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Liu M, Xu Z, Wang Z, Wang D, Yang M, Li H, Zhang W, He R, Cheng H, Guo P, Li Z, Liang H. Lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, and antithrombotic effects of nattokinase combined with red yeast rice in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1380727. [PMID: 38812930 PMCID: PMC11133624 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1380727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) and red yeast rice (RYR) are both indicated for their potential in cardiovascular disease prevention and management, but their combined effects especially in coronary artery disease (CAD) are scarcely examined. This 90-day randomized, double-blind trial aims to investigate the effect of NK and RYR supplementations on cardiometabolic parameters in patients with stable CAD. 178 CAD patients were randomized to four groups: NK + RYR, NK, RYR, and placebo. No adverse effects due to the interventions were reported. In comparisons across groups, NK + RYR showed the maximum effect in reducing triglyceride (-0.39 mmol), total cholesterol (-0.66 mmol/L), diastolic blood pressure (-7.39 mmHg), and increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.195 mmol/L) than other groups (all p for multiple groups comparison<0.01). Both NK + RYR and NK groups had significantly better-improved lactate dehydrogenase than the others (-29.1 U/L and - 26.4 U/L). NK + RYR group also showed more potent reductions in thromboxane B2 and increases in antithrombin III compared to placebo (both p < 0.01). These improved markers suggest that combined NK and RYR may preferably alter antithrombin and COX-1 pathways, potentially reducing thrombosis risks in CAD patients. Overall, the combined NK and RYR supplementation is safe and more effective than separately in improving cardiometabolic markers among CAD patients with multiple heart medications use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- The Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ziyi Xu
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, BYHEALTH Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongling Wang
- Qingdao Fuwai Cardiovascular Disease Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Di Wang
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, BYHEALTH Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhe Yang
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, BYHEALTH Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Songshan Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Songshan Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruikun He
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, BYHEALTH Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Cheng
- The Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peiyu Guo
- The Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongxia Li
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, BYHEALTH Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liang
- The Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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2
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Yamaguchi M, Fukuyama R, Fujita M. Effect of nattokinase on the pathological conditions in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28835. [PMID: 38586318 PMCID: PMC10998082 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK), also known as subtilisin NAT (EC 3.4.21.62), is a serine protease produced by Bacillus subtilis natto that has anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic properties. To study whether NK prevents the progression of pathological changes in diabetes as an inflammatory disease, we examined the effect of NK on pathological conditions in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats using the following parameters: fasting blood glucose (glucose), total plasma protein (TP), creatinine, histopathology of renal corpuscles and tubules, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and C-reactive protein (CRP). STZ-administered rats were maintained on a basic diet (CE-2) as control, low-NK diet (containing 0.2 mg NK/g diet), and high-NK diet (0.6 mg NK/g diet) for 14 days. High-dose NK significantly inhibited both glycogen deposition in the renal tubules and increase in the circulating AGE levels without downregulating glucose levels. Compared with the control group, the group treated with the high-NK diet presented a significant inhibition of the increase in the circulating CRP level on day 7 after the beginning of the treatment. However, the CRP level in the NK-H group reached the same level as that in the control group on Day 14. AGEs are known to induce CRP expression in hepatocytes, but the increase in CRP levels in our animal model was independent on the circulating AGE levels. In contrast, low-dose NK did not suppress changes in these parameters. Our present study suggests that NK suppresses glycogen deposition in renal tubules in a dose-dependent manner by the downregulation of AGE formation under hyperglycaemia in the rats with STZ-induced short-term diabetes. However, it is unclear whether this downregulation is caused by intact NK or peptides derived from NK during its digestion in the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0112, Japan
| | - Ryo Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0112, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Fujita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0112, Japan
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Hazare C, Bhagwat P, Singh S, Pillai S. Diverse origins of fibrinolytic enzymes: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26668. [PMID: 38434287 PMCID: PMC10907686 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzymes cleave fibrin which plays a crucial role in thrombus formation which otherwise leads to cardiovascular diseases. While different fibrinolytic enzymes have been purified, only a few have been utilized as clinical and therapeutic agents; hence, the search continues for a fibrinolytic enzyme with high specificity, fewer side effects, and one that can be mass-produced at a lower cost with a higher yield. In this context, this review discusses the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation and fibrinolysis, and current thrombolytic drugs in use. Additionally, an overview of the optimization, production, and purification of fibrinolytic enzymes and the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in optimization and the patents granted is provided. This review classifies microbial as well as non-microbial fibrinolytic enzymes isolated from food sources, including fermented foods and non-food sources, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Despite holding immense potential for the discovery of novel fibrinolytic enzymes, only a few fermented food sources limited to Asian countries have been studied, necessitating the research on fibrinolytic enzymes from fermented foods of other regions. This review will aid researchers in selecting optimal sources for screening fibrinolytic enzymes and is the first one to provide insights and draw a link between the implication of source selection and in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Hazare
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
| | - Prashant Bhagwat
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
| | - Suren Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
| | - Santhosh Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
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Coutinho SB, Shirodkar RR, Kanjirakkandy A, Arulmozhi V, Vaithilingam M, Chandrasekaran SD. Production of Nattokinase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MRS18: A Bacterial Strain Isolated from Fermented Beans. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2024; 22:223-229. [PMID: 38173058 DOI: 10.2174/0118715257275639231219054353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nattokinase (NK) is a naturally occurring fibrinolytic protease enzyme obtained from the traditional Japanese food called Natto and has several uses in the pharmaceutical and medical industries. Nowadays, the most often used thrombolytic agent in the clinical field is NK, in part because it is less expensive than other thrombolytic medicines. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to investigate the screening, isolation and characterization of the NK enzyme-producing Bacillus strain from fermented Soya beans. METHODS The sample of fermented soya beans were tested for the presence of fibrinolytic protease- producing bacteria, followed by the screening, extraction, characterization and clot lysis assays. RESULTS A total of three isolates were screened for caseinolytic activities by casein hydrolysis assay. Out of those isolates, MRS18 was found to be potent in producing the enzyme proteinase. To determine the taxonomy and phylogeny of these isolates, biochemical and molecular characterization has been carried out. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MRS18 has been found with the highest caseinolytic activity. The clot lysing ability of the potent strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was found to be 61.7% after 120 min, and on further purification, by ammonium sulphate precipitation method, the lysis percentage was found to be 656% after 120 min. CONCLUSION From the results of the present study, we concluded that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolated from the fermented soya beans produced an NK enzyme that exhibits immense potential to lyse blood clots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran B Coutinho
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rutuja R Shirodkar
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anju Kanjirakkandy
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijayaganapathi Arulmozhi
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Subathra D Chandrasekaran
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Tanikawa T, Yu J, Hsu K, Chen S, Ishii A, Yokogawa T, Inoue Y, Kitamura M. Development of Novel Monoclonal Antibodies Against Nattokinase. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2023; 42:153-156. [PMID: 37855913 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2023.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase is a protease produced by Bacillus subtilis var. natto that exhibits various beneficial biological effects. Thus, a reliable assay to determine nattokinase levels is needed. In this study, we developed novel mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognize nattokinase, and created a specific and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure nattokinase levels. The ELISA was developed using a combination of new mouse antinattokinase mAbs used as capture antibodies coated onto 96-well plates, with a peroxidase-conjugated antibody used for detection. This ELISA enabled detection of nattokinase at 1 ng/mL. We believe that the novel mAbs developed in this study will be useful in future for elucidating nattokinase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tanikawa
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - James Yu
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kate Hsu
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Takami Yokogawa
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inoue
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitamura
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
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6
