M, Böhme GA, Parmentier M, Schurmans S. Calretinin expression as a critical component in the control of dentate gyrus long-term potentiation induction in mice. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10:3029-33. [PMID: 9758174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1998.00373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that mice homozygous (Cr-/-) for a null mutation in the calretinin gene have impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) induction in the dentate gyrus (S. Schurmans et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 10415 ). Here, we investigated dentate LTP induction in mice heterozygous (Cr+/-) for the same mutation. Despite the presence of calretinin in neurons of these mice, although at reduced levels as compared with normal mice, LTP induction in dentate gyrus was totally impaired. Spatial memory and learning were found unaffected in Cr+/- mice, such as in Cr-/- mice. Altogether, our results suggest that calretinin is a critical component in the control of dentate synaptic plasticity in mice, and that levels of calretinin higher than those observed in Cr+/- mice are required to induce LTP in this area. The possible mechanisms leading to the absence of correlation between gene dosage and biological effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gurden
- Department of Electrophysiology, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer S.A., Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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Schurmans S, Schiffmann SN, Gurden H, Lemaire M, Lipp HP, Schwam V, Pochet R, Imperato A, Böhme GA, Parmentier M. Impaired long-term potentiation induction in dentate gyrus of calretinin-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:10415-20. [PMID: 9294225 PMCID: PMC23377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.19.10415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calretinin (Cr) is a Ca2+ binding protein present in various populations of neurons distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. We have generated Cr-deficient (Cr-/-) mice by gene targeting and have investigated the associated phenotype. Cr-/- mice were viable, and a large number of morphological, biochemical, and behavioral parameters were found unaffected. In the normal mouse hippocampus, Cr is expressed in a widely distributed subset of GABAergic interneurons and in hilar mossy cells of the dentate gyrus. Because both types of cells are part of local pathways innervating dentate granule cells and/or pyramidal neurons, we have explored in Cr-/- mice the synaptic transmission between the perforant pathway and granule cells and at the Schaffer commissural input to CA1 pyramidal neurons. Cr-/- mice showed no alteration in basal synaptic transmission, but long-term potentiation (LTP) was impaired in the dentate gyrus. Normal LTP could be restored in the presence of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline, suggesting that in Cr-/- dentate gyrus an excess of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release interferes with LTP induction. Synaptic transmission and LTP were normal in CA1 area, which contains only few Cr-positive GABAergic interneurons. Cr-/- mice performed normally in spatial memory task. These results suggest that expression of Cr contributes to the control of synaptic plasticity in mouse dentate gyrus by indirectly regulating the activity of GABAergic interneurons, and that Cr-/- mice represent a useful tool to understand the role of dentate LTP in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schurmans
- Institut de Recherches Interdisciplinaires en Biologie Humaine et Nucl-eaire (IRIBHN), route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Gurden H. The Methodist parish chest. Hist Workshop 1977; 3:73-9. [PMID: 11610293 DOI: 10.1093/hwj/3.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
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