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Seay DM, Ivanova MY, Nickerson AB, Godleski SA, Schuetze P, Eiden RD. Family Risk Exposure Profiles During Early Childhood: Developmental Processes and Adolescent Well-Being. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2023; 4:151-170. [PMID: 37583765 PMCID: PMC10426761 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Although prior work indicates that exposure to multiple family risk factors negatively impacts adjustment in childhood and adolescence, few studies have examined whether children in high-risk families transition in and out of adversity during early childhood and whether patterns of change matter for adjustment in adolescence. Using data from a sample of 216 caregiver-child dyads participating in a study of prenatal cocaine exposure (116 exposed and 100 non-exposed; 50.9% girls), we used latent transition analysis to identify distinct profiles of early exposure to caregiver substance use (SU) and SU-related familial risk (caregiver psychological distress, exposure to violence, harshness, and low sensitivity) and the association between these profiles and adolescent well-being (i.e., hope, happiness, and life satisfaction). Assessments occurred when children were 13, 24, 36, and 48 months and during kindergarten (Mmonths = 66.16, SD = 4.47) and early adolescence (Myears = 13.26, SD = 0.88). Caregivers self-identified as 72.09% Black, 15.81% White, 10.23% Hispanic/Latinx, 1.40% other, and 0.47% American Indian. Four profiles of varying levels of exposure to caregiver SU and SU-related risks were identified from infancy to kindergarten: SU/family risks, no SU/low family risks, SU/negative parenting, and SU/low family risks. Most children stayed in the same profile (64.2%), while the rest transitioned between profiles. Children exposed to caregiver SU and family adversity had lower positive outcomes in adolescence. Stable membership in the SU/family risks profile had significant maladaptive consequences on adolescent well-being. Implications for research and the design of tailored interventions to promote well-being among at-risk youth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Seay
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Miglena Y. Ivanova
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Amanda B. Nickerson
- Alberti Center for Bullying Abuse Prevention, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Godleski
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Pamela Schuetze
- Department of Psychology, The State University of New York Buffalo State, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rina D. Eiden
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Powers G, Lewis B, Min MO, Minnes S, Kim JY, Kim SK, Singer L. The association of prenatal cocaine exposure with expressive and receptive language skills, phonological processing and reading ability at age 17. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2023; 95:107135. [PMID: 36395974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has been associated with small but significant effects on language development in childhood and early adolescence. This study examined whether this association persists into later adolescence and what relationship language skills may have with reading proficiency in this population. METHODS Enrolled were 338 (167 with PCE, 171 with NCE or no cocaine exposure) 17-year-olds recruited at birth who, together with their current caregiver, were seen as part of a 17-year follow-up. Participants were given assessments of reading achievement (WIAT-III), receptive and expressive language (CELF-IV), and phonological processing (CTOPP). Relationships between PCE status and language outcomes were modeled using multiple linear regression controlling for environmental and caregiver factors, and other prenatal substance exposures. RESULTS Adolescents with PCE scored lower in areas of phonological processing and reading related skills compared to adolescents with NCE. PCE by sex interactions were identified on language, memory and spoken language comprehension, with lower scores for girls with PCE compared to girls with NCE. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the persistence of PCE's relationship with phonological awareness well into adolescence. PCE was also associated with lower scores on measures of skills related to reading ability, which may be a manifestation of the observed deficits in phonological processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Powers
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 11235 Bellflower Road, Cleveland,OH, United States.
| | - Barbara Lewis
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
| | - Meeyoung O Min
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, 201 Presidents Circle, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 11235 Bellflower Road, Cleveland,OH, United States.
| | - June-Yung Kim
- Department of Social Work, University of North Dakota, Gillette Hall Room 302, 225 Centennial, Dr. Stop 7135, Grand Forks, ND 58202-7135, United States.
| | - Sun Kyung Kim
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 11235 Bellflower Road, Cleveland,OH, United States.
| | - Lynn Singer
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve, University, 1090 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States.
