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Jeong EW, Park GR, Kim J, Baek Y, Go GW, Lee HG. Whey Proteins-Fortified Milk with Adjusted Casein to Whey Proteins Ratio Improved Muscle Strength and Endurance Exercise Capacity without Lean Mass Accretion in Rats. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040574. [PMID: 35206050 PMCID: PMC8870883 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the casein to whey proteins (CW) ratio in milk on body composition, muscle strength, and endurance exercise capacity in rats. Thirty rats were assigned into five groups, and each treatment was administered for eight weeks: (1) control (isocaloric lactose supplementation), (2) CW8:2 (regular milk), (3) CW6:4, (4) CW5:5, and (5) nitrogen-free (lactose). The milk concentration was converted from a human equivalent dose (400 mL/60 kg body weight/day). All the milk-administered groups showed significantly greater growth performance, including body weight and weight gain compared to the isocaloric lactose control (p < 0.05). However, different CW ratios in milk had no effect on growth performance. Additionally, body composition, i.e., lean body mass and adiposity, was not affected by the CW ratio. Interestingly, CW6:4 and CW5:5 had significantly higher plasma branched-chain amino acids concentrations than control and CW8:2 (p < 0.05). In addition, CW5:5 showed significantly increased grip strength by 12–24% and time to exhaustion by 8–62% compared to the other groups (p < 0.05), indicating that the higher whey proteins ratio improved physical performance. We concluded that whey proteins-fortified milk enhances muscle strength and endurance exercise capacity without altering lean mass in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Woo Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (E.W.J.); (G.R.P.); (J.K.); (Y.B.)
| | - Gyu Ri Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (E.W.J.); (G.R.P.); (J.K.); (Y.B.)
| | - Jiyun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (E.W.J.); (G.R.P.); (J.K.); (Y.B.)
| | - Youjin Baek
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (E.W.J.); (G.R.P.); (J.K.); (Y.B.)
| | - Gwang-woong Go
- Korean Living Science Research Center, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.-w.G.); (H.G.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2220-1206 (G.-w.G.); +82-2-2220-1202 (H.G.L.)
| | - Hyeon Gyu Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (E.W.J.); (G.R.P.); (J.K.); (Y.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.-w.G.); (H.G.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2220-1206 (G.-w.G.); +82-2-2220-1202 (H.G.L.)
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Anti-fatigue effects of pea ( Pisum sativum L.) peptides prepared by compound protease. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2021; 58:2265-2272. [PMID: 33967323 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04737-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the anti-fatigue effect of pea peptides in mice was explored. Mice were administrated with pea peptides for 30 days and then anti-fatigue related experiments and assays were performed. Swimming times of mice fed with pea peptides were very significantly longer than those of mice from control group in weight-loaded swimming test. Pea peptides showed very significant effect on decreasing level of blood urea nitrogen and blood lactic acid, increasing content of muscle glycogen and hepatic glycogen. Insulin level and lactate dehydrogenase activity was also improved by pea peptides treatment. Pea peptides demonstrated strong antioxidant activity in vivo test. Moreover, supplementation of pea peptides could improve immunity by increasing phagocyte activity, stimulating sIgA secretion and decreasing the pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice. These findings indicated that pea peptides had strong anti-fatigue effect in mice.