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Wang P, Peng C, Xie X, Deng X, Weng M. Research progress on the fibrinolytic enzymes produced from traditional fermented foods. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5675-5688. [PMID: 37823145 PMCID: PMC10563737 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a global health problem and leading cause of death worldwide. Thrombus formation, one of the CVDs, is essentially the formation of fibrin clots. The existing thrombolytic agents have the disadvantages of high price, short half-life, and high bleeding risk; hence, there is an urgent need to find the alternative thrombolytic agents. In recent years, traditional fermented foods have been widely investigated for their outstanding effects in the prevention and treatment of thrombus formation. In this review, we have focused on fibrinolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms during the fermentation of traditional fermented foods and their potential use for treating CVDs. First, we discussed about the sources of fibrinolytic enzymes and microbial strains that produce those enzymes followed by the optimization of fermentation process, purification, and physicochemical properties of fibrinolytic enzymes. Finally, we have summarized the thrombolytic effects of fibrinolytic enzymes in humans and mice. Fibrinolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms during the fermentation of traditional fermented foods not only lyse thrombi but also acts as anti-atherosclerotic, anti-hyperlipidemia, and neuroprotection agents. Therefore, fibrinolytic enzymes from traditional fermented foods have great potential for the prevention and treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- Top Discipline of Jiangxi Province, Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative MedicineJiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Cuiying Peng
- Top Discipline of Jiangxi Province, Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative MedicineJiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Xiaomei Xie
- Top Discipline of Jiangxi Province, Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative MedicineJiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Xiongwei Deng
- Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of TCM Affiliated to Jiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Meizhi Weng
- Top Discipline of Jiangxi Province, Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative MedicineJiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
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7
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Wu H, Zhang Q, Xu P, Chen J, Duan L, Xu F, Zhang F. Nattokinase Promotes Post-stroke Neurogenesis and Cognition Recovery via Increasing Circulating Irisin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37466380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of treatments for post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is severely limited by the autonomic regeneration capacity of the adult brain. Nattokinase (NK), a serine protease from the traditional food natto, has many beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system by modulating the blood system. While the role of blood factors in neurogenesis and cognition is well-established, it remains unclear whether NK can serve as an anti-PSCI agent through these factors. Our study demonstrates that NK protects against acute ischemic stroke and impressively promotes neurogenesis in rat models by increasing peripheral blood irisin, leading to improved cognitive functions. Our findings demonstrate NK to be a promising candidate for treating PSCI, and we also highlight irisin as a novel target of NK, suggesting its potential role in the peripheral blood-to-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiepeng Chen
- Sungen Biotech Company, Limited, Shantou, Guangdong 515000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Duan
- Sungen Biotech Company, Limited, Shantou, Guangdong 515000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, People's Republic of China
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8
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Nara N, Kurosawa Y, Fuse-Hamaoka S, Kuroiwa M, Endo T, Tanaka R, Kime R, Hamaoka T. A single dose of oral nattokinase accelerates skin temperature recovery after cold water immersion: A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17951. [PMID: 37483751 PMCID: PMC10362143 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) intake may improve blood flow; however, its effects on skin temperature, which is predominantly controlled by skin surface blood flow, are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a single dose of NK on changes in skin temperature after cold water immersion. A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover intervention study was performed on nine healthy men. The participants were randomised to receive either a single dose of 2,000 fibrinolytic units (FU) of NK or a placebo with subsequent crossover. Two hours after supplementation, the participants immersed both hands in a water bath maintained at 10 °C for 1 min. Skin temperature, perceived coldness, cardiac output, and sympathetic nervous activity were measured before, during, and after water immersion. Two-way analysis of variance showed a significant effect of treatment interaction on the skin temperature of the middle finger, palm, and back of the right hand (p < 0.05). These findings represented that the skin temperatures of the middle finger, palm, and back of the right hand immersed in the cold water were significantly dropped due to the cold water immersion, and then recovered more quickly by NK intake than by placebo intake. The results of the current study highlight the potential implications of NK for the prevention of excessive vasoconstriction. It may be more significant for those with cold-sensitive constitution, such as women and elderly. In contrast, the acute administration of 2,000 FU of NK did not affect changes in heart rate, cardiac output, sympathetic nervous activity compared with a placebo in healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nara
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Food & Health Sciences, Jissen Women's University, 4-1-1 Osakaue, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8510, Japan
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Sayuri Fuse-Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
| | - Riki Tanaka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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9
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Di Micco P, Bernardi FF, Camporese G, Biglietto M, Perrella A, Ciarambino T, Russo V, Imbalzano E. Nattokinase historical sketch on experimental and clinical evidence. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2023; 17. [DOI: 10.4081/itjm.2023.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is a protease derived from food used mainly in the Japanese diet that has several properties. The main activity is related to improving fibrinolytic activities. Other activities have been demonstrated in the regulation of blood pressure by the action toward angiotensin proteases and in the antiplatelet activities. NK can be given orally and reaches its maximal concentration after 12 hours. In addition, an antithrombotic activity based on various NK activities has been proposed. First, increased fibrinolytic activity increases thrombus dissolution and/or the formation of atherosclerotic plaques; second, its enhanced antiplatelet action adds to clot dissolution. All activities have been studied in animals and humans in vitro and in vivo. Relevant adverse effects of NK therapy have not been described, however clinical experience is restricted to case series and volunteers and is not based on clinical studies, thus clinical trials are required to confirm.
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10
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Tian M, Ning C, Peng S, Li D, Jin R, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Mou H, Zhu C. High-Efficiency Fermentation of Nattokinase by Recombinant PSP2 Using Oyster Protein Hydrolysate as a Substrate. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061252. [PMID: 36981178 PMCID: PMC10048384 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have been the focus of several studies. In this study, oyster protein hydrolysate was produced via enzyme hydrolysis and used as a fermentation substrate to ferment recombinant strain PSP2 to produce nattokinase. Using the synergism strategy, fermentation products with fibrinolytic and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities were obtained and evaluated. The fermentation medium contained 1.0% trypsin, 1.0% oyster protein hydrolysate, 2.0% maltose, and 0.5% sodium chloride, with an initial pH of 7.0. The maximum nattokinase activity was 390.23 ± 10.24 FU/mL after 72 h of fermentation. The flavor of the product was improved, and heavy metals and volatile salt nitrogen were partially removed via fermentation. The ACE inhibitory activity (IC50) of the fermentation products was 1.433 mg/mL. This study provides a novel approach for the development of marine functional foods with hypotensive and antithrombotic properties.
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11
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Modi A, Raval I, Doshi P, Joshi M, Joshi C, Patel AK. Heterologous expression of recombinant nattokinase in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and media optimization for overproduction of nattokinase using RSM. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 203:106198. [PMID: 36379347 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase, a serine protease, was discovered in Bacillus subtilis during the fermentation of a soybean byproduct. Nattokinase is essential for the lysis of blood clots and the treatment of cardiac diseases including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, high blood pressure, and stroke. The demand for thrombolytic drugs rises as the prevalence of cardiovascular disease rises, and nattokinase is particularly effective for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases due to its long duration of action. In this study, we cloned the nattokinase gene from the Bacillus subtilis strain into the pET32a vector and expressed the protein in the E. coli BL21(DE3) strain. The active recombinant nattokinase was purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and then evaluated for fibrinolytic and blood clot lysis activity. Physiological parameters for optimizing protein production at optimal pH, temperature, IPTG concentration, and incubation time were investigated. A statistical technique was used to optimize media components for nattokinase overproduction, and Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology-based optimization was used to select significant components for protein production. The optimized media produced 1805.50 mg/L of expressed nattokinase and 42.80 gm/L of bacterial mass. The fibrinolytic activity obtained from refolded native protein was 58FU/mg, which was five times higher than the available orokinase drug (11FU/mg). The efficiency with which a statistical technique for media optimization was implemented improved recombinant nattokinase production and provides new information for scale - up nattokinase toward industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Modi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Ishan Raval
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Doshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Amrutlal K Patel
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India.