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Godleski S, Schuetze P, Eiden RD, Nickerson AB, Ostrov JM. Developmental Pathways from Prenatal Substance Exposure to Reactive Aggression. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 83:101474. [PMID: 38827951 PMCID: PMC11142622 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined etiological pathways from prenatal substance exposure to adolescent reactive aggression. We tested a conceptual model that included hypothesized pathways from prenatal substance exposure to adolescent aggression via autonomic reactivity and violence exposure from infancy to early school age and maternal harshness across early childhood. The sample included 216 families (106 boys) who primarily self-identified as Black or Mixed Race. Results supported the hypothesized path from violence exposure across early childhood and early school age to school age autonomic reactivity and early adolescent reactive aggression. There was also a significant interaction effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic reactivity on adolescent reactive aggression, with sympathetic arousal and parasympathetic suppression at early school age associated with higher reactive relational and physical aggression in adolescence. Results emphasize the importance of early experiences and autonomic nervous system changes in contributing to the cascade of risk for reactive aggression in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Godleski
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Rochester Institute of Technology
| | - Pamela Schuetze
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York Buffalo State
| | - Rina D. Eiden
- Department of Psychology and The Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Amanda B. Nickerson
- Alberti Center for Bullying Abuse Prevention, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
| | - Jamie M. Ostrov
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
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Finger B, McNeill V, Schuetze P, Eiden RD. Sex moderated and RSA mediated effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on behavior problems at age 7. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 89:107052. [PMID: 34826569 PMCID: PMC9053578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess whether prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) is associated with sex differences in behavior problems in middle childhood and whether there are sex differences in the way in which parasympathetic functioning mediates the relations between PCE and behavior problems within a diverse low-income sample. Participants included 164 high risk mother-child dyads including 89 PC exposed children and 75 control children participating in an ongoing longitudinal study. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was measured to assess parasympathetic functioning at 13 months of age and maternal reports of child behavior problems were collected at 7 years of age. Results revealed no significant association between PCE and behavior problems for the full sample. A 2 × 2 Anova revealed a significant interaction between PCE and child sex on internalizing, externalizing, and total behavior problems (F (3, 160) = 13.45, p < .001) with cocaine exposed females averaging the highest behavior problem scores. Results also revealed a statistically significant indirect effect linking cocaine exposure to lower externalizing problems via lower baseline RSA among males. Findings indicate that cocaine exposed females may be more vulnerable to developing behavior problems than cocaine exposed males and that high baseline RSA may present a sex specific risk factor for externalizing problems among exposed males.
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Midon MZ, Gerzon LR, Almeida CSD. Crack and motor development of babies living in an assistance shelter. ABCS HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.7322/abcshs.2019159.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The baby motor development happens naturally with the complex interaction of the body, performing tasks in its context. When the body suffers negative external influence, such as the use of drugs by the mother during pregnancy, and develops in an environment different from home, such as shelters, it is questionable how the motor development would be. Objective: To evaluate the motor development of babies living in welfare shelters, children of crack users during pregnancy; to verify if there is an association of motor delay in these babies; and to describe the environment in which they were inserted. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, with a convenience sample. There were 29 babies between three and 16 months old. Twenty-two of them were exposed to crack during pregnancy (Crack Group) and the remaining seven were not (Non-Crack Group). All were living in a specific shelter. To assess broad motor development, the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) was used. The Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development - Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS) was used to assess home environment opportunities. Results: In the crack group, the developmental delay was confirmed in 36.4% cases and suspected in 18.2%. Most babies in the crack group were typical (45.5%). There was no statistically significant association between crack group and developmental delay, nor with age and sex. Conclusion: The development of babies in the crack group was similar to the non-crack group and the opportunities in the environment were reasonable for the baby development.