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Moro T, Brightwell CR, Velarde B, Fry CS, Nakayama K, Sanbongi C, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Whey Protein Hydrolysate Increases Amino Acid Uptake, mTORC1 Signaling, and Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle of Healthy Young Men in a Randomized Crossover Trial. J Nutr 2019; 149:1149-1158. [PMID: 31095313 PMCID: PMC7443767 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) can be stimulated by ingestion of protein sources, such as whey, casein, or soy. Protein supplementation can enhance muscle protein synthesis after exercise and may preserve skeletal muscle mass and function in aging adults. Therefore, identifying protein sources with higher anabolic potency is of high significance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the anabolic potency and efficacy of a novel whey protein hydrolysate mixture (WPH) on mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and skeletal MPS in healthy young subjects. METHODS Ten young men (aged 28.7 ± 3.6 y, 25.2 ± 2.9 kg/m2 body mass index [BMI]) were recruited into a double-blind two-way crossover trial. Subjects were randomized to receive either 0.08 g/kg of body weight (BW) of WPH or an intact whey protein (WHEY) mixture during stable isotope infusion experiments. Fractional synthetic rate, leucine and phenylalanine kinetics, and markers of amino acid sensing were assessed as primary outcomes before and 1-3 h after protein ingestion using a repeated measures mixed model. RESULTS Blood leucine concentration, delivery of leucine to muscle, transport of leucine from blood into muscle and intracellular muscle leucine concentration significantly increased to a similar extent 1 h after ingestion of both mixtures (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of S6K1 (i.e. a marker of mTORC1 activation) increased equally by ∼20% 1-h postingestion (P < 0.05). Ingestion of WPH and WHEY increased mixed MPS similarly in both groups by ∼43% (P < 0.05); however, phenylalanine utilization for synthesis increased in both treatments 1-h postingestion but remained elevated 3-h postingestion only in the WPH group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a small dose of WPH effectively increases leucine transport into muscle, activating mTORC1 and stimulating MPS in young men. WPH anabolic potency and efficacy for promoting overall muscle protein anabolism is similar to WHEY, an intact protein source. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03313830.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | | | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Kyosuke Nakayama
- Food Science & Technology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sanbongi
- Food Science & Technology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX,Address correspondence to BBR (e-mail: )
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Effect of pre-exercise ingestion of α-lactalbumin on subsequent endurance exercise performance and mood states. Br J Nutr 2018; 121:22-29. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711451800274x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study investigated the effect of pre-exercise α-lactalbumin ingestion on subsequent endurance exercise performance, muscle pain and mood states. In a two-stage cross-over counterbalance design, eleven male endurance runners (age: 31 (se 2) years, height: 169·5 (se 4·4) cm, weight: 63·6 (se 5·1) kg, V̇O2max: 58·8 (se 6·3) ml/kg per min) consumed two solutions (carbohydrate+α-lactalbumin, CA; carbohydrate+whey protein isolate, CW) 2 h before a self-paced 21-km run. Creatine kinase, IL-6, muscle pain, pressure pain threshold (PPT) and mood states were assessed 2 h before exercise, immediately before exercise (Pre-ex0) and immediately after exercise (Post-ex0). No difference was found in 21-km running performance between two trials (CA v. CW: 115·85 (se 5·20) v. 118·85 (se 5·51) min, P=0·48). Compared with CW, CA led to higher PPT at Pre-ex0 (41·77 (se 2·27) v. 35·56 (se 2·10) N/cm2, P<0·01) and Post-ex0 (38·76 (se 3·23) v. 35·30 (se 3·55) N/cm2, P=0·047). Compared with CW, CA reduced the feeling of fatigue at Post-ex0 (P<0·01); CA also reduced salivary cortisol levels at Post-ex0 (0·72 (se 0·07) v. 0·83 (se 0·13) ng/ml, P<0·01). In conclusion, the ingestion of α-lactalbumin did not improve the 21-km time-trial performance. However, compared with the pre-exercise ingestion of whey protein, that of α-lactalbumin led to superior results during similar levels of endurance exercise: it elevated PPT and reduced the feeling of fatigue and the cortisol levels.
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Restoration of Muscle Glycogen and Functional Capacity: Role of Post-Exercise Carbohydrate and Protein Co-Ingestion. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020253. [PMID: 29473893 PMCID: PMC5852829 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of post-exercise recovery nutrition has been well described in recent years, leading to its incorporation as an integral part of training regimes in both athletes and active individuals. Muscle glycogen depletion during an initial prolonged exercise bout is a main factor in the onset of fatigue and so the replenishment of glycogen stores may be important for recovery of functional capacity. Nevertheless, nutritional considerations for optimal short-term (3–6 h) recovery remain incompletely elucidated, particularly surrounding the precise amount of specific types of nutrients required. Current nutritional guidelines to maximise muscle glycogen availability within limited recovery are provided under the assumption that similar fatigue mechanisms (i.e., muscle glycogen depletion) are involved during a repeated exercise bout. Indeed, recent data support the notion that muscle glycogen availability is a determinant of subsequent endurance capacity following limited recovery. Thus, carbohydrate ingestion can be utilised to influence the restoration of endurance capacity following exhaustive exercise. One strategy with the potential to accelerate muscle glycogen resynthesis and/or functional capacity beyond merely ingesting adequate carbohydrate is the co-ingestion of added protein. While numerous studies have been instigated, a consensus that is related to the influence of carbohydrate-protein ingestion in maximising muscle glycogen during short-term recovery and repeated exercise capacity has not been established. When considered collectively, carbohydrate intake during limited recovery appears to primarily determine muscle glycogen resynthesis and repeated exercise capacity. Thus, when the goal is to optimise repeated exercise capacity following short-term recovery, ingesting carbohydrate at an amount of ≥1.2 g kg body mass−1·h−1 can maximise muscle glycogen repletion. The addition of protein to carbohydrate during post-exercise recovery may be beneficial under circumstances when carbohydrate ingestion is sub-optimal (≤0.8 g kg body mass−1·h−1) for effective restoration of muscle glycogen and repeated exercise capacity.