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12
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Jamali N, Vahedi F, Soltani Fard E, Taheri-Anganeh M, Taghvimi S, Khatami SH, Ghasemi H, Movahedpour A. Nattokinase: Structure, applications and sources. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Yao M, Yang Y, Fan J, Ma C, Liu X, Wang Y, Wang B, Sun Z, McClements DJ, Zhang J, Liu L, Xia G, Zhang N, Sun Q. Production, purification, and functional properties of microbial fibrinolytic enzymes produced by microorganism obtained from soy-based fermented foods: developments and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3725-3750. [PMID: 36315047 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2134980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a major cause of chronic illness around the globe. It has been reported that soy-based fermented food (SFF) is very effective in preventing thrombus (one of the most important contributing factors to CVD), which are mainly attributed to the bioactive substances, especially the fibrinolytic enzymes (FE) generated by microorganisms during the fermentation process of soybean food. This paper therefore mainly reviewed the microbial fibrinolytic enzymes (MFE) from SFF. We first discuss the use of microbial fermentation to produce FE, with an emphasis on the strains involved. The production, purification, physicochemical properties, structure-functional attributes, functional properties and possible application of MFE from SFF are then discussed. Finally, current limitations and future perspectives for the production, purification, and the practical application of MFE are discussed. MFE from SFF pose multiple health benefits, including thrombolysis, antihypertension, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemia, anticancer, neuroprotective, antiviral and other activities. Therefore, they exhibit great potential for functional foods and nutraceutical applications, especially foods with CVDs prevention potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Yao
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Chunmin Ma
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Zhihui Sun
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | | | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Guanghua Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan, China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Quancai Sun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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14
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Tanikawa T, Kiba Y, Yu J, Hsu K, Chen S, Ishii A, Yokogawa T, Suzuki R, Inoue Y, Kitamura M. Degradative Effect of Nattokinase on Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175405. [PMID: 36080170 PMCID: PMC9458005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a pandemic and has inflicted enormous damage on the lives of the people and economy of many countries worldwide. However, therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. SARS-CoV-2 has a spike protein (S protein), and cleavage of the S protein is essential for viral entry. Nattokinase is produced by Bacillus subtilis var. natto and is beneficial to human health. In this study, we examined the effect of nattokinase on the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. When cell lysates transfected with S protein were incubated with nattokinase, the S protein was degraded in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that S protein on the cell surface was degraded when nattokinase was added to the culture medium. Thus, our findings suggest that nattokinase exhibits potential for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection via S protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yuka Kiba
- Laboratory of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - James Yu
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei City 100007, Taiwan
| | - Kate Hsu
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei City 100007, Taiwan
| | - Shinder Chen
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei City 100007, Taiwan
| | | | - Takami Yokogawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Phytochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inoue
- Laboratory of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitamura
- Laboratory of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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15
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Li Y, Tang X, Chen L, Xu X, Li J. Characterization of a Nattokinase from the Newly Isolated Bile Salt-Resistant Bacillus mojavensis LY-06. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162403. [PMID: 36010402 PMCID: PMC9407603 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase is a potential new thrombolytic drug because of its strong thrombolytic effect, high safety, and low cost. However, there is no research reporting on bile salt-tolerant nattokinase-producing probiotics. In this study, the bile salt-tolerant nattokinase-producing strain Bacillus mojavensis LY-06 was isolated from local Xinjiang douchi, and the fermentation yield of nattokinase of 1434.64 U/mL was obtained by both a single factor experiment and an orthogonal experiment. A gene responsible for fibrinolysis (aprY) was cloned from the genome of strain Bacillus mojavensis LY-06, and the soluble expression of this gene in Escherichia coli (rAprY, fused with His-tag at C-terminus) was achieved; molecular docking elucidates the cause of insoluble expression of rAprY. The optimal pH and temperature for the fibrinolysis activity of nattokinase AprY fermented by Bacillus mojavensis LY-06 were determined to be pH 6.0 and 50 °C, respectively. However, the optimal pH of rAprY expressed in Escherichia coli was 8, and its acid stability, thermal stability, and fibrinolytic activity were lower than those of AprY. Bioinformatics analysis found that the His-tag carried at the C-terminus of rAprY could affect its acidic stability by changing the isoelectric point and surface charge of the enzyme; in contrast to AprY, changes in the number of internal hydrogen bonds and the flexibility of the loop region in the structure of rAprY resulted in lower fibrinolytic activity and poorer thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Xiyu Tang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Liangqi Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Xinran Xu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Correspondence:
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16
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Qiao Y, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Sun Y, Feng Z. Fermented soybean foods: A review of their functional components, mechanism of action and factors influencing their health benefits. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111575. [PMID: 35840260 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
After thousands of years of evolution and development, traditional fermented soybean foods, with their unique charm, have gained a stable place in the global market. With the explosive development of modern biological technologies, some traditional fermented soybean foods that possess health-promoting benefits are gradually appearing. Physiologically active substances in fermented soybean foods have received extensive attention in recent decades. This review addresses the potential health benefits of several representative fermented soybean foods, as well as the action mechanism and influencing factors of their functional components. Phenolic compounds, low-molecular-weight peptides, melanoidins, furanones and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid are the antioxidative components predominantly found in fermented soybean foods. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides and γ-aminobutyric acid isolated from fermented soy foods provide potential selectivity for hypertension therapy. The potential anti-inflammatory bioactive components in fermented soybean foods include γ-linolenic acid, butyric acid, soy sauce polysaccharides, 2S albumin and isoflavone glycones. Deoxynojirimycin, genistein, and betaine possess high activity against α-glucosidase. Additionally, fermented soybean foods contain neuroprotective constituents, including indole alkaloids, nattokinase, arbutin, and isoflavone vitamin B12. The anticancer activities of fermented soybean foods are associated with surfactin, isolavone, furanones, trypsin inhibitors, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Nattokinase is highly correlated with antioxidant activity. And a high level of menaquinones-7 is linked to protection against neurodegenerative diseases. Sufficiently recognizing and exploiting the health benefits and functional components of traditional fermented soybean foods could provide a new strategy in the development of the food fermentation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zongcai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Heilongjiang Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd. Harbin Cigarette Factory, Harbin 150027, China
| | - Zhen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China; Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning 571533, China.
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17
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Yuan L, Liangqi C, Xiyu T, Jinyao L. Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Applications of Bacillus Nattokinase. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070980. [PMID: 35883536 PMCID: PMC9312984 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis has threatened human health in past decades. Bacillus nattokinase is a potential low-cost thrombolytic drug without side-effects and has been introduced into the consumer market as a functional food or dietary supplement. This review firstly summarizes the biodiversity of sources and the fermentation process of nattokinase, and systematically elucidates the structure, catalytic mechanism and enzymatic properties of nattokinase. In view of the problems of low fermentation yield, insufficient activity and stability of nattokinase, this review discusses the heterologous expression of nattokinase in different microbial hosts and summarizes the protein and genetic engineering progress of nattokinase-producing strains. Finally, this review summarizes the clinical applications of nattokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
| | - Chen Liangqi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
| | - Tang Xiyu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
| | - Li Jinyao
- Department of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-130-0968-6488
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18
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Recent Advances in Nattokinase-Enriched Fermented Soybean Foods: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131867. [PMID: 35804683 PMCID: PMC9265860 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the dramatic increase in mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) caused by thrombus, this has sparked an interest in seeking more effective thrombolytic drugs or dietary nutriments. The dietary consumption of natto, a traditional Bacillus-fermented food (BFF), can reduce the risk of CVDs. Nattokinase (NK), a natural, safe, efficient and cost-effective thrombolytic enzyme, is the most bioactive ingredient in natto. NK has progressively been considered to have potentially beneficial cardiovascular effects. Microbial synthesis is a cost-effective method of producing NK. Bacillus spp. are the main production strains. While microbial synthesis of NK has been thoroughly explored, NK yield, activity and stability are the critical restrictions. Multiple optimization strategies are an attempt to tackle the current problems to meet commercial demands. We focus on the recent advances in NK, including fermented soybean foods, production strains, optimization strategies, extraction and purification, activity maintenance, biological functions, and safety assessment of NK. In addition, this review systematically discussed the challenges and prospects of NK in actual application. Due to the continuous exploration and rapid progress of NK, NK is expected to be a natural future alternative to CVDs.