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Karpova N, Zhang D, Beckwith AM, Bennett DS, Lewis M. Prenatal drug exposure and executive function in early adolescence. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 88:107036. [PMID: 34648914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Study of the relationship between prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and executive function (EF) has yielded inconsistent results. The purpose of the current study is to examine whether PCE, biological sex, environmental risk, and their interaction predicted EF in early adolescence. METHODS 135 12-year-old adolescents (40.7% with PCE), who were followed prospectively from birth, attempted up to 8 Tower of Hanoi (ToH) puzzle trials of increasing complexity. The number of correctly completed puzzles served as the main outcome measure. Survival analysis was used to examine predictors of the number of successfully completed trials. RESULTS As trial difficulty increased, fewer adolescents were able to solve the TOH puzzle. Adolescents from high risk environments and with either prenatal alcohol or prenatal cannabis exposure completed fewer puzzles (p < .05). In addition, a hypothesized 3-way interaction of PCE x sex x environmental risk was found such that cocaine-exposed males with high environmental risk had the worst performance (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS The current findings are consistent with prior research indicating that males with PCE may be at particular risk of poorer functioning and highlight the potential importance of examining adolescent's sex and environmental risk as moderators of PCE effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Karpova
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Institute for the Study of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
| | - Dake Zhang
- Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Department of Educational Psychology, 10 Seminary Place, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
| | - Anna Malia Beckwith
- Children's Specialized Hospital, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, 150 New Providence Rd, Mountainside, NJ 07092, United States.
| | - David S Bennett
- Drexel University, GLAD Program, 4700 Wissahickon Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19144, United States.
| | - Michael Lewis
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Institute for the Study of Child Development, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
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Peterson BS, Rosen T, Dingman S, Toth ZR, Sawardekar S, Hao X, Liu F, Xu D, Dong Z, Peterson JB, Ryoo JH, Serino D, Branch CA, Bansal R. Associations of Maternal Prenatal Drug Abuse With Measures of Newborn Brain Structure, Tissue Organization, and Metabolite Concentrations. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:831-842. [PMID: 32539126 PMCID: PMC7296459 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Increasing rates of illicit drug use during pregnancy may be associated with risk for long-term health problems in prenatally exposed children. OBJECTIVE To identify the associations of prenatal exposure to illicit drugs with organization of the newborn brain. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS For this cohort study, a volunteer sample of 210 illicit drug-using and nonusing mothers and their newborns was enrolled from prenatal clinics and drug abuse treatment programs in New York, New York. Enrollment, scanning, and long-term follow-up occurred from September 2004 through February 2012, and image processing and statistical analyses continued through fall 2018. In addition to 26 participants with incomplete data, a total of 64 mothers were lost to follow-up during pregnancy, and 13 newborns were lost to follow-up at birth because of perinatal complications. EXPOSURES Newborns were assigned to 1 of 4 primary exposure groups based on the history of most frequent maternal drug use: marijuana, cocaine, methadone maintenance, and/or heroin. Unexposed newborns were controls. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Unsedated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of newborn brains was performed shortly after birth. Infant neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed at age 12 months. MRI modalities included anatomical imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, T2 relaxometry, and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Infant neurodevelopmental outcomes included Bayley scales of infant development-III and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Statistical analyses were performed with results represented on the brain images. RESULTS Of 118 mothers, 42 (35%) were in the control group (mean [SD] age, 25.9 [6.1] years), 29 (25%) were in the cocaine group (mean [SD] age, 29.0 [6.1] years), 29 (25%) were in the marijuana group (mean [SD] age, 24.3 [5.5] years), and 18 (15%) were in the methadone and/or heroin group (mean [SD] age, 30.9 [5.7] years). Not all newborns could be scanned successfully; therefore, usable MRIs were acquired for 118 newborns from predominantly minority groups and with economically disadvantaged mothers. Anatomic abnormalities were detected in similar locations across all 3 drug exposures and included smaller volumes in the dorsal, medial, and ventral surfaces of the frontal lobe and dose-related increases in volumes in the lateral temporal lobe, dorsal parietal lobe, and superior frontal gyrus. Dose-related increases in diffusion