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Abd El-Salam MH, El-Shibiny S. Preparation, properties, and uses of enzymatic milk protein hydrolysates. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:1119-1132. [PMID: 25880259 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.899200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of milk proteins has been a subject of numerous research studies and patents. The driving force for these studies has been the increased utilization of milk proteins. The industrial uses of milk proteins are based on their unique composition, functionality, and nutritive values. The diversity of milk protein fraction, the large number of proteinases, and controlled hydrolysis conditions used resulted in the preparation of hydrolysates suitable for several purposes. Enzymatic hydrolysis of milk proteins modifies the techno-functional and biofunctional properties of hydrolysates depending on the enzyme(s) and hydrolysis conditions used. Milk protein hydrolysates (MPH) are used commonly in normal and clinical nutrition and as a functional food ingredient. In the present review, emphasis has been made to highlight methods applied for the preparation of MPH, and the functional properties and utilization of the obtained hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Abd El-Salam
- a Dairy Department , National Research Centre , Dokki, Cairo , Egypt
| | - S El-Shibiny
- a Dairy Department , National Research Centre , Dokki, Cairo , Egypt
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Zheng Z, Yang X, Liu J, Qian P, Hao L, Wang Z, Guo S. Effects of wheat peptide supplementation on anti-fatigue and immunoregulation during incremental swimming exercise in rats. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07860a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study elucidated the effects of wheat peptide administration on anti-fatigue and immunoregulation functions in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zheng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100083
- China
- The Quartermaster Equipment Institute of Logistic Support Department
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Jin Liu
- The Quartermaster Equipment Institute of Logistic Support Department
- CMC
- Beijing 100010
- China
| | - Ping Qian
- The Quartermaster Equipment Institute of Logistic Support Department
- CMC
- Beijing 100010
- China
| | - Limin Hao
- The Quartermaster Equipment Institute of Logistic Support Department
- CMC
- Beijing 100010
- China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Shuntang Guo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100083
- China
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Effects of Whey, Caseinate, or Milk Protein Ingestion on Muscle Protein Synthesis after Exercise. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060339. [PMID: 27271661 PMCID: PMC4924180 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey protein (WP) is characterized as a "fast" protein and caseinate (CA) as a "slow" protein according to their digestion and absorption rates. We hypothesized that co-ingestion of milk proteins (WP and CA) may be effective for prolonging the muscle protein synthesis response compared to either protein alone. We therefore compared the effect of ingesting milk protein (MP) to either WP or CA alone on muscle protein synthesis after exercise in rats. We also compared the effects of these milk-derived proteins to a control, soy protein (SP). Male Sprague-Dawley rats swam for two hours. Immediately after exercise, one of the following four solutions was administered: WP, CA, MP, or SP. Individual rats were euthanized at designated postprandial time points and triceps muscle samples collected for measurement of the protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR). FSR tended to increase in all groups post-ingestion, although the initial peaks of FSR occurred at different times (WP, peak time = 60 min, FSR = 7.76%/day; MP, peak time = 90 min, FSR = 8.34%/day; CA, peak time = 120 min, FSR = 7.85%/day). Milk-derived proteins caused significantly greater increases (p < 0.05) in FSR compared with SP at different times (WP, 60 min; MP, 90 and 120 min; CA, 120 min). Although statistical analysis could not be performed, the calculated the area under the curve (AUC) values for FSR following this trend were: MP, 534.61; CA, 498.22; WP, 473.46; and SP, 406.18. We conclude that ingestion of MP, CA or WP causes the initial peak time in muscle protein synthesis to occur at different times (WP, fast; MP, intermediate; CA, slow) and the dairy proteins have a superior effect on muscle protein synthesis after exercise compared with SP.
