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Anarghou H, Malqui H, Ihbour S, Laaroussi M, Essaidi O, Fetoui H, Bouhrim M, Najimi M, Chigr F. Impact of glyphosate-based herbicide exposure through maternal milk on offspring's antioxidant status, neurodevelopment, and behavior. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03035-5. [PMID: 38466353 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based Herbicide (GBH) is a widely used pesticide that functions as a broad-spectrum, non-selective herbicide. Despite advanced research to describe the neurotoxic potential of GBH, the harmful effects on maternal behavior and neurodevelopment of offspring remain unclear. This study was conducted to highlight the effects of GBH on the antioxidant system, anxiety traits, social interaction, and cognitive and sensorimotor functions in pups exposed to 25 or 50 mg/l daily via their mother's milk. Concerning the biochemical biomarkers, GBH administered during the early stages of development negatively affected the status of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in the brain structures of the pups. Furthermore, our results showed a significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) specific activity within the brains of treated pups. The results of the behavioral tests indicated that the treated offspring developed anxiety, memory, and sociability disorders, as evidenced by the Open Field, Y-maze, object recognition task, and social interaction tests. Through neurodevelopmental testing, we also showed sensorimotor impairment (righting reflex and negative geotaxis) and abnormal maternal behavior. Altogether, our study clearly demonstrates that the developing brain is sensitive to GBH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammou Anarghou
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco.
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques Dakhla Annex, Dakhla, Morocco.
| | - Hafsa Malqui
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Said Ihbour
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Meriem Laaroussi
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Oumaima Essaidi
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hamadi Fetoui
- Laboratory of Toxicology-Microbiology and Environmental Health (17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Bouhrim
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
- Laboratories TBC, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Lille, Faculty of Pharmacy, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Mohamed Najimi
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Fatiha Chigr
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
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Mazuryk J, Klepacka K, Kutner W, Sharma PS. Glyphosate: Impact on the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the immune-nervous system, and clinical cases of multiorgan toxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 271:115965. [PMID: 38244513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.115965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLP) and GLP-based herbicides (GBHs), such as polyethoxylated tallow amine-based GLP surfactants (GLP-SH), developed in the late 70', have become the most popular and controversial agrochemicals ever produced. Nowadays, GBHs have reached 350 million hectares of crops in over 140 countries, with an annual turnover of 5 billion and 11 billion USD in the U.S.A. and worldwide, respectively. Because of the highly efficient inhibitory activity of GLP targeted to the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase pathway, present in plants and several bacterial strains, the GLP-resistant crop-based genetic agricultural revolution has decreased famine and improved the costs and quality of living in developing countries. However, this progress has come at the cost of the 50-year GBH overuse, leading to environmental pollution, animal intoxication, bacterial resistance, and sustained occupational exposure of the herbicide farm and companies' workers. According to preclinical and clinical studies covered in the present review, poisoning with GLP, GLP-SH, and GBHs devastatingly affects gut microbiota and the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, leading to dysbiosis and gastrointestinal (GI) ailments, as well as immunosuppression and inappropriate immunostimulation, cholinergic neurotransmission dysregulation, neuroendocrinal system disarray, and neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral alterations. Herein, we mainly focus on the contribution of gut microbiota (GM) to neurological impairments, e.g., stroke and neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. The current review provides a comprehensive introduction to GLP's microbiological and neurochemical activities, including deviation of the intestinal Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, excitotoxicity, and mind-altering processes. Besides, it summarizes and critically discusses recent preclinical studies and clinical case reports concerning the harmful impacts of GBHs on the GI tract, MGB axis, and nervous system. Finally, an insightful comparison of toxic effects caused by GLP, GBH-SH, and GBHs is presented. To this end, we propose a first-to-date survey of clinical case reports on intoxications with these herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Mazuryk
- Department of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; Bio & Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Katarzyna Klepacka
- Functional Polymers Research Team, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; ENSEMBLE(3) sp. z o. o., 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Kutner
- Department of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piyush Sindhu Sharma