tensor measures of tissue organization, decreases in T2 relaxometry times, and increases in spectroscopy metabolite concentrations were similar across exposures. These associations of exposures with brain measures were similar to the associations of newborn age with brain measures. The anatomic and diffusion tensor imaging measures suppressively mediated the associations of prenatal exposure with poorer 12-month infant outcomes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings suggest that prenatal drug exposure is associated with measures of newborn brain tissue in patterns that may indicate that exposures accelerated normal fetal brain maturation, which in turn mediated the associations with poorer 12-month infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S. Peterson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Tove Rosen
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sherry Dingman
- Department of Psychology, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, New York
| | - Zachary R. Toth
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Siddhant Sawardekar
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xuejun Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Dongrong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Zhengchao Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Jarod B. Peterson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ji Hoon Ryoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dana Serino
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Craig A. Branch
- Department of Radiology and Physiology, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Bronx, New York,Department of Biophysics, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ravi Bansal
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Schuetze P, Eiden RD, Shisler S. Autonomic functioning among cocaine-exposed kindergarten-aged children: Examination of child sex and caregiving environmental risk as potential moderators. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 80:106889. [PMID: 32360377 PMCID: PMC7340562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that child sex moderates the association between prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and autonomic functioning as well as to examine the role that caregiving environmental risk played in sex differences in autonomic functioning among exposed children. Measures of the parasympathetic nervous system (indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]) and the sympathetic nervous system (indexed by skin conductance level [SCL]) were obtained from 146 (75 cocaine-exposed, 38 male; and 71 nonexposed, 36 male) children during baseline and a task designed to elicit negative affect (NA). We also examined the role of caregiving environmental risk as a moderator of the association between PCE and autonomic functioning separately for boys and girls. PCE boys had a significantly higher baseline RSA and lower baseline SCL than PCE girls or nonexposed children. Environmental risk also moderated the association between PCE and baseline RSA for boys, but not girls, such that boys with PCE and high environmental risk had the highest baseline RSA. These findings indicate that exposed boys had significantly lower levels of sympathetic activation while at rest. However, for autonomic reactivity, the exposed girls had a larger change in both RSA and SCL relative to nonexposed girls while exposed boys had significantly smaller increases in SCL during environmental challenge. Finally, girls with both PCE and high environmental risk had the highest levels of parasympathetic reactivity during challenge. These results underscore the importance of examining sex differences and considering comorbid environmental risk factors when examining developmental outcomes in cocaine-exposed children and highlight the complexity involved with understanding individual differences in cocaine-exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Schuetze
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York College at Buffalo, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14222-1095, United States of America.
| | - Rina D Eiden
- Department of Psychology, Consortium for Combatting Substance Abuse, Pennsylvania State University, United States of America
| | - Shannon Shisler
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
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Klintsova AY, Hamilton DA, Mooney SM, Petrenko CL. Proceedings of the 2018 annual meeting of the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders study group. Alcohol 2019; 81:47-55. [PMID: 31173861 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The 2018 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Study Group (FASDSG) meeting was entitled "Sex Differences and Vulnerability." The theme reflected the ongoing NIH initiative to address sex differences in both clinical and preclinical research. The first keynote speaker, Jill Becker, Ph.D., addressed sex differences in addiction in preclinical studies. The second keynote speaker, Meeyoung Min, Ph.D., discussed effects of gender on adolescent outcomes in poly-drug exposed children. The conference presented updates from three government agencies, a discussion panel of new data on FASD prevalence, and short presentations by junior and senior investigators showcasing late-breaking FASD research. The conference was capped by the presentation of Dr. Sarah Mattson, Ph.D., the recipient of the 2018 Henry Rosett award for career-long contributions to the field.
