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Hu Y, Zang W, Feng Y, Mao Q, Chen J, Zhu Y, Xue W. mir-605-3p prevents liver premetastatic niche formation by inhibiting angiogenesis via decreasing exosomal nos3 release in gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:184. [PMID: 38802855 PMCID: PMC11131241 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-induced pre-metastatic niches (PMNs) play a decisive role in promoting metastasis by facilitating angiogenesis in distant sites. Evidence accumulates suggesting that microRNAs (miRNAs) exert significant influence on angiogenesis during PMN formation, yet their specific roles and regulatory mechanisms in gastric cancer (GC) remain underexplored. METHODS miR-605-3p was identified through miRNA-seq and validated by qRT-PCR. Its correlation with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis was analyzed in GC. Functional assays were performed to examine angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. The related molecular mechanisms were elucidated using RNA-seq, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, luciferase reporter assays and bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS miR-605-3p was screened as a candidate miRNA that may regulate angiogenesis in GC. Low expression of miR-605-3p is associated with shorter overall survival and disease-free survival in GC. miR-605-3p-mediated GC-secreted exosomes regulate angiogenesis by regulating exosomal nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) derived from GC cells. Mechanistically, miR-605-3p reduced the secretion of exosomes by inhibiting vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3) expression and affects the transport of multivesicular bodies to the GC cell membrane. At the same time, miR-605-3p reduces NOS3 levels in exosomes by inhibiting the expression of intracellular NOS3. Upon uptake of GC cell-derived exosomal NOS3, human umbilical vein endothelial cells exhibited increased nitric oxide levels, which induced angiogenesis, established liver PMN and ultimately promoted the occurrence of liver metastasis. Furthermore, a high level of plasma exosomal NOS3 was clinically associated with metastasis in GC patients. CONCLUSIONS miR-605-3p may play a pivotal role in regulating VAMP3-mediated secretion of exosomal NOS3, thereby affecting the formation of GC PMN and thus inhibiting GC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Street, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Weijie Zang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Street, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Street, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Qinsheng Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Street, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yizhun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Wanjiang Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Street, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Nantong, 226001, China.
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2
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Xu Z, Wu Y, Mao J, Chen Y, Chen H, Zhang S, Yu J, Deng X, Shen L. 4D label-free proteomics analysis of oxygen-induced retinopathy with or without anti-VEGF treatment. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:415. [PMID: 38671350 PMCID: PMC11046906 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) animal model is widely used for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) researches. The purpose of this study was to identify proteins and related pathways of OIR with or without anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment, for use as biomarkers in diagnosing and treating ROP. Nine samples were subjected to proteomic analysis. Retina specimens were collected from 3 OIR mice, 3 OIR mice with anti-VEGF treatment and 3 normal mice (control group). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed using the 4D label-free technique. Statistically significant differentially expressed proteins, gene ontology (GO) terms, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway representations, InterPro (IPR) and protein interactions were analyzed. In total, 4585 unique proteins were identified as differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Enrichment analysis of the GO and KEGG indicated functional clusters related to peptide biosynthetic and metabolic process, cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process and nucleic acid binding in OIR group. For anti-VEGF treatment group, DEPs were clustered in DNA replication, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and Jak/STAT signaling pathway. Proteomic profiling is useful for the exploration of molecular mechanisms of OIR and mechanisms of anti-VEGF treatment. These findings may be useful for identification of novel biomarkers for ROP pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yubo Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Shian Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China.