- Functional Polymers Research Team, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Jacques MT, Soares MV, Farina M, Bornhorst J, Schwerdtle T, Ávila DS. Impaired Physiological Responses and Neurotoxicity Induced by a Chlorpyrifos-Based Formulation in Caenorhabditis elegans are not Solely Dependent on the Active Ingredient. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023:104196. [PMID: 37354962 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The current massive and indiscriminate agrochemicals usage, which is inexorably linked to the toxic consequences to the environment and people, represents a great concern. Our work aimed to compare the toxicity induced by chlorpyrifos in its pure form (CPF) with that of a commercial formulation containing allegedly inert ingredients (CBCF) using Caenorhabditis elegans as in vivo model. After a 48h exposure period, CBCF was 14 times more lethal than CPF; Hatching, brood size, body length and motor-related behavioral parameters were decreased, but these effects were significantly higher in CBCF-exposed worms. Additionally, CBCF induced significant morphological changes in cholinergic neurons, which are associated with the motor-related behavioral parameters. Finally, by analyzing the CBCF, were detected the presence of potentially-toxic metals that were not specified in the label. The presented results highlight the toxicological relevance of components present in the commercial formulations of pesticides, which have been claimed as inert compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Tavares Jacques
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Biochemistry, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Block C, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcell Valandro Soares
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurotoxicology and Neuroprotection Experimental, Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Biochemistry, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Block C, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal; Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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Schleicherová D, Prearo M, Di Nunno C, Santovito A. Effects of Glyphosate on Female Reproductive Output in the Marine Polychaete Worm Ophryotrocha diadema. TOXICS 2023; 11:501. [PMID: 37368601 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide widely employed in agriculture. Exposure to this genotoxic and endocrine-disrupting compound has adverse effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms and on humans as well. Here, we explored the effects of glyphosate on female reproductive output and somatic growth rate in the marine polychaete worm, Ophryotrocha diadema. Adult focal individuals were exposed to different concentrations of pure glyphosate (0.0, 0.125 0.250, 0.500, 1.000 µg/mL) administered once a week for 3 weeks. Toxic effects and mortalities were observed at the three higher concentrations, whereas only a decrease in growth rate was noted after exposure to 0.125 µg/mL, which did not affect female allocation. An area of focus in future studies should be the effects of contaminants, their metabolites, and ecologically relevant human-driven stressors in the context of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dáša Schleicherová
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10124 Torino, Italy
- IZS PLV, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- IZS PLV, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Crystal Di Nunno
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Alfredo Santovito
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10124 Torino, Italy
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The role of surface activity on the amyloid fibrillation pathway of bovine serum albumin upon interaction with glyphosate. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:1166-1177. [PMID: 36427623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As an active ingredient in its derivative products, glyphosate has emerged as the most widespread herbicide in recent decades. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein may be adversely affected by structural changes due to binding affinity with glyphosate, which may lead to dysfunctionality or metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the interaction of glyphosate with BSA and its thermal fibrillation pathway employing techniques such as dynamic surface tension, fluorescence quenching, ThT binding, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, as well as molecular dynamics (MD) studies. The adsorption dynamic analysis suggested hydrophobic moiety at higher concentrations of glyphosate upon interaction with BSA. MD results suggested a slight fluctuation due to glyphosate interaction with protein molecules. The carboxy group presented in glyphosate made a hydrogen bond with the hydroxyl group of TYR147. The fluorescence quenching and diffusion studies approved BSA's increased unfolding and hydrophobicity resulting from glyphosate interaction, which would induce fibrillation/aggregation, according to our fibrillation kinetics data. The surface activity of glyphosate at higher concentrations and its approved involvement in structural changes of BSA through hydrogen bonding may raise concerns about its potential side effect on farm animals and the food cycle.
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Herbicides widely used in the world: an investigation of toxic effects on Caenorhabditis elegans. Biol Futur 2023:10.1007/s42977-023-00152-9. [PMID: 36639591 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-023-00152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dicamba, paraquat, picloram, clopyralid and linuron are herbicides widely used in agriculture. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the toxicity effects of the herbicides used on survival, fertility and length of Caenorhabditis elegans. Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis method was used to identify the toxicity effect of herbicides on survival, and ANOVA and Post Hoc tests were used to determine the toxicity effects on fertility and length. In the study, C. elegans was exposed to 5 different concentrations (62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1000 µM) of each herbicide. When the results were evaluated, it was observed that survival (life span) and length (physical growth) were more affected, respectively, by paraquat, dicamba, linuron, picloram and clopyralid herbicides, fertility (egg productivity) were more affected, respectively, by paraquat, linuron, dicamba, picloram and clopyralid herbicides. As a result, it was determined that increasing the dose amounts of herbicides caused many toxic reactions on C. elegans, affecting survival, egg productivity and length.
