1
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Lambiri DW, Levin LA. Maculopapillary Bundle Degeneration in Optic Neuropathies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2024; 24:203-218. [PMID: 38833037 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-024-01343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Degeneration of the maculopapillary bundle (MPB) is a prominent feature in a spectrum of optic neuropathies. MPB-selective degeneration is seen in specific conditions, such as nutritional and toxic optic neuropathies, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), and dominant optic atrophy (DOA). Despite their distinct etiologies and clinical presentations, which encompass variations in age of incidence and monocular or binocular onset, these disorders share a core molecular mechanism: compromised mitochondrial homeostasis. This disruption is characterized by dysfunctions in mitochondrial metabolism, biogenesis, and protein synthesis. This article provides a comprehensive understanding of the MPB's role in optic neuropathies, emphasizing the importance of mitochondrial mechanisms in the pathogenesis of these conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Optical coherence tomography studies have characterized the retinal nerve fiber layer changes accompanying mitochondrial-affiliated optic neuropathies. Selective thinning of the temporal optic nerve head is preceded by thickening in early stages of these disorders which correlates with reductions in macular ganglion cell layer thinning and vascular atrophy. A recently proposed mechanism underpinning the selective atrophy of the MPB involves the positive feedback of reactive oxygen species generation as a common consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, new research has revealed that the MPB can undergo degeneration in the early stages of glaucoma, challenging the historically held belief that this area was not involved in this common optic neuropathy. A variety of anatomical risk factors influence the propensity of glaucomatous MPB degeneration, and cases present distinct patterns of ganglion cell degeneration that are distinct from those observed in mitochondria-associated diseases. This review synthesizes clinical and molecular research on primary MPB disorders, highlighting the commonalities and differences in their pathogenesis. KEY POINTS (BOX) 1. Temporal degeneration of optic nerve fibers accompanied by cecocentral scotoma is a hallmark of maculopapillary bundle (MPB) degeneration. 2. Mechanisms of MPB degeneration commonly implicate mitochondrial dysfunction. 3. Recent research challenges the traditional belief that the MPB is uninvolved in glaucoma by showing degeneration in the early stages of this common optic neuropathy, yet with features distinct from other MPB-selective neuropathies. 4. Reactive oxygen species generation is a mechanism linking mitochondrial mechanisms of MPB-selective optic neuropathies, but in-vivo and in-vitro studies are needed to validate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius W Lambiri
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Leonard A Levin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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2
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Lei Q, Xiang K, Cheng L, Xiang M. Human retinal organoids with an OPA1 mutation are defective in retinal ganglion cell differentiation and function. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:68-83. [PMID: 38101398 PMCID: PMC10828684 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA), mostly caused by heterozygous OPA1 mutations and characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and optic nerve degeneration, is one of the most common types of inherited optic neuropathies. Previous work using a two-dimensional (2D) differentiation model of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has investigated ADOA pathogenesis but failed to agree on the effect of OPA1 mutations on RGC differentiation. Here, we use 3D retinal organoids capable of mimicking in vivo retinal development to resolve the issue. We generated isogenic iPSCs carrying the hotspot OPA1 c.2708_2711delTTAG mutation and found that the mutant variant caused defective initial and terminal differentiation and abnormal electrophysiological properties of organoid-derived RGCs. Moreover, this variant inhibits progenitor proliferation and results in mitochondrial dysfunction. These data demonstrate that retinal organoids coupled with gene editing serve as a powerful tool to definitively identify disease-related phenotypes and provide valuable resources to further investigate ADOA pathogenesis and screen for ADOA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Kangjian Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Mengqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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3
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Wong DCS, Harvey JP, Jurkute N, Thomasy SM, Moosajee M, Yu-Wai-Man P, Gilhooley MJ. OPA1 Dominant Optic Atrophy: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets. J Neuroophthalmol 2023; 43:464-474. [PMID: 37974363 PMCID: PMC10645107 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. S. Wong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua P. Harvey
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Neringa Jurkute
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Gilhooley
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
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Conti F, Di Martino S, Drago F, Bucolo C, Micale V, Montano V, Siciliano G, Mancuso M, Lopriore P. Red Flags in Primary Mitochondrial Diseases: What Should We Recognize? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16746. [PMID: 38069070 PMCID: PMC10706469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs) are complex group of metabolic disorders caused by genetically determined impairment of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The unique features of mitochondrial genetics and the pivotal role of mitochondria in cell biology explain the phenotypical heterogeneity of primary mitochondrial diseases and the resulting diagnostic challenges that follow. Some peculiar features ("red flags") may indicate a primary mitochondrial disease, helping the physician to orient in this diagnostic maze. In this narrative review, we aimed to outline the features of the most common mitochondrial red flags offering a general overview on the topic that could help physicians to untangle mitochondrial medicine complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Conti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Serena Di Martino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, 95213 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Micale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.M.); (C.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Montano
- Neurological Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (P.L.)
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Neurological Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (P.L.)
| | - Michelangelo Mancuso
- Neurological Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (P.L.)
| | - Piervito Lopriore
- Neurological Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (P.L.)
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5
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Chen BS, Harvey JP, Gilhooley MJ, Jurkute N, Yu-Wai-Man P. Mitochondria and the eye-manifestations of mitochondrial diseases and their management. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:2416-2425. [PMID: 37185957 PMCID: PMC10397317 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, distinct mitochondrial syndromes were recognised clinically by their ocular features. Due to their predilection for metabolically active tissue, mitochondrial diseases frequently involve the eye, resulting in a range of ophthalmic manifestations including progressive external ophthalmoplegia, retinopathy and optic neuropathy, as well as deficiencies of the retrochiasmal visual pathway. With the wider availability of genetic testing in clinical practice, it is now recognised that genotype-phenotype correlations in mitochondrial diseases can be imprecise: many classic syndromes can be associated with multiple genes and genetic variants, and the same genetic variant can have multiple clinical presentations, including subclinical ophthalmic manifestations in individuals who are otherwise asymptomatic. Previously considered rare diseases with no effective treatments, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of mitochondrial diseases with new therapies emerging, in particular, gene therapy for inherited optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson S Chen
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua P Harvey
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Gilhooley
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neringa Jurkute
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK.
