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Martinescu E. When do gossip receivers assess negative gossip as justifiable? A goal framing approach. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 247:104327. [PMID: 38805879 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Negative gossip is a double-edged sword, which can harm group members but also protect them from harmful others. Current theory proposes that gossip receivers assess gossipers' selfish and prosocial intentions based on different social cues, to determine whether the negative gossip behavior is morally justifiable. However, assessing gossipers' moral intentions does not fully clarify when and how justifiability of negative gossip is assessed by receivers. Using goal framing theory, I propose a parsimonious way of understanding when gossip receivers will be interested in determining whether sharing the negative gossip was justifiable, and how they assess justifiability. In line with predictions, results of two scenario experiments showed that in a hedonic and gain goal frame gossip justifiability was similar to a baseline level, suggesting that receivers had no particular concerns regarding gossip justifiability. However, in a normative frame receivers assessed negative gossip to be less justifiable when social cues indicated that the gossiper was motivated to harm others for self-interest compared to when such cues were absent (Study 1). In Study 2, gossip was more justified when social cues indicated that that the target broke the salient social norm and signaled that the gossiper has low motivation to harm. Moreover, in a normative frame, participants were more interested in further establishing gossip truthfulness compared to participants in a gain, hedonic, or control condition in Study 1, and in a hedonic condition in Study 2. These results show that individuals' goal frame determine their interest in gossip justifiability and how they assess it. This may help solve the paradox of negative gossip by drawing from goal framing theory to understand individuals can be avid gossip consumers, while holding widely disapproving attitudes towards this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Martinescu
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Organization Sciences, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Zhang Z, Deng W, Wang Y, Qi C. Visual analysis of trustworthiness studies: based on the Web of Science database. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1351425. [PMID: 38855302 PMCID: PMC11157118 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1351425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Trustworthiness is the most significant predictor of trust and has a significant impact on people's levels of trust. Most trustworthiness-related research is empirical, and while it has a long history, it is challenging for academics to get insights that are applicable to their fields of study and to successfully transfer fragmented results into practice. In order to grasp their dynamic development processes through the mapping of network knowledge graphs, this paper is based on the Web of Science database and uses CiteSpace (6.2.R4) software to compile and visualize the 1,463 publications on trustworthy studies over the past 10 years. This paper aims to provide valuable references to theoretical research and the practice of Trustworthiness. The findings demonstrate that: over the past 10 years, trustworthiness-related research has generally increased in volume; trustworthiness research is concentrated in industrialized Europe and America, with American research findings having a bigger global impact; The University of California System, Harvard University, and Yale University are among the high-production institutions; the leading figures are represented by Alexander Todorov, Marco Brambilla, Bastian Jaeger, and others; the core authors are distinguished university scholars; however, the level of cooperation of the core author needs to be improved. The primary journal for publishing research on trustworthiness is the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology and Biology Letters. In addition, the study focuses on three distinct domains, involving social perception, facial clues, and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Faculty of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Faculty of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenqing Deng
- Faculty of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Faculty of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chunhui Qi
- Faculty of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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Jordan JJ. A pull versus push framework for reputation. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:852-866. [PMID: 37468335 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Reputation is a powerful driver of human behavior. Reputation systems incentivize 'actors' to take reputation-enhancing actions, and 'evaluators' to reward actors with positive reputations by preferentially cooperating with them. This article proposes a reputation framework that centers the perspective of evaluators by suggesting that reputation systems can create two fundamentally different incentives for evaluators to reward positive reputations. Evaluators may be pulled towards 'good' actors to benefit directly from their reciprocal cooperation, or pushed to cooperate with such actors by normative pressure. I discuss how psychology and behavior might diverge under pull versus push mechanisms, and use this framework to deepen our understanding of the empirical reputation literature and suggest ways that we may better leverage reputation for social good.
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Graso M, Aquino K, Chen FX, Camps J, Strah N, van den Bos K. When Do Observers Deprioritize Due Process for the Perpetrator and Prioritize Safety for the Victim in Response to Information-Poor Allegations of Harm? Psychol Sci 2023; 34:186-200. [PMID: 36442252 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221128203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined how observers assess information-poor allegations of harm (e.g., "my word against yours" cases), in which the outcomes of procedurally fair investigations may favor the alleged perpetrator because the evidentiary standards are unmet. Yet this lack of evidence does not mean no harm occurred, and some observers may be charged with deciding whether the allegation is actionable within a collective. On the basis of theories of moral typecasting, procedural justice, and uncertainty management, we hypothesized that observers would be more likely to prioritize the victim's safety (vs. to prioritize due process for the perpetrator) and view the allegation as actionable when the victim-alleged perpetrator dyad members exhibit features that align with stereotypes of victims and perpetrators. We supported our hypothesis with four studies using various contexts, sources of perceived prototypicality, due-process prioritization, and samples (students from New Zealand, Ns = 137 and 114; Mechanical Turk workers from the United States; Ns = 260 and 336).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Graso
- Department of Management, University of Otago Business School
| | - Karl Aquino
- Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia
| | - Fan Xuan Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Jeroen Camps
- Department of Applied Psychology, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences.,Department of Work and Organisation Studies, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
| | - Nicole Strah
- Department of Management, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