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Hong Y, Wang Y, Cui Y, Pan J, Mao S, Zhu Y, Wen T, Qi T, Wang A, Luo Y. MicroRNA-124-3p Attenuated Retinal Neovascularization in Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Mice by Inhibiting the Dysfunction of Retinal Neuroglial Cells through STAT3 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11767. [PMID: 37511525 PMCID: PMC10380620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a non-coding RNA that can regulate the expression of many target genes, and it is widely involved in various important physiological activities. MiR-124-3p was found to associate with the normal development of retinal vessels in our previous study, but the mechanism of its anti-angiogenic effect on pathological retinal neovascularization still needed to be explored. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of miR-124-3p on retinal neovascularization in mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Here, we found that intravitreal injection of miR-124-3p agomir attenuated pathological retinal neovascularization in OIR mice. Moreover, miR-124-3p preserved the astrocytic template, inhibited reactive gliosis, and reduced the inflammatory response as well as necroptosis. Furthermore, miR-124-3p inhibited the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway and decreased the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor. Taken together, our results revealed that miR-124-3p inhibited retinal neovascularization and neuroglial dysfunction by targeting STAT3 in OIR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yishen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yamei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jianying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shudi Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yanjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Tao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Tianyuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Aoxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Rad LM, Sadoughi MM, Nicknam A, Colagar AH, Hussen BM, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. The impact of non-coding RNAs in the pathobiology of eye disorders. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124245. [PMID: 37001772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Eye disorders are common disorders with significant effects on personal, economic, and social aspects of life. These disorders have a genetic background and are associated with dysregulation of non-coding RNAs. Three classes of these transcripts, namely long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have established roles in the regulation of gene expression and pathoetiology of ocular disorders. H19, MEG3, BANCR, UCA1, HOTAIR, ANRIL, XIST and MIAT are among important lncRNAs in ocular disorders. CircRNAs from ZBTB44, HIPK3, circ-PSEN1, COL1A2, ZNF532 and FAM158A loci have also been found to affect pathoetiology of ocular disorders. Both lncRNAs and circRNAs can serve as molecular sponges for miRNAs. In this review, we searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases to find the research articles summarizing the impact of non-coding RNAs in ocular disorders. The results of these studies would help in identification of suitable targets for treatment of ocular disorders.
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Systemic Cytokines in Retinopathy of Prematurity. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020291. [PMID: 36836525 PMCID: PMC9966226 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a vasoproliferative vitreoretinal disorder, is the leading cause of childhood blindness worldwide. Although angiogenic pathways have been the main focus, cytokine-mediated inflammation is also involved in ROP etiology. Herein, we illustrate the characteristics and actions of all cytokines involved in ROP pathogenesis. The two-phase (vaso-obliteration followed by vasoproliferation) theory outlines the evaluation of cytokines in a time-dependent manner. Levels of cytokines may even differ between the blood and the vitreous. Data from animal models of oxygen-induced retinopathy are also valuable. Although conventional cryotherapy and laser photocoagulation are well established and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents are available, less destructive novel therapeutics that can precisely target the signaling pathways are required. Linking the cytokines involved in ROP to other maternal and neonatal diseases and conditions provides insights into the management of ROP. Suppressing disordered retinal angiogenesis via the modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor, supplementation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1/IGF-binding protein 3 complex, erythropoietin, and its derivatives, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and inhibition of secretogranin III have attracted the attention of researchers. Recently, gut microbiota modulation, non-coding RNAs, and gene therapies have shown promise in regulating ROP. These emerging therapeutics can be used to treat preterm infants with ROP.
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6
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Navarro-Calvo J, Esquiva G, Gómez-Vicente V, Valor LM. MicroRNAs in the Mouse Developing Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032992. [PMID: 36769311 PMCID: PMC9918188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina is among the highest organized tissues of the central nervous system. To achieve such organization, a finely tuned regulation of developmental processes is required to form the retinal layers that contain the specialized neurons and supporting glial cells to allow precise phototransduction. MicroRNAs are a class of small RNAs with undoubtful roles in fundamental biological processes, including neurodevelopment of the brain and the retina. This review provides a short overview of the most important findings regarding microRNAs in the regulation of retinal development, from the developmental-dependent rearrangement of the microRNA expression program to the key roles of particular microRNAs in the differentiation and maintenance of retinal cell subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Navarro-Calvo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Gema Esquiva
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Violeta Gómez-Vicente
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Luis M. Valor
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965-913-988
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7