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
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6
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Newman NJ, Yu-Wai-Man P, Biousse V, Carelli V. Understanding the molecular basis and pathogenesis of hereditary optic neuropathies: towards improved diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:172-188. [PMID: 36155660 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary optic neuropathies result from defects in the human genome, both nuclear and mitochondrial. The two main and most recognised phenotypes are dominant optic atrophy and Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Advances in modern molecular diagnosis have expanded our knowledge of genotypes and phenotypes of inherited disorders that affect the optic nerve, either alone or in combination, with various forms of neurological and systemic degeneration. A unifying feature in the pathophysiology of these disorders appears to involve mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that the retinal ganglion cells and their axons are especially susceptible to perturbations in mitochondrial homoeostasis. As we better understand the pathogenesis behind these genetic diseases, aetiologically targeted therapies are emerging and entering into clinical trials, including treatments aimed at halting the cascade of neurodegeneration, replacing or editing the defective genes or their protein products, and potentially regenerating damaged optic nerves, as well as preventing generational disease transmission.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Optic Nerve Diseases/diagnosis
- Optic Nerve Diseases/genetics
- Optic Nerve Diseases/therapy
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/diagnosis
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/genetics
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/therapy
- Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant/diagnosis
- Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant/genetics
- Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant/therapy
- Optic Nerve
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Newman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Valérie Biousse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Okan ICT, Ozdemir F, Agca C. Axonal Transport Defects in Retinal Ganglion Cell Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1415:223-227. [PMID: 37440037 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
For the survival and maintenance of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), axonal transportation is fundamental. Axonal transportation defects can cause severe neuropathies leading to neuronal loss. Axonal transport defects usually precede axonal degeneration and RGC loss in disease models. To date, the main causes of axonal transport defects have not been fully understood. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanisms that lead to transport defects will help us to develop novel therapeutic targets and early diagnostic tools. In this review, we provide an overview of optic neuropathies and axonal degeneration with a focus on axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatma Ozdemir
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cavit Agca
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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8
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Abstract
Mitochondrial optic neuropathies have a leading role in the field of mitochondrial medicine ever since 1988, when the first mutation in mitochondrial DNA was associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) was subsequently associated in 2000 with mutations in the nuclear DNA affecting the OPA1 gene. LHON and DOA are both characterized by selective neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction. This is centered on respiratory complex I impairment in LHON and defective mitochondrial dynamics in OPA1-related DOA, leading to distinct clinical phenotypes. LHON is a subacute, rapid, severe loss of central vision involving both eyes within weeks or months, with age of onset between 15 and 35 years old. DOA is a more slowly progressive optic neuropathy, usually apparent in early childhood. LHON is characterized by marked incomplete penetrance and a clear male predilection. The introduction of next-generation sequencing has greatly expanded the genetic causes for other rare forms of mitochondrial optic neuropathies, including recessive and X-linked, further emphasizing the exquisite sensitivity of RGCs to compromised mitochondrial function. All forms of mitochondrial optic neuropathies, including LHON and DOA, can manifest either as pure optic atrophy or as a more severe multisystemic syndrome. Mitochondrial optic neuropathies are currently at the forefront of a number of therapeutic programs, including gene therapy, with idebenone being the only approved drug for a mitochondrial disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto di Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto di Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, especially perturbation of oxidative phosphorylation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation, disrupts cellular homeostasis and is a surprisingly frequent cause of central and peripheral nervous system pathology. Mitochondrial disease is an umbrella term that encompasses a host of clinical syndromes and features caused by in excess of 300 different genetic defects affecting the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Patients with mitochondrial disease can present at any age, ranging from neonatal onset to late adult life, with variable organ involvement and neurological manifestations including neurodevelopmental delay, seizures, stroke-like episodes, movement disorders, optic neuropathy, myopathy, and neuropathy. Until relatively recently, analysis of skeletal muscle biopsy was the focus of diagnostic algorithms, but step-changes in the scope and availability of next-generation sequencing technology and multiomics analysis have revolutionized mitochondrial disease diagnosis. Currently, there is no specific therapy for most types of mitochondrial disease, although clinical trials research in the field is gathering momentum. In that context, active management of epilepsy, stroke-like episodes, dystonia, brainstem dysfunction, and Parkinsonism are all the more important in improving patient quality of life and reducing mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shiau Ng
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert McFarland
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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10
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Sladen PE, Jovanovic K, Guarascio R, Ottaviani D, Salsbury G, Novoselova T, Chapple JP, Yu-Wai-Man P, Cheetham ME. Modelling autosomal dominant optic atrophy associated with OPA1 variants in iPSC-derived retinal ganglion cells. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3478-3493. [PMID: 35652445 PMCID: PMC9558835 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is the most common inherited optic neuropathy, characterized by the preferential loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), resulting in optic nerve degeneration and progressive bilateral central vision loss. More than 60% of genetically confirmed patients with DOA carry variants in the nuclear OPA1 gene, which encodes for a ubiquitously expressed, mitochondrial GTPase protein. OPA1 has diverse functions within the mitochondrial network, facilitating inner membrane fusion and cristae modelling, regulating mitochondrial DNA maintenance and coordinating mitochondrial bioenergetics. There are currently no licensed disease-modifying therapies for DOA and the disease mechanisms driving RGC degeneration are poorly understood. Here, we describe the generation of isogenic, heterozygous OPA1 null induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) (OPA1+/-) through clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene editing of a control cell line, in conjunction with the generation of DOA patient-derived iPSC carrying OPA1 variants, namely, the c.2708_2711delTTAG variant (DOA iPSC), and previously reported missense variant iPSC line (c.1334G>A, DOA plus [DOA]+ iPSC) and CRISPR/Cas9 corrected controls. A two-dimensional (2D) differentiation protocol was used to study the effect of OPA1 variants on iPSC-RGC differentiation and mitochondrial function. OPA1+/-, DOA and DOA+ iPSC showed no differentiation deficit compared to control iPSC lines, exhibiting comparable expression of all relevant markers at each stage of differentiation. OPA1+/- and OPA1 variant iPSC-RGCs exhibited impaired mitochondrial homeostasis, with reduced bioenergetic output and compromised mitochondrial DNA maintenance. These data highlight mitochondrial deficits associated with OPA1 dysfunction in human iPSC-RGCs, and establish a platform to study disease mechanisms that contribute to RGC loss in DOA, as well as potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Sladen
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | | | - Daniele Ottaviani
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, and Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua 35129, Italy
| | - Grace Salsbury
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tatiana Novoselova
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - J Paul Chapple
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
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11
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A novel mutation located in the intermembrane space domain of AFG3L2 causes dominant optic atrophy through decreasing the stability of the encoded protein. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:361. [PMID: 35970831 PMCID: PMC9378676 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is the most common hereditary optic neuropathy. Although DOA is caused by mutations in several genes, there are still many cases that have not been diagnosed or misdiagnosed. Herein, we present a large family of 11 patients with DOA. To identify potential pathogenic mutations, whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the proband, a 35-year-old woman. WES revealed a novel pathogenic mutation (c.524T>C, p.F175S) in the AFG3L2 intermembrane space domain, rather than in the ATPase domain, which is the hot mutation region associated with most of the previously reported DOA cases. Functional studies on skin fibroblasts generated from patients and HEK293T cells showed that the mutation may impair mitochondrial function and decrease the ability of AFG3L2 protein to enter the mitochondrial inner membrane. In addition, this novel mutation led to protein degradation and reduced the stability of the AFG3L2 protein, which appeared to be associated with the proteasome-ubiquitin pathway.
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Biallelic Optic Atrophy 1 ( OPA1) Related Disorder-Case Report and Literature Review. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061005. [PMID: 35741767 PMCID: PMC9223020 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant optic atrophy (DOA), MIM # 605290, is the most common hereditary optic neuropathy inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Clinically, it presents a progressive decrease in vision, central visual field defects, and retinal ganglion cell loss. A biallelic mode of inheritance causes syndromic DOA or Behr phenotype, MIM # 605290. This case report details a family with Biallelic Optic Atrophy 1 (OPA1). The proband is a child with a severe phenotype and two variants in the OPA1 gene. He presented with congenital nystagmus, progressive vision loss, and optic atrophy, as well as progressive ataxia, and was found to have two likely pathogenic variants in his OPA1 gene: c.2287del (p.Ser763Valfs*15) maternally inherited and c.1311A>G (p.lIle437Met) paternally inherited. The first variant is predicted to be pathogenic and likely to cause DOA. In contrast, the second is considered asymptomatic by itself but has been reported in patients with DOA phenotype and is presumed to act as a phenotypic modifier. On follow-up, he developed profound vision impairment, intractable seizures, and metabolic strokes. A literature review of reported biallelic OPA1-related Behr syndrome was performed. Twenty-one cases have been previously reported. All share an early-onset, severe ocular phenotype and systemic features, which seem to be the hallmark of the disease.