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Gao F, Wang Y, Zhang J. When do supervisors punish subordinates' unethical pro-organizational behavior: Roles of moral identity and goal congruence with the group. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1121317. [PMID: 37020918 PMCID: PMC10067925 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1121317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) violates moral standards but benefits the organization at the same time, supervisors' responses to this behavior could be equivocal although it is supposed to be punished. Previous research, however, has centered on antecedents of UPB, less is known about its consequences, especially how supervisors respond to subordinates' UPB. Integrating social identity theory with social information processing theory, this paper aims to explain when supervisors perceive subordinate UPB in a negative way, and further engage in negative leading behaviors as punishments for UPB. Results of a multi-wave, multiple-source survey suggest that subordinates' UPB is most negatively related to supervisors' trust when supervisors' moral identity is prominent and goal congruence with the group is low. Furthermore, results show that reduced trust ultimately elicits abusive supervisor behavior. These findings extend understanding of when and why supervisors punish rather than indulge subordinates who act in ethically questionable ways and provide important insights into supervisors' leading behavior from a bottom-up perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- School of Business, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Business, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yao Wang,
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- School of Business, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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Sun B, Jin L, Yue G, Ren Z. Is a punisher always trustworthy? In-group punishment reduces trust. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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When does moral engagement risk triggering a hypocrisy penalty? Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 47:101404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chen FX, Graso M, Aquino K, Lin L, Cheng JT, DeCelles K, Vadera AK. The vigilante identity and organizations. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2022.104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Raj M, Wiltermuth SS. Better now than later: The social cost of victims’ delayed accusations. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.104110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Raz K, Fragale AR, Levontin L. Who Do I (Dis)Trust and Monitor for Ethical Misconduct? Status, Power, and the Structural Paradox. JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS : JBE 2021; 182:443-464. [PMID: 34866718 PMCID: PMC8630420 DOI: 10.1007/s10551-021-04991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of research documents the critical role of trust for social exchange and cooperative behavior. The ability to inspire trust in others can often be elusive, and distrust can have adverse interpersonal and ethical consequences. Drawing from the literature on social hierarchy and interpersonal judgments, the current research explores the predictive role of a structural paradox between high power and low status in identifying the actors most likely to be distrusted and monitored for ethical misconduct. Across four studies and an internal meta-analysis, we found that the structural paradox was associated with distrust-related judgments and behaviors. In Study 1, high power-low status actors were judged as less trustworthy. In Studies 2 and 3, high power-low status actors were sent less money in a trust game, an effect fully mediated by feelings of dislike. Study 4 revealed that high power-low status actors were more likely to be monitored for cheating, an effect partially mediated by trust judgments. These findings contribute to business ethics research by identifying the structural paradox of high power-low status as a salient contextual influence impacting observers' distrust and monitoring dynamics. Implications for reducing observers' level of distrust of high power-low status actors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Raz
- Guilford Glazer Faculty of Business and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alison R. Fragale
- Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, McColl 4734, CB 3490, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Liat Levontin
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Chapkovski P, Corazzini L, Maggian V. Does Whistleblowing on Tax Evaders Reduce Ingroup Cooperation? Front Psychol 2021; 12:732248. [PMID: 34690888 PMCID: PMC8526860 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.732248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whistleblowing is a powerful and rather inexpensive instrument to deter tax evasion. Despite the deterrent effects on tax evasion, whistleblowing can reduce trust and undermine agents’ attitude to cooperate with group members. Yet, no study has investigated the potential spillover effects of whistleblowing on ingroup cooperation. This paper reports results of a laboratory experiment in which subjects participate in two consecutive phases in unchanging groups: a tax evasion game, followed by a generalized gift exchange game. Two dimensions are manipulated in our experiment: the inclusion of a whistleblowing stage in which, after observing others’ declared incomes, subjects can signal other group members to the tax authority, and the provision of information about the content of the second phase before the tax evasion game is played. Our results show that whistleblowing is effective in both curbing tax evasion and improving the precision of tax auditing. Moreover, we detect no statistically significant spillover effects of whistleblowing on ingroup cooperation in the subsequent generalized gift exchange game, with this result being unaffected by the provision of information about the experimental task in the second phase. Finally, the provision of information does not significantly alter subjects’ (tax and whistleblowing) choices in the tax evasion game: thus, knowledge about perspective ingroup cooperation did not alter attitude toward whistleblowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Chapkovski
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Luca Corazzini
- Department of Economics and VERA, University of Venice "Ca' Foscari", Venice, Italy
| | - Valeria Maggian
- Department of Economics and VERA, University of Venice "Ca' Foscari", Venice, Italy
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Chui C, Grieder M. The Effects of Investigative Sanctioning Systems on Wrongdoing, Reporting, and Helping: A Multiparty Perspective. ORGANIZATION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2019.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, organizations have established sanctioning systems as an important component of their ethical infrastructures to detect and punish wrongdoing. However, empirical knowledge about the overall effectiveness of such systems remains limited. Existing studies have mostly adopted a single-party perspective even though many wrongdoing situations involve dynamic multiparty interactions between actors, recipients, and observers of wrongdoing. Moreover, most existing research has emphasized an economic perspective—that sanctioning systems only affect behavior because of economic considerations while crowding out ethical ones. In this research, we develop a moral and normative perspective of sanctioning systems. Using a novel experimental game design, our study focuses on the investigative dimension of sanctioning systems to examine their psychological and behavioral effects in actor–recipient–observer wrongdoing interactions. Findings reveal that investigative sanctioning systems influence wrongdoing, reporting, and helping behaviors as well as alter ethical and normative considerations, such that as systems become stronger, wrongdoing behaviors are judged as more unethical and perceived as less typical than when weaker systems are in place. These moral judgments and norm perceptions mediate the effect of investigative sanctioning system strength on wrongdoing behavior. Our research extends previous empirical and theoretical work on sanctioning systems by applying a more holistic perspective and by demonstrating that highly effective systems can serve as important behavioral guides because they activate and alter moral and normative considerations about wrongdoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Chui
- Questrom School of Business, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- University of Lausanne, Faculty of Business and Economics, Department of Organizational Behavior, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Grieder
- ETH Zurich, Department of Humanities, Social, and Political Science, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), School of Management and Law, 8400 Winterthur, Switzerland
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