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Vishwakarma S, Kaur I. Molecular Mediators and Regulators of Retinal Angiogenesis. Semin Ophthalmol 2023; 38:124-133. [PMID: 36536520 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2022.2152706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal neovascularization is the major cause of vision loss that affects both adults and young children including premature babies. It has been a major pathology in several retinal diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Current treatment modalities such as anti-VEGF therapy, laser are not suitable for every patient and response to these therapies is highly variable. Thus, there is a need to investigate newer therapeutic targets for DR, ROP and AMD, based on a clear understanding of disease pathology and regulatory mechanisms involved. METHOD Appropriate articles published till February 2021 were extracted from PUBMED using keywords like ocular angiogenesis, DR, ROP, AMD, miRNA, mRNA, and cirMiRNA and containvaluable information regarding the involvement of miRNA in causing neovascularization. After compiling the list of miRNA regulating mRNA expression in angiogenesis and neovascularaization, their interactions were studied using online available tool MIENTURNET (http://userver.bio.uniroma1.it/apps/mienturnet/). The pathways involved in these processes were also predicted using the same tool. RESULTS Most of the studies have explored potential targets like HIF1-α, PDGF, TGFβ, FGF, etc., for their involvement in pathological angiogenesis in different retinal diseases. The regulatory role of microRNA (miRNA) has also been explored in various retinal ocular pathologies. This review highlights regulatory mechanism of cellular and circulatory miRNAs and their interactions with the genes involved in retinal neovascularization. The role of long noncoding RNA (ncRNA) in the regulation of genes involved in different pathways is also noteworthy and discussed in this review. CONCLUSION This review highlights the potential regulatory mechanism/pathways involved in retinal neovascularization and its implications in retinal diseases and for identifying new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Vishwakarma
- Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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8
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Liu CH, Yemanyi F, Bora K, Kushwah N, Blomfield AK, Kamenecka TM, SanGiovanni JP, Sun Y, Solt LA, Chen J. Genetic deficiency and pharmacological modulation of RORα regulate laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:37-52. [PMID: 36626253 PMCID: PMC9876633 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) causes acute vision loss in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Genetic variations of the nuclear receptor RAR-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) have been linked with neovascular AMD, yet its specific role in pathological CNV development is not entirely clear. In this study, we showed that Rora was highly expressed in the mouse choroid compared with the retina, and genetic loss of RORα in Staggerer mice (Rorasg/sg) led to increased expression levels of Vegfr2 and Tnfa in the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) complex. In a mouse model of laser-induced CNV, RORα expression was highly increased in the choroidal/RPE complex post-laser, and loss of RORα in Rorasg/sg eyes significantly worsened CNV with increased lesion size and vascular leakage, associated with increased levels of VEGFR2 and TNFα proteins. Pharmacological inhibition of RORα also worsened CNV. In addition, both genetic deficiency and inhibition of RORα substantially increased vascular growth in isolated mouse choroidal explants ex vivo. RORα inhibition also promoted angiogenic function of human choroidal endothelial cell culture. Together, our results suggest that RORα negatively regulates pathological CNV development in part by modulating angiogenic response of the choroidal endothelium and inflammatory environment in the choroid/RPE complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Felix Yemanyi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kiran Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Neetu Kushwah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra K. Blomfield
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - John Paul SanGiovanni
- BIO5 Institute and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wang Z, Yemanyi F, Blomfield AK, Bora K, Huang S, Liu CH, Britton WR, Cho SS, Tomita Y, Fu Z, Ma JX, Li WH, Chen J. Amino acid transporter SLC38A5 regulates developmental and pathological retinal angiogenesis. eLife 2022; 11:e73105. [PMID: 36454214 PMCID: PMC9714971 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid (AA) metabolism in vascular endothelium is important for sprouting angiogenesis. SLC38A5 (solute carrier family 38 member 5), an AA transporter, shuttles neutral AAs across cell membrane, including glutamine, which may serve as metabolic fuel for proliferating endothelial cells (ECs) to promote angiogenesis. Here, we found that Slc38a5 is highly enriched in normal retinal vascular endothelium, and more specifically, in pathological sprouting neovessels. Slc38a5 is suppressed in retinal blood vessels from Lrp5-/- and Ndpy/- mice, both genetic models of defective retinal vascular development with Wnt signaling mutations. Additionally, Slc38a5 transcription is regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Genetic deficiency of Slc38a5 in mice substantially delays retinal vascular development and suppresses pathological neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy modeling ischemic proliferative retinopathies. Inhibition of SLC38A5 in human retinal vascular ECs impairs EC proliferation and angiogenic function, suppresses glutamine uptake, and dampens vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. Together these findings suggest that SLC38A5 is a new metabolic regulator of retinal angiogenesis by controlling AA nutrient uptake and homeostasis in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Felix Yemanyi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Alexandra K Blomfield
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Kiran Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - William R Britton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Steve S Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Jian-xing Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - Wen-hong Li
