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Solomons NW. Perspective on Emerging Micronutrient Deficiencies in Latin America and the Caribbean. Food Nutr Bull 2024:3795721241257008. [PMID: 38835134 DOI: 10.1177/03795721241257008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The moral imperative of public health systems is to maximize the health and welfare of the population to the extent possible. Constraints often include a lack of resources, political will, popular acceptance, or an acceptable safety margin. Major agencies have established iron, iodine, and vitamin A as the principal elements for micronutrients, with folate and zinc on the second plane. As the armamentarium of interventions to favor micronutrient nutrition, for example, preventive health measures, dietary improvement, forms of fortification, and nutrient supplements, is offered in public health policy. The utility of their merger with other nutrients, emergent nutrients, has been considered. The Latin America and Caribbean Region has unique characteristics. The scientific and epidemiology considerations for action in the Region's health concern on 4 emergent nutrient deficiencies of public health-vitamins D and E, essential fatty acids, and choline-are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel W Solomons
- Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Khalil A, Tazeddinova D, Aljoumaa K, Kazhmukhanbetkyzy ZA, Orazov A, Toshev AD. Carotenoids: Therapeutic Strategy in the Battle against Viral Emerging Diseases, COVID-19: An Overview. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2021; 26:241-261. [PMID: 34737985 PMCID: PMC8531419 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2021.26.3.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids, a group of phytochemicals, are naturally found in the Plant kingdom, particularly in fruits, vegetables, and algae. There are more than 600 types of carotenoids, some of which are thought to prevent disease, mainly through their antioxidant properties. Carotenoids exhibit several biological and pharmaceutical benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunity booster properties, particularly as some carotenoids can be converted into vitamin A in the body. However, humans cannot synthesize carotenoids and need to obtain them from their diets or via supplementation. The emerging zoonotic virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), originated in bats, and was transmitted to humans. COVID-19 continues to cause devastating international health problems worldwide. Therefore, natural preventive therapeutic strategies from bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, should be appraised for strengthening physiological functions against emerging viruses. This review summarizes the most important carotenoids for human health and enhancing immunity, and their potential role in COVID-19 and its related symptoms. In conclusion, promising roles of carotenoids as treatments against emerging disease and related symptoms are highlighted, most of which have been heavily premeditated in studies conducted on several viral infections, including COVID-19. Further in vitro and in vivo research is required before carotenoids can be considered as potent drugs against such emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Khalil
- Department of Food technology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russian Federation
| | - Diana Tazeddinova
- Department of Food technology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russian Federation
| | - Khaled Aljoumaa
- Department of Food technology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russian Federation
| | | | - Ayan Orazov
- Higher School of Technologies of Food and Processing Productions, Zhangir Khan University, Uralsk 090009, The Republic of Kazakhstan
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Gratão LHA, Nascimento GNLD, Pereira RJ. Effects of HAART in the nutritional status of children and adolescents infected by HIV in Brazil: a systematic review. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2019; 26:1346-1354. [PMID: 33886763 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021264.13862018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The verification of factors associated with growth, body composition and nutritional and nutritional aspects after HIV infection in children or adolescents in Brazil is fundamental for progress in this area. We selected articles published until 2018, available on the platforms PubMed and Lilacs, using the keywords The following descriptors and their associations were used, extracted from MeSH: "Children", "Adolescent", "Anthropometry", "Nutritional Assessment", "HIV", "Brazil" adding the filter "and" for advanced searches. A total of 1,450 articles were found, and after selection and full reading, 19 were selected. The studies agreed that children and adolescents living with HIV present or may present alterations in bone metabolism, lipid metabolism and body composition due to infection or associated with therapy. Significant differences were observed in weight and height in infected infants compared to uninfected infants. The evaluation and monitoring of diet quality, as well as serum micronutrient monitoring, are fundamental to guarantee the clinical and treatment conditions of these patients, as well as to prevent disorders due to low nutrient intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Helena Almeida Gratão
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena 190, Santa Efigênia. 30130-100 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil.
