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Hart SM, Keirns BH, Sciarrillo CM, Malin SK, Kurti SP, Emerson SR. Cardiorespiratory fitness and submaximal exercise dynamics in normal-weight obesity and metabolically healthy obesity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1131-1142. [PMID: 37917417 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is critical for cardiovascular health. Normal-weight obesity (NWO) and metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) may be at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, but a comparison of CRF and submaximal exercise dynamics against rigorously defined low- and high-risk groups is lacking. METHODS Four groups (N = 40; 10/group) based on body mass index (BMI), body fat %, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors were recruited: healthy controls (CON; BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, body fat < 25% [M] or < 35% [F], 0-1 risk factors), NWO (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, body fat ≥ 25% [M] or ≥ 35% [F]), MHO (BMI > 30 kg/m2, body fat ≥ 25% [M] or ≥ 35% [F], 0-1 risk factors), or metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO; BMI > 30 kg/m2, body fat ≥ 25% [M] or ≥ 35% [F], 2 + risk factors). All participants completed a V ˙ O2peak test on a cycle ergometer. RESULTS V ˙ O2peak was similarly low in NWO (27.0 ± 4.8 mL/kg/min), MHO (25.4 ± 6.7 mL/kg/min) and MUO (24.6 ± 10.0 mL/kg/min) relative to CON (44.2 ± 11.0 mL/kg/min) when normalized to total body mass (p's < 0.01), and adjusting for fat mass or lean mass did not alter these results. This same differential V ˙ O2 pattern was apparent beginning at 25% of the exercise test (PGroup*Time < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS NWO and MHO had similar peak and submaximal CRF to MUO, despite some favorable health traits. Our work adds clarity to the notion that excess adiposity hinders CRF across BMI categories. CLINICALTRIALS gov registration: NCT05008952.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Hart
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74075, USA
| | - Bryant H Keirns
- Department of Nutrition and Heath Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA
| | - Christina M Sciarrillo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74075, USA
| | - Steven K Malin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Stephanie P Kurti
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Sam R Emerson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74075, USA.
- Oklahoma State University, 211 Nancy Randolph Davis, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Liu H, Bao M, Liu M, Deng F, Wen X, Wan P, Lin X, Dong G, Li Z, Han J. The Association between Serum Copper and Bone Mineral Density among Adolescents Aged 12 to 19 in the United States. Nutrients 2024; 16:453. [PMID: 38337737 PMCID: PMC10857197 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) is a key parameter widely used in the assessment of bone health. Although many investigations have explored the relationship between trace elements and BMD, there are fewer studies focused on serum copper and BMD, especially for adolescents. Using data extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we applied a multiple-linear regression and smooth curve fitting to assess the relationship between serum copper and BMD. A total of 910 participants were finally included in this study. After adjusting for relevant covariates, serum copper was negatively associated with lumbar spine BMD (β = -0.057, 95% CI: -0.109 to -0.005), trunk bone BMD (β = -0.068, 95% CI: -0.110 to -0.026), pelvis BMD (β = -0.085, 95% CI: -0.145 to -0.024), subtotal BMD (β = -0.072, 95% CI: -0.111 to -0.033), and total BMD (β = -0.051, 95% CI: -0.087 to -0.016) (p < 0.05). In quartile analysis, the highest level of serum copper was associated with decreased BMD when compared with those at the lowest quartile (p < 0.05). The stratified analysis revealed a significant interaction between age and the effects of serum copper on trunk bone BMD (p = 0.022) and pelvis BMD (p = 0.018). Meanwhile, the higher level of serum copper was negatively associated with BMD in males, and gender modified the relationship (p < 0.001). Future longitudinal studies will be necessary for a more definitive interpretation of our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobiao Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Miaoye Bao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Mian Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China;
| | - Feidan Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinyue Wen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Ping Wan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Institute of Industrial Hygiene of Ordance Industry, Xi’an 710065, China;
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
- Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 712000, China
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
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