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Howard C, Currie J, Rowe FJ. UK exceptional case driving application outcomes in post-stroke homonymous hemianopia: results from a clinical study. Disabil Rehabil 2023; 45:4065-4073. [PMID: 36377421 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2144488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We report results in relation to returning to driving in the UK under the exceptional cases rule for visual field loss. METHODS The Hemianopia Adaptation Study is a prospective clinical study recruiting adult stroke survivors with new onset homonymous hemianopia. The mobility assessment course (MAC) was used to measure navigational scanning. Car drivers were offered a 1-year post-stroke assessment to consider referral for driving assessment. RESULTS Of 144 participants, 51 were eligible for driving assessment, with 13 (25.4%) accepting appointment for UK Driving and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) referral. A statistically significant difference in gender and baseline Barthel (stroke severity) scores was found between those requesting referral and those declining (p = 0.046; p < 0.001). MAC outcomes were significantly different, with those referred having a lower percentage of target omissions (9.0%) and faster mean course completion time (46.0 s), than those not referred (28.3%/72.5 s) (p = 0.006/p < 0.001). Twelve of the 13 referred were offered a driving assessment by the DVLA. All 12 passed and returned to driving. CONCLUSIONS It is possible for individuals with post-stroke homonymous hemianopia to return to driving, where exceptional cases criteria are met. There is evidence to support use of the MAC as a clinical measurement of adaptation.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONIndividuals with post-stroke homonymous hemianopia should be fully informed regarding driving regulations that can differ between countries and sometimes different states within a country, as well as provided with the support and opportunity to consider a return to driving if appropriate.Professionals providing care within the stroke multi-disciplinary team should be aware that it is possible for patients with homonymous hemianopia to return to driving, when exceptional cases criteria are met.The mobility assessment course (MAC) should be considered as a clinical measurement of adaptation in homonymous hemianopia.A cut-off score of ≤25% omissions on MAC could be employed to determine those likely to adapt to hemianopia long-term and potentially return to driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Howard
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Care Organisation, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jim Currie
- Patient and Public Involvement Representative, Sidcup, UK
| | - Fiona J Rowe
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Howard C, Czanner G, Helliwell B, Rowe FJ. Adaptation to post-stroke homonymous hemianopia - a prospective longitudinal cohort study to identify predictive factors of the adaptation process. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:5152-5161. [PMID: 34053393 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1927207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine any factors that predict how an individual will adapt to post-stroke hemianopic visual field loss, with close monitoring of the adaptation process from an early stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Hemianopia Adaptation Study (HAST) is a prospective observational longitudinal cohort clinical study. Adult stroke survivors (n = 144) with new onset homonymous hemianopia were monitored using standardised mobility assessment course (MAC) as the primary outcome measure of adaptation. RESULTS Several baseline variables were found to be good predictors of adaptation. Three variables were associated with adaptation status at 12-weeks post-stroke: inferior % visual field, % total MAC omissions, and MAC completion time (seconds). Baseline measurements of these variables can predict the adaptation at 12 weeks with moderate to high accuracy (area under ROC curve, 0.82, 95% CI 0.74-0.90). A cut-off score of ≤25% target omissions is suggested to predict which individuals are likely to adapt by 12-weeks post-stroke following gold standard care. CONCLUSIONS Adaptation to hemianopia is a personal journey with several factors being important for prediction of its presence, including MAC outcomes and extent of inferior visual field loss. A clinical recommendation is made for inclusion of the MAC as part of a functional assessment for hemianopia.Implications for rehabilitationThe mobility assessment course (MAC) should be considered as an assessment of mobility/scanning in the rehabilitation of patients with homonymous hemianopia.A cut-off score of ≤25% omissions on MAC could be employed to determine those likely to adapt to hemianopia long-term.Targeted support and therapy for patients with significant visual loss in the inferior visual field area should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Howard
- Department of Orthoptics, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Department of Health Services Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gabriela Czanner
- School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Fiona J Rowe
- Department of Health Services Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Abstract