| | | | - Renata Junqueira Pereira
- Laboratório de Ciências Básicas e da Saúde, Curso de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Tocantins. Palmas Tocantins Brazil
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Monteiro JP, Cruz MLS, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Salomão RG, Jordão Junior A, Read JS, Pilotto JHDS, Cohen RA, Stoszek SK, Siberry GK. Vitamin A, vitamin E, iron and zinc status in a cohort of HIV-infected mothers and their uninfected infants. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 47:692-700. [PMID: 25626647 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0226-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Introduction: We hypothesized that nutritional deficiency would be common in a cohort of postpartum, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women and their infants. METHODS Weight and height, as well as blood concentrations of retinol, α-tocopherol, ferritin, hemoglobin, and zinc, were measured in mothers after delivery and in their infants at birth and at 6-12 weeks and six months of age. Retinol and α-tocopherol levels were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography, and zinc levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The maternal body mass index during pregnancy was adjusted for gestational age (adjBMI). RESULTS Among the 97 women 19.6% were underweight. Laboratory abnormalities were most frequently observed for the hemoglobin (46.4%), zinc (41.1%), retinol (12.5%) and ferritin (6.5%) levels. Five percent of the women had mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations < 31g/dL. The most common deficiency in the infants was α-tocopherol (81%) at birth; however, only 18.5% of infants had deficient levels at six months of age. Large percentages of infants had zinc (36.8%) and retinol (29.5%) deficiencies at birth; however, these percentages decreased to 17.5% and 18.5%, respectively, by six months of age. No associations between infant micronutrient deficiencies and either the maternal adjBMI category or maternal micronutrient deficiencies were found. CONCLUSIONS Micronutrient deficiencies were common in HIV-infected women and their infants. Micronutrient deficiencies were less prevalent in the infants at six months of age. Neither underweight women nor their infants at birth were at increased risk for micronutrient deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Pontes Monteiro
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Letícia Santos Cruz
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marisa Márcia Mussi-Pinhata
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Roberta Garcia Salomão
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Alceu Jordão Junior
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Jennifer Suzanne Read
- Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - George Kelly Siberry
- Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kaio DJ, Rondó PHC, Souza JMP, Firmino AV, Luzia LA, Segurado AA. Vitamin A and beta-carotene concentrations in adults with HIV/AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2014; 59:496-502. [PMID: 24477245 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.59.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiency is a common condition in HIV-infected individuals and may occur in all stages of the disease. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare the concentrations of vitamin A and beta-carotene, micronutrients related to immunity and oxidative stress, in 182 adults with HIV/AIDS, under different highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to their HAART regimen: combination of nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-NRTIs; combination of NRTIs, protease inhibitors, and ritonavir; combination of NRTIs and other classes. Multiple linear regression analysis determined the effect of the treatment regimen, time of use, and compliance with the regimen, on vitamin A and beta-carotene concentrations, controlling for the following variables: gender, age, educational level, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, time of infection with HIV, presence of comorbidities, CD4(+) T lymphocyte count, total cholesterol and fractions, and triglyceride levels. There was no significant difference in vitamin A or beta-carotene concentrations in patients under the different HAART regimens. However, approximately 4% of the patients had deficient/low concentrations of vitamin A (<0.70 μmol/L), and 98% showed concentrations of beta-carotene <1.0 μmol/L. In conclusion, HIV/AIDS patients in this region will not benefit from vitamin A supplementation, independently of the HAART regimen utilized, but beta-carotene may be of importance, considering its antioxidant effect.
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Itinoseki Kaio DJI, Rondó PHC, Luzia LA, Souza JMP, Firmino AV, Santos SS. Vitamin E concentrations in adults with HIV/AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Nutrients 2014; 6:3641-52. [PMID: 25225815 PMCID: PMC4179180 DOI: 10.3390/nu6093641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS patients are probably more predisposed to vitamin E deficiency, considering that they are more exposed to oxidative stress. Additionally, there are an extensive number of drugs in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens that may interfere with vitamin E concentrations. The objective of this study was to compare serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in 182 HIV/AIDS patients receiving different HAART regimens. The patients were divided into three groups according to regimen: nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) + non-nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs); NRTIs + protease inhibitors + ritonavir; NRTIs + other classes. Alpha-tocopherol was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the effects of HAART regimen, time of use, and compliance with the regimen on alpha-tocopherol concentrations. Alpha-tocopherol concentrations were on average 4.12 μmol/L lower for the NRTIs + other classes regimen when compared to the NRTIs + NNRTIs regimen (p = 0.037). A positive association (p < 0.001) was observed between alpha-tocopherol and cholesterol concentrations, a finding due, in part, to the relationship between liposoluble vitamins and lipid profile. This study demonstrated differences in alpha-tocopherol concentrations between patients using different HAART regimens, especially regimens involving the use of new drugs. Long-term prospective cohort studies are needed to monitor vitamin E status in HIV/AIDS patients since the beginning of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Helen C Rondó
- Department of Nutrition, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, CEP-01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Liania Alves Luzia
- Department of Nutrition, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, CEP-01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - José Maria P Souza
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, CEP-01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Aline Vale Firmino
- Department of Nutrition, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, CEP-01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sigrid Sousa Santos
- Department of Medicine, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, CEP-13565-905 São Carlos, Brazil.