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Coutinho de Oliveira CV, Barbosa CV, Massa NM, Pereira RDA, Félix GDS, Aquino JDS, de Oliveira EM, Silva AS. Carbohydrate supplementation attenuates decrement in performance in overtrained rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 41:76-82. [PMID: 26701118 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate ingestion at the end of a single exercise is recognized as delaying fatigue and accelerating recovery, but whether chronic ingestion can prevent overtraining during periods of intense training has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to determine whether carbohydrate supplementation minimizes overtraining in Wistar rats. The animals underwent 11 weeks of training (running) on a treadmill, and the last 3 weeks were designed to induce overtraining. One group was supplemented with carbohydrates (EX-CHO) (n = 13), 1 group had no supplementation (EX) (n = 10), and a third group remained inactive (C) (n = 9). Performance tests were given before training (Pr1) and at the 8th (Pr2) and 11th (Pr3) training week. Food intake, body weight, testosterone, cortisol, malondialdehyde, creatine kinase, and activities of the PI3-K, Akt-1, mTOR, and GSK-3 enzymes were measured. In the EX group, there was a significant 32.6% performance decrease at Pr3 when compared with Pr2. In addition, at protocol completion, the EX-CHO group had a greater gastrocnemius weight than did the C group (p = 0.02), which the EX group did not. Training caused anorexia, decreased testosterone (p = 0.001), and increased malondialdehyde (p = 0.009) in both exercise groups compared with the C group, with no influence of carbohydrate supplementation on these variables (p > 0.05). Compared with in the C group, the activity of Akt-1 was higher in the EX-CHO group but not in the EX group (p = 0.013). Carbohydrate supplementation promoted an attenuation in the performance decrement and maintained gastrocnemius muscle mass in animals that had undergone overtraining protocols, which was accompanied by increased activity of the Akt-1 molecular indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Vinícius Barbosa
- a Nutrition Department, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Nayara Moreira Massa
- a Nutrition Department, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo da Silva Félix
- b Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Jailane de Souza Aquino
- a Nutrition Department, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira
- c Biodynamic of the Movement of the Human Body Department, University of São Paulo, 05508900 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Sérgio Silva
- b Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
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Haraguchi FK, de Brito Magalhães CL, Neves LX, dos Santos RC, Pedrosa ML, Silva ME. Whey protein modifies gene expression related to protein metabolism affecting muscle weight in resistance-exercised rats. Nutrition 2014; 30:876-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ormsbee MJ, Bach CW, Baur DA. Pre-exercise nutrition: the role of macronutrients, modified starches and supplements on metabolism and endurance performance. Nutrients 2014; 6:1782-808. [PMID: 24787031 PMCID: PMC4042570 DOI: 10.3390/nu6051782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance athletes rarely compete in the fasted state, as this may compromise fuel stores. Thus, the timing and composition of the pre-exercise meal is a significant consideration for optimizing metabolism and subsequent endurance performance. Carbohydrate feedings prior to endurance exercise are common and have generally been shown to enhance performance, despite increasing insulin levels and reducing fat oxidation. These metabolic effects may be attenuated by consuming low glycemic index carbohydrates and/or modified starches before exercise. High fat meals seem to have beneficial metabolic effects (e.g., increasing fat oxidation and possibly sparing muscle glycogen). However, these effects do not necessarily translate into enhanced performance. Relatively little research has examined the effects of a pre-exercise high protein meal on subsequent performance, but there is some evidence to suggest enhanced pre-exercise glycogen synthesis and benefits to metabolism during exercise. Finally, various supplements (i.e., caffeine and beetroot juice) also warrant possible inclusion into pre-race nutrition for endurance athletes. Ultimately, further research is needed to optimize pre-exercise nutritional strategies for endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsbee
- Human Performance and Sports Nutrition Lab, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Christopher W Bach
- Human Performance and Sports Nutrition Lab, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Daniel A Baur
- Human Performance and Sports Nutrition Lab, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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Post-exercise impact of ingested whey protein hydrolysate on gene expression profiles in rat skeletal muscle: activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:2067-78. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) causes a greater increase in muscle protein synthesis than does a mixture of amino acids that is identical in amino acid composition. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of WPH on gene expression. Male Sprague–Dawley rats subjected to a 2 h swimming exercise were administered either a carbohydrate–amino acid diet or a carbohydrate–WPH diet immediately after exercise. At 1 h after exercise, epitrochlearis muscle mRNA was sampled and subjected to DNA microarray analysis. We found that ingestion of WPH altered 189 genes after considering the false discovery rate. Among the up-regulated genes, eight Gene Ontology (GO) terms were enriched, which included key elements such as Cd24, Ccl2, Ccl7 and Cxcl1 involved in muscle repair after exercise. In contrast, nine GO terms were enriched in gene sets that were down-regulated by the ingestion of WPH, and these GO terms fell into two clusters, ‘regulation of ATPase activity’ and ‘immune response’. Furthermore, we found that WPH activated two upstream proteins, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which might act as key factors for regulating gene expression. These results suggest that ingestion of WPH, compared with ingestion of a mixture of amino acids with an identical amino acid composition, induces greater changes in the post-exercise gene expression profile via activation of the proteins ERK1/2 and HIF-1α.
