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Alluri SR, Higashi Y, Berendzen A, Grisanti LA, Watkinson LD, Singh K, Hoffman TJ, Carmack T, Devanny EA, Tanner M, Kil KE. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a novel fluorine-18 labeled small-molecule PET radiotracer for imaging of CXCR3 receptor in mouse models of atherosclerosis. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:67. [PMID: 37438543 PMCID: PMC10338423 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-01017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCR3 is a chemokine receptor and is expressed in innate and adaptive immune cells. It promotes the recruitment of T-lymphocytes and other immune cells to the inflammatory site in response to the binding of cognate chemokines. Upregulation of CXCR3 and its chemokines has been found during atherosclerotic lesion formation. Therefore, detection of CXCR3 by positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer can be a useful tool for detecting the development of atherosclerosis in a noninvasive manner. Herein, we report the synthesis, radiosynthesis, and characterization of a novel fluorine-18 (F-18, 18F) labeled small-molecule radiotracer for the imaging of the CXCR3 receptor in mouse models of atherosclerosis. RESULTS The reference standard 1 and its precursor 9 were synthesized over 5 steps from starting materials in good to moderate yields. The measured Ki values of CXCR3A and CXCR3B were 0.81 ± 0.02 nM and 0.31 ± 0.02 nM, respectively. [18F]1 was prepared by a two-step radiosynthesis with a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 13 ± 2%, radiochemical purity > 99%, and specific activity of 44.4 ± 3.7 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis (n = 6). The baseline studies showed that [18F]1 displayed high uptake in the atherosclerotic aorta and brown adipose tissue in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (KO) mice fed with a high-fat diet over 12 weeks. The uptake of [18F]1 in these regions was reduced significantly in self-blocking studies, demonstrating CXCR3 binding specificity. Contrary to this, no significant differences in uptake of [18F]1 in the abdominal aorta of C57BL/6 control mice fed with a normal diet were observed in both baseline and blocking studies, indicating increased CXCR3 expression in atherosclerotic lesions. Immunohistochemistry studies demonstrated that [18F]1-positive regions were correlated with CXCR3 expression, but some atherosclerotic plaques with significant size were not detected by [18F]1, and their CXCR3 expressions were minimal. CONCLUSION [18F]1 was synthesized with good radiochemical yield and high radiochemical purity. In PET imaging studies, [18F]1 displayed CXCR3-specific uptake in the atherosclerotic aorta in ApoE KO mice. [18F]1 visualized CXCR3 expression in different regions in mice aligned with the tissue histology studies. Taken together, [18F]1 is a potential PET radiotracer for imaging CXCR3 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh R Alluri
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, 1513 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Ashley Berendzen
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Laurel A Grisanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lisa D Watkinson
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Kamlendra Singh
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Timothy J Hoffman
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Terry Carmack
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Devanny
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Miles Tanner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, 1513 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Alluri SR, Higashi Y, Berendzen A, Grisanti LA, Watkinson LD, Singh K, Hoffman TJ, Carmack T, Devanny EA, Tanner M, Kil KE. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a novel fluorine-18 labeled small-molecule PET radiotracer for imaging of CXCR3 receptor in mouse models of atherosclerosis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2539952. [PMID: 36865232 PMCID: PMC9980197 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2539952/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Background: CXCR3 is a chemokine receptor and is expressed on innate and adaptive immune cells. It promotes the recruitment of T-lymphocytes and other immune cells to the inflammatory site in response to the binding of cognate chemokines. Upregulation of CXCR3 and its chemokines has been found during atherosclerotic lesion formation. Therefore, the detection of CXCR3 by positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer may be a useful tool to detect atherosclerosis development noninvasively. Herein, we report the synthesis, radiosynthesis, and characterization of a novel fluorine-18 (F-18, 18 F) labeled small-molecule radiotracer for the imaging of the CXCR3 receptor in mouse models of atherosclerosis. Methods: The reference standard ( S )-2-(5-chloro-6-(4-(1-(4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-3-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole ( 1 ) and its corresponding precursor 9 were synthesized using organic syntheses. The radiotracer [ 18 F] 1 was prepared in one-pot, two-step synthesis via aromatic 18 F-substitution followed by reductive amination. Cell binding assays were conducted using 1 , [ 125 I]CXCL10, and CXCR3A- and CXCR3B-transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Dynamic PET imaging studies over 90 min were performed on C57BL/6 and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (KO) mice that were subjected to a normal and high-fat diet for 12 weeks, respectively. Blocking studies were conducted with preadministration of the hydrochloride salt of 1 (5 mg/kg) to assess the binding specificity. Time-activity curves (TACs) for [ 18 F] 1 in both mice were used to extract standard uptake values (SUVs). Biodistribution studies were performed on C57BL/6 mice, and the distribution of CXCR3 in the abdominal aorta of ApoE KO mice was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: The reference standard 1 and its precursor 9 were synthesized over 5 steps from starting materials in good to moderate yields. The measured K i values of CXCR3A and CXCR3B were 0.81 ± 0.02 nM and 0.31 ± 0.02 nM, respectively. [ 18 F] 1 was prepared with decay-corrected radiochemical yield (RCY) of 13 ± 