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Naraine AS, Aker R, Sweeney I, Kalvey M, Surtel A, Shanbhag V, Dawson-Scully K. Roundup and glyphosate's impact on GABA to elicit extended proconvulsant behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13655. [PMID: 35999230 PMCID: PMC9399239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17537-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As 3 billion pounds of herbicides are sprayed over farmlands every year, it is essential to advance our understanding how pesticides may influence neurological health and physiology of both humans and other animals. Studies are often one-dimensional as the majority examine glyphosate by itself. Farmers and the public use commercial products, like Roundup, containing a myriad of chemicals in addition to glyphosate. Currently, there are no neurological targets proposed for glyphosate and little comparison to Roundup. To investigate this, we compared how glyphosate and Roundup affect convulsant behavior in C.elegans and found that glyphosate and Roundup increased seizure-like behavior. Key to our initial hypothesis, we found that treatment with an antiepileptic drug rescued the prolonged convulsions. We also discovered over a third of nematodes exposed to Roundup did not recover from their convulsions, but drug treatment resulted in full recovery. Notably, these effects were found at concentrations that are 1,000-fold dilutions of previous findings of neurotoxicity, using over 300-fold less herbicide than the lowest concentration recommended for consumer use. Exploring mechanisms behind our observations, we found significant evidence that glyphosate targets GABA-A receptors. Pharmacological experiments which paired subeffective dosages of glyphosate and a GABA-A antagonist yielded a 24% increase in non-recovery compared to the antagonist alone. GABA mutant strain experiments showed no effect in a GABA-A depleted strain, but a significant, increased effect in a glutamic acid decarboxylase depleted strain. Our findings characterize glyphosate’s exacerbation of convulsions and propose the GABA-A receptor as a neurological target for the observed physiological changes. It also highlights glyphosate’s potential to dysregulate inhibitory neurological circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay S Naraine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA. .,IMPRS for Synapses and Circuits, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA.
| | - Rebecca Aker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Isis Sweeney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Meghan Kalvey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Alexis Surtel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Venkatesh Shanbhag
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Ken Dawson-Scully
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
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Tan L, Zheng ZY, Huang L, Jin Z, Li SL, Wu GS, Luo HR. Flavonol glycoside complanatoside A requires FOXO/DAF-16, NRF2/SKN-1, and HSF-1 to improve stress resistances and extend the life span of Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:931886. [PMID: 36071837 PMCID: PMC9441740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.931886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with the increased risk of most age-related diseases in humans. Complanatoside A (CA) is a flavonoid compound isolated from the herbal medicine Semen Astragali Complanati. CA was reported to have potential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. In this study, we investigated whether CA could increase the stress resistance capability and life span of Caenorhabditis elegans. Our results showed that CA could extend the longevity of C. elegans in a dosage-dependent manner, while 50 μM of CA has the best effect and increased the life span of C. elegans by about 16.87%. CA also improved the physiological functions in aging worms, such as enhanced locomotor capacity, and reduced the accumulation of the aging pigment. CA could also reduce the accumulation of toxic proteins (α-synuclein and β-amyloid) and delay the onset of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, in models of C. elegans. Further investigation has revealed that CA requires DAF-16/FOXO, SKN-1, and HSF-1 to extend the life span of C. elegans. CA could increase the antioxidation and detoxification activities regulated by transcription factor SKN-1 and the heat resistance by activating HSF-1 that mediated the expression of the chaperone heat shock proteins. Our results suggest that CA is a potential antiaging agent worth further research for its pharmacological mechanism and development for pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tan