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Cesareo M, Giannini C, Di Marino M, Aloe G, Martucci A, Aiello F, Cusumano A, Mancino R, Ricci F, Sorge RP, Nucci C. Optical coherence tomography angiography in the multimodal assessment of the retinal posterior pole in autosomal dominant optic atrophy. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:e798-e806. [PMID: 34250739 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess retinal vascular involvement in patients with autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) genetically confirmed by the presence of the OPA1 (Optic Atrophy 1) gene mutation using a multimodal protocol of investigation of retinal posterior pole. METHODS In this cross-sectional, case-control, observational study, both eyes of 13 patients with a genetic diagnosis of ADOA were compared with both eyes of 13 healthy controls (HCs). All subjects underwent full ophthalmological examination, spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), fundus perimetry (FP) and OCT angiography (OCTA). RESULTS Vessel density (VD) of the superficial and deep macular vascular plexi and of the radial peripapillary capillary plexus were significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.001) in ADOA patients compared with HCs. The area under the receiver operating characteristics analysis also revealed high values of sensitivity and specificity of OCTA parameters in distinguish between patients and HCs. A strong correlation (Pearson Coefficient, r = 0.91) emerged between OCTA VD of the superficial retinal plexus and the average Ganglion Cell Layer (GCL) thickness as measured by SD-OCT; a slightly lower correlation (Pearson Coefficient, r = 0.89) was also found between VD of the deep plexus and the average GCL thickness of the same eyes in patients with ADOA. The correlation among values of differential light sensitivity (DLS) measured by FP with VD and GCL thickness parameters was also investigated. The correlation analysis among DLS and the VD parameters showed from low-to-moderate correlation (ranging from r = 0.29 for the deep fovea VD to r = 0.59 for the deep whole image VD). The correlation coefficient between the mean DLS and the average thickness of GCL was more significant (Pearson Coefficient, r = 0.75). A significant correlation emerged also between the VD and the visual acuity, in terms of LogMAR BCVA (best-corrected visual acuity), especially for the VD of the deep capillary plexus (Pearson Coefficient for the Deep whole Image VD and LogMAR BCVA r = -0.75; for the Deep parafovea VD and LogMAR BCVA r = -0.78). CONCLUSION Retinal microvascular assessment by OCTA angiography can provide relevant clinical information on retinal involvement in ADOA patients. In patients with genetically confirmed OPA1-related ADOA, there is a decrease in retinal vessel density associated with GCL thinning and DLS reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Cesareo
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Clarissa Giannini
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Marino
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aloe
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Martucci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Aiello
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cusumano
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Mancino
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Ricci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Pietro Sorge
- Laboratory of Biometry, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Nucci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Dorn GW, Dang X. Predicting Mitochondrial Dynamic Behavior in Genetically Defined Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061049. [PMID: 35326500 PMCID: PMC8947719 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics encompass mitochondrial fusion, fission, and movement. Mitochondrial fission and fusion are seemingly ubiquitous, whereas mitochondrial movement is especially important for organelle transport through neuronal axons. Here, we review the roles of different mitochondrial dynamic processes in mitochondrial quantity and quality control, emphasizing their impact on the neurological system in Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2A, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedrich’s ataxia, dominant optic atrophy, and Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. In addition to mechanisms and concepts, we explore in detail different technical approaches for measuring mitochondrial dynamic dysfunction in vitro, describe how results from tissue culture studies may be applied to a better understanding of mitochondrial dysdynamism in human neurodegenerative diseases, and suggest how this experimental platform can be used to evaluate candidate therapeutics in different diseases or in individual patients sharing the same clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W. Dorn
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +314-362-4892; Fax: +314-362-8844
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15
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Choi YS, Oh JH, Hwang SK, Chun BY. Dominant Optic Atrophy Caused by the c.1334G>A Mutation of the OPA1 Gene. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2022.63.3.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Dominant optic atrophy is one of the most common hereditary optic neuropathies, causing progressive bilateral vision loss that begins early in life. Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) gene mutation brings about mitochondrial dysfunction, which results in clinical manifestations of dominant optic atrophy. Here, we report a case of dominant optic atrophy caused by the c.1334G>A mutation of the OPA1 gene, the first known case in Korea to our knowledge.Case summary: A 12-year-old female patient with no specific medical history or systemic symptoms visited our clinic complaining of a progressive decrease in vision in either eye. Slit-lamp microscopy, intraocular pressure, ocular motility, and pupil reflex were normal. However, her best-corrected visual acuity in both eyes was 20/100, and her color vision was reduced to 8/12 in Ishihara’s test. Fundus examination showed temporal pallor of the optic nerve head in both eyes, and a corresponding cecocentral scotoma was observed on Goldmann visual field examination. Optical coherence tomography revealed significant thinning of the peripapillary retinal fiber layer and macular ganglion cell layer in both eyes. Genetic examination confirmed the c.1334G>A mutation of the OPA1 gene.Conclusions: We report a case of dominant optic nerve atrophy caused by c.1334G>A mutation of the OPA1 gene and its clinical manifestations.
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16
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Tan S, Yao Y, Yang Q, Yuan XL, Cen LP, Ng TK. Diversified Treatment Options of Adult Stem Cells for Optic Neuropathies. Cell Transplant 2022; 31. [PMID: 36165292 PMCID: PMC9523835 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221123512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Optic neuropathies refer to a group of ocular disorders with abnormalities or dysfunction of the optic nerve, sharing a common pathophysiology of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and axonal loss. RGCs, as the retinal neurons in the central nervous system, show limited capacity in regeneration or recovery upon diseases or after injuries. Critically, there is still no effective clinical treatment to cure most types of optic neuropathies. Recently, stem cell therapy was proposed as a potential treatment strategy for optic neuropathies. Adult stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells, have been applied in clinical trials based on their neuroprotective properties. In this article, the applications of adult stem cells on different types of optic neuropathies and the related mechanisms will be reviewed. Research updates on the strategies to enhance the neuroprotective effects of human adult stem cells will be summarized. This review article aims to enlighten the research scientists on the diversified functions of adult stem cells and consideration of adult stem cells as a potential treatment for optic neuropathies in future clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Tan
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yao Yao
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qichen Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xiang-Ling Yuan
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ling-Ping Cen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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17
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Kang EYC, Liu PK, Wen YT, Quinn PMJ, Levi SR, Wang NK, Tsai RK. Role of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Diseases Associated with Retinal Ganglion Cells Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1948. [PMID: 34943051 PMCID: PMC8750806 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases associated with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is the most common neurodegenerative disorder that causes irreversible blindness worldwide. It is characterized by visual field defects and progressive optic nerve atrophy. The underlying pathophysiology and mechanisms of RGC degeneration in several ocular diseases remain largely unknown. RGCs are a population of central nervous system neurons, with their soma located in the retina and long axons that extend through the optic nerve to form distal terminals and connections in the brain. Because of this unique cytoarchitecture and highly compartmentalized energy demand, RGCs are highly mitochondrial-dependent for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Recently, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been found to be the principal mechanisms in RGC degeneration as well as in other neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review the role of oxidative stress in several ocular diseases associated with RGC degenerations, including glaucoma, hereditary optic atrophy, inflammatory optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, traumatic optic neuropathy, and drug toxicity. We also review experimental approaches using cell and animal models for research on the underlying mechanisms of RGC degeneration. Lastly, we discuss the application of antioxidants as a potential future therapy for the ocular diseases associated with RGC degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Kang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yao-Tseng Wen
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97403, Taiwan;
| | - Peter M. J. Quinn
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.M.J.Q.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Sarah R. Levi
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.M.J.Q.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rong-Kung Tsai
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97403, Taiwan;
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97403, Taiwan
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18
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Sladen PE, Perdigão PR, Salsbury G, Novoselova T, van der Spuy J, Chapple JP, Yu-Wai-Man P, Cheetham ME. CRISPR-Cas9 correction of OPA1 c.1334G>A: p.R445H restores mitochondrial homeostasis in dominant optic atrophy patient-derived iPSCs. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:432-443. [PMID: 34589289 PMCID: PMC8455316 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is the most common inherited optic neuropathy in the United Kingdom. DOA has an insidious onset in early childhood, typically presenting with bilateral, central visual loss caused by the preferential loss of retinal ganglion cells. 60%-70% of genetically confirmed DOA cases are associated with variants in OPA1, a ubiquitously expressed GTPase that regulates mitochondrial homeostasis through coordination of inner membrane fusion, maintenance of cristae structure, and regulation of bioenergetic output. Whether genetic correction of OPA1 pathogenic variants can alleviate disease-associated phenotypes remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate generation of patient-derived OPA1 c.1334G>A: p.R445H mutant induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), followed by correction of OPA1 through CRISPR-Cas9-guided homology-directed repair (HDR) and evaluate the effect of OPA1 correction on mitochondrial homeostasis. CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing demonstrated an efficient method of OPA1 correction, with successful gene correction in 57% of isolated iPSCs. Correction of OPA1 restored mitochondrial homeostasis, re-establishing the mitochondrial network and basal respiration and ATP production levels. In addition, correction of OPA1 re-established the levels of wild-type (WT) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and reduced susceptibility to apoptotic stimuli. These data demonstrate that nuclear gene correction can restore mitochondrial homeostasis and improve mtDNA integrity in DOA patient-derived cells carrying an OPA1 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Sladen
