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Chen S, Zhuang D, Jia Q, Guo B, Hu G. Advances in Noninvasive Molecular Imaging Probes for Liver Fibrosis Diagnosis. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0042. [PMID: 38952717 PMCID: PMC11214848 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response to chronic liver injury, which may lead to cirrhosis and cancer. Early-stage fibrosis is reversible, and it is difficult to precisely diagnose with conventional imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and ultrasound imaging. In contrast, probe-assisted molecular imaging offers a promising noninvasive approach to visualize early fibrosis changes in vivo, thus facilitating early diagnosis and staging liver fibrosis, and even monitoring of the treatment response. Here, the most recent progress in molecular imaging technologies for liver fibrosis is updated. We start by illustrating pathogenesis for liver fibrosis, which includes capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, cellular and molecular processes involved in inflammation and fibrogenesis, as well as processes of collagen synthesis, oxidation, and cross-linking. Furthermore, the biological targets used in molecular imaging of liver fibrosis are summarized, which are composed of receptors on hepatic stellate cells, macrophages, and even liver collagen. Notably, the focus is on insights into the advances in imaging modalities developed for liver fibrosis diagnosis and the update in the corresponding contrast agents. In addition, challenges and opportunities for future research and clinical translation of the molecular imaging modalities and the contrast agents are pointed out. We hope that this review would serve as a guide for scientists and students who are interested in liver fibrosis imaging and treatment, and as well expedite the translation of molecular imaging technologies from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College,
Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Danping Zhuang
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College,
Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyun Jia
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College,
Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Guo
- School of Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Carbon Materials Research and Comprehensive Application,
Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Genwen Hu
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College,
Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
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Hua Y, Yu C. Research progress on asialoglycoprotein receptor-targeted radiotracers designed for hepatic nuclear medicine imaging. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116278. [PMID: 38479165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) specifically recognizes glycans terminated with β-d-galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine. Its exclusive expression in mammalian hepatocytes renders it an ideal hepatic-targeted biomarker. To date, ASGPR-targeted ligands have been actively developed for drug delivery and hepatic imaging. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the progress achieved to-date in the field of developing ASGPR-targeted nuclear medicine imaging (NMI) radiotracers, highlighting the recent advancements over the last decade in terms of structure, radionuclides and labeling strategies. The biodistribution patterns, imaging characteristics, challenges and future prospective are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Hua
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214000, China; Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Chunjing Yu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214000, China; Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214000, China.
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Salah N, Eissa S, Mansour A, El Magd NMA, Hasanin AH, El Mahdy MM, Hassan MK, Matboli M. Evaluation of the role of kefir in management of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis rat model via modulation of NASH linked mRNA-miRNA panel. Sci Rep 2023; 13:236. [PMID: 36604518 PMCID: PMC9816104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the clinically aggressive variant of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hippo pathway dysregulation can contribute to NASH development and progression. The use of probiotics is effective in NASH management. Our aim is to investigate the efficacy of kefir Milk in NASH management via modulation of hepatic mRNA-miRNA based panel linked to NAFLD/NASH Hippo signaling and gut microbita regulated genes which was identified using bioinformatics tools. Firstly, we analyzed mRNAs (SOX11, SMAD4 and AMOTL2), and their epigenetic regulator (miR-6807) followed by validation of target effector proteins (TGFB1, IL6 and HepPar1). Molecular, biochemical, and histopathological, analyses were used to evaluate the effects of kefir on high sucrose high fat (HSHF) diet -induced NASH in rats. We found that administration of Kefir proved to prevent steatosis and development of the inflammatory component of NASH. Moreover, Kefir improved liver function and lipid panel. At the molecular level, kefir down-regulated the expression of miR 6807-5p with subsequent increase in the expression of SOX 11, AMOTL2 associated with downregulated SMAD4, resulting in reduction in the expression of the inflammatory and fibrotic markers, IL6 and TGF-β1 in the treated and prophylactic groups compared to the untreated rats. In conclusion, Kefir suppressed NASH progression and improved both fibrosis and hepatic inflammation. The produced effect was correlated with modulation of SOX11, SMAD4 and AMOTL2 mRNAs) - (miR-6807-5p) - (TGFB, IL6 and, HepPar1) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Salah
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, P.O. box 11381, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sanaa Eissa
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, P.O. box 11381, Cairo, Egypt. .,MASRI institute of research, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amal Mansour
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, P.O. box 11381, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa M. Abo El Magd
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany Helmy Hasanin
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manal M. El Mahdy
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Kamel Hassan
- grid.440879.60000 0004 0578 4430Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt ,grid.440881.10000 0004 0576 5483Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Science, Zewail City for Science & Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Matboli
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, P.O. box 11381, Cairo, Egypt.