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Guang’an People’s Hospital, Guang’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo-Ya Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Lv Huang
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhong Jin
- Luzhou City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Su-Lian Li
- Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Gui-Sheng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Gui-Sheng Wu, ; Huai-Rong Luo,
| | - Huai-Rong Luo
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Gui-Sheng Wu, ; Huai-Rong Luo,
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Costas-Ferreira C, Durán R, Faro LRF. Toxic Effects of Glyphosate on the Nervous System: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4605. [PMID: 35562999 PMCID: PMC9101768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate, a non-selective systemic biocide with broad-spectrum activity, is the most widely used herbicide in the world. It can persist in the environment for days or months, and its intensive and large-scale use can constitute a major environmental and health problem. In this systematic review, we investigate the current state of our knowledge related to the effects of this pesticide on the nervous system of various animal species and humans. The information provided indicates that exposure to glyphosate or its commercial formulations induces several neurotoxic effects. It has been shown that exposure to this pesticide during the early stages of life can seriously affect normal cell development by deregulating some of the signaling pathways involved in this process, leading to alterations in differentiation, neuronal growth, and myelination. Glyphosate also seems to exert a significant toxic effect on neurotransmission and to induce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, processes that lead to neuronal death due to autophagy, necrosis, or apoptosis, as well as the appearance of behavioral and motor disorders. The doses of glyphosate that produce these neurotoxic effects vary widely but are lower than the limits set by regulatory agencies. Although there are important discrepancies between the analyzed findings, it is unequivocal that exposure to glyphosate produces important alterations in the structure and function of the nervous system of humans, rodents, fish, and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lilian R. F. Faro
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (C.C.-F.); (R.D.)
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Schmitt F, Babylon L, Dieter F, Eckert GP. Effects of Pesticides on Longevity and Bioenergetics in Invertebrates-The Impact of Polyphenolic Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413478. [PMID: 34948274 PMCID: PMC8707434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmentally hazardous substances such as pesticides are gaining increasing interest in agricultural and nutritional research. This study aims to investigate the impact of these compounds on the healthspan and mitochondrial functions in an invertebrate in vivo model and in vitro in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and to investigate the potential of polyphenolic metabolites to compensate for potential impacts. Wild-type nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2) were treated with pesticides such as pyraclostrobin (Pyr), glyphosate (Gly), or fluopyram (Fluo). The lifespans of the nematodes under heat stress conditions (37 °C) were determined, and the chemotaxis was assayed. Energetic metabolites, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactate, and pyruvate, were analyzed in lysates of nematodes and cells. Genetic expression patterns of several genes associated with lifespan determination and mitochondrial parameters were assessed via qRT-PCR. After incubation with environmentally hazardous substances, nematodes were incubated with a pre-fermented polyphenol mixture (Rechtsregulat®Bio, RR) or protocatechuic acid (PCA) to determine heat stress resistance. Treatment with Pyr, Glyph and Fluo leads to dose-dependently decreased heat stress resistance, which was significantly improved by RR and PCA. The chemotaxes of the nematodes were not affected by pesticides. ATP levels were not significantly altered by the pesticides, except for Pyr, which increased ATP levels after 48 h leads. The gene expression of healthspan and mitochondria-associated genes were diversely affected by the pesticides, while Pyr led to an overall decrease of mRNA levels. Over time, the treatment of nematodes leads to a recovery of the nematodes on the mitochondrial level but not on stress resistance on gene expression. Fermented extracts of fruits and vegetables and phenolic metabolites such as PCA seem to have the potential to recover the vitality of C. elegans after damage caused by pesticides.