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Grace Salsbury
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tatiana Novoselova
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - J. Paul Chapple
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, ED Adrian Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
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19
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Marmoy OR, Viswanathan S. Clinical electrophysiology of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:2386-2405. [PMID: 34117382 PMCID: PMC8377055 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical electrophysiological assessment of optic nerve and retinal ganglion cell function can be performed using the Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG), Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) and the Photopic Negative Response (PhNR) amongst other more specialised techniques. In this review, we describe these electrophysiological techniques and their application in diseases affecting the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells with the exception of glaucoma. The disease groups discussed include hereditary, compressive, toxic/nutritional, traumatic, vascular, inflammatory and intracranial causes for optic nerve or retinal ganglion cell dysfunction. The benefits of objective, electrophysiological measurement of the retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve are discussed, as are their applications in clinical diagnosis of disease, determining prognosis, monitoring progression and response to novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Marmoy
- Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
- UCL-GOS Institute for Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
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20
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Milanowski P, Kosior-Jarecka E, Łukasik U, Wróbel-Dudzińska D, Milanowska J, Khor CC, Aung T, Kocki J, Żarnowski T. Associations between OPA1, MFN1, and MFN2 polymorphisms and primary open angle glaucoma in Polish participants of European ancestry. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 43:42-47. [PMID: 34425738 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1970197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucomatous optic nerve damage is caused by selective death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Another condition with underlying loss of RGCs is autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA). Majority of ADOA patients have mutations in OPA1, gene responsible for mitochondrial fusion final steps. Clinical resemblance between the two diseases make genes involved in mitochondrial fusion good candidates as glaucoma genes. In this study, we investigated if selected polymorphisms of OPA1, MFN1, and MFN2 were associated with glaucoma in Polish population. METHODS Four OPA1 (rs166850, rs10451941, rs7624750, rs9851685), one MFN1 (rs2111534), and two MFN2 (rs873458, rs2295281) single nucleotide polymorphisms were investigated in 304 primary open angle glaucoma patients (204 with normal tension glaucoma, 100 with high-tension glaucoma) and 258 control subjects using RT-PCR method. RESULTS There was a significant difference in genotype frequencies of rs9851685 and rs2111534 polymorphisms between glaucoma patients and control subjects. Several genotype combinations comprising SNPs at OPA1 and MFN1 were significantly differently distributed in a three-way comparison between controls, patients with NTG and patients with HTG. None of the studied MFN2 polymorphisms was significantly associated with HTG or NTG. CONCLUSIONS In studied population, genotype CC and allele C of rs9851685 OPA1 polymorphism are NTG risk factors, whereas TT genotype and T allele of this polymorphism are protective factors against NTG. Genotype GA of rs2111534 MFN1 polymorphism is an HTG risk factor and AA genotype of this polymorphism is a protective factor against HTG. Several OPA1 and MFN2 genotype combinations are significantly associated with either increased or decreased risk of glaucoma in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Milanowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kosior-Jarecka
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Łukasik
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominika Wróbel-Dudzińska
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Milanowska
- Department of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Laboratory of Complex Disease Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Żarnowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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21
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Ng YS, Bindoff LA, Gorman GS, Klopstock T, Kornblum C, Mancuso M, McFarland R, Sue CM, Suomalainen A, Taylor RW, Thorburn DR, Turnbull DM. Mitochondrial disease in adults: recent advances and future promise. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:573-584. [PMID: 34146515 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are some of the most common inherited neurometabolic disorders, and major progress has been made in our understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions in the past 5 years. Development of national mitochondrial disease cohorts and international collaborations has changed our knowledge of the spectrum of clinical phenotypes and natural history of mitochondrial diseases. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have altered the diagnostic algorithm for mitochondrial diseases by increasingly using a genetics-first approach, with more than 350 disease-causing genes identified to date. While the current management strategy for mitochondrial disease focuses on surveillance for multisystem involvement and effective symptomatic treatment, new endeavours are underway to find better treatments, including repurposing current drugs, use of novel small molecules, and gene therapies. Developments made in reproductive technology offer women the opportunity to prevent transmission of DNA-related mitochondrial disease to their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shiau Ng
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Directorate of Neurosciences, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laurence A Bindoff
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gráinne S Gorman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Directorate of Neurosciences, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, LMU Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kornblum
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Disease Section, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michelangelo Mancuso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Research Program in Stem Cells and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Centre, HiLife, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital, HUSlab, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David R Thorburn
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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22
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Li H, Yuan S, Minegishi Y, Suga A, Yoshitake K, Sheng X, Ye J, Smith S, Bunkoczi G, Yamamoto M, Iwata T. Novel mutations in malonyl-CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase provoke autosomal recessive optic neuropathy. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:444-458. [PMID: 31915829 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited optic neuropathies are rare eye diseases of optic nerve dysfunction that present in various genetic forms. Previously, mutation in three genes encoding mitochondrial proteins has been implicated in autosomal recessive forms of optic atrophy that involve progressive degeneration of optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Using whole exome analysis, a novel double homozygous mutation p.L81R and pR212W in malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase (MCAT), a mitochondrial protein involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, has now been identified as responsible for an autosomal recessive optic neuropathy from a Chinese consanguineous family. MCAT is expressed in RGC that are rich in mitochondria. The disease variants lead to structurally unstable MCAT protein with significantly reduced intracellular expression. RGC-specific knockdown of Mcat in mice, lead to an attenuated retinal neurofiber layer, that resembles the phenotype of optic neuropathy. These results indicated that MCAT plays an essential role in mitochondrial function and maintenance of RGC axons, while novel MCAT p.L81R and p.R212W mutations can lead to optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Li
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan.,Ningxia Clinical Research Center of Blinding Eye Disease, Ningxia Eye Hospital, People Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 936, Huang He East Road,Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Shiqin Yuan
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan.,Ningxia Clinical Research Center of Blinding Eye Disease, Ningxia Eye Hospital, People Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 936, Huang He East Road,Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Yuriko Minegishi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Akiko Suga
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yoshitake
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Xunlun Sheng
- Ningxia Clinical Research Center of Blinding Eye Disease, Ningxia Eye Hospital, People Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 936, Huang He East Road,Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Jianping Ye
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University Systems, 6400, Perkin Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Stuart Smith
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700, Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Gabor Bunkoczi
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, UK
| | - Megumi Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
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23
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Hereditary Optic Neuropathies: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based 2D/3D Approaches. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12010112. [PMID: 33477675 PMCID: PMC7831942 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited optic neuropathies share visual impairment due to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as the hallmark of the disease. This group of genetic disorders are caused by mutations in nuclear genes or in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). An impaired mitochondrial function is the underlying mechanism of these diseases. Currently, optic neuropathies lack an effective treatment, and the implementation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology would entail a huge step forward. The generation of iPSC-derived RGCs would allow faithfully modeling these disorders, and these RGCs would represent an appealing platform for drug screening as well, paving the way for a proper therapy. Here, we review the ongoing two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) approaches based on iPSCs and their applications, taking into account the more innovative technologies, which include tissue engineering or microfluidics.