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Manji KP, McDonald CM, Kupka R, Bosch RJ, Kisenge R, Aboud S, Bellinger DC, Fawzi WW, Duggan CP. Effect of multivitamin supplementation on the neurodevelopment of HIV-exposed Tanzanian infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Trop Pediatr 2014; 60:279-86. [PMID: 24567309 PMCID: PMC4176040 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmu011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micronutrient deficiencies and in utero exposure to HIV may impair infant neurodevelopment. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of daily multivitamin supplementation on the cognitive, language and motor development of HIV-exposed Tanzanian infants. METHODS A total of 2387 infants were randomized to receive daily oral supplementation of multivitamins (B-complex, C and E) or placebo from age 6 weeks for 24 months. The cognitive, language and motor scales of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition, were administered to a subset of 206 infants at age 15 months. RESULTS Multivitamin supplementation did not improve measures of cognitive development, expressive or receptive language or gross motor capabilities. There was a trend toward improved fine motor skills among infants randomized to the multivitamin group (difference in mean score = 0.38; 95% CI = -0.01, 0.78, p = 0.06). CONCLUSION Daily provision of multivitamins to HIV-exposed infants does not substantially improve developmental outcomes at age 15 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim P. Manji
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Upanga, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,*Karim P. Manji and Christine M. McDonald are joint first authors
| | - Christine M. McDonald
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA,*Karim P. Manji and Christine M. McDonald are joint first authors
| | - Roland Kupka
- UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office, Immeuble Maimouna III, Yoff, Dakar, Senegal,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rodrick Kisenge
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Upanga, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Upanga, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - David C. Bellinger
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wafaie W. Fawzi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher P. Duggan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Genome-wide association study and pathway-level analysis of tocochromanol levels in maize grain. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:1287-99. [PMID: 23733887 PMCID: PMC3737168 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.006148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tocopherols and tocotrienols, collectively known as tocochromanols, are the major lipid-soluble antioxidants in maize (Zea mays L.) grain. Given that individual tocochromanols differ in their degree of vitamin E activity, variation for tocochromanol composition and content in grain from among diverse maize inbred lines has important nutritional and health implications for enhancing the vitamin E and antioxidant contents of maize-derived foods through plant breeding. Toward this end, we conducted a genome-wide association study of six tocochromanol compounds and 14 of their sums, ratios, and proportions with a 281 maize inbred association panel that was genotyped for 591,822 SNP markers. In addition to providing further insight into the association between ZmVTE4 (γ-tocopherol methyltransferase) haplotypes and α-tocopherol content, we also detected a novel association between ZmVTE1 (tocopherol cyclase) and tocotrienol composition. In a pathway-level analysis, we assessed the genetic contribution of 60 a priori candidate genes encoding the core tocochromanol pathway (VTE genes) and reactions for pathways supplying the isoprenoid tail and aromatic head group of tocochromanols. This analysis identified two additional genes, ZmHGGT1 (homogentisate geranylgeranyltransferase) and one prephenate dehydratase parolog (of four in the genome) that also modestly contribute to tocotrienol variation in the panel. Collectively, our results provide the most favorable ZmVTE4 haplotype and suggest three new gene targets for increasing vitamin E and antioxidant levels through marker-assisted selection.
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Li Q, Yang X, Xu S, Cai Y, Zhang D, Han Y, Li L, Zhang Z, Gao S, Li J, Yan J. Genome-wide association studies identified three independent polymorphisms associated with α-tocopherol content in maize kernels. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36807. [PMID: 22615816 PMCID: PMC3352922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocopherols are a class of four natural compounds that can provide nutrition and function as antioxidant in both plants and animals. Maize kernels have low α-tocopherol content, the compound with the highest vitamin E activity, thus, raising the risk of vitamin E deficiency in human populations relying on maize as their primary vitamin E source. In this study, two insertion/deletions (InDels) within a gene encoding γ-tocopherol methyltransferase, Zea mays VTE4 (ZmVTE4), and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located ~85 kb upstream of ZmVTE4 were identified to be significantly associated with α-tocopherol levels in maize kernels by conducting an association study with a panel of ~500 diverse inbred lines. Linkage analysis in three populations that segregated at either one of these three polymorphisms but not at the other two suggested that the three polymorphisms could affect α-tocopherol content independently. Furthermore, we found that haplotypes of the two InDels could explain ∼33% of α-tocopherol variation in the association panel, suggesting ZmVTE4 is a major gene involved in natural phenotypic variation of α-tocopherol. One of the two InDels is located within the promoter region and associates with ZmVTE4 transcript level. This information can not only help in understanding the underlying mechanism of natural tocopherol variations in maize kernels, but also provide valuable markers for marker-assisted breeding of α-tocopherol content in maize kernels, which will then facilitate the improvement of maize as a better source of daily vitamin E nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shutu Xu
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Cai
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dalong Zhang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjia Han