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19
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Li T, Zhan C, Guo G, Liu Z, Hao N, Ouyang P. Tofu processing wastewater as a low-cost substrate for high activity nattokinase production using Bacillus subtilis. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:57. [PMID: 34620130 PMCID: PMC8499530 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though tofu is a traditional Chinese food loved by Asian people the wastewater generated during the production of tofu can pollute the environment, and the treatment of this generated wastewater can increase the operating cost of the plant. In this study, the production of nattokinase could be achieved by using the nitrogen source in tofu processing wastewater (TPW) instead of using the traditional nattokinase medium. This meets the need for the low-cost fermentation of nattokinase and at the same time addresses the environmental pollution concerns caused by the wastewater. Bacillus subtilis 13,932 is, a high yielding strain of nattokinase, which is stored in our laboratory. To increase the activity of nattokinase in the tofu process wastewater fermentation medium, the medium components and culture parameters were optimized. Nattokinase with high enzymatic activity was obtained in 7 L and 100 L bioreactors when TPW was used as the sole nitrogen source catalyzed by Bacillus subtilis. Such a result demonstrates that the production of nattokinase from TPW fermentation using B. subtilis can be implemented at an industrial level. RESULTS The peptide component in TPW is a crucial factor in the production of nattokinase. Box-Behnken design (BBD) experiments were designed to optimize various critical components, i.e., Glucose, TPW, MgSO4·7H2O, CaCl2, in nattokinase fermentation media. A maximum nattokinase activity was recorded at 37 °C, pH 7.0, 70 mL liquid medium, and 200 rpm. The highest nattokinase activities obtained from 7 to 100 L bioreactors were 8628.35 ± 113.87 IU/mL and 10,661.97 ± 72.47 IU/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS By replacing the nitrogen source in the original medium with TPW, there was an increase in the enzyme activity by 19.25% after optimizing the medium and culture parameters. According to the scale-up experiment from conical flasks to 100 L bioreactors, there was an increase in the activity of nattokinase by 47.89%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chenyi Zhan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Gege Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhaoxing Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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20
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Diwan D, Usmani Z, Sharma M, Nelson JW, Thakur VK, Christie G, Molina G, Gupta VK. Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10468. [PMID: 34638809 PMCID: PMC8508633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme therapies are attracting significant attention as thrombolytic drugs during the current scenario owing to their great affinity, specificity, catalytic activity, and stability. Among various sources, the application of microbial-derived thrombolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes to prevent and treat vascular occlusion is promising due to their advantageous cost-benefit ratio and large-scale production. Thrombotic complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, and peripheral occlusive diseases resulting from blood vessel blockage are the major cause of poor prognosis and mortality. Given the ability of microbial thrombolytic enzymes to dissolve blood clots and prevent any adverse effects, their use as a potential thrombolytic therapy has attracted great interest. A better understanding of the hemostasis and fibrinolytic system may aid in improving the efficacy and safety of this treatment approach over classical thrombolytic agents. Here, we concisely discuss the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation, thrombo-, and fibrinolysis, thrombolytic and fibrinolytic agents isolated from bacteria, fungi, and algae along with their mode of action and the potential application of microbial enzymes in thrombosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Diwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (D.D.); (J.W.N.)
| | - Zeba Usmani
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, India; (Z.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, India; (Z.U.); (M.S.)
| | - James W. Nelson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (D.D.); (J.W.N.)
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Graham Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK;
| | - Gustavo Molina
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil;
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- Centre for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
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21
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Heterologous expression of nattokinase from B. subtilis natto using Pichia pastoris GS115 and assessment of its thrombolytic activity. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:49. [PMID: 34372833 PMCID: PMC8353737 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nattokinase is a fibrinolytic enzyme that has huge market value as a nutritional supplement for health promotion. In order to increase nattokinase yields, fermentation conditions, strains, cultivation media, and feeding strategies have been optimized. Nattokinase has been expressed using several heterologous expression systems. Pichia pastoris heterologous expression system was the alternative. Results This report aimed to express high levels of nattokinase from B. subtilis natto (NK-Bs) using a Pichia pastoris heterologous expression system and assess its fibrinolytic activity in vivo. Multicopy expression strains bearing 1–7 copies of the aprN gene were constructed. The expression level of the target protein reached a maximum at five copies of the target gene. However, multicopy expression strains were not stable in shake-flask or high-density fermentation, causing significant differences in the yield of the target protein among batches. Therefore, P. pastoris bearing a single copy of aprN was used in shake-flask and high-density fermentation. Target protein yield was 320 mg/L in shake-flask fermentation and approximately 9.5 g/L in high-density fermentation. The recombinant nattokinase showed high thermo- and pH-stability. The present study also demonstrated that recombinant NK-Bs had obvious thrombolytic activity. Conclusions This study suggests that the P. pastoris expression system is an ideal platform for the large-scale, low-cost preparation of nattokinase. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-021-00708-4.
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22
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Cioni P, Gabellieri E, Campanini B, Bettati S, Raboni S. Use of Exogenous Enzymes in Human Therapy: Approved Drugs and Potential Applications. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:411-452. [PMID: 34259137 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210713094722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of safe and efficacious enzyme-based human therapies has increased greatly in the last decades, thanks to remarkable advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for different diseases, and the characterization of the catalytic activity of relevant exogenous enzymes that may play a remedial effect in the treatment of such pathologies. Several enzyme-based biotherapeutics have been approved by FDA (the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) and EMA (the European Medicines Agency) and many are undergoing clinical trials. Apart from enzyme replacement therapy in human genetic diseases, which is not discussed in this review, approved enzymes for human therapy find applications in several fields, from cancer therapy to thrombolysis and the treatment, e.g., of clotting disorders, cystic fibrosis, lactose intolerance and collagen-based disorders. The majority of therapeutic enzymes are of microbial origin, the most convenient source due to fast, simple and cost-effective production and manipulation. The use of microbial recombinant enzymes has broadened prospects for human therapy but some hurdles such as high immunogenicity, protein instability, short half-life and low substrate affinity, still need to be tackled. Alternative sources of enzymes, with reduced side effects and improved activity, as well as genetic modification of the enzymes and novel delivery systems are constantly searched. Chemical modification strategies, targeted- and/or nanocarrier-mediated delivery, directed evolution and site-specific mutagenesis, fusion proteins generated by genetic manipulation are the most explored tools to reduce toxicity and improve bioavailability and cellular targeting. This review provides a description of exogenous enzymes that are presently employed for the therapeutic management of human diseases with their current FDA/EMA-approved status, along with those already experimented at the clinical level and potential promising candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Cioni
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
| | - Edi Gabellieri
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma. Italy
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
| | - Samanta Raboni
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
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23
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Derosa G, Maffioli P, D’Angelo A, Di Pierro F. Nutraceutical Approach to Preventing Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Related Complications. Front Immunol 2021; 12:582556. [PMID: 34262553 PMCID: PMC8273380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.582556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several months ago, Chinese authorities identified an atypical pneumonia in Wuhan city, province of Hubei (China) caused by a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2). The WHO announced this new disease was to be known as "COVID-19". Evidence Acquisition Several approaches are currently underway for the treatment of this disease, but a specific cure remains to be established. Evidence Synthesis This review will describe how the use of selected nutraceuticals could be helpful, in addition to pharmacological therapy, in preventing some COVID-19-related complications in infected patients. Conclusions Even if a specific and effective cure for COVID-19 still has some way to go, selected nutraceuticals could be helpful, in addition to pharmacological therapy, in preventing some COVID-19-related complications in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Derosa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pamela Maffioli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angela D’Angelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Pierro
- Velleja Research S.r.l., Milan, Italy
- Digestive Endoscopy & Gastroenterology, Poliambulanza Hospital, Brescia, Italy
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24
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Xiao S, Hu D, Gao Y, Ai Y, Luo S, Chen S, Wang B, Zhou L, Dong Y, Wang Y. Safety assessment of subtilisin QK in rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:38. [PMID: 34172094 PMCID: PMC8235616 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subtilisin QK is a serine protease in the subtilisin family, and is fermented by Bacillus subtilis QK02. The fibrinolytic activity of subtilisin QK was measured by detecting low molecular weight degradation products using a spectrophotometric method developed by Japan Bio Science Laboratory Co., Ltd. Subtilisin QK powder can maintain its fibrinolytic activity for more than 24 months when it is stored at room temperature and protected from light. Our previous results showed that subtlisin QK directly degraded cross-linked fibrins in the fibrin plate assay and effectively inhibited thrombosis in the mouse thrombus model. The aim of this study was to determine the acute toxicity, potential subchronic toxicity, and safety pharmacology of subtilisin QK in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. METHODS In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of 100,000 FU/kg was administered to 10 female and 10 male SD rats. In the 28-day subchronic toxicity, 60 female and 60 male SD rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (daily oral dose of 0, 2500, 7500 and 25,000 FU/kg). In the safety pharmacology study, 20 female and 20 male SD rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (single oral dose of 0, 500, 1500 and 5000 FU/kg). RESULTS No death occurred and no adverse effects were observed in the acute toxicity study at a dose of 100,000 FU/kg. In the 28-day subchronic toxicity study, several hematological and blood biochemical parameters showed increases or decreases; however, due to the lack of a dose-response relationship, these differences were considered unrelated to treatment. In the safety pharmacology study, no adverse effects were observed on the central nervous of SD rats post-administration up to a dose of 5000 FU/kg subtilisin QK. CONCLUSION The results showed that oral consumption of subtilisin QK is of low toxicological concern. No adverse effects were observed at doses of 2500, 7500, and 25,000 FU/kg in the 28-day subchronic toxicity, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of subtilisin QK was 25,000 FU/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Dingbang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Wuhan Zhenfu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yang Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Sang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ben Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yanshan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Wuhan Zhenfu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Yefu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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25