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24
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Kim US, Mahroo OA, Mollon JD, Yu-Wai-Man P. Retinal Ganglion Cells-Diversity of Cell Types and Clinical Relevance. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661938. [PMID: 34093409 PMCID: PMC8175861 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the bridging neurons that connect the retinal input to the visual processing centres within the central nervous system. There is a remarkable diversity of RGCs and the various subtypes have unique morphological features, distinct functions, and characteristic pathways linking the inner retina to the relevant brain areas. A number of psychophysical and electrophysiological tests have been refined to investigate this large and varied population of RGCs. Technological advances, such as high-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging, have provided additional tools to define the pattern of RGC involvement and the chronological sequence of events in both inherited and acquired optic neuropathies. The mechanistic insights gained from these studies, in particular the selective vulnerability and relative resilience of particular RGC subtypes, are of fundamental importance as they are directly relevant to the development of targeted therapies for these invariably progressive blinding diseases. This review provides a comprehensive description of the various types of RGCs, the developments in proposed methods of classification, and the current gaps in our knowledge of how these RGCs are differentially affected depending on the underlying aetiology. The synthesis of the current body of knowledge on the diversity of RGCs and the pathways that are potentially amenable to therapeutic modulation will hopefully lead to much needed effective treatments for patients with optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ungsoo Samuel Kim
- Kim's Eye Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ungsoo Samuel Kim
| | - Omar A. Mahroo
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Mollon
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Giacomini T, Gamucci A, Pisciotta L, Nesti C, Fiorillo C, Doccini S, Morana G, Nobili L, Santorelli FM, Mancardi MM, De Grandis E. Optic Atrophy and Generalized Chorea in a Patient Harboring an OPA10/RTN4IP1 Pathogenic Variant. Neuropediatrics 2020; 51:425-429. [PMID: 32392611 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RTN4IP1 pathogenic variants (OPA10 syndrome) have been described in patients with early-onset recessive optic neuropathy and recently associated with a broader clinical spectrum, from isolated optic neuropathy to severe encephalopathies with epilepsy. Here we present a case of a patient with a complex clinical picture characterized by bilateral optic nerve atrophy, horizontal nystagmus, myopia, mild intellectual disability, generalized chorea, isolated small subependymal heterotopia, and asynchronous self-resolving midbrain MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) lesions. By using massive gene sequencing, we identified in this patient the c.308G > A (p.Arg103His) homozygous pathogenic variant in the RTN4IP1 gene. Complex movement disorders and relapsing-remitting neuroradiological lesions have not been previously reported in this condition. Our case expands the clinical spectrum of OPA10 syndrome and opens new opportunities for the molecular diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Giacomini
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal, and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gamucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal, and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Livia Pisciotta
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal, and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Nesti
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorillo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal, and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Unit of Paediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases, IRCSS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Doccini
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Morana
- Unit of Neuroradiology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal, and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo M Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Elisa De Grandis
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal, and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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26
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Holody C, Anfray A, Mast H, Lessard M, Han WH, Carpenter R, Bourque S, Sauvé Y, Lemieux H. Differences in relative capacities of oxidative phosphorylation pathways may explain sex- and tissue-specific susceptibility to vision defects due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrion 2020; 56:102-110. [PMID: 33271347 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major cause and/or contributor to the development and progression of vision defects in many ophthalmologic and mitochondrial diseases. Despite their mechanistic commonality, these diseases exhibit an impressive variety in sex- and tissue-specific penetrance, incidence, and severity. Currently, there is no functional explanation for these differences. We measured the function, relative capacities, and patterns of control of various oxidative phosphorylation pathways in the retina, the eyecup, the extraocular muscles, the optic nerve, and the sciatic nerve of adult male and female rats. We show that the control of mitochondrial respiratory pathways in the visual system is sex- and tissue-specific and that this may be an important factor in determining susceptibility to mitochondrial dysfunction between these groups. The optic nerve showed a low relative capacity of the NADH pathway, depending on complex I, compared to other tissues relying mainly on mitochondria for energy production. Furthermore, NADH pathway capacity is higher in females compared to males, and this sexual dimorphism occurs only in the optic nerve. Our results propose an explanation for Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, a mitochondrial disease more prevalent in males where the principal tissue affected is the optic nerve. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify and provide functional explanations for differences in the occurrence and severity of visual defects between tissues and between sexes. Our results highlight the importance of considering sex- and tissue-specific mitochondrial function in elucidating pathophysiological mechanisms of visual defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Holody
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Women and Children Research Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Dept. of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anaïs Anfray
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather Mast
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin Lessard
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Woo Hyun Han
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rowan Carpenter
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephane Bourque
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Women and Children Research Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Dept. of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yves Sauvé
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hélène Lemieux
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Women and Children Research Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Dept. of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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27
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Zeng T, Liao L, Guo Y, Liu X, Xiong X, Zhang Y, Cen S, Li H, Wei S. Concurrent OPA1 mutation and chromosome 3q deletion leading to Behr syndrome: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:420. [PMID: 32883255 PMCID: PMC7469303 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) gene mutations are associated with dominantly inherited optic neuropathy resulting in a progressive loss of visual acuity. Compound heterozygous or homozygous variants that lead to severe phenotypes, including Behr syndrome, have been reported rarely. Case presentation Here, we present a 14-month-old boy with early onset optic atrophy, congenital cataracts, neuromuscular disorders, mental retardation, and developmental delay. Combined genetic testing, including whole exome sequencing (WES) and chromosomal microarray analysis, revealed a concurrent OPA1 variant (c.2189 T > C p.Leu730Ser) and de novo chromosome 3q deletion as pathogenic variants leading to the severe phenotype. Conclusions Our case is the first reporting a novel missense OPA1 variant co-occurring with a chromosomal microdeletion leading to a severe phenotype reminiscent of Behr syndrome. This expands the mutation spectrum of OPA1 and inheritance patterns of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zeng
- Department of Child Healthcare, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Boyuan Avenue, Liuzhou, 545616, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Disorders in Children, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Boyuan Avenue, Liuzhou, 545616, China
| | - Linyan Liao
- Department of Child Healthcare, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Boyuan Avenue, Liuzhou, 545616, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Child Healthcare, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Boyuan Avenue, Liuzhou, 545616, China
| | - Xuxu Liu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Boyuan Avenue, Liuzhou, 545616, China
| | - Xiaobo Xiong
- Department of Child Healthcare, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Boyuan Avenue, Liuzhou, 545616, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Child Healthcare, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Boyuan Avenue, Liuzhou, 545616, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Disorders in Children, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Boyuan Avenue, Liuzhou, 545616, China
| | - Shi Cen
- Department of Child Healthcare, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Boyuan Avenue, Liuzhou, 545616, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Disorders in Children, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Boyuan Avenue, Liuzhou, 545616, China
| | - Honghui Li
- Department of Child Healthcare, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Boyuan Avenue, Liuzhou, 545616, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Disorders in Children, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Boyuan Avenue, Liuzhou, 545616, China
| | - Shuzhang Wei
- Department of Child Healthcare, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Boyuan Avenue, Liuzhou, 545616, China. .,Key Laboratory of Developmental Disorders in Children, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Boyuan Avenue, Liuzhou, 545616, China.
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28
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Chapman J, Ng YS, Nicholls TJ. The Maintenance of Mitochondrial DNA Integrity and Dynamics by Mitochondrial Membranes. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090164. [PMID: 32858900 PMCID: PMC7555930 DOI: 10.3390/life10090164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are complex organelles that harbour their own genome. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exists in the form of a circular double-stranded DNA molecule that must be replicated, segregated and distributed around the mitochondrial network. Human cells typically possess between a few hundred and several thousand copies of the mitochondrial genome, located within the mitochondrial matrix in close association with the cristae ultrastructure. The organisation of mtDNA around the mitochondrial network requires mitochondria to be dynamic and undergo both fission and fusion events in coordination with the modulation of cristae architecture. The dysregulation of these processes has profound effects upon mtDNA replication, manifesting as a loss of mtDNA integrity and copy number, and upon the subsequent distribution of mtDNA around the mitochondrial network. Mutations within genes involved in mitochondrial dynamics or cristae modulation cause a wide range of neurological disorders frequently associated with defects in mtDNA maintenance. This review aims to provide an understanding of the biological mechanisms that link mitochondrial dynamics and mtDNA integrity, as well as examine the interplay that occurs between mtDNA, mitochondrial dynamics and cristae structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Chapman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (T.J.N.)
| | - Yi Shiau Ng
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Thomas J. Nicholls
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (T.J.N.)