- Departments of Cell Biology and of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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Chen X, Wang Y, Wang JN, Cao QC, Sun RX, Zhu HJ, Zhang YR, Ji JD, Liu QH. m6A modification of circSPECC1 suppresses RPE oxidative damage and maintains retinal homeostasis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Kim H, Kim J, Ryu J. Noncoding RNAs as a novel approach to target retinopathy of prematurity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1033341. [PMID: 36386230 PMCID: PMC9641647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1033341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a vascular disease characterized by abnormal vessel development in the retina, has become a primary cause of blindness in children around the world. ROP can be developed during two different phases: vessel loss and vessel proliferation. Once preterm infants with immature retinal vessel growth are exposed to high level of oxygen inside the incubator, vessel loss can occur. When infants are exposed to room air, they may experience the proliferation of vessels in the retina. Although multiple factors are reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of ROP, including vaso-endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and hypoxia-inducible factors, the pathogenesis of ROP is not completely understood. Although laser therapy and pharmacologic agents, such as anti-VEGF agents, have been commonly used to treat ROP, the incidence of ROP is rapidly rising. Given that current therapies can be invasive and long-term effects are not fully known, the search for novel therapeutic targets with less destructive properties needs to be considered. Within the last decade, the field of noncoding RNA therapy has shown potential as next-generation therapy to treat diverse diseases. In this review, we introduce various noncoding RNAs regulating ROP and discuss their role as potential therapeutic targets in ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjong Kim
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jaesub Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Juhee Ryu
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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12
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Stobdan T, Jain PP, Xiong M, Bafna V, Yuan JXJ, Haddad GG. Heterozygous Tropomodulin 3 mice have improved lung vascularization after chronic hypoxia. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1130-1140. [PMID: 34718575 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms leading to high altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH) remains poorly understood. We previously analyzed the whole genome sequence of Kyrgyz highland population and identified eight genomic intervals having a potential role in HAPH. Tropomodulin 3 gene (TMOD3) which encodes a protein that binds and caps the pointed ends of actin filaments and inhibits cell migration, was one of the top candidates. Here we systematically sought additional evidence to validate the functional role of TMOD3. In-silico analysis reveals that some of the SNPs in HAPH associated genomic intervals were positioned in a regulatory region that could result in alternative splicing of TMOD3. In order to functionally validate the role of TMOD3 in HAPH, we exposed Tmod3-/+ mice to 4 weeks of constant hypoxia, i.e. 10% O2 and analyzed both functional (hemodynamic measurements) and structural (angiography) parameters related to HAPH. The hemodynamic measurements, such as right ventricular systolic pressure, a surrogate measure for pulmonary arterial systolic pressure, and right ventricular contractility (RV- ± dP/dt), increases with hypoxia did not separate between Tmod3-/+ and control mice. Remarkably, there was a significant increase in the number of lung vascular branches and total length of pulmonary vascular branches (p < 0.001) in Tmod3-/+ after 4 weeks of constant hypoxia as compared to controls. Notably, the Tmod3-/+ endothelial cells migration was also significantly higher than that from the wild-type littermates. Our results indicate that, under chronic hypoxia, lower levels of Tmod3 play an important role in the maintenance or neo-vascularization of pulmonary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsering Stobdan
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pritesh P Jain
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mingmei Xiong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vineet Bafna
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
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13
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Xu K, Li S, Yang Q, Zhou Z, Fu M, Yang X, Hao K, Liu Y, Ji H. MicroRNA-145-5p targeting of TRIM2 mediates the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in glaucoma. J Gene Med 2021; 23:e3378. [PMID: 34291866 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is accumulating evidence to suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with the progressive optic neuropathy including glaucoma. Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a hallmark of glaucoma. The present study focused on the effects of miR-145-5p on RGC apoptosis in glaucoma. METHODS We established a glaucoma rat model by intraocular injection of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA). RGCs were isolated from newborn rats and treated with NMDA. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to detect morphological changes in the retinas of rats. The expression of miR-145-5p and tripartite motif-containing 2 (TRIM2) in RGCs was measured by RT-qPCR. The viability of RGCs was measured by MTT assay. Flow cytometry analysis and TUNEL assays were conducted to assess the apoptosis of RGCs. The interaction between miR-145-5p and TRIM2 was investigated using a luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Rats injected with NMDA showed a thinner ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) as well as increased expression of miR-145-5p. Silencing of miR-145-5p significantly increased the GCL and IPL in the glaucoma rat model. Moreover, miR-145-5p expression was upregulated in RGCs ex vivo in response to NMDA. Silencing of miR-145-5p promoted cell viability and suppressed apoptosis in NMDA-treated RGCs. Mechanistically, miR-145-5p targeted the TRIM2 3' untranslated region to suppress its expression. TRIM2 was upregulated in NMDA-treated RGCs and protected RGCs against NMDA-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, miR-145-5p suppressed the PI3K/AKT pathway by downregulating TRIM2 in NMDA-treated RGCs. CONCLUSIONS Suppression of miR-145-5p inhibited the apoptosis of RGCs via TRIM2-mediated activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in NMDA-induced glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sizhen Li