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Behrouzi M, Youssef K, Rezai P, Tabatabaei N. Low-cost optofluidic add-on enables rapid selective plane illumination microscopy of C. elegans with a conventional wide-field microscope. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210275RR. [PMID: 34894114 PMCID: PMC8664272 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.12.126501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) is an emerging fluorescent imaging technique suitable for noninvasive volumetric imaging of C. elegans. These promising microscopy systems, however, are scarce in academic and research institutions due to their high cost and technical complexities. Simple and low-cost solutions that enable conversion of commonplace wide-field microscopes to rapid SPIM platforms promote widespread adoption of SPIM by biologist for studying neuronal expressions of C. elegans. AIM We sought to develop a simple and low-cost optofluidic add-on device that enables rapid and immobilization-free volumetric SPIM imaging of C. elegans with conventional fluorescent microscopes. APPROACH A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based device with integrated optical and fluidic elements was developed as a low-cost and miniaturized SPIM add-on for the conventional wide-field microscope. The developed optofluidic chip contained an integrated PDMS cylindrical lens for on-chip generation of the light-sheet across a microchannel. Cross-sectional SPIM images of C. elegans were continuously acquired by the native objective of microscope as worms flowed in an L-shape microchannel and through the light sheet. RESULTS On-chip SPIM imaging of C. elegans strains demonstrated possibility of visualizing the entire neuronal system in few seconds at single-neuron resolution, with high contrast and without worm immobilization. Volumetric visualization of neuronal system from the acquired cross-sectional two-dimensional images is also demonstrated, enabling the standard microscope to acquire three-dimensional fluorescent images of C. elegans. The full-width at half-maximum width of the point spread function was measured as 1.1 and 2.4 μm in the lateral and axial directions, respectively. CONCLUSION The developed low-cost optofluidic device is capable of continuous SPIM imaging of C. elegans model organism with a conventional fluorescent microscope, at high speed, and with single neuron resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Behrouzi
- York University, Lassonde School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toronto, Canada
| | - Khaled Youssef
- York University, Lassonde School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pouya Rezai
- York University, Lassonde School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nima Tabatabaei
- York University, Lassonde School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toronto, Canada
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Sun Q, Liu C, Jiang K, Fang Y, Kong C, Fu J, Liu Y. A preliminary study on the neurotoxic mechanism of harmine in Caenorhabditis elegans. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 245:109038. [PMID: 33794375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Harmine is a beta-carboline and harmala alkaloid with extensive bioactivities. However, its toxicity, especially in neural system, is not systematically assessed and the toxic mechanism is not yet clear. Using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model system, we found that harmine exhibited dosage dependent (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 μmol/L) toxic effect, such as growth inhibition, egg laying defects, shortened life span and increased mortality. Although harmine did not result in obvious structural alterations in neurite or death of neurons, it did show direct acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity. Further, we found that harmine treatment decreased worm pharyngeal pump rate and lowered the content of nitric oxide (NO) in worm body, implying foraging disorders, which is an indicator of acetylcholinergic neuron activity inhibition. Besides, network pharmacology and molecular docking reveals that acetylcholinesterase is one of the major neural toxicity targets as well. Above all, harmine can directly inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase, leading to excessive accumulation of acetylcholine, which may be one of the harmine neurotoxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Sun
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Cen Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Kunxiu Jiang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yongsheng Fang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Chuchu Kong
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jin Fu
- College of Xinjiang Uyghur Medicine, Xinjiang 848000, China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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13
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Hu J, Lesseur C, Miao Y, Manservisi F, Panzacchi S, Mandrioli D, Belpoggi F, Chen J, Petrick L. Low-dose exposure of glyphosate-based herbicides disrupt the urine metabolome and its interaction with gut microbiota. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3265. [PMID: 33547360 PMCID: PMC7864973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) can disrupt the host microbiota and influence human health. In this study, we explored the potential effects of GBHs on urinary metabolites and their interactions with gut microbiome using a rodent model. Glyphosate and Roundup (equal molar for glyphosate) were administered at the USA glyphosate ADI guideline (1.75 mg/kg bw/day) to the dams and their pups. The urine metabolites were profiled using non-targeted liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Our results found that overall urine metabolite profiles significantly differed between dams and pups and between female and male pups. Specifically, we identified a significant increase of homocysteine, a known risk factor of cardiovascular disease in both Roundup and glyphosate exposed pups, but in males only. Correlation network analysis between gut microbiome and urine metabolome pointed to Prevotella to be negatively correlated with the level of homocysteine. Our study provides initial evidence that exposures to commonly used GBH, at a currently acceptable human exposure dose, is capable of modifying urine metabolites in both rat adults and pups. The link between Prevotella-homocysteine suggests the potential role of GBHs in modifying the susceptibility of homocysteine, which is a metabolite that has been dysregulated in related diseases like cardiovascular disease or inflammation, through commensal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Corina Lesseur