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Li Z, Lei K, Coles CD, Lynch ME, Hu X. Longitudinal changes of amygdala functional connectivity in adolescents prenatally exposed to cocaine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 200:50-58. [PMID: 31085378 PMCID: PMC6607904 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) is associated with arousal dysregulation, but interactions between exposure and age are rarely investigated directly with longitudinal study designs. Our previous study had examined task-elicited emotional arousal and noted persistently high amygdala activations in the development of adolescents with PCE. However, while externally imposed emotional arousal could be considered a "state" effect depending on specific task stimuli, it is still unclear whether similar developmental alterations extend to intrinsic functional connectivity (FC), reflecting more of a "trait" effect. METHODS We used a longitudinal design and analyzed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired twice from 25 adolescents with PCE and 16 non-exposed controls. Both groups were each scanned first at the mean age of 14.3 and then again at 16.6 years. Seeding in bilateral amygdalae and comparing the 2nd scan with the 1st, we examined the interaction effect between PCE and age on FCs in the emotional network. RESULTS Compared with the younger age, we observed a generally decreased FC in the emotional network of the control group at the older age, but these FCs were generally increased at the older age in this same network of the PCE group. Additionally, this interaction effect of exposure by age in the right fusiform was positively correlated with the emotional interference imposed by external task stimuli. CONCLUSIONS These results provided additional data directly characterizing developmental changes in the emotional network of adolescents with PCE, complementing and extending the notion of a PCE-associated long-term teratogenic effect on arousal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Li
- School of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kaikai Lei
- School of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Claire D Coles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Wouldes TA, Lester BM. Stimulants: How big is the problem and what are the effects of prenatal exposure? Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 24:155-160. [PMID: 30803902 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Globally, cocaine use increased by 7%-18.2 million people in 2016 or 0.4% of the world population aged 15-64. In 2016, over 34 million (0.7%) people aged 15-64 used amphetamines and a further 0.4% used MDMA (Ecstasy). Women of child bearing age worldwide are increasingly using and becoming dependent on stimulants; and are, in turn, more vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases, sexual violence, unplanned pregnancies and mental health problems. Stimulant use during pregnancy increases obstetric complications for the mother, increases the rate of preterm birth and decreases birth weight, length and head circumference for the exposed infant. No consistent signs of neonatal abstinence syndrome requiring pharmacological treatment have been identified for cocaine or methamphetamine, however, infants exposed to one or both drugs exhibit disorganized neurobehaviour at birth. Increased efforts worldwide are needed to determine the extent of maternal stimulant use and to prevent or identify and treat substance use early during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trecia A Wouldes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Barry M Lester
- Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, 50 Holden Street, Providence, Rhode Island, 02908, USA.
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Nyongesa MK, Ssewanyana D, Mutua AM, Chongwo E, Scerif G, Newton CRJC, Abubakar A. Assessing Executive Function in Adolescence: A Scoping Review of Existing Measures and Their Psychometric Robustness. Front Psychol 2019; 10:311. [PMID: 30881324 PMCID: PMC6405510 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is much research examining adolescents' executive function (EF) but there is little information about tools that measure EF, in particular preference of use, their reliability and validity. This information is important as to help both researchers and practitioners select the most relevant and reliable measure of EF to use with adolescents in their context. Aims: We conducted a scoping review to: (a) identify the measures of EF that have been used in studies conducted among adolescents in the past 15 years; (b) identify the most frequently used measures of EF; and (c) establish the psychometric robustness of existing EF measures used with adolescents. Methods: We searched three bibliographic databases (PsycINFO, Ovid Medline, and Web of Science) using key terms "Adolescents," "Executive Functions," and "measures". The search covered research articles published between 1st January 2002 and 31st July 2017. Results: We identified a total of 338 individual measures of EF from 705 eligible studies. The vast majority of these studies (95%) were conducted in high income countries. Of the identified measures, 10 were the most used frequently, with a cumulative percent frequency accounting for nearly half (44%) the frequency of usage of all reported measures of EF. These are: Digit Span (count = 160), Trail Making Test (count = 158), Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (count = 148), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (count = 140), Verbal Fluency Tasks (count = 88), Stroop Color-Word Test (count = 78), Classical Stroop Task (count = 63), Color-Word Interference Test from Delis-Kaplan battery (count = 62), Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (count = 62), and Original Continuous Performance Test (count = 58). In terms of paradigms, tasks from Span (count = 235), Stroop (count = 216), Trails (count = 171), Card sorting (count = 166), Continuous performance (count = 99), and Tower (count = 94) paradigms were frequently used. Only 48 studies out of the included 705 reported the reliability and/or validity of measures of EF used with adolescents, but limited to studies in high income countries. Conclusion: We conclude that there is a wide array of measures for assessing EF among adolescents. Ten of these measures are frequently used. However, the evidence of psychometric robustness of measures of EF used with adolescents remains limited to support the validity of their usage across different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses K. Nyongesa