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuxin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shibin Gao
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JY); (JL)
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (JY); (JL)
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Abstract
In addition to its role as a potent antioxidant, vitamin E is involved in a wide range of physiological processes, ranging from immune function and control of inflammation to regulation of gene expression and cognitive performance. Results from multiple studies suggest that poor nutritional status and higher prevalence of other oxidative stressors such as malaria and HIV infection predispose populations in developing countries for vitamin E deficiency. Although direct comparison between study outcomes is complicated by varied definitions of vitamin E deficiency, data trends indicate that children and the elderly are more vulnerable age groups and that men may be at higher risk for deficiency than women. Public health initiatives aimed at improving the vitamin E status of high-risk populations in developing countries would be prudent to counteract oxidative stress, improve immune function, and protect against neurologic and cognitive deficits. Additional research is needed to establish dose-response relationships of various interventions and to develop cost-effective, culturally-appropriate, and targeted programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphna K Dror
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Ndeezi G, Tumwine JK, Ndugwa CM, Bolann BJ, Tylleskär T. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves vitamin B₁₂ and folate concentrations of HIV infected children in Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 2011; 10:56. [PMID: 21600005 PMCID: PMC3118332 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of multiple micronutrient supplementation on vitamin B12 and folate has hither to not been reported in African HIV infected children. This paper describes vitamin B12 and folate status of Ugandan HIV infected children aged 1-5 years and reports the effect of multiple micronutrient supplementation on serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations. Methods Of 847 children who participated in a multiple micronutrient supplementation trial, 214 were assessed for vitamin B12 and folate concentrations pre and post supplementation. One hundred and four children were randomised to two times the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of a 14 multiple micronutrient supplement (MMS) and 114 to a 'standard of care' supplement of 6 multivitamins (MV). Serum vitamin B12 was measured by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and folate by a competitive protein-binding assay using Modular E (Roche) automatic analyzer. Vitamin B12 concentrations were considered low if less than 221picomoles per litre (pmol/L) and folate if < 13.4 nanomoles per litre (nmol/L). The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to measure the difference between pre and post supplementation concentrations. Results Vitamin B12 was low in 60/214 (28%) and folate in 62/214 (29.0%) children. In the MMS group, the median concentration (IQR) of vitamin B12 at 6 months was 401.5 (264.3 - 518.8) pmol/L compared to the baseline of 285.5 (216.5 - 371.8) pmol/L, p < 0.001. The median (IQR) folate concentrations increased from 17.3 (13.5 - 26.6) nmol/L to 27.7 (21.1 - 33.4) nmol/L, p < 0.001. In the 'standard of care' MV supplemented group, the median concentration (IQR) of vitamin B12 at 6 months was 288.5 (198.8 - 391.0) pmol/L compared to the baseline of 280.0 (211.5 - 386.3) pmol/L while the median (IQR) folate concentrations at 6 months were 16.5 (11.7 - 22.1) nmol/L compared to 15.7 (11.9 - 22.1) nmol/L at baseline. There was a significant difference in the MMS group in both vitamin B12 and folate concentrations but no difference in the MV group. Conclusions Almost a third of the HIV infected Ugandan children aged 1-5 years had low serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate. Multiple micronutrient supplementation compared to the 'standard of care' supplement of 6 multivitamins improved the vitamin B12 and folate status of HIV infected children in Uganda. Trial registration http://ClinicalTrials.govNCT00122941)
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Ndeezi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
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Contri PV, Berchielli EM, Tremeschin MH, Negrini BVDM, Salomão RG, Monteiro JP. Nutritional status and lipid profile of HIV-positive children and adolescents using antiretroviral therapy. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:997-1002. [PMID: 21808865 PMCID: PMC3129963 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe nutritional status, body composition and lipid profile in children and adolescents receiving protease inhibitors. METHODS Fifty-nine patients, 23 treated with protease inhibitors (group 1) and 36 not using protease inhibitors (group 2). Their dietary intake, anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis and lipid profile variables were measured. RESULTS There was no difference in nutritional status or body composition between groups at the beginning of the study. After 6 months of follow-up, there was an increase in weight and height in both groups, as well as in waist circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness. In group 2, body mass index and triceps skinfold thickness adequacy were significantly higher after 6 months of follow-up. The groups had similar energy and macronutrient intake at any time point. After 6 months, group 1 had a higher cholesterol intake and group 2 had a higher fiber intake. Triglyceride serum levels were significantly different between the groups, with higher values in G1, at any time point [G1: 153 mg/dl (30-344); 138 (58-378) versus G2: 76 mg/dl (29-378); 76 (29-378)]. After 6 months of follow-up, G1 had higher LDL-cholesterol than G2 [104 mg/dl (40-142) versus 82 (42-145)]. CONCLUSION The use of protease inhibitors, per se, does not seem to significantly interfere with anthropometric measures, body composition and food intake of HIV-infected children and adolescents. However, this antiretroviral therapy was associated with a significant increase in triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol in our subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Viganó Contri
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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