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu Miao
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Panzacchi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Petrick
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
- Institute for Exposomics Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Queirós L, Martins AC, Krum BN, Ke T, Aschner M, Pereira JL, Gonçalves FJM, Milne GL, Pereira P. Assessing the neurotoxicity of the carbamate methomyl in Caenorhabditis elegans with a multi-level approach. Toxicology 2021; 451:152684. [PMID: 33508380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity and developmental effects of a widely applied insecticide (methomyl) was investigated by a multi-level approach (behavior and biometry, biochemical alterations and neurodegeneration) in Caenorhabditis elegans upon a short-term exposure (1 h) and a post-exposure period (48 h). The 1-h exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of methomyl (lower than 0.320 g L-1; i.e. below the estimated LC10) triggered significant changes on motor behavior and development impairment. The type of movement was significantly altered in methomyl-exposed worms, as well as biometric parameters (worms frequently idle and moving more backwards than controls; small body area, length and wavelength). These effects were followed by an increase of acetylcholine levels. Interestingly, after the 48-h recovery period, movement of previously exposed worms was similar to controls, and a concentration-dependent reversion of biometric endpoints was recorded, pointing out the transient action of the carbamate in line with an apparent absence of cholinergic neurons damage. This study provided new insight on the neurotoxicity of methomyl by showing that effects on movement and development were transient, and apparently did not result in neurodegeneration in cholinergic neurons. Moreover, these findings reinforced the advantages of using C. elegans in a multi-level approach for pesticide effects assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Queirós
- Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - A C Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - B N Krum
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - T Ke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - M Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - J L Pereira
- Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F J M Gonçalves
- Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - G L Milne
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - P Pereira
- Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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15
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Córdova López AM, Sarmento RA, de Souza Saraiva A, Pereira RR, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Exposure to Roundup® affects behaviour, head regeneration and reproduction of the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 675:453-461. [PMID: 31030151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The demand of glyphosate-based herbicides including Roundup® is rising in the tropics due to increase occurence of glyphosate-resistant weeds that require higher herbicide application rates but also because of their use associated with genetically engineered, glyphosate-tolerant crops. Consequently, there is now an excessive use of glyphosate in agricultural areas with potential adverse effects also for the surrounding aquatic environments. This study aimed to determine the sensitivity of the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina to acute and chronic exposures of Roundup®. Planarians were exposed to a range of lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of Roundup® to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) concerning its active ingredient glyphosate and also effects on locomotor velocity (pLMV), feeding rate, regeneration, reproductive parameters and morphological abnormalities. Regeneration endpoints included length of blastema and time for photoreceptors and auricles regeneration after decapitation, while effects on reproduction were assessed measuring fecundity (number of deposited cocoons) and fertility (number of hatchlings) over five weeks of exposure to glyphosate. The estimated 48 h LC50 of was 35.94 mg glyphosate/L. Dose dependent effects were observed for feeding, locomotion and regeneration endpoints with Lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) values as low as 3.75 mg glyphosate/L. Chronic exposures to environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate significantly impaired fecundity and fertility rates of exposed planarians (median effective concentration, EC50 = 1.6 mg glyphosate/L for fecundity and fertility rates). Our results show deleterious effects of Roundup® on regeneration, behavior and reproduction of freshwater planarians and add important ecotoxicological data towards the environmental risk assessment of glyphosate-based herbicide in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Córdova López
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970 Gurupi, TO, Brazil; ICEMR Amazonia Laboratory and Emerging Diseases - Iquitos Headquarters, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970 Gurupi, TO, Brazil
| | - Althiéris de Souza Saraiva
- Departamento de Agropecuária (Conservação de Agroecossistemas e Ecotoxicologia), Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, campus Campos Belos, 73840-000 Campos Belos, GO, Brazil
| | - Renata Ramos Pereira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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16