- Department of Nanjing Tongren Eye Center, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingsong Yang
- Department of Nanjing Tongren Eye Center, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zixiu Zhou
- Department of Nanjing Tongren Eye Center, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Nanjing Tongren Eye Center, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Nanjing Tongren Eye Center, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kuanxiao Hao
- Department of Nanjing Tongren Eye Center, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yating Liu
- Department of Nanjing Tongren Eye Center, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heqing Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Zhang X, Ping P, Hutvagner G, Blumenstein M, Li J. Aberration-corrected ultrafine analysis of miRNA reads at single-base resolution: a k-mer lattice approach. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:e106. [PMID: 34291293 PMCID: PMC8631080 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw sequencing reads of miRNAs contain machine-made substitution errors, or even insertions and deletions (indels). Although the error rate can be low at 0.1%, precise rectification of these errors is critically important because isoform variation analysis at single-base resolution such as novel isomiR discovery, editing events understanding, differential expression analysis, or tissue-specific isoform identification is very sensitive to base positions and copy counts of the reads. Existing error correction methods do not work for miRNA sequencing data attributed to miRNAs’ length and per-read-coverage properties distinct from DNA or mRNA sequencing reads. We present a novel lattice structure combining kmers, (k – 1)mers and (k + 1)mers to address this problem. The method is particularly effective for the correction of indel errors. Extensive tests on datasets having known ground truth of errors demonstrate that the method is able to remove almost all of the errors, without introducing any new error, to improve the data quality from every-50-reads containing one error to every-1300-reads containing one error. Studies on experimental miRNA sequencing datasets show that the errors are often rectified at the 5′ ends and the seed regions of the reads, and that there are remarkable changes after the correction in miRNA isoform abundance, volume of singleton reads, overall entropy, isomiR families, tissue-specific miRNAs, and rare-miRNA quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Data Science Institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Pengyao Ping
- Data Science Institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Gyorgy Hutvagner
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Michael Blumenstein
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jinyan Li
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +61 295149264; Fax: +61 295149264;
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15
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Song J, Kim YK. Targeting non-coding RNAs for the treatment of retinal diseases. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 24:284-293. [PMID: 33815941 PMCID: PMC7985465 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining visual function is key to establishing improved longevity. However, the numbers of patients with diseases of the retina, the most important tissue for vision and the key to age-related blindness, are not declining due to the increase in the number of aging subjects worldwide and the technological advances in the delivery of premature infants. The primary treatment option for retinal diseases is still surgical intervention and includes laser or photocoagulation, which are associated with various complications and side effects. Many aspects of the pathogenesis of these retinal diseases are still unknown, thereby impeding drug discovery. This has led to an increase in the number of studies focused on the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of retinal diseases. Growing evidence suggests that non-coding RNAs play critical roles in the pathogenesis of retinal diseases. Herein, we have summarized the known functional roles of non-coding RNAs, emphasizing their contribution to the underlying pathogenesis of retinal diseases. In addition, we discuss the modulation of non-coding RNAs as potential therapeutics and the methods to control the non-coding RNAs for the treatment. We expect that targeting non-coding RNAs could be crucial for developing novel therapeutics for progressive diseases including diseases of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author: Young-Kook Kim, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Stejskalová A, Fincke V, Nowak M, Schmidt Y, Borrmann K, von Wahlde MK, Schäfer SD, Kiesel L, Greve B, Götte M. Collagen I triggers directional migration, invasion and matrix remodeling of stroma cells in a 3D spheroid model of endometriosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4115. [PMID: 33603041 PMCID: PMC7892880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a painful gynecological condition characterized by ectopic growth of endometrial cells. Little is known about its pathogenesis, which is partially due to a lack of suitable experimental models. Here, we use endometrial stromal (St-T1b), primary endometriotic stromal, epithelial endometriotic (12Z) and co-culture (1:1 St-T1b:12Z) spheroids to mimic the architecture of endometrium, and either collagen I or Matrigel to model ectopic locations. Stromal spheroids, but not single cells, assumed coordinated directional migration followed by matrix remodeling of collagen I on day 5 or 7, resembling ectopic lesions. While generally a higher area fold increase of spheroids occurred on collagen I compared to Matrigel, directional migration was not observed in co-culture or in 12Z cells. The fold increase in area on collagen I was significantly reduced by MMP inhibition in stromal but not 12Z cells. Inhibiting ROCK signalling responsible for actomyosin contraction increased the fold increase of area and metabolic activity compared to untreated controls on Matrigel. The number of protrusions emanating from 12Z spheroids on Matrigel was decreased by microRNA miR-200b and increased by miR-145. This study demonstrates that spheroid assay is a promising pre-clinical tool that can be used to evaluate small molecule drugs and microRNA-based therapeutics for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stejskalová
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Victoria Fincke