2%, radiochemical purity (RCP) >99%, and specific activity of 44.4 ± 3.7 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis (EOS) ( n =6). The baseline studies showed that [ 18 F] 1 displayed high uptake in the atherosclerotic aorta and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in ApoE KO mice. The uptake of [ 18 F] 1 in these regions was reduced significantly in self-blocking studies, demonstrating CXCR3 binding specificity. Contrary to this, no significant differences in uptake of [ 18 F] 1 in the abdominal aorta of C57BL/6 mice were observed in both baseline and blocking studies, indicating increased CXCR3 expression in atherosclerotic lesions. IHC studies demonstrated that [ 18 F] 1 -positive regions were correlated with CXCR3 expression, but some atherosclerotic plaques with significant size were not detected by [ 18 F] 1 , and their CXCR3 expressions were minimal. Conclusion: The novel radiotracer, [ 18 F] 1 was synthesized with good RCY and high RCP. In PET imaging studies, [ 18 F] 1 displayed CXCR3-specific uptake in the atherosclerotic aorta in ApoE KO mice. [ 18 F] 1 visualized CXCR3 expression in different regions in mice is in line with the tissue histology studies. Taken together, [ 18 F] 1 is a potential PET radiotracer for the imaging of CXCR3 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Terry Carmack
- Truman VA: Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital
| | | | - Miles Tanner
- University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine
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KSNM60: The History of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences in Korea. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 56:114-126. [DOI: 10.1007/s13139-022-00744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Practical Guidelines for Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging with Clinically Relevant Isotopes. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1790:197-208. [PMID: 29858793 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7860-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is a relatively new imaging modality that utilizes conventional optical imaging instrumentation to detect Cerenkov radiation derived from standard and often clinically approved radiotracers. Its research versatility, low cost, and ease of use have increased its popularity within the molecular imaging community and at institutions that are interested in conducting radiotracer-based molecular imaging research, but that lack the necessary resources and infrastructure. Here, we provide a description of the materials and procedures necessary to conduct a Cerenkov luminescence imaging experiment using a variety of imaging instrumentation, radionuclides, and animal models.
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Lee BC, Moon BS, Park HS, Jung JH, Park HS, Park DD, de Candia M, Denora N, Altomare CD, Kim SE. The position of fluorine in CP-118,954 affects AChE inhibition potency and PET imaging quantification for AChE expression in the rat brain. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:209-216. [PMID: 28818531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro inhibition potency against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of fluorinated derivatives of CP-118,954 (1) has been shown to depend upon the position of aromatic fluorine (F) substitution on the N-benzyl moiety. Indeed, the meta-F-substituted compound 3 (IC50=1.4nM) shows similar potency with the parent compound 1 (IC50=1.2nM), whereas the ortho-F derivative 2 (IC50=3.2nM) and para-F derivative 4 (IC50=10.8nM) were found to be less potent AChE inhibitors. A comparative in vivo microdialysis study in rats showed that 3 has the strongest effect on the neuropharmacological properties as AChE inhibitor. For PET imaging studies, a radiolabeled ligand ([18F]3) was synthesized through nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of diaryliodonium salt-based aldehyde precursor followed by reductive alkylation in a two-step radiolabeling procedure with 11.5 ± 1.2% (n=24, non-decay corrected) radiochemical yield and over 99% radiochemical purity. In a comparative PET imaging study of the three 18F-containing derivatives of CP-118,954 ([18F]2-4), [18F]3 showed the highest radioactivity in the AChE-rich region of normal rat brain which visually reflected the in vitro AChE-binding affinity of 3. These findings support [18F]3 as a promising AChE-targeted PET imaging ligand for the assessment of cholinergic activity into the brain, providing also insights into the AChE ligand disposition, which depends upon the position of the aromatic fluorine in the benzyl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Seok Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Dam Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Modesto de Candia
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosimo D Altomare
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea; Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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3-(Benzyloxy)-1-(5-[18F]fluoropentyl)-5-nitro-1H-indazole: a PET radiotracer to measure acetylcholinesterase in brain. Future Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Noninvasive studies of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) level in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients can contribute to a better understanding of the disease and its therapeutic. We propose 3-(benzyloxy)-1-(5-[18F]fluoropentyl)-5-nitro-1H-indazole, [18F]-IND1, structurally related to the AChE-inhibitor CP126,998, as a new positron emission tomography-radiotracer. Experimental: Radiosynthesis, with 18F, stability, lipophilicity and protein binding of [18F]-IND1 were studied. In vivo behavior, in normal mice and on AD mice models, were also analyzed. Results: [18F]-IND1 was obtained in good radiochemical yield, was stable for at least 2 h in different conditions, and had adequate lipophilicity for blood–brain barrier penetration. Biodistribution studies, in normal mice, showed that [18F]-IND1 was retained in the brain after 1 h. In vivo tacrine-blocking experiments indicated this uptake could be specifically due to AChE interaction. Studies in transgenic AD mice showed differential, compared with normal mice, binding in many brain regions. Conclusion: [18F]-IND1 can be used to detect AChE changes in AD patients.