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Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Meiselman HJ, Kalra V, Liebman H, Hwang-Levine J, Dustin L, Kono N, Mert M, Wenby RB, Huesca E, Rochanda L, Li Y, Yan M, St John JA, Whitfield L. Nattokinase atherothrombotic prevention study: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 78:339-353. [PMID: 33843667 DOI: 10.3233/ch-211147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Described to be antithrombotic and antihypertensive, nattokinase is consumed for putative cardiovascular benefit. However, no large-scale, long-term cardiovascular study has been conducted with nattokinase supplementation. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of nattokinase on subclinical atherosclerosis progression and atherothrombotic biomarkers. METHODS In this double-blinded trial, 265 individuals of median age 65.3 years, without clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) were randomized to oral nattokinase 2,000 fibrinolytic units or matching placebo. Primary outcome was rate of change in subclinical atherosclerosis measured by serial carotid ultrasound every 6 months as carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) and carotid arterial stiffness (CAS). Additional outcomes determined at least every 6 months were clinical parameters including blood pressure and laboratory measures including metabolic factors, blood rheology parameters, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis factors, inflammatory markers and monocyte/macrophage cellular activation markers. RESULTS After median 3 years of randomized treatment, annualized rate of change in CIMT and CAS did not significantly differ between nattokinase supplementation and placebo. Additionally, there was no significant effect of nattokinase supplementation on blood pressure or any laboratory determination. CONCLUSIONS Results of this trial show that nattokinase supplementation has a null effect on subclinical atherosclerosis progression in healthy individuals at low risk for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard N Hodis
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wendy J Mack
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Herbert J Meiselman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vijay Kalra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Howard Liebman
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Juliana Hwang-Levine
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Laurie Dustin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naoko Kono
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Mert
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rosalinda B Wenby
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emiliano Huesca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leanne Rochanda
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yanjie Li
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mingzhu Yan
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jan A St John
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lora Whitfield
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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26
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Chou HY, Liu LH, Chen CY, Lin IF, Ali D, Yueh-Luen Lee A, David Wang HM. Bifunctional mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis regulations in melanoma from Bacillus subtilis natto fermentation extract. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 150:112020. [PMID: 33513408 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most dangerous malignant epidermal cancers. Natto freeze-drying extract (NFDE) and natto water extract (NWE) were isolated from natto, soybeans fermented by Bacillus subtilis natto, which were assessed as potential anti-melanoma agents. Cell cytotoxicity assays revealed significant anti-melanoma effects of NFDE and NWE in a dose-dependent manner, and exhibited low influences on normal skin cells, including Hs68, HaCaT and adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs), respectively. Through a flow cytometer assay and autophagy acridine orange staining, the cellular death phenomenon shifted from autophagy to apoptosis with the increased dosages. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were enhanced using DCFDA (2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) staining when melanoma cells were treated with the extract. NFDE and NWE treatments increase the oxidative stress of cancer cells and cause apoptosis by inhibiting AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). NFDE and NWE were considered to play a critical role in cell death through ROS adjustment, autophagy regulation and apoptosis promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Chou
- Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Heng Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Chen
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 831, Taiwan
| | - I-Fan Lin
- Challenge Bioproducts Co., Ltd., Yunlin County 640, Taiwan
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University BOX 2455, Saudi Arabia Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alan Yueh-Luen Lee
- Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan.
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27
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Shafique T, Shafique J, Zahid S, Kazi M, Alnemer O, Ahmad A. Screening, selection and development of Bacillus subtilis apr-IBL04 for hyper production of macromolecule alkaline protease. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1494-1501. [PMID: 33613077 PMCID: PMC7878699 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis microbe is commonly found in soil and produces proteases on nitrogen and carbon-containing sources and increases the fertility rate by degrading nitrogenous organic materials. The present study was aimed to develop hyper producing mutant strain of B. subtilis for the production of proteases, to improve the process variables by the response surface methodology (RSM) under central composite design (CCD) and the production of protease by the particular mutant strain in a liquid state fermentation media. The mutation of the strain was carried out using ethidium bromide. Pure B. subtilis strain was collected and screened for hyper-production of protease. The production of protease by mutant B. subtilis strain was optimized by varying temperature, inoculum size, pH and incubation time under liquid state fermentation. The CCD model were found to be reliable with r2 of 0.999. The maximum enzyme activity of B. subtilis IBL-04 mutant with 3 mL/100 mL inoculum size, 72 h fermentation time, pH 8, and 45 °C temperature was developed with enzyme activity 631.09 U/mL, indicates 1–7-fold increase in enzyme activity than the parent strain having 82.32 U/mL activity. These characteristics render its potential use in industries for pharmaceutical and dairy formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Shafique
- IBL4-Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Javeria Shafique
- PBL-Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Govt. College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sheikh Zahid
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, SKUAST Jammu, J&K 180009, India
| | - Mohsin Kazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Alnemer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Xiao S, Dong Y, Hu K, Hu D, Zhou L, Wang Y. Acute and Subchronic Toxicities and Safety Pharmacology Studies of a Bacillus Subtilisin in Dogs. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:211-218. [PMID: 33281147 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Subtilisin NAT, a Bacillus subtilisin, is widely applied as a functional food and considered to be one of the most exploitable potential oral thrombolytic agents. Subtilisin QK, another Bacillus subtilisin, is a serine protease fermented by Bacillus subtilis 02 and has a better thrombolytic effect. Therefore, subtilisin QK is typically used for evaluating the safety of Bacillus subtilisins. Here, we conduct several good laboratory practice (GLP)-compliant studies in non-rodent animal, i.e., in Beagle dogs, including acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity, and safety pharmacology studies. No adverse effects were evident in the acute and 28-d subchronic toxicity studies at doses up to 40000 FU/kg and 16000 FU/kg/d, respectively. In evaluating the pharmacological safety of up to 2000FU/kg subtilisin QK, we found no significant differences between the electrocardiograms, blood pressures, and respiration of beagle dogs. These findings suggest the safety of Bacillus subtilisin, providing reliable pharmacological and toxicological data for its development and popularization as a functional food and drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences
| | - Yanshan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences.,Wuhan Zhenfu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Kunkun Hu
- Wuhan Zhenfu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Dingbang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences.,Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University School of Medicine
| | - Yefu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences
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29
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Barzkar N, Khan Z, Tamadoni Jahromi S, Pourmozaffar S, Gozari M, Nahavandi R. A critical review on marine serine protease and its inhibitors: A new wave of drugs? Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 170:674-687. [PMID: 33387547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms are rich sources of enzymes and their inhibitors having enormous therapeutic potential. Among different proteolytic enzymes, serine proteases, which can be obtained from various marine organisms show a potential to biomedical application as thrombolytic agents. Although this type of proteases plays a crucial role in almost all biological processes, their uncontrolled activity often leads to several diseases. Accordingly, the actions of these types of proteases are regulated by serine protease inhibitors (SPIs). Marine SPIs control complement activation and various other physiological functions, such as inflammation, immune function, fibrinolysis, blood clotting, and cancer metastasis. This review highlights the potential use of serine proteases and their inhibitors as the new wave of promising drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Barzkar
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Zahoor Khan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saeid Tamadoni Jahromi
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar 'Abbas, Iran
| | - Sajjad Pourmozaffar
- Persian Gulf Mollusks Research Station, Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Bandar-e-Lengeh, Iran
| | - Mohsen Gozari
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar 'Abbas, Iran
| | - Reza Nahavandi
- Animal Science Research Institute of Iran (ASRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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30
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Heo SJ, Kim AJ, Park MJ, Kang K, Soung DY. Nutritional and Functional Properties of Fermented Mixed Grains by Solid-State Fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 245. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111693. [PMID: 33228003 PMCID: PMC7699218 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermented foods have several advantages, including increased nutritional value, improved bioavailability, and functional health properties. We examined that these outcomes were also observed in fermented mixed grains (FMG) containing wheat germ, wheat bran, oats, brown rice, barley, quinoa, and lentils following solid-state fermentation (SSF) by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 245. The metabolic profile during fermentation was screened using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOF-MS). The amino acids were quantitatively measured for the validation of the changes in metabolites. The activity of enzymes (e.g., amylase, protease, and fibrinolysis) and antioxidant capacity was also assessed to elucidate the functionality of FMG. The essential amino acid contents gradually increased as fermentation progressed. As the metabolites involved in the urea cycle and polyamine pathway were changed by fermentation, arginine was used as a substance to produce citrulline, ornithine, and agmatine. FMG showed dramatic increases in enzyme activity. FMG incubated for 36 h also displayed higher total phenolic contents and free radical scavenging ability than MG. The data suggest that FMG produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 245 possess improved nutritional and functional quality, leading to their potential use as dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Heo