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Chen M, Wang F, Cao JJ, Han X, Lu WW, Ji X, Chen WH, Lu WQ, Liu AL. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates the toxicity of methylmercury in Caenorhabditis elegans by activating SKN-1. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:125-135. [PMID: 31047916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) found in tea is a natural activator of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a primary regulator of the cellular defense system. The adverse health effects resulting from methylmercury (MeHg) exposure in humans are of worldwide concern. We hypothesized that EGCG could induce a Nrf2-mediated protective response to antagonize MeHg toxicity. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) nematode model, we observed that EGCG activated SKN-1 (the functional ortholog of Nrf2 in C. elegans), as shown by the increased skn-1 mRNA level, induction of the gene gst-4, and enhanced SKN-1-mediated oxidative stress resistance that were indicated by elevation of total antioxidant ability and reductions in reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. Following exposure to MeHg, EGCG-treated C. elegans displayed increased survival rates, improved locomotion behaviors, decreased numbers of damaged neurons, and reduced oxidative damage compared to the controls. Moreover, the protective effects of EGCG against MeHg toxicity were counteracted by RNA-mediated interference of skn-1. These results demonstrated that EGCG could alleviate MeHg toxicity by upregulating the SKN-1-regulated protective response in C. elegans. Our study suggests a potentially beneficial effect of targeting Nrf2 by dietary EGCG in protecting humans against MeHg toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Xin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Wei-Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
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17
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Kronberg MF, Clavijo A, Moya A, Rossen A, Calvo D, Pagano E, Munarriz E. Glyphosate-based herbicides modulate oxidative stress response in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 214:1-8. [PMID: 30142450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based formulation is used as non-selective and post-emergent herbicides in urban and rural activities. In view of its recurring applications in agricultural producing countries, the increase of glyphosate concentration in the environment stresses the need to test the adverse effects on non-target organisms and assess the risk of its use. This paper analyzes the toxicological and oxidative stress and modulatory effects of a glyphosate commercial formulation (glyphosate F) on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We detected ROS production and enhancement of oxidative stress response in glyphosate F-treated nematodes. Particularly, we found an increased ctl-1 catalase gene expression of a catalase specific activity. In addition, we showed that glyphosate F treatment activated the FOXO transcription factor DAF-16, a critical target of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway, which modulates the transcription of a broad range of genes involved in stress resistance, reproductive development, dauer formation, and longevity. In summary, the exposure of glyphosate F induces an oxidative imbalance in C. elegans that leads to the DAF-16 activation and consequently to the expression of genes that boost the antioxidant defense system. In this regard, clt-1 gene and catalase activity proved to be excellent biomarkers to develop more sensitive protocols to assess the environmental risk of glyphosate use.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Kronberg
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Araceli Clavijo
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldana Moya
- Cátedra de Protección vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariana Rossen
- Laboratorio Experimental de Tecnologías Sustentables, Instituto Nacional del Agua, Pcia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Calvo
- Dirección de Servicios Hidrológicos, Instituto Nacional del Agua, Pcia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Pagano
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Munarriz
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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18
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García-Espiñeira M, Tejeda-Benitez L, Olivero-Verbel J. Toxicity of atrazine- and glyphosate-based formulations on Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 156:216-222. [PMID: 29550685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine and Glyphosate are herbicides massively used in agriculture for crop protection. Upon application, they are available to the biota in different ecosystems. The aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicity of Glyphosate and Atrazine based formulations (GBF and ABF, respectively). Caenorhabditis elegans was exposed to different concentrations of each single formulation, and to the mixture. Lethality, locomotion, growth, and fertility were measured as endpoints. Effects on gene expression were monitored utilizing green fluorescence protein transgenic strains. ABF caused lethality of 12%, 15%, and 18% for 6, 60, and 600 μM, respectively, displaying a dose dependence trend. GBF produced lethality of 20%, 50%, and 100% at 0.01, 10, and 100 μM, respectively. Locomotion inhibition ranged from 21% to 89% at the lowest and maximum tested concentrations for Atrazine; whereas for Glyphosate, exposure to 10 μM inhibited 87%. Brood size was decreased by 67% and 93% after treatment to 0.06 and 6 μM Atrazine, respectively; and by 23% and 93% after exposure to 0.01 and 10 μM Glyphosate, respectively. There were no significant differences in growth. Changes in gene expression occurred in all genes, highlighting the expression of sod-1, sod-4, and gpx-4 that increased more than two-fold after exposure to 600 μM ABF and 10 μM GBF. The effects observed for the mixture of these formulations were additive for lethality, locomotion and fertility. In short, GBF, ABF, and their mixture induced several toxic responses related to oxidative stress on C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Espiñeira
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, Zaragocilla Campus. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences. University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia.
| | - Lesly Tejeda-Benitez
- Development and Use of Biomass Research Group, Piedra de Bolivar Campus, School of Engineering, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia.
| | - Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, Zaragocilla Campus. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences. University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia.