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29
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Charif M, Chevrollier A, Gueguen N, Bris C, Goudenège D, Desquiret-Dumas V, Leruez S, Colin E, Meunier A, Vignal C, Smirnov V, Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Drumare Bouvet I, Goizet C, Votruba M, Jurkute N, Yu-Wai-Man P, Tagliavini F, Caporali L, La Morgia C, Carelli V, Procaccio V, Zanlonghi X, Meunier I, Reynier P, Bonneau D, Amati-Bonneau P, Lenaers G. Mutations in the m-AAA proteases AFG3L2 and SPG7 are causing isolated dominant optic atrophy. Neurol Genet 2020; 6:e428. [PMID: 32548275 PMCID: PMC7251510 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To improve the genetic diagnosis of dominant optic atrophy (DOA), the most frequently inherited optic nerve disease, and infer genotype-phenotype correlations. METHODS Exonic sequences of 22 genes were screened by new-generation sequencing in patients with DOA who were investigated for ophthalmology, neurology, and brain MRI. RESULTS We identified 7 and 8 new heterozygous pathogenic variants in SPG7 and AFG3L2. Both genes encode for mitochondrial matricial AAA (m-AAA) proteases, initially involved in recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia type 7 (HSP7) and dominant spinocerebellar ataxia 28 (SCA28), respectively. Notably, variants in AFG3L2 that result in DOA are located in different domains to those reported in SCA28, which likely explains the lack of clinical overlap between these 2 phenotypic manifestations. In comparison, the SPG7 variants identified in DOA are interspersed among those responsible for HSP7 in which optic neuropathy has previously been reported. CONCLUSIONS Our results position SPG7 and AFG3L2 as candidate genes to be screened in DOA and indicate that regulation of mitochondrial protein homeostasis and maturation by m-AAA proteases are crucial for the maintenance of optic nerve physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majida Charif
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Chevrollier
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Naïg Gueguen
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Bris
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - David Goudenège
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Desquiret-Dumas
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Leruez
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Estelle Colin
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Meunier
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Vignal
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Vasily Smirnov
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Defoort-Dhellemmes
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Drumare Bouvet
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcela Votruba
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Neringa Jurkute
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Francesca Tagliavini
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Leonardo Caporali
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Valerio Carelli
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Xavier Zanlonghi
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Reynier
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrizia Amati-Bonneau
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Guy Lenaers
- MitoLab Team (M.C., A.C., C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., S.L., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital; Genetics and immuno-cell therapy Team (M.C.), Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco; Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics (C.B., D.G., V.D.-D., E.C., V.P., P.R., D.B., P.A.-B.), University Hospital Angers; Department of Ophthalmology (A.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroophthalmology Department (C.V.), Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris; Exploration of Visual Function and Neuro-Ophthalmology Department (V.S., S.D.-D., I.D.B.), Lille University Hospital, Rue Emilie Laine, Lille Cedex; CHU Bordeaux (C.G.), Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence « Neurogénétique » and Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U 1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM) Bordeaux; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (M.V.), Cardiff University and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (N.J., P.Y.-W.-M.), London; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.Y.-W.-M.), Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge; Cambridge Eye Unit (P.Y.-W.-M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, UK; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.T., L.C., C.L.M., V.C.), Bellaria Hospital; Unit of Neurology (C.L.M., V.C.), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy; Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares (X.Z.), Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes; and National Centre in Rare Diseases (I.M.), Genetics of Sensory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
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30
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Caporali L, Magri S, Legati A, Del Dotto V, Tagliavini F, Balistreri F, Nasca A, La Morgia C, Carbonelli M, Valentino ML, Lamantea E, Baratta S, Schöls L, Schüle R, Barboni P, Cascavilla ML, Maresca A, Capristo M, Ardissone A, Pareyson D, Cammarata G, Melzi L, Zeviani M, Peverelli L, Lamperti C, Marzoli SB, Fang M, Synofzik M, Ghezzi D, Carelli V, Taroni F. ATPase Domain AFG3L2 Mutations Alter OPA1 Processing and Cause Optic Neuropathy. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:18-32. [PMID: 32219868 PMCID: PMC7383914 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is the most common inherited optic neuropathy, with a prevalence of 1:12,000 to 1:25,000. OPA1 mutations are found in 70% of DOA patients, with a significant number remaining undiagnosed. METHODS We screened 286 index cases presenting optic atrophy, negative for OPA1 mutations, by targeted next generation sequencing or whole exome sequencing. Pathogenicity and molecular mechanisms of the identified variants were studied in yeast and patient-derived fibroblasts. RESULTS Twelve cases (4%) were found to carry novel variants in AFG3L2, a gene that has been associated with autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia 28 (SCA28). Half of cases were familial with a dominant inheritance, whereas the others were sporadic, including de novo mutations. Biallelic mutations were found in 3 probands with severe syndromic optic neuropathy, acting as recessive or phenotype-modifier variants. All the DOA-associated AFG3L2 mutations were clustered in the ATPase domain, whereas SCA28-associated mutations mostly affect the proteolytic domain. The pathogenic role of DOA-associated AFG3L2 mutations was confirmed in yeast, unraveling a mechanism distinct from that of SCA28-associated AFG3L2 mutations. Patients' fibroblasts showed abnormal OPA1 processing, with accumulation of the fission-inducing short forms leading to mitochondrial network fragmentation, not observed in SCA28 patients' cells. INTERPRETATION This study demonstrates that mutations in AFG3L2 are a relevant cause of optic neuropathy, broadening the spectrum of clinical manifestations and genetic mechanisms associated with AFG3L2 mutations, and underscores the pivotal role of OPA1 and its processing in the pathogenesis of DOA. ANN NEUROL 2020 ANN NEUROL 2020;88:18-32.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Caporali
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Magri
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Legati
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Dotto
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Tagliavini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Balistreri
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Nasca
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Carbonelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria L Valentino
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lamantea
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Baratta
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Piero Barboni
- Studio Oculistico D'Azeglio, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Maresca
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Capristo
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Ardissone
- Unit of Child Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Pareyson
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cammarata
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Center and Ocular Electrophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Capitanio Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Melzi
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Center and Ocular Electrophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Capitanio Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Peverelli
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Lodi, Ospedale Maggiore di Lodi, Lodi, Italy
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania B Marzoli
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Center and Ocular Electrophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Capitanio Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mingyan Fang
- Beijing Genomics Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniele Ghezzi
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical-Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Franco Taroni
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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31
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Mitochondrial disorders and the eye. Surv Ophthalmol 2019; 65:294-311. [PMID: 31783046 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles that play a key role in energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Malfunctioning of mitochondria has been implicated as the cause of many disorders with variable inheritance, heterogeneity of systems involved, and varied phenotype. Metabolically active tissues are more likely to be affected, causing an anatomic and physiologic disconnect in the treating physicians' mind between presentation and underlying pathophysiology. We shall focus on disorders of mitochondrial metabolism relevant to an ophthalmologist. These disorders can affect all parts of the visual pathway (crystalline lens, extraocular muscles, retina, optic nerve, and retrochiasm). After the introduction reviewing mitochondrial structure and function, each disorder is reviewed in detail, including approaches to its diagnosis and most current management guidelines.
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32
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Sheremet NL, Andreeva NA, Shmel'kova MS, Tsigankova PG. [Mitochondrial biogenesis in hereditary optic neuropathies]. Vestn Oftalmol 2019; 135:85-91. [PMID: 31714518 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma201913505185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The article offers a review of mitochondrial biogenesis in hereditary optic neuropathies. It covers the mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis, factors affecting it and tools for mitochondrial turnover assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Sheremet
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11A Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
| | - N A Andreeva
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11A Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
| | - M S Shmel'kova
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11A Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
| | - P G Tsigankova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorech'e St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 115522
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33
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An evaluation of genetic causes and environmental risks for bilateral optic atrophy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225656. [PMID: 31765440 PMCID: PMC6876833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the clinical utility of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for the diagnosis of patients with optic atrophy (OA). Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods 97 patients were referred to the McMaster University Medical Center (Hamilton, Ontario) for evaluation of bilateral OA. All patients were sent for NGS including a 22 nuclear gene panel and/or complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing. Positive genetic test results and abnormal vibration sensation were compared in patients +/- environmental exposures or a family history. Results 19/94 (20.2%) had a positive nuclear variant, of which 15/19 (78.9%) were in the OPA1 gene. No positive mtDNA variants were identified. The detection of a positive genetic variant was significantly different in patients who reported excessive ethanol use, but not in patients who smoke (0/19 (0%) vs. 19/78 (24.4%), P = 0.0164 and 4/22 (18.2%) vs. 15/74 (20.3%), P = 0.829, respectively). Patients with a positive family history were more likely to have a positive genetic variant compared to patients with a negative family history (P = 0.0112). There were significantly more excessive drinkers with an abnormal vibration sensation (P = 0.026), and with a similar trend in smokers (P = 0.074). Conclusions All positive genetic variants were identified in nuclear genes. We identified a potential independent pathophysiological link between a history of excessive ethanol consumption and bilateral OA. Further investigations should evaluate and identify potential environmental risk factors for OA.