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Melissa Nowak
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany ,grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Present Address: Institut für Molekulare Medizin III, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yvonne Schmidt
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Borrmann
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, Münster University Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marie-Kristin von Wahlde
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian D. Schäfer
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kiesel
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Burkhard Greve
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, Münster University Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany
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17
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Wang G, Lin F, Wan Q, Wu J, Luo M. Mechanisms of action of metformin and its regulatory effect on microRNAs related to angiogenesis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105390. [PMID: 33352227 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is rapidly initiated in response to pathological conditions and is a key target for pharmaceutical intervention in various malignancies. Anti-angiogenic therapy has emerged as a potential and effective therapeutic strategy for treating cancer and cardiovascular-related diseases. Metformin, a first-line oral antidiabetic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), not only reduces blood glucose levels and improves insulin sensitivity and exerts cardioprotective effects but also shows benefits against cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and other diverse diseases and regulates angiogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous noncoding RNA molecules with a length of approximately 19-25 bases that are widely involved in controlling various human biological processes. A large number of miRNAs are involved in the regulation of cardiovascular cell function and angiogenesis, of which miR-21 not only regulates vascular cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis but also plays an important role in angiogenesis. The relationship between metformin and abnormal miRNA expression has gradually been revealed in the context of numerous diseases and has received increasing attention. This paper reviews the drug-target interactions and drug repositioning events of metformin that influences vascular cells and has benefits on angiogenesis-mediated effects. Furthermore, we use miR-21 as an example to explain the specific molecular mechanism underlying metformin-mediated regulation of the miRNA signaling pathway controlling angiogenesis and vascular protective effects. These findings may provide a new therapeutic target and theoretical basis for the clinical prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Department of Pharmacology, the School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Fang Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Department of Pharmacology, the School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qin Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, Nephropathy Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Department of Pharmacology, the School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
| | - Mao Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Department of Pharmacology, the School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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18
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Nazari-Shafti TZ, Neuber S, Garcia Duran A, Xu Z, Beltsios E, Seifert M, Falk V, Stamm C. Human mesenchymal stromal cells and derived extracellular vesicles: Translational strategies to increase their proangiogenic potential for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1558-1569. [PMID: 32761804 PMCID: PMC7695640 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) offer great potential for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as myocardial infarction and heart failure. Studies have revealed that the efficacy of MSCs is mainly attributed to their capacity to secrete numerous trophic factors that promote angiogenesis, inhibit apoptosis, and modulate the immune response. There is growing evidence that MSC‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing a cargo of lipids, proteins, metabolites, and RNAs play a key role in this paracrine mechanism. In particular, encapsulated microRNAs have been identified as important positive regulators of angiogenesis in pathological settings of insufficient blood supply to the heart, thus opening a new path for the treatment of CVD. In the present review, we discuss the current knowledge related to the proangiogenic potential of MSCs and MSC‐derived EVs as well as methods to enhance their biological activities for improved cardiac tissue repair. Increasing our understanding of mechanisms supporting angiogenesis will help optimize future approaches to CVD intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Z Nazari-Shafti
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Neuber
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Garcia Duran
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhiyi Xu
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eleftherios Beltsios
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Seifert
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christof Stamm
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Fu Z, Sun Y, Cakir B, Tomita Y, Huang S, Wang Z, Liu CH, S. Cho S, Britton W, S. Kern T, Antonetti DA, Hellström A, E.H. Smith L. Targeting Neurovascular Interaction in Retinal Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1503. [PMID: 32098361 PMCID: PMC7073081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tightly structured neural retina has a unique vascular network comprised of three interconnected plexuses in the inner retina (and choroid for outer retina), which provide oxygen and nutrients to neurons to maintain normal function. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that neuronal metabolic needs control both normal retinal vascular development and pathological aberrant vascular growth. Particularly, photoreceptors, with the highest density of mitochondria in the body, regulate retinal vascular development by modulating angiogenic and inflammatory factors. Photoreceptor metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation may cause adaptive but ultimately pathological retinal vascular responses, leading to blindness. Here we focus on the factors involved in neurovascular interactions, which are potential therapeutic targets to decrease energy demand and/or to increase energy production for neovascular retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Bertan Cakir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Steve S. Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - William Britton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - David A. Antonetti