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Gadallah SH, Eissa S, Ghanem HM, Ahmed EK, Hasanin AH, El Mahdy MM, Matboli M. Probiotic-prebiotic-synbiotic modulation of (YAP1, LATS1 and NF2 mRNAs/miR-1205/lncRNA SRD5A3-AS1) panel in NASH animal model. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111781. [PMID: 34090052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the prophylactic efficacy of gut microbiota-based treatments on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) management via modulation of Hippo signaling pathway-related genes (YAP1, LATS1 and NF2), and their epigenetic regulators (miR-1205 and lncRNA SRD5A3-AS1) retrieved from in-silico data analysis. MATERIALS & METHODS Histopathological, biochemical, molecular and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to assess the effects of multistrain probiotic mixture and prebiotic inulin fiber on high sucrose high fat (HSHF) diet-induced NASH in rats. These treatments were administered orally either alone or in combination, along with HSHF diet. RESULTS Both probiotic mixture and prebiotic inulin fiber attenuated steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis grades in HSHF diet-induced NASH rats. Moreover, the applied treatments significantly prevented the elevation of serum liver enzymes and improved lipid panel. At the molecular level, both treatments down-regulated hepatic YAP1 mRNA and miR-1205 expressions, and concomitantly up-regulated the expression of hepatic LATS1& NF2 mRNAs and the lncRNA SRD5A3-AS1. At the protein level, both treatments decreased the hepatic content of the inflammatory marker IL6 and the fibrotic marker TGFβ1. Moreover, an observable reduction in α-SMA together with noticeable elevation in LATS1/2 protein expression levels were detected in liver sections compared to the untreated rats. CONCLUSION Probiotic mixture and prebiotic inulin fiber, either alone or in combination, attenuated NASH progression and ameliorated both fibrosis and hepatic inflammation in the applied animal model. The produced effect was correlated with modulation of the retrieved (YAP1, LATS1 and NF2) - (miR-1205) - (lncRNA SRD5A3-AS1) RNA panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa H Gadallah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sanaa Eissa
- The Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The School of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
| | - Hala M Ghanem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Emad K Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amany Helmy Hasanin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Manal M El Mahdy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Marwa Matboli
- The Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The School of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
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Chen W, Barback CV, Wang S, Hoh CK, Chang EY, Hall DJ, Head BP, Vera DR. A receptor-binding radiopharmaceutical for imaging of traumatic brain injury in a rodent model: [ 99mTc]Tc-tilmanocept. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:107-114. [PMID: 32169304 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and subsequent neuro-inflammation occur following traumatic brain injury (TBI), resulting in a spectrum of human nervous system disorders. [99mTc]Tc-tilmanocept is a receptor-binding radiopharmaceutical FDA-approved for sentinel lymph node mapping. We hypothesize that after an intravenous (i.v.) injection, [99mTc]Tc-tilmanocept, will traverse a disrupted BBB and bind to CD206-bearing microglial cells. METHODS Age-matched mice were divided into three groups: 5-days post TBI (n = 4), and 5-days post sham (n = 4), and naïve controls (n = 4). IRDye800CW-labeled [99mTc]Tc-tilmanocept (0.15 nmol per gram body weight) and FITC-labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) were injected (i.v.) into each mouse. Mice were imaged with a high-resolution gamma camera for 45 min. Immediately after imaging, the brains were perfused with fixative, excised, imaged with a fluorescence scanner, assayed for radioactivity, and prepared for histology. RESULTS In vivo nuclear imaging, ex vivo fluorescence imaging, ex vivo gamma well counting, and histo-microscopy demonstrated enhanced tilmanocept uptake in the TBI region. The normalized [99mTc]Tc-tilmanocept uptake value from nuclear imaging and the maximum pixel intensity from fluorescence imaging of the TBI group (1.12 ± 0.12 and 2288 ± 278 a.u., respectively) were significantly (P < 0.04) higher than the sham group (0.64 ± 0.28 and 1708 ± 101 a.u., respectively) and the naive group (0.76 ± 0.24 and 1643 ± 391 a.u., respectively). The mean [99mTc]Tc-tilmanocept scaled uptake in the TBI brains (0.058 ± 0.013%/g) was significantly (P < 0.010) higher than the scaled brain uptake of the sham group (0.031 ± 0.011%/g) and higher (P = 0.04) than the uptake of the naïve group (0.020 ± 0.002%/g). Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated increased uptake of the IRDye800CW-tilmanocept and FITC-BSA in the TBI brain regions. CONCLUSION [99mTc]Tc-tilmanocept traverses disrupted blood-brain barrier and localizes within the injured region. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE: [99mTc]Tc-tilmanocept could serve as an imaging biomarker for TBI-associated neuroinflammation and any disease process that involves a disruption of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Shanshan Wang
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Carl K Hoh
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David J Hall
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian P Head
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - David R Vera
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Mishra A, Castañeda TR, Bader E, Elshorst B, Cummings S, Scherer P, Bangari DS, Loewe C, Schreuder H, Pöverlein C, Helms M, Jones S, Zech G, Licher T, Wagner M, Schudok M, de Hoop M, Plowright AT, Atzrodt J, Kannt A, Laitinen I, Derdau V. Triantennary GalNAc Molecular Imaging Probes for Monitoring Hepatocyte Function in a Rat Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002997. [PMID: 33344141 PMCID: PMC7739951 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease that can lead to irreversible liver cirrhosis and cancer. Early diagnosis of NASH is vital to detect disease before it becomes life-threatening, yet noninvasively differentiating NASH from simple steatosis is challenging. Herein, bifunctional probes have been developed that target the hepatocyte-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), the expression of which decreases during NASH progression. The results show that the probes allow longitudinal, noninvasive monitoring of ASGPR levels by positron emission tomography in the newly developed rat model of NASH. The probes open new possibilities for research into early diagnosis of NASH and development of drugs to slow or reverse its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamara R. Castañeda
- R&D DiabetesSanofi‐Aventis Deutschland GmbHIndustriepark Höchst65926FrankfurtGermany
| | - Erik Bader
- Industriepark Höchst65926FrankfurtGermany
| | | | - Sheila Cummings
- Global Discovery PathologyTranslational In Vivo ModelsSanofi GenzymeThe Mountain RoadFraminghamMA01701USA
| | - Petra Scherer
- Global BioimagingTranslational In Vivo ModelsSanofi‐Aventis Deutschland GmbHIndustriepark Höchst65926FrankfurtGermany
| | - Dinesh S. Bangari
- Global Discovery PathologyTranslational In Vivo ModelsSanofi GenzymeThe Mountain RoadFraminghamMA01701USA
| | | | | | | | - Mike Helms
- Global BioimagingTranslational In Vivo ModelsSanofi‐Aventis Deutschland GmbHIndustriepark Höchst65926FrankfurtGermany
| | - Seth Jones
- Industriepark Höchst65926FrankfurtGermany
| | | | | | | | - Manfred Schudok
- R&D Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsSanofi‐Aventis Deutschland GmbHIndustriepark Höchst65926FrankfurtGermany
| | | | - Alleyn T. Plowright
- Industriepark Höchst65926FrankfurtGermany
- Wren Therapeutics Ltd.Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RdCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Jens Atzrodt
- R&D Transversal OperationsGerman R&D HubSanofi‐Aventis Deutschland GmbHIndustriepark Höchst65926FrankfurtGermany
| | - Aimo Kannt
- R&D DiabetesSanofi‐Aventis Deutschland GmbHIndustriepark Höchst65926FrankfurtGermany
- Experimental PharmacologyMedical Faculty MannheimUniversity of Heidelberg68167MannheimGermany
- Fraunhofer IMETranslational Medicine and Pharmacology60596FrankfurtGermany
| | - Iina Laitinen