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Morato PN, Lollo PCB, Moura CS, Batista TM, Camargo RL, Carneiro EM, Amaya-Farfan J. Whey protein hydrolysate increases translocation of GLUT-4 to the plasma membrane independent of insulin in wistar rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71134. [PMID: 24023607 PMCID: PMC3758293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey protein (WP) and whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) have the recognized capacity to increase glycogen stores. The objective of this study was to verify if consuming WP and WPH could also increase the concentration of the glucose transporters GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 in the plasma membrane (PM) of the muscle cells of sedentary and exercised animals. Forty-eight Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 8 per group), were treated and fed with experimental diets for 9 days as follows: a) control casein (CAS); b) WP; c) WPH; d) CAS exercised; e) WP exercised; and f) WPH exercised. After the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed, muscle GLUT-1 and GLUT-4, p85, Akt and phosphorylated Akt were analyzed by western blotting, and the glycogen, blood amino acids, insulin levels and biochemical health indicators were analyzed using standard methods. Consumption of WPH significantly increased the concentrations of GLUT-4 in the PM and glycogen, whereas the GLUT-1 and insulin levels and the health indicators showed no alterations. The physical exercise associated with consumption of WPH had favorable effects on glucose transport into muscle. These results should encourage new studies dealing with the potential of both WP and WPH for the treatment or prevention of type II diabetes, a disease in which there is reduced translocation of GLUT-4 to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Neder Morato
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Carolina Soares Moura
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Martins Batista
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Institute of Biology (IB), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jaime Amaya-Farfan
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Roberts S, Desbrow B, Grant G, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Leveritt M. Glycemic response to carbohydrate and the effects of exercise and protein. Nutrition 2013; 29:881-5. [PMID: 23490435 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pre-exercise and protein coingestion on the glycemic response to carbohydrates. METHODS Twenty-one volunteers (13 males and 8 females) aged 22 y (± 3.8 y) participated in four trials in random order. These included: 1) glucose ingestion at rest (RG), 2) glucose and protein ingestion at rest (RGP), 3) glucose ingestion after exercise (EG), and 4) glucose and protein ingestion after exercise (EGP). Exercise consisted of 45 min of cycling at 60% of participants' age-predicted maximum heart rate. Test drinks contained 50 g glucose or 50 g glucose with 20 g whey protein. Venous blood samples were taken at baseline and subsequently every 15 min for 2 h after drink consumption. Blood plasma was subsequently analyzed for glucose and insulin. RESULTS Plasma glucose concentration was significantly lower in the RGP group than in the RG group at 30, 45, 60, and 75 min and in the EGP group than in the EG group at 30, 45, and 60 min (P < 0.05). Plasma insulin area under the curve was significantly higher in the RGP group than in the RG group and in than in the EGP group than in the EG group (P < 0.05). No significant effect of exercise was seen on glycemic or insulinemic responses. CONCLUSIONS Coingestion of protein with carbohydrate reduces glycemic response and increases insulinemic response in healthy subjects, whereas pre-exercise seems to have no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Roberts
- Griffith University School of Public Health, Queensland, Australia.
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Post-exercise whey protein hydrolysate supplementation induces a greater increase in muscle protein synthesis than its constituent amino acid content. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:981-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512006174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that ingestion of a protein source is effective in stimulating muscle protein synthesis after exercise. In addition, there are numerous reports on the impact of leucine and leucine-rich whey protein on muscle protein synthesis and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling. However, there is only limited information on the effects of whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) on muscle protein synthesis and mTOR signalling. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of WPH and amino acids on muscle protein synthesis and the initiation of translation in skeletal muscle during the post-exercise phase. Male Sprague–Dawley rats swam for 2 h to depress muscle protein synthesis. Immediately after exercise, the animals were administered either carbohydrate (CHO), CHO plus an amino acid mixture (AA) or CHO plus WPH. At 1 h after exercise, the supplements containing whey-based protein (AA and WPH) caused a significant increase in the fractional rate of protein synthesis (FSR) compared with CHO. WPH also caused a significant increase in FSR compared with AA. Post-exercise ingestion of WPH caused a significant increase in the phosphorylation of mTOR levels compared with AA or CHO. In addition, WPH caused greater phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 than AA and CHO. In contrast, there was no difference in plasma amino acid levels following supplementation with either AA or WPH. These results indicate that WPH may include active components that are superior to amino acids for stimulating muscle protein synthesis and initiating translation.
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