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Lois E.H. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
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20
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Yu L, Wu S, Che S, Wu Y, Han N. Inhibitory role of miR-203 in the angiogenesis of mice with pathological retinal neovascularization disease through downregulation of SNAI2. Cell Signal 2020; 71:109570. [PMID: 32084532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathological retinal neovascularization is a disease characterized by abnormal angiogenesis in retina that is a major cause of blindness in humans. Previous reports have highlighted the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in retinal angiogenesis. Therefore, we aimed at exploring the mechanism underlying miR-203 regulating the progression of pathological retinal neovascularization. METHODS Initially, the mouse model of pathological retinal neovascularization disease was established and the hypoxia-induced human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) were generated. Then, miR-203 and SNAI2 expression in HRMECs and retinal tissues was examined. Subsequently, the effects of miR-203 and SNAI2 on viability, migration, apoptosis and angiogenesis of HRMECs were investigated, with the expression of Bax, Ki-67, MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF and CD34 measured. Finally, the regulation of miR-203 or SNAI2 on GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway was determined through examining the levels of phosphorylated p-GSK-3β and β-catenin. RESULTS Poorly expressed miR-203 and highly expressed SNAI2 were found in HRMECs and retinal tissues of pathological retinal neovascularization. Importantly, overexpressed miR-203 or silencing SNAI2 inhibited viability, migration and angiogenesis but promoted apoptosis of HRMECs, evidenced by elevated Bax expression but reduced expression of Ki-67, MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF and CD34. Moreover, overexpression of miR-203 was found to repress the GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway by downregulating SNAI2. CONCLUSION Collectively, this study demonstrated that overexpression of miR-203 suppressed the angiogenesis in mice with pathological retinal neovascularization disease via the inactivation of GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway by inhibiting SNAI2, which provided a novel therapeutic insight for pathological retinal neovascularization disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Songtian Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Yazhen Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Ning Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China.
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21
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Desjarlais M, Wirth M, Rivera JC, Lahaie I, Dabouz R, Omri S, Ruknudin P, Borras C, Chemtob S. MicroRNA-96 Promotes Vascular Repair in Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy-A Novel Uncovered Vasoprotective Function. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:13. [PMID: 32116694 PMCID: PMC7008172 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Vascular degeneration is a hallmark in the pathogenesis of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs), key regulators of genes expressions, has been implicated in the regulation of ocular angiogenesis. However, miRNAs specific functions in impaired vascular development during OIR are poorly understood. Herein, we identified miR-96 as one of the most highly expressed miRNAs in the retina and choroid during vascular development and investigated the potential role of miR-96 on microvascular degeneration in a rat OIR model. Methods and Results Next generation sequencing (NGS) and qRT-PCR analysis showed that miR-96 maintain high levels of expression during ocular vascular development. Nevertheless, miR-96 was significantly downregulated in the retina and choroid of OIR rats (80% O2 from P5 to P10) during the phase of microvascular degeneration. Similarly, human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMEC) subjected to hyperoxia (80% O2) showed a significant downregulation of miR-96 evaluated by qPCR. Interestingly, HRMEC supplemented with miR-96 regulated positively the expression of several key angiogenic factors including VEGF and ANG-2. To explore the angiogenic activity of miR-96 on HRMEC, we performed a gain/loss of function study. In a similar way to hyperoxia exposure, we observed a robust angiogenic impairment (tubulogenesis and migration) on HRMEC transfected with an antagomiR-96. Conversely, overexpression of miR-96 stimulated the angiogenic activity of HRMEC and protected against hyperoxia-induced endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we evaluated the potential vasoprotective function of miR-96 in OIR animals. Rat pups intravitreally supplemented with miR-96 mimic (1 mg/kg) displayed a significant preservation of retinal/choroidal microvessels at P10 compared to controls. This result was consistent with the maintenance of physiologic levels of VEGF and ANG-2 in the OIR retina. Conclusion This study demonstrates that miR-96 regulates the expression of angiogenic factors (VEGF/ANG-2) associated to the maintenance of retinal and choroidal microvasculature during physiological and pathological conditions. Intravitreal supplementation of miR-96 mimic could constitute a novel therapeutic strategy to improve vascular repair in OIR and other ischemic retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Desjarlais
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maëlle Wirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - José Carlos Rivera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Lahaie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rabah Dabouz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Samy Omri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pakiza Ruknudin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Celine Borras
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
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22