Aim: To compare the effect of induced vertical diplopia (small and large separation) on reading speed and accuracy. Methods: The Radner Reading Chart (RRC) was used to measure reading speed (correct words per minute (wpm)) and accuracy (percentage). Accuracy was measured using two different methods: ‘accuracy-omission’ where only the omission of a word reduced the score, and ‘accuracy-addition and omission’ where any error reduced the score. Three viewing conditions were created using Fresnel prisms on plano glasses: a control condition without diplopia (6 prism dioptres (Δ) base up (BU) over each eye), small separation vertical diplopia (3Δ BU right eye and 3Δ base down (BD) left eye) and large separation vertical diplopia (6Δ BU right eye and 6Δ BD left eye). Viewing conditions were counterbalanced to minimise order effects. Results: Twenty-four participants were included with a mean age of 20.1 years. The mean reading speed in the control condition was 156.90 wpm. Both diplopic conditions significantly reduced the reading speed compared to the control condition, small separation diplopia to 62.75 wpm (p < 0.001) and large separation diplopia to 105.71 wpm (p < 0.001). The mean reading speed with small separation diplopia was significantly slower than the mean reading speed with large separation diplopia (p < 0.01). Median accuracy scores in the control and the large separation diplopia conditions were 100% using both methods of measuring accuracy. The small separation diplopia condition significantly reduced accuracy to 92.86% (accuracy-omission method) and to 57.50% (accuracy-addition and omission method) compared to the control condition (p < 0.01) and the large separation diplopia condition (p < 0.05). Conclusion: When vertical diplopia was induced using Fresnel prisms, diplopia of smaller separation resulted in the greatest reduction in reading speed and accuracy, compared to without diplopia and large separation diplopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beckie Lijka
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology and Orthoptics, University of Sheffield, GB.,Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, GB
| | - Sonia Toor
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology and Orthoptics, University of Sheffield, GB.,Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, GB
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Senger C, Margarido MRRA, De Moraes CG, De Fendi LI, Messias A, Paula JS. Visual Search Performance in Patients with Vision Impairment: A Systematic Review. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:1561-1571. [PMID: 28925742 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1338348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with visual impairment are constantly facing challenges to achieve an independent and productive life, which depends upon both a good visual discrimination and search capacities. Given that visual search is a critical skill for several daily tasks and could be used as an index of the overall visual function, we investigated the relationship between vision impairment and visual search performance. METHODS A comprehensive search was undertaken using electronic PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, and Cochrane databases from January 1980 to December 2016, applying the following terms: "visual search", "visual search performance", "visual impairment", "visual exploration", "visual field", "hemianopia", "search time", "vision lost", "visual loss", and "low vision". Two hundred seventy six studies from 12,059 electronic database files were selected, and 40 of them were included in this review. RESULTS Studies included participants of all ages, both sexes, and the sample sizes ranged from 5 to 199 participants. Visual impairment was associated with worse visual search performance in several ophthalmologic conditions, which were either artificially induced, or related to specific eye and neurological diseases. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review details all the described circumstances interfering with visual search tasks, highlights the need for developing technical standards, and outlines patterns for diagnosis and therapy using visual search capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia Senger
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | | | | | - Ligia Issa De Fendi
- c Department of Ophthalmology , Marília Medical School , Marília , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - André Messias
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Jayter Silva Paula
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
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Fimreite V, Willeford KT, Ciuffreda KJ. Effect of chromatic filters on visual performance in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): A pilot study. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2016; 9:231-9. [PMID: 27257034 PMCID: PMC5030322 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spectral filters have been used clinically in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). However, they have not been formally assessed using objective techniques in this population. Thus, the aim of the present pilot study was to determine the effect of spectral filters on reading performance and visuo-cortical responsivity in adults with mTBI. METHODS 12 adults with mTBI/concussion were tested. All reported photosensitivity and reading problems. They were compared to 12 visually-normal, asymptomatic adults. There were several test conditions: three luminance-matched control filters (gray neutral density, blue, and red), the patient-selected 'precision tint lens' that provided the most comfort and clarity of text using the Intuitive Colorimeter System, and baseline without any filters. The Visagraph was used to assess reading eye movements and reading speed objectively with each filter. In addition, both the amplitude and latency of the visual-evoked potential (VEP) were assessed with the same filters. RESULTS There were few significant group differences in either the reading-related parameters or VEP latency for any of the test filter conditions. Subjective improvements were noted in most with mTBI (11/12). CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients with mTBI chose a tinted filter that resulted in increased visual comfort. While significant findings based on the objective testing were found for some conditions, the subjective results suggest that precision tints should be considered as an adjunctive treatment in patients with mTBI and photosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Fimreite
- SUNY/State College of Optometry, Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, 33 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036, USA.