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19
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Kamireddy K, Chinnu S, Priyanka PS, Rajini PS, Giridhar P. Neuroprotective effect of Decalepis hamiltonii aqueous root extract and purified 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde on 6-OHDA induced neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:997-1005. [PMID: 30021395 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the possible neuroprotective efficacy of Decalepis hamiltonii tuber extract against 6-Hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) induced neurotoxicity and associated effects in Caenorhabditis elegans. The major component of flavour rich extract from D. hamiltonii is 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde (2H4MB) which is an isomer of vanillin. We have conducted preliminary experiments with different types of extracts and subsequently DHFE (D. hamiltonii Fresh Tuber Extract) and DHPF (D. hamiltonii purified 2H4MB fraction) were used for further studies. Here we attempted to enumerate the neuroprotective efficacy of the above compounds in worms by evaluating behavioural and mitochondrial function, dopamine content and selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in BZ555 strains in comparison with control and 6-OHDA treated organisms. The relative expression levels of selected antioxidant genes involved in defence mechanism like SOD-3, GST-2 and GST-4 were evaluated along with those of CAT-2 and DOP-2 at mRNA level. We observed that both DHPF and DHFE exhibited significant levels of neuroprotective property against 6-OHDA induced neurotoxicity, which was evident in mitochondrial/dopaminergic function and antioxidant defence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kamireddy
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (CSIR-CFTRI Campus), Mysore, India; Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, 570020, India
| | - Salim Chinnu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (CSIR-CFTRI Campus), Mysore, India; Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, 570020, India
| | - P S Priyanka
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (CSIR-CFTRI Campus), Mysore, India; Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, 570020, India
| | - P S Rajini
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (CSIR-CFTRI Campus), Mysore, India; Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, 570020, India
| | - Parvatam Giridhar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (CSIR-CFTRI Campus), Mysore, India; Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, 570020, India.
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20
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Li H, Wallace AF, Sun M, Reardon P, Jaisi DP. Degradation of Glyphosate by Mn-Oxide May Bypass Sarcosine and Form Glycine Directly after C-N Bond Cleavage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1109-1117. [PMID: 29298390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient of the common herbicide Roundup. The increasing presence of glyphosate and its byproducts has raised concerns about its potential impact on the environment and human health. In this research, we investigated abiotic pathways of glyphosate degradation as catalyzed by birnessite under aerobic and neutral pH conditions to determine whether certain pathways have the potential to generate less harmful intermediate products. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were utilized to identify and quantify reaction products, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to investigate the bond critical point (BCP) properties of the C-N bond in glyphosate and Mn(IV)-complexed glyphosate. We found that sarcosine, the commonly recognized precursor to glycine, was not present at detectable levels in any of our experiments despite the fact that its half-life (∼13.6 h) was greater than our sampling intervals. Abiotic degradation of glyphosate largely followed the glycine pathway rather than the AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid) pathway. Preferential cleavage of the phosphonate adjacent C-N bond to form glycine directly was also supported by our BCP analysis, which revealed that this C-N bond was disproportionately affected by the interaction of glyphosate with Mn(IV). Overall, these results provide useful insights into the potential pathways through which glyphosate may degrade via relatively benign intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Adam F Wallace
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Mingjing Sun
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Patrick Reardon
- NMR Facility, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Deb P Jaisi
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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21
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Abstract
The ability of non-genotoxic agents to induce cancer has been documented and clearly requires a reassessment of testing for environmental and human safety. Drug safety testing has historically relied on test batteries designed to detect DNA damage leading to mutation and cancer. The standard genetic toxicology testing battery has been a reliable tool set to identify small molecules/chemicals as hazards that could lead to genetic changes in organisms and induction of cancer. While pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies have extensively used the standard battery, it is not suitable for compounds that may induce epigenetic changes. Additionally, many pharmaceutical companies have changed their product portfolios to include peptides and/or other biological molecules, which are not expected to be genotoxic in their own right. If we are to best use our growing knowledge regarding chemicals and biomolecules that induce heritable changes via epigenetic mechanisms, then we must ask what changes may be needed in our testing paradigm to predict long-term downstream effects through epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Sweder
- Forensic and National Security Sciences Institute, Center for Science & Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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