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Sawatzky E, Al-Momani E, Kobayashi R, Higuchi T, Samnick S, Decker M. A Novel Way To Radiolabel Human Butyrylcholinesterase for Positron Emission Tomography through Irreversible Transfer of the Radiolabeled Moiety. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1540-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Sawatzky
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; Julius Maximilian University Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ehab Al-Momani
- Experimental Nuclear Medicine; Center of Inner Medicine; University Hospital Würzburg; OberdürrbacherStrasse 6 97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ryohei Kobayashi
- Experimental Nuclear Medicine; Center of Inner Medicine; University Hospital Würzburg; OberdürrbacherStrasse 6 97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Experimental Nuclear Medicine; Center of Inner Medicine; University Hospital Würzburg; OberdürrbacherStrasse 6 97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Samuel Samnick
- Experimental Nuclear Medicine; Center of Inner Medicine; University Hospital Würzburg; OberdürrbacherStrasse 6 97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; Julius Maximilian University Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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Hybrid lymph node imaging using 64Cu-labeled mannose-conjugated human serum albumin with and without indocyanine green. Nucl Med Commun 2015; 36:1026-34. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tanha K, Pashazadeh AM, Pogue BW. Review of biomedical Čerenkov luminescence imaging applications. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3053-65. [PMID: 26309766 PMCID: PMC4541530 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Čerenkov radiation is a fascinating optical signal, which has been exploited for unique diagnostic biological sensing and imaging, with significantly expanded use just in the last half decade. Čerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) has desirable capabilities for niche applications, using specially designed measurement systems that report on radiation distributions, radiotracer and nanoparticle concentrations, and are directly applied to procedures such as medicine assessment, endoscopy, surgery, quality assurance and dosimetry. When compared to the other imaging tools such as PET and SPECT, CLI can have the key advantage of lower cost, higher throughput and lower imaging time. CLI can also provide imaging and dosimetry information from both radioisotopes and linear accelerator irradiation. The relatively short range of optical photon transport in tissue means that direct Čerenkov luminescence imaging is restricted to small animals or near surface human use. Use of Čerenkov-excitation for additional molecular probes, is now emerging as a key tool for biosensing or radiosensitization. This review evaluates these new improvements in CLI for both medical value and biological insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Tanha
- Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ali Mahmoud Pashazadeh
- Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Department of Surgery in the Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755 USA
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Herth MM, Leth-Petersen S, Lehel S, Hansen M, Knudsen GM, Gillings N, Madsen J, Kristensen JL. Accelerating preclinical PET-screening: reductive amination with [11C]methoxybenzaldehydes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02506g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We report, herein, a simple and efficient labelling strategy for multiple PET tracer preparation using a common intermediate, which has the potential to accelerate preclinical PET radiotracer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M. Herth
- PET and Cyclotron Unit
- Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet
- DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
| | - Sebastian Leth-Petersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Szabolcs Lehel
- PET and Cyclotron Unit
- Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet
- DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte M. Knudsen
- Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging
- Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nic Gillings
- PET and Cyclotron Unit
- Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet
- DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Madsen
- PET and Cyclotron Unit
- Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet
- DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper L. Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kikuchi T, Okamura T, Zhang MR, Irie T. PET probes for imaging brain acetylcholinesterase. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:172-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kikuchi
- Probe Research Team, Molecular Probe Program, Molecular Imaging Center; National Institute of Radiological Sciences; Chiba; 263-8555; Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Okamura
- Probe Research Team, Molecular Probe Program, Molecular Imaging Center; National Institute of Radiological Sciences; Chiba; 263-8555; Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Probe Research Team, Molecular Probe Program, Molecular Imaging Center; National Institute of Radiological Sciences; Chiba; 263-8555; Japan
| | - Toshiaki Irie
- Probe Research Team, Molecular Probe Program, Molecular Imaging Center; National Institute of Radiological Sciences; Chiba; 263-8555; Japan
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