- Food Research Institute, CJ Cheil Jedang, 42, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16495, Korea; (S.J.H.); (A.-J.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Ah-Jin Kim
- Food Research Institute, CJ Cheil Jedang, 42, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16495, Korea; (S.J.H.); (A.-J.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Min-Ju Park
- BIO Research Institute, CJ Cheil Jedang, 42, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16495, Korea;
| | - Kimoon Kang
- Food Research Institute, CJ Cheil Jedang, 42, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16495, Korea; (S.J.H.); (A.-J.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Do Yu Soung
- Food Research Institute, CJ Cheil Jedang, 42, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16495, Korea; (S.J.H.); (A.-J.K.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-8099-1244
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31
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Mahoney R, Weeks R, Zheng T, Huang Q, Dai W, Cao Y, Liu G, Guo Y, Chistyakov V, Chikindas ML. Evaluation of an Industrial Soybean Byproduct for the Potential Development of a Probiotic Animal Feed Additive with Bacillus Species. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 12:1173-1178. [PMID: 31784951 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are gaining public attention for their application in animal husbandry due to their ability to promote growth and prevent infections. Bacillus subtilis KATMIRA1933 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895 are two spore-forming probiotic microorganisms that have been demonstrated to provide health benefits for poultry when supplemented into their diet. These strains can be propagated on a wide range of substrates, including soybean-derived byproducts from the food processing industry. Soybean-derived byproducts are often incorporated into animal feeds, but the value of an additive could potentially be increased by the addition of probiotic microorganisms, which may decrease production costs and reduce environmental impact. In this study, a soybean byproduct and a desalted version of this byproduct were evaluated as potential substrates for the growth of two probiotic bacilli species. Chemical analysis of these byproducts showed favorable carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid profiles, which were not affected by the desalting process. The desalted byproduct was further evaluated as a substrate for the growth of B. subtilis KATMIRA1933 and B. amyloliquefaciens B-1895 under solid-state conditions, and samples from this experiment were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. The results of this study indicate that the desalted soybean byproduct is a suitable substrate for the propagation of the two Bacillus species, which grew to numbers sufficient for the formulation of a probiotic animal feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mahoney
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences , Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Richard Weeks
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences , Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Weijie Dai
- Guangdong Huiertai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guo Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongjing Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Vladimir Chistyakov
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Michael L Chikindas
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences , Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
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32
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Rathnasamy SK, Durai A, Vigneshkumar AA, Purushothaman C, Rajendran DS, Chandramouliswaran K. One-pot simultaneous production and sustainable purification of fibrinolytic protease from Bacillus cereus using natural deep eutectic solvents. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13356. [PMID: 32770127 PMCID: PMC7414877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study report for the first time on the one-pot production and purification of fibrinolytic protease from Bacillus cereus by extractive fermentation using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Cheese whey was chosen as a sustainable low-cost production alternative yielding a significantly high amount of protease (185.7 U/mg). Five natural deep eutectic solvents with menthol as hydrogen bond donor and sugar molecules as corresponding hydrogen bond acceptors were synthesized and their association was confirmed with H1 NMR. Thermophysical investigation of the synthetic NADES was accomplished as a function of temperature to define their extraction ability. Response surface methodology based optimization of concentration of NADES (77.5% w/w), Na2SO4 (14% w/v) and cheese whey (1% w/w) were accomplished for extractive fermentation. Further, preparative purification using size exclusion chromatography was used to quantify the amount of enzyme obtained in the extraction phase (190 U/ml). On subsequent purification with an anion exchange column, the maximum purity fold (21.2) with enzyme activity (2,607.8 U/ml) was attained. The optimal pH (8.0), temperature (50 °C) were determined and the in-vitro fibrinolytic activity has been confirmed using a fibrin plate assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Kumar Rathnasamy
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
| | - Aadhavan Durai
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - A A Vigneshkumar
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - C Purushothaman
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Devi Sri Rajendran
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - K Chandramouliswaran
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
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33
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Takagaki S, Suzuki M, Suzuki E, Hasumi K. Unsaturated fatty acids enhance the fibrinolytic activity of subtilisin NAT (nattokinase). J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13326. [PMID: 32572985 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Subtilisin NAT (STN), alternatively designated nattokinase, is a serine protease with potent fibrinolytic activity. In this study, we screened several foods to enhance the fibrinolytic potential of STN and identified unsaturated fatty acid-rich ones as candidates. We isolated linoleic acid as a major active compound from one of the most active foods, red pepper. Linoleic acid promoted the STN-mediated fibrin/fibrinogen degradation at >20 μg/ml. STN cleaved three of the fibrinogen polypeptide chains, among which linoleic acid accelerated Bβ-chain and γ-chain degradations, but slightly suppressed the degradation of α-chain fragments. Linoleic acid failed to affect small synthetic peptide degradation, suggesting a conformational modulation of fibrin/fibrinogen for the linoleic acid promotion of STN activity. Of the various fatty acids tested, unsaturated ones were active but saturated ones were rather inhibitory to STN-mediated fibrinolysis. Thus, our data shed new light on the dietary promotion of STN activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Subtilisin NAT (STN) is a serine protease abundantly contained in natto, a soybean food fermented with Bacillus subtilis var. natto. The use of STN as functional foods to improve blood circulation is getting attention because STN actively degrades fibrin. Our results demonstrate that widely occurring unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids enhance the fibrinolytic activity of STN. Thus, the intake of natto or STN supplements in combination with unsaturated fatty acid-containing oil can be a novel way to gain cardiovascular benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Takagaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan.,Organo Food Tech Corporation, Satte, Japan
| | - Maiko Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Hasumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan
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Dong MZ, An JY, Wang LT, Fan XH, Lv MJ, Zhu YW, Chang YH, Meng D, Yang Q, Fu YJ. Development of fermented chestnut with Bacillus natto: Functional and sensory properties. Food Res Int 2020; 130:108941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Pham PT, Han B, Hoang BX. Nattospes as Effective and Safe Functional Supplements in Management of Stroke. J Med Food 2020; 23:879-885. [PMID: 31934821 PMCID: PMC7415874 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a major cause of human disability worldwide. Interventions and rehabilitation at the poststroke stage are critical for recovery. A single-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted on 61 patients diagnosed with subacute stage of ischemic stroke. Ingestion of Nattospecs was tested as an adjuvant to support rehabilitation when combined with standard of care (SOC) treatment (electroacupuncture and Naatrapyl) (Trial group) and compared to SOC treatment alone (Control group). After 60 days, results showed that both Trial and Control groups achieved significant improvements in physical activities, blood pressure control, serum lipid panels, and quality of life. Nattospes as a food supplement has good supportive effects on treatment and rehabilitation after ischemic stroke by showing statistically significant improvement of stroke-related symptom in scores from modified Rankin, Orgogozo, and Barthel scales. In addition, Nattospes showed a good safety profile, with no adverse effects reported in both clinical and paraclinical parameters. This study indicated that Nattospes as nutraceutical supplement can be applied safely and effectively in the management of subacute stage ischemic stroke. The findings of the study may also encourage further extensive clinical trials to fully explore the prospect of Nattospes as a nutraceutical adjunct in the management of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T Pham
- Tue Tinh Hospital-Vietnamese Academy of Traditional Medicine, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bo Han
- Nimni-Cordoba Tissue Engineering and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ba X Hoang
- Nimni-Cordoba Tissue Engineering and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Pan X, Liang P, Teng L, Ren Y, Peng J, Liu W, Yang Y. Study on molecular mechanisms of nattokinase in pharmacological action based on label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:3185-3193. [PMID: 31660132 PMCID: PMC6804763 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of premature death and disability in people around the world. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of CVDs has become an important subject. In this study, we verified the thrombolytic activities of a nattokinase-like protease named NK-01 in vivo. Label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique was used in our study. NK-01 could inhibit the activity of coagulation factors though the up-regulation of proteinase C inhibitors and protein S. NK-01 also could inhibit the angiotensinogen conversion to AngII and promote the degradation of kininogen to reduce the blood pressure. In addition, NK-01 could increase the content of paraoxonase 1, which could prevent atherosclerosis. In our study, we found that NK-01 cloud effect some key proteins which participant in CVDs associated metabolic processes such as coagulation system, blood pressure, and atherosclerosis. Taken together, the underlying molecular mechanisms for the biological beneficial of NK-01 were investigated. Our proteomic study will provide further theoretical basis for application of NK in prevention or adjuvant treatment in biomedicine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Pan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Pengyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Luyao Teng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Yuhao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Jixian Peng
- Shandong Ruiying Pioneer Pharmaceutical Co., LtdHezeChina
| | - Weizhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