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34
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Bargiela D, Chinnery PF. Mitochondria in neuroinflammation – Multiple sclerosis (MS), leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and LHON-MS. Neurosci Lett 2019; 710:132932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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35
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Santarelli R, La Morgia C, Valentino ML, Barboni P, Monteleone A, Scimemi P, Carelli V. Hearing Dysfunction in a Large Family Affected by Dominant Optic Atrophy (OPA8-Related DOA): A Human Model of Hidden Auditory Neuropathy. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:501. [PMID: 31191217 PMCID: PMC6546873 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hidden auditory neuropathy is characterized by reduced performances in challenging auditory tasks with the preservation of hearing thresholds, resulting from diffuse loss of cochlear inner hair cell (IHC) synapses following primary degeneration of unmyelinated terminals of auditory fibers. We report the audiological and electrophysiological findings collected from 10 members (4 males, 6 females) of a large Italian family affected by dominant optic atrophy, associated with the OPA8 locus, who complained of difficulties in understanding speech in the presence of noise. The patients were pooled into two groups, one consisting of 4 young adults (19-50 years) with normal hearing thresholds, and the other made up of 6 patients of an older age (55-72 years) showing mild hearing loss. Speech perception scores were normal in the first group and decreased in the second. Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and cochlear microphonics (CMs) recordings were consistent with preservation of outer hair cell (OHC) function in all patients, whereas auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) showed attenuated amplitudes in the first group and severe abnormalities in the second. Middle ear acoustic reflexes had delayed peak latencies in all patients in comparison with normally hearing individuals. Transtympanic electrocochleography (ECochG) recordings in response to 0.1 ms clicks at intensities from 120 to 60 dB peak equivalent SPL showed a reduction in amplitude of both summating potential (SP) and compound action potential (CAP) together with delayed CAP peak latencies and prolonged CAP duration in all patients in comparison with a control group of 20 normally hearing individuals. These findings indicate that underlying the hearing impairment in OPA8 patients is hidden AN resulting from diffuse loss of IHCs synapses. At an early stage the functional alterations only consist of abnormalities of ABR and ECochG potentials with increased latencies of acoustic reflexes, whereas reduction in speech perception scores become apparent with progression of the disease. Central mechanisms increasing the cortical gain are likely to compensate for the reduction of cochlear input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Santarelli
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Audiology Service, Santi Giovanni e Paolo Hospital, Venice, Italy.,Audiology and Phoniatrics Service, Treviso Regional Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Valentino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Anna Monteleone
- Audiology and Phoniatrics Service, Treviso Regional Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Pietro Scimemi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Audiology Service, Santi Giovanni e Paolo Hospital, Venice, Italy.,Audiology and Phoniatrics Service, Treviso Regional Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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36
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Zou XH, Guo XX, Su HZ, Wang C, Dong EL, Wang N, Chen WJ, Zhang QJ. Whole Exome Sequencing Identifies Two Novel Mutations in the Reticulon 4-Interacting Protein 1 Gene in a Chinese Family with Autosomal Recessive Optic Neuropathies. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:640-646. [PMID: 31077085 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive optic neuropathies (IONs) are extremely rare disorders affecting retinal ganglion cells and the nervous system. RTN4IP1 has recently been identified as the third known gene associated with the autosomal recessive ION optic atrophy 10 (OPA10). Patients with RTN4IP1 mutations show early-onset optic neuropathy that can be followed by additional neurological symptoms such as seizures, ataxia, mental retardation, or even severe encephalopathy. Here, we report two siblings from a Chinese family who presented with early-onset optic neuropathy, epilepsy, and mild intellectual disability. Using whole exome sequencing combined with Sanger sequencing, we identified novel compound heterozygous RTN4IP1 mutations (c.646G > A, p.G216R and c.1162C > T, p.R388X) which both co-segregated with the disease phenotype and were predicted to be disease-causing by prediction software. An in vitro functional study in urine cells obtained from one of the patients revealed low expression of the RTN4IP1 protein. Our results identify novel compound heterozygous mutations in RTN4IP1 which are associated with OPA10, highlighting the frequency of RTN4IP1 mutations in human autosomal recessive IONs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of RTN4IP1 carriers from China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huan Zou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin-Xin Guo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Su
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China
| | - En-Lin Dong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Wan-Jin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China. .,Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
| | - Qi-Jie Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China. .,Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
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Jurkute N, Majander A, Bowman R, Votruba M, Abbs S, Acheson J, Lenaers G, Amati-Bonneau P, Moosajee M, Arno G, Yu-Wai-Man P. Clinical utility gene card for: inherited optic neuropathies including next-generation sequencing-based approaches. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:494-502. [PMID: 30143805 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Jurkute
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Anna Majander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard Bowman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Marcela Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, and Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen Abbs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Acheson
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Guy Lenaers
- PREMMi/Mitochondrial Medicine Research Centre, Institut MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Patrizia Amati-Bonneau
- PREMMi/Mitochondrial Medicine Research Centre, Institut MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gavin Arno
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. .,Newcastle Eye Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. .,Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK. .,Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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38
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Carelli V, La Morgia C, Ross-Cisneros FN, Sadun AA. Optic neuropathies: the tip of the neurodegeneration iceberg. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:R139-R150. [PMID: 28977448 PMCID: PMC5886475 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The optic nerve and the cells that give origin to its 1.2 million axons, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), are particularly vulnerable to neurodegeneration related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Optic neuropathies may range from non-syndromic genetic entities, to rare syndromic multisystem diseases with optic atrophy such as mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, to age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease where optic nerve involvement has, until recently, been a relatively overlooked feature. New tools are available to thoroughly investigate optic nerve function, allowing unparalleled access to this part of the central nervous system. Understanding the molecular pathophysiology of RGC neurodegeneration and optic atrophy, is key to broadly understanding the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, for monitoring their progression in describing the natural history, and ultimately as outcome measures to evaluate therapies. In this review, the different layers, from molecular to anatomical, that may contribute to RGC neurodegeneration and optic atrophy are tackled in an integrated way, considering all relevant players. These include RGC dendrites, cell bodies and axons, the unmyelinated retinal nerve fiber layer and the myelinated post-laminar axons, as well as olygodendrocytes and astrocytes, looked for unconventional functions. Dysfunctional mitochondrial dynamics, transport, homeostatic control of mitobiogenesis and mitophagic removal, as well as specific propensity to apoptosis may target differently cell types and anatomical settings. Ultimately, we can envisage new investigative approaches and therapeutic options that will speed the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and their cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Effects of neuroactive agents on axonal growth and pathfinding of retinal ganglion cells generated from human stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16757. [PMID: 29196712 PMCID: PMC5711798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently established a novel method for generating functional human retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from human induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs). Here, we confirmed that RGCs can also be generated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We investigated the usefulness of human RGCs with long axons for assessing the effects of chemical agents, such as the neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), and the chemorepellent factors, semaphorin 3 A (SEMA3A) and SLIT1. The effects of direct and local administration of each agent on axonal projection were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real-time imaging, in which the filopodia of the growth cone served as an excellent marker. A locally sustained agent system showed that the axons elongate towards NGF, but were repelled by SEMA3A and SLIT1. Focally transplanted beads that released SLIT1 bent the pathfinding of axons, imitating normal retinal development. Our innovative system for assessing the effects of chemical compounds using human RGCs may facilitate development of novel drugs for the examination, prophylaxis, and treatment of diseases. It may also be useful for observing the physiology of the optic nerve in vitro, which might lead to significant progress in the science of human RGCs.