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Liu CH, Huang S, Britton WR, Chen J. MicroRNAs in Vascular Eye Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020649. [PMID: 31963809 PMCID: PMC7014392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first microRNA (miRNA) decades ago, studies of miRNA biology have expanded in many biomedical research fields, including eye research. The critical roles of miRNAs in normal development and diseases have made miRNAs useful biomarkers or molecular targets for potential therapeutics. In the eye, ocular neovascularization (NV) is a leading cause of blindness in multiple vascular eye diseases. Current anti-angiogenic therapies, such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment, have their limitations, indicating the need for investigating new targets. Recent studies established the roles of various miRNAs in the regulation of pathological ocular NV, suggesting miRNAs as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets in vascular eye diseases. This review summarizes the biogenesis of miRNAs, and their functions in the normal development and diseases of the eye, with a focus on clinical and experimental retinopathies in both human and animal models. Discovery of novel targets involving miRNAs in vascular eye diseases will provide insights for developing new treatments to counter ocular NV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jing Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-919-2525
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23
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Liu G, Liu W, Guo J. Clinical significance of miR-181a in patients with neonatal sepsis and its regulatory role in the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1977-1983. [PMID: 32104257 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal sepsis (NS) poses a serious threat to the health of neonates worldwide. The present study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of microRNA (miR)-181a in patients with NS and the regulatory role of miR-181a in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. A total of 102 neonates with NS and 50 neonates without sepsis were enrolled in the present study. The serum levels of miR-181a were estimated using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of miR-181a for NS. The effect of miR-181a on the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 was assessed after modification of the expression of miR-181a in monocytes isolated from the blood of neonates in vitro. An ELISA was used to measure the concentration of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-8 in the supernatant of monocytes. The serum levels of miR-181a were decreased in patients with NS compared with those in the controls. The area under the ROC curve of miR-181a was 0.893 with a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 84.0%. LPS stimulation in monocytes also led to a decrease in the expression of miR-181a. TLR4 was proven to be a direct target gene of miR-181a, according to the results of a luciferase reporter assay, and overexpression of miR-181a suppressed TLR4 expression in monocytes. Regarding LPS-induced inflammation, it was revealed that the upregulated levels of TNF-α and IL-8 induced by LPS were reduced by overexpression of miR-181a in monocytes. In conclusion, decreased serum levels of miR-181a may serve as a diagnostic biomarker in patients with NS and overexpression of miR-181a inhibits the LPS-induced inflammatory response at least partially by targeting TLR4. Aberrant miR-181a may be a non-invasive biomarker for NS patients, and provide a novel insight into the pathologic mechanisms of action behind the development of NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, P.R. China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Neonatology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, P.R. China
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Gurung RL, FitzGerald LM, McComish BJ, Verma N, Burdon KP. Identifying Genetic Risk Factors for Diabetic Macular Edema and the Response to Treatment. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:5016916. [PMID: 33274237 PMCID: PMC7683113 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5016916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). DR is complex and the term encompasses several clinical subtypes of diabetic eye disease, including diabetic macular edema (DME), the most frequent cause of central vision loss in DR patients. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathophysiology of DR and its subtypes. While numerous studies have identified several susceptibility genes for DR, few have investigated the impact of genetics on DME susceptibility. This review will focus on the current literature surrounding genetic risk factors associated with DME. We will also highlight the small number of studies investigating the genetics of response to antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injection, which is used to treat DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajya L. Gurung
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Liesel M. FitzGerald
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Bennet J. McComish
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Nitin Verma
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Kathryn P. Burdon
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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25
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Angioregulatory microRNAs in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010071. [PMID: 31887997 PMCID: PMC7016698 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality. Angiogenesis is a rate-determining step in CRC development and metastasis. The balance of angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors is crucial in this process. Angiogenesis-related genes can be regulated post-transcriptionally by microRNAs (miRNAs) and some miRNAs have been shown to shuttle between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). MiRNAs have context-dependent actions and can promote or suppress angiogenesis dependent on the type of cancer. On the one hand, miRNAs downregulate anti-angiogenic targets and lead to angiogenesis induction. Tumor suppressor miRNAs, on the other hand, enhance anti-angiogenic response by targeting pro-angiogenic factors. Understanding the interaction between these miRNAs and their target mRNAs will help to unravel molecular mechanisms involved in CRC progression. The aim of this article is to review the current literature on angioregulatory miRNAs in CRC.
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