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Li M, Wu Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Wu X, Yuan Y. Prognostic value of pretreatment plasma fibrinogen in patients with colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16974. [PMID: 31517816 PMCID: PMC6750243 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence showed that high pretreatment plasma fibrinogen could be used as a potential prognostic marker in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the conclusions were controversial. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the prognostic value of pretreatment plasma fibrinogen in patients with CRC. METHODS Relevant studies were searched in the databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure up until December 10th, 2018. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the effects. RESULTS A total of 17 articles with 6863 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results revealed that elevated pretreatment plasma fibrinogen was significantly associated with both poor overall survival (univariate analysis: HR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.47-1.95, P = .000; multivariate analysis: HR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.28-1.77, P = .000) and poor disease-free survival (univariate analysis: HR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.49-2.41, P = .000; multivariate analysis: HR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.52-2.86, P = .000) in patients with CRC. CONCLUSIONS High pretreatment plasma fibrinogen level is significantly associated with worse survival outcomes in CRC patients. Plasma fibrinogen may be used as an effective prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target. Further studies are required to support these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Li
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Yang Wu
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Lijun Huang
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Xianlan Wu
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), ChongQing, China
| | - Yongqiang Yuan
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University
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Ji M, Chen X, Luo J, Wan Y. Improved blood compatibility of polysulfone membrane by anticoagulant protein immobilization. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 175:586-595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Nattokinase-heparin exhibits beneficial efficacy and safety-an optimal strategy for CKD patients on hemodialysis. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:93-101. [PMID: 30788657 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a widely used anticoagulant in hemodialysis (HD) for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, it entails the risk of thrombus formation due to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Indeed, CKD patients on HD are associated with excessive mortality from cardiovascular disease due to their prothrombotic profile. Therefore, it would be a significant breakthrough to develop a thrombolytic adjuvant that facilitates heparin to achieve its proper anticoagulant efficiency at a much lower dose for greater safety. Nattokinase (NK), a valuable dietary supplement possessing strong fibrinolytic and thrombolytic activity, was reported to interact with heparin and thereby the beneficial efficacy of NK-heparin was investigated herein. NK-heparin induced a synergistic enhancement of clotting time both in vitro and in vivo evaluations, whereas the overall fibrinolytic activity was only marginally enhanced. Moreover, it was demonstrated for the first time that NK induced potent degradation of all three chains of fibrinogen. In particular, NK-heparin markedly reinforced the fibrinolysis activity of NK, which may underlie, at least in part, the mechanism by which NK-heparin benefited their overall thrombolytic and anticoagulant activity. Collectively, we clarified the beneficial combination efficacy of NK and heparin for greater safety, providing a powerful impetus for physicians to administer heparin to a larger portion of patients with CKD.
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Wu H, Wang H, Xu F, Chen J, Duan L, Zhang F. Acute toxicity and genotoxicity evaluations of Nattokinase, a promising agent for cardiovascular diseases prevention. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 103:205-209. [PMID: 30742876 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in the world; however, current agents for CVDs prevention are still limited. Owing to the serious bleeding risk of Aspirin, FDA recently recommended against it from preventing first heart attacks. Nattokinase (NK), a serine protease possessing many key beneficial effects on cardiovascular system, is being pursued as a promising alternative agent. In light of this, the safety profile of NK, in particular its potential genotoxicity, need to be characterized. The present study is therefore aimed to evaluate the toxicological profile of NK. To assess acute safety, mice were orally administrated with NK at its maximum concentration and the maximum feeding volume twice in a single day, no mortality or toxicological signs were observed. Hence, the maximum daily tolerant dose of NK in mice is up to 480000 FU/kg, which is 1000 times more compared to the recommended daily dose for human. In the genotoxicity studies, NK showed no mutagenic activity as tested by both Ames test and in vivo micronucleus assay. Moreover, NK demonstrated no evidence of potential to induce chromosome aberrations in CHL cells. These results indicate that there is no safety concern for NK in the present preclinical safety studies, supporting the safety of NK as an agent for CVDs prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Huan Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Jiepeng Chen
- Sungen Biotech Co., Ltd, Shantou, 515000, PR China
| | - Lili Duan
- Sungen Biotech Co., Ltd, Shantou, 515000, PR China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
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Yoo HJ, Kim M, Kim M, Lee A, Jin C, Lee SP, Kim TS, Lee SH, Lee JH. The effects of nattokinase supplementation on collagen–epinephrine closure time, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in nondiabetic and hypercholesterolemic subjects. Food Funct 2019; 10:2888-2893. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02324g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For 8 weeks, individuals who consumed nattokinase, considered one of the most active functional ingredients found in natto, showed improved hemostatic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Yoo
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics
- Department of Food and Nutrition
- College of Human Ecology
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Research Center for Silver Science
- Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Minjoo Kim
- Research Center for Silver Science
- Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Ayoung Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics
- Department of Food and Nutrition
- College of Human Ecology
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
| | - Chunmei Jin
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics
- Department of Food and Nutrition
- College of Human Ecology
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
| | | | | | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Department of Family Practice
- National Health Insurance Corporation
- Ilsan Hospital
- Goyang
- Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics
- Department of Food and Nutrition
- College of Human Ecology
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
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42
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Fibrinolytic Enzymes for Thrombolytic Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1148:345-381. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7709-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cao ZH, Green-Johnson JM, Buckley ND, Lin QY. Bioactivity of soy-based fermented foods: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:223-238. [PMID: 30521852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, fermented soy foods have been dietary staples in Asia and, now, in response to consumer demand, they are available throughout the world. Fermentation bestows unique flavors, boosts nutritional values and increases or adds new functional properties. In this review, we describe the functional properties and underlying action mechanisms of soy-based fermented foods such as Natto, fermented soy milk, Tempeh and soy sauce. When possible, the contribution of specific bioactive components is highlighted. While numerous studies with in vitro and animal models have hinted at the functionality of fermented soy foods, ascribing health benefits requires well-designed, often complex human studies with analysis of diet, lifestyle, family and medical history combined with long-term follow-ups for each subject. In addition, the contribution of the microbiome to the bioactivities of fermented soy foods, possibly mediated through direct action or bioactive metabolites, needs to be studied. Potential synergy or other interactions among the microorganisms carrying out the fermentation and the host's microbial community may also contribute to food functionality, but the details still require elucidation. Finally, safety evaluation of fermented soy foods has been limited, but is essential in order to provide guidelines for consumption and confirm lack of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hui Cao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Julia M Green-Johnson
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), Oshawa L1H 7K4, Canada
| | | | - Qiu-Ye Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
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Chen H, McGowan EM, Ren N, Lal S, Nassif N, Shad-Kaneez F, Qu X, Lin Y. Nattokinase: A Promising Alternative in Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomark Insights 2018; 13:1177271918785130. [PMID: 30013308 PMCID: PMC6043915 DOI: 10.1177/1177271918785130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world and our approach to the control and management of CVD mortality is limited. Nattokinase (NK), the most active ingredient of natto, possesses a variety of favourable cardiovascular effects and the consumption of Natto has been linked to a reduction in CVD mortality. Recent research has demonstrated that NK has potent fibrinolytic activity, antihypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic, and lipid-lowering, antiplatelet, and neuroprotective effects. This review covers the major pharmacologic effects of NK with a focus on its clinical relevance to CVD. It outlines the advantages of NK and the outstanding issues pertaining to NK pharmacokinetics. Available evidence suggests that NK is a unique natural compound that possesses several key cardiovascular beneficial effects for patients with CVD and is therefore an ideal drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of CVD. Nattokinase is a promising alternative in the management of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eileen M McGowan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Nina Ren
- Guangdong Online Hospital Clinic, Guangdong No.2 Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sara Lal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Najah Nassif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Fatima Shad-Kaneez
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Xianqin Qu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Yiguang Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
- Yiguang Lin, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Pathophysiological significance of protein hydrophobic interactions: An emerging hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2017; 110:15-22. [PMID: 29317059 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen is a unique protein that is converted into an insoluble fibrin in a single enzymatic event, which is a characteristic feature of fibrinogen due to its susceptibility to fibrinolytic degradation and dissolution. Although thrombosis is a result of activated blood coagulation, no explanation is being offered for the persistent presence of fibrin deposits in the affected organs. A classic example is stroke, in which the thrombolytic therapy is effective only during the first 3-4 h after the onset of thrombosis. This phenomenon can now be explained in terms of the modification of fibrinogen structure induced by hydroxyl radicals generated during the period of ischemia caused, in turn, by the blocking of the blood flow within the obstructed vessels. Fibrinogen modification involves intra-to intermolecular disulfide rearrangement induced by the reductive power of hydroxyl radicals that result in the exposition of buried hydrophobic epitopes. Such epitopes react readily with each other forming linkages stronger than the peptide covalent bonds, thus rendering them resistant to the proteolytic degradation. Also, limited reduction of human serum albumin (HSA) generates hydrophobic polymers that form huge insoluble complexes with fibrinogen. Consequently, such insoluble copolymers can be deposited within the circulation of various organs leading to their dysfunction. In conclusion, the study of protein hydrophobic interactions induced by a variety of nutritional and/or environmental factors can provide a rational explanation for a number of pathologic conditions including cardiovascular, neurologic, and other degenerative diseases including cancer.