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Pretegiani E, Rosini F, Rufa A, Gallus G, Cardaioli E, Da Pozzo P, Bianchi S, Serchi V, Collura M, Franceschini R, Bianchi Marzoli S, Dotti M, Federico A. Genotype-phenotype and OCT correlations in Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy related to OPA1 gene mutations: Report of 13 Italian families. J Neurol Sci 2017; 382:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Caporali L, Maresca A, Capristo M, Del Dotto V, Tagliavini F, Valentino ML, La Morgia C, Carelli V. Incomplete penetrance in mitochondrial optic neuropathies. Mitochondrion 2017; 36:130-137. [PMID: 28716668 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Incomplete penetrance characterizes the two most frequent inherited optic neuropathies, Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) and dominant optic atrophy (DOA), due to genetic errors in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the nuclear DNA (nDNA), respectively. For LHON, compelling evidence has accumulated on the complex interplay of mtDNA haplogroups and environmental interacting factors, whereas the nDNA remains essentially non informative. However, a compensatory mechanism of activated mitochondrial biogenesis and increased mtDNA copy number, possibly driven by a permissive nDNA background, is documented in LHON; when successful it maintains unaffected the mutation carriers, but in some individuals it might be hampered by tobacco smoking or other environmental factors, resulting in disease onset. In females, mitochondrial biogenesis is promoted and maintained within the compensatory range by estrogens, partially explaining the gender bias in LHON. Concerning DOA, none of the above mechanisms has been fully explored, thus mtDNA haplogroups, environmental factors such as tobacco and alcohol, and further nDNA variants may all participate as protective factors or, on the contrary, favor disease expression and severity. Next generation sequencing, complemented by transcriptomics and proteomics, may provide some answers in the next future, even if the multifactorial model that seems to apply to incomplete penetrance in mitochondrial optic neuropathies remains problematic, and careful stratification of patients will play a key role for data interpretation. The deep understanding of which factors impinge on incomplete penetrance may shed light on the pathogenic mechanisms leading to optic nerve atrophy, on their possible compensation and, thus, on development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Caporali
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maresca
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Del Dotto
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Tagliavini
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Valentino
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
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Dominant optic atrophy: updates on the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of the optic atrophy 1 mutation. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2016; 27:475-480. [PMID: 27585216 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Review recent advances in clinical and experimental studies of dominant optic atrophy (DOA) to better understand the complexities of pathophysiology caused by the optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) mutation. RECENT FINDINGS DOA is the most commonly diagnosed inherited optic atrophy, causing progressive bilateral visual loss that begins early in life. During the past 25 years, there has been substantial progress in the understanding of the clinical, genetic, and pathophysiological basis of this disease. The histopathological hallmark of DOA is the primary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, preferentially in the papillomacular bundle, which results temporal optic disc pallor and cecocentral scotomata in patients with DOA. Loss of OPA1 protein function by OPA1 gene mutations causes mitochondrial dysfunction because of the loss of mitochondrial fusion, impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, increases in reactive oxygen species, and altered calcium homeostasis. These factors lead to apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells by a haploinsufficiency mechanism. SUMMARY Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of DOA provides insights that can be used to develop therapeutic approaches to the DOA.
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Yu-Wai-Man P, Spyropoulos A, Duncan HJ, Guadagno JV, Chinnery PF. A multiple sclerosis-like disorder in patients with OPA1 mutations. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:723-9. [PMID: 27656661 PMCID: PMC5018584 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe three unrelated patients presenting with a spinal cord syndrome and neuroimaging features consistent with multiple sclerosis (MS). All harbored a pathogenic OPA1 mutation. Although the neurological phenotype resembled neuromyelitis optica (NMO), anti‐aquaporin 4 antibodies were not detected and the disorder followed a slow progressive course. The coincidental occurrence of OPA1 mutations and an MS‐like disorder is likely to have modulated the phenotypic manifestations of both disorders, but unlike the previously reported association of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and MS (Harding disease), the optic neuropathy in patients with OPA1 mutations and an MS‐like disorder can be mild with a good visual prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ United Kingdom; Newcastle Eye Centre Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology London EC1V 2PD United Kingdom
| | - Achillefs Spyropoulos
- Department of Neurology Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP United Kingdom
| | - Holly J Duncan
- Newcastle Eye Centre Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ United Kingdom
| | - Joseph V Guadagno
- Department of Neurology Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP United Kingdom
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ United Kingdom; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0XY United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurosciences Cambridge Biomedical Campus University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 0QQ United Kingdom
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Abstract
Mitochondria of adult cardiomyocytes appear hypo-dynamic, lacking interconnected reticular networks and the continual fission and fusion observed in many other cell types. Nevertheless, proteins essential to mitochondrial network remodeling are abundant in adult hearts. Recent findings from cardiac-specific ablation of mitochondrial fission and fusion protein genes have revealed unexpected roles for mitochondrial dynamics factors in mitophagic mitochondrial quality control. This overview examines the clinical and experimental evidence for and against a meaningful role for the mitochondrial dynamism-quality control interactome in normal and diseased hearts. Newly discovered functions of mitochondrial dynamics factors in maintaining optimal cardiac mitochondrial fitness suggest that deep interrogation of clinical cardiomyopathy is likely to reveal genetic variants that cause or modify cardiac disease through their effects on mitochondrial fission, fusion, and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Dorn
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Bone Marrow-Derived Cells as a Therapeutic Approach to Optic Nerve Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:5078619. [PMID: 26649049 PMCID: PMC4663341 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5078619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following optic nerve injury associated with acute or progressive diseases, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of adult mammals degenerate and undergo apoptosis. These diseases have limited therapeutic options, due to the low inherent capacity of RGCs to regenerate and due to the inhibitory milieu of the central nervous system. Among the numerous treatment approaches investigated to stimulate neuronal survival and axonal extension, cell transplantation emerges as a promising option. This review focuses on cell therapies with bone marrow mononuclear cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, which have shown positive therapeutic effects in animal models of optic neuropathies. Different aspects of available preclinical studies are analyzed, including cell distribution, potential doses, routes of administration, and mechanisms of action. Finally, published and ongoing clinical trials are summarized.
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction underlies many human disorders, including those that affect the visual system. The retinal ganglion cells, whose axons form the optic nerve, are often damaged by mitochondrial-related diseases which result in blindness. Both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear gene mutations impacting many different mitochondrial processes can result in optic nerve disease. Of particular importance are mutations that impair mitochondrial network dynamics (fusion and fission), oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and formation of iron-sulfur complexes. Current genetic knowledge can inform genetic counseling and suggest strategies for novel gene-based therapies. Identifying new optic neuropathy-causing genes and defining the role of current and novel genes in disease will be important steps toward the development of effective and potentially neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
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Bargiela D, Yu-Wai-Man P, Keogh M, Horvath R, Chinnery PF. Prevalence of neurogenetic disorders in the North of England. Neurology 2015; 85:1195-201. [PMID: 26341866 PMCID: PMC4607600 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Genetic disorders enter the differential diagnosis of common neurologic diseases, but their overall prevalence is not known. We set out to determine their minimum prevalence. Methods: Meta-analysis of epidemiologic data gathered from the same geographic region in the North of England. Results: Monogenic neurologic disorders affect at least 90.9/100,000 (95% confidence interval 87.6–94.3), or 1 in 1,100 of the population in Northern England. Conclusion: As a group, neurogenetic disorders are not rare. These findings have implications for clinical service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bargiela
- From the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- From the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael Keogh
- From the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rita Horvath
- From the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- From the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Agarwal N, Hanumunthadu D, Afrasiabi M, Malaguarnera G, Cordeiro MF. Clinical update in optic nerve disorders. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2015.1003544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yu-Wai-Man P, Chinnery PF. Reply: Early-onset Behr syndrome due to compound heterozygous mutations in OPA1. Brain 2014; 137:e302. [PMID: 25012222 PMCID: PMC4163031 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- 1 Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 2 Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- 1 Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 2 Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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