- Neuroassement Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Derrick Ssewanyana
- Neuroassement Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Agnes M. Mutua
- Neuroassement Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Esther Chongwo
- Neuroassement Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Gaia Scerif
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. J. C. Newton
- Neuroassement Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Neuroassement Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
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Min MO, Minnes S, Park H, Ridenour T, Kim JY, Yoon M, Singer LT. Developmental trajectories of externalizing behavior from ages 4 to 12: Prenatal cocaine exposure and adolescent correlates. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 192:223-232. [PMID: 30273890 PMCID: PMC6310164 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has been linked with greater externalizing behavior, no studies have investigated heterogeneity of developmental trajectories in children with PCE to date. The present study aimed to: (1) identify developmental trajectories of externalizing problems in childhood by using a person-oriented analytic approach; (2) examine whether trajectories differ by PCE and other environmental and biological correlates; and (3) investigate how trajectories were associated with adolescent substance use and sexual behavior. METHODS Adolescents (N = 386; 197 PCE, 187 non-cocaine exposed (NCE)), primarily African-American and of low socioeconomic status, were prospectively enrolled in a longitudinal study at birth. Externalizing problems were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at ages 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, and 12. Substance (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana) use, via self-report and biologic assays, and early (before age 15) sexual intercourse were assessed at age 15. RESULTS Latent class growth modeling indicated four distinctive developmental trajectories of externalizing behavior from ages 4 to 12: low-decreasing group (32%); moderate-decreasing group (32%); accelerated risk group (14%); and elevated-chronic group (22%). PCE and maternal psychological distress interactively differentiated developmental trajectories of externalizing behavior, which were related to subsequent adolescent substance use and early sexual behavior differently across gender. CONCLUSIONS The two high-risk trajectories (accelerated risk and elevated-chronic groups), comprising 36% of the sample, identified in the present study may reflect multi-causality of early substance use and perhaps greater risk for transition to substance use disorders later in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, United States.
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, United States
| | - Hyunyong Park
- Sungshin University, Department of Social Welfare, South Korea
| | - Ty Ridenour
- Research Triangle Institute International, United States
| | - June-Yung Kim
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, United States
| | - Miyoung Yoon
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, United States
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Psychiatry and Pediatrics, United States
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14
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Meldrum RC, Trucco EM, Cope LM, Zucker RA, Heitzeg MM. Brain Activity, Low Self-Control, and Delinquency: An fMRI Study of At-Risk Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2018; 56:107-117. [PMID: 29773923 PMCID: PMC5951637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A vast literature finds that low self-control is associated with a myriad of antisocial behaviors. Consequently, increasing attention has focused on the causes of low self-control. While criminologists have directed significant attention to studying its social causes, fewer studies have considered its neural bases. METHODS We add to this nascent body of research by using data collected on an at-risk sample of adolescents participating in the ongoing Michigan Longitudinal Study. We examine the functioning of prefrontal and limbic regions of the brain during failed inhibitory control, assessed using the go/no-go task and functional magnetic resonance imaging, in relation to low self-control and self-reported delinquency. RESULTS Results indicate that greater activation localized in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during failed inhibitory control is negatively associated with low self-control. Moreover, the association between ACC activity and later delinquency is mediated through low self-control. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study demonstrate the utility of integrating neuroscientific and criminological perspectives on the causes of antisocial behavior. Concluding remarks address the theoretical and policy implications of the findings, as well as directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Charles Meldrum
- Florida International University, Department of Criminal Justice, 11200 SW 8th Street, PCA-364B, Miami, FL 33199
| | - Elisa M Trucco
- Florida International University, Department of Psychology, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC1-237, Miami, FL 33199
| | - Lora M Cope
- University of Michigan, Addiction Center and Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Road, 2901H, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert A Zucker
- University of Michigan, Addiction Center and Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, 4250 Plymouth Road, 2901F, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mary M Heitzeg
- University of Michigan, Addiction Center and Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Road, 2901D, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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