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Takabayashi T, Imoto Y, Sakashita M, Kato Y, Tokunaga T, Yoshida K, Narita N, Ishizuka T, Fujieda S. Nattokinase, profibrinolytic enzyme, effectively shrinks the nasal polyp tissue and decreases viscosity of mucus. Allergol Int 2017; 66:594-602. [PMID: 28389065 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is often comorbid with asthma and resistant to therapeutic interventions. We recently reported that excessive fibrin deposition caused by impairment of fibrinolysis might play pivotal role in forming nasal polyp. Nattokinase (NK), a serine protease produced by Bacillus subtilis, has been reported to be a strong fibrinolytic enzyme. NK could be a promising drug candidate for use in the treatment of both CRSwNP and asthma. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of NK on nasal polyp tissues from patients with CRSwNP. The nasal discharge from patients with CRSwNP and sputum from subjects with asthma were also used to investigate whether NK influences the viscosity of mucus. METHODS To examine the effects on NK on nasal polyp tissues, pieces of nasal polyps were incubated either with saline or NK (10-1000 FU/ml) at 37 °C for 24 h. We assessed the presence of fibrin in nasal polyp tissue incubated with NK by means of immunohistochemistry. To examine the effects of NK on nasal discharge and sputum from patients with CRSwNP and asthma, respectively, were incubated with NK solution at 37 °C for 1 h. RESULTS NK effectively shrinks the nasal polyp tissue through fibrin degradation. We also found that the viscosity of the nasal discharge and sputum from patients with CRSwNP and asthma, respectively, was significantly reduced by incubation with NK solution. CONCLUSIONS NK may be an effective alternative therapeutic option in patients with CRSwNP and comorbid asthma by causing fibrin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Takabayashi
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Yoshimasa Imoto
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sakashita
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yukinori Kato
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tokunaga
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kanako Yoshida
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Norihiko Narita
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Ishizuka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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Nattokinase: An Oral Antithrombotic Agent for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030523. [PMID: 28264497 PMCID: PMC5372539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natto, a fermented soybean product, has been consumed as a traditional food in Japan for thousands of years. Nattokinase (NK), a potent blood-clot dissolving protein used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, is produced by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis during the fermentation of soybeans to produce Natto. NK has been extensively studied in Japan, Korea, and China. Recently, the fibrinolytic (anti-clotting) capacity of NK has been recognized by Western medicine. The National Science Foundation in the United States has investigated and evaluated the safety of NK. NK is currently undergoing a clinical trial study (Phase II) in the USA for atherothrombotic prevention. Multiple NK genes have been cloned, characterized, and produced in various expression system studies. Recombinant technology represents a promising approach for the production of NK with high purity for its use in antithrombotic applications. This review covers the history, benefit, safety, and production of NK. Opportunities for utilizing plant systems for the large-scale production of NK, or for the production of edible plants that can be used to provide oral delivery of NK without extraction and purification are also discussed.
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Nagata C, Wada K, Tamura T, Konishi K, Goto Y, Koda S, Kawachi T, Tsuji M, Nakamura K. Dietary soy and natto intake and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japanese adults: the Takayama study. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:426-431. [PMID: 27927636 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.137281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether soy intake is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. A traditional Japanese soy food, natto, contains a potent fibrinolytic enzyme. However, its relation to CVD has not been studied. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the association of CVD mortality with the intake of natto, soy protein, and soy isoflavones in a population-based cohort study in Japan. DESIGN The study included 13,355 male and 15,724 female Takayama Study participants aged ≥35 y. At recruitment in 1992, each subject was administered a validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Deaths from CVD were ascertained over 16 y. RESULTS A total of 1678 deaths from CVD including 677 stroke and 308 ischemic heart disease occurred during follow-up. The highest quartile of natto intake compared with the lowest intake was significantly associated with a decreased risk of mortality from total CVD after control for covariates: the HR was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.88, P-trend = 0.0004). There were no significant associations between the risk of mortality from total CVD and intakes of total soy protein, total soy isoflavone, and soy protein or soy isoflavone from soy foods other than natto. The highest quartiles of total soy protein and natto intakes were significantly associated with a decreased risk of mortality from total stroke (HR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.99, P-trend = 0.03 and HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.88, P-trend = 0.0004, respectively). The highest quartile of natto intake was also significantly associated with a decreased risk of mortality from ischemic stroke (HR = 0.67, 95% CI:0.47, 0.95, P-trend = 0.03). CONCLUSION Data suggest that natto intake may contribute to the reduction of CVD mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Nagata
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keiko Wada
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kie Konishi
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuko Goto
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sachi Koda
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kawachi
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Michiko Tsuji
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kozue Nakamura
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Safety of fermented soybean extract NSK‐SD® as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Perisanidis C, Psyrri A, Cohen EE, Engelmann J, Heinze G, Perisanidis B, Stift A, Filipits M, Kornek G, Nkenke E. Prognostic role of pretreatment plasma fibrinogen in patients with solid tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 41:960-70. [PMID: 26604093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma fibrinogen may be involved in several stages of cancer progression. Clinical studies have demonstrated that pretreatment plasma fibrinogen is associated with poor survival in various cancers. The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine the prognostic effect of circulating fibrinogen in solid tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and meeting proceedings to identify studies assessing the effect of pretreatment plasma fibrinogen on survival of cancer patients. Pooled multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were estimated using random-effects models. RESULTS Data from 52 observational studies and 15,371 patients were summarized. An elevated baseline plasma fibrinogen was significantly associated with worse OS (pooled HR = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.48–1.92). The highest negative effect of elevated plasma fibrinogen on OS was demonstrated in renal cell carcinoma (pooled HR = 2.22), followed by head and neck cancer (pooled HR = 2.02), and colorectal cancer (pooled HR = 1.89). The adverse prognostic impact of high plasma fibrinogen remained in both non-metastatic and metastatic disease and patients of different ethnicity. Patients with high baseline fibrinogen had a significantly shorter DFS (pooled HR = 1.52) and CSS (pooled HR = 2.50). CONCLUSIONS An elevated pretreatment plasma fibrinogen significantly correlates with decreased survival in patients with solid tumors. Future clinical trials are warranted to determine whether plasma fibrinogen could be incorporated in cancer staging systems and whether fibrinogen-lowering therapies have a favorable effect on disease recurrence and mortality.
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