- Global BioimagingTranslational In Vivo ModelsSanofi‐Aventis Deutschland GmbHIndustriepark Höchst65926FrankfurtGermany
- Present address:
Antaros Medical, Bioventure HubMölndal431 83Sweden
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Shao T, Josephson L, Liang SH. PET/SPECT Molecular Probes for the Diagnosis and Staging of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Mol Imaging 2020; 18:1536012119871455. [PMID: 31478458 PMCID: PMC6724487 DOI: 10.1177/1536012119871455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant public health challenge afflicting approximately 1 billion individuals both in the Western world and in the East world. While liver biopsy is considered as gold standard in the diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis, noninvasive imaging technologies, including ultrasonography, computed tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography (PET) could offer more sensitive, comprehensive, and quantitative measurement for NAFLD. In this review, we focus on recent development and applications of PET/SPECT molecular probes that enable multispatial/temporal visualization and quantification of physiopathological progress at the molecular level in the NAFLD. We shall also discuss the limitations of current radioligands and future direction for PET/SPECT probe development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Shao
- 1 Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- 1 Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- 1 Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Haubner R, Schmid AM, Maurer A, Rangger C, Roig LG, Pichler BJ, Virgolini IJ. [ 68Ga]NOTA-Galactosyl Human Serum Albumin: a Tracer for Liver Function Imaging with Improved Stability. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:723-730. [PMID: 28194629 PMCID: PMC5574957 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Non-invasive techniques allowing quantitative determination of the functional liver mass are of great interest for patient management in a variety of clinical settings. Recently, we presented [68Ga]DTPA-GSA to target the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor for this purpose. Here, we introduce [68Ga]NOTA-GSA to improve metabolic stability of the radiopharmaceutical and compare the imaging properties with [68Ga]DTPA-GSA. Procedures Labeling of the compounds was carried out at room temperature using 1.9 M sodium acetate as buffer. For quality control, thin-layer, high-performance liquid, and size exclusion chromatographies were used. Metabolic stability was studied in rat and human serums. For in vivo evaluation, Fischer rats were scanned by positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and subsequently sacrificed for biodistribution studies. Time activity curves (TACs) for heart and liver were generated and corresponding parameters (T50, T90, LHL15, HH15) were calculated. Results [68Ga]NOTA-GSA can be produced in high radiochemical yield and purity (>95 %) within 15 min. Stability studies revealed almost no metabolite formation over the 2-h observation period. Analysis of the TACs showed comparable results for most of the investigated parameters. The only significant difference was found in the T90 value, where [68Ga]NOTA-GSA showed slower uptake in comparison with 68Ga-DTPA-GSA (123 ± 10 vs. 89 ± 3 s, p < 0.01). Conclusions [68Ga]NOTA-GSA showed a significant increase of the metabolic stability and in most organs lower background activity. However, comparison of LHL15 and HH15 indicates that the increased stability did not further improve the diagnostic value. Thus, [68Ga]NOTA-GSA and [68Ga]DTPA-GSA can be used equivalent for imaging hepatic function with positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Haubner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Andreas M Schmid
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Röntgenweg 13, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Röntgenweg 13, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine Rangger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Llanos Geraldo Roig
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Röntgenweg 13, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irene J Virgolini
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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