| | - Kevin T Willeford
- SUNY/State College of Optometry, Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, 33 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Kenneth J Ciuffreda
- SUNY/State College of Optometry, Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, 33 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036, USA
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Ludlow AK, Wilkins AJ. Atypical Sensory behaviours in children with Tourette's Syndrome and in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 56:108-116. [PMID: 27286465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain visual disturbances make it difficult to read text and have been attributed to visual stress, also called "pattern-related visual stress". 12 Children with ASD, 12 children with Tourette's syndrome and without ASD and 12 controls, all matched on age and non verbal ability, participated in an experiment exploring sensory behaviours and visual stress. Reading rate and accuracy were assessed with the Wilkins Rate of Reading test with and without the Intuitive Overlays. Both the children with Tourette's and the children with ASD showed a higher prevalence of atypical sensory behaviours and symptoms of visual stress than the typically developing control children. Six out of twelve children with Tourette's syndrome (50%) read more accurately and over 15% more quickly with a coloured overlay. Four of the 12 children with ASD and none of the control children read over 15% more quickly with an overlay. The findings are discussed in relation to problems in sensory modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Ludlow
- University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, United Kingdom; University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Arnold J Wilkins
- University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
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Willeford KT, Fimreite V, Ciuffreda KJ. The effect of spectral filters on VEP and alpha-wave responses. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2016; 9:110-117. [PMID: 26293969 PMCID: PMC4812008 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spectral filters are used to treat light sensitivity in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, the effect of these filters on normal visual function has not been elucidated. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the effect of spectral filters on objectively-measured visual-evoked potential (VEP) and alpha-wave responses in the visually-normal population. METHODS The full-field (15°H×17°V), pattern-reversal VEP (20' check size, mean luminance 52cd/m(2)) was administered to 20 visually-normal individuals. They were tested with four Intuitive-Colorimeter-derived, broad-band, spectral filters (i.e., gray/neutral density, blue, yellow, and red), which produced similar luminance values for the test stimulus. The VEP N75 and P100 latencies, and VEP amplitude, were recorded. Power spectrum analysis was used to derive the respective powers at each frequency, and peak frequency, for the selected 9-11Hz components of the alpha band. RESULTS Both N75 and P100 latencies increased with the addition of each filter when compared to baseline. Additionally, each filter numerically reduced intra-session amplitude variability relative to baseline. There were no significant effects on either the mean VEP amplitude or alpha wave parameters. CONCLUSIONS The Intuitive Colorimeter filters significantly increased both N75 and P100 latencies, an effect which is primarily attributable (∼75%) to luminance, and in some cases, specific spectral effects (e.g., blue and red). VEP amplitude and alpha power were not significantly affected. These findings provide an important reference to which either amplitude or power changes in light-sensitive, younger clinical groups can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Willeford
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, SUNY State College of Optometry, 33 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036, United States.
| | - Vanessa Fimreite
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, SUNY State College of Optometry, 33 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036, United States
| | - Kenneth J Ciuffreda
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, SUNY State College of Optometry, 33 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE To assess visual performance and the effects of color overlays on reading in children who were deaf and children who could hear. METHODS Thirty-one children who were deaf (mean [± SD] age, 14 [± 1.99] years) and 39 children who could hear (mean [± SD] age, 13.58 [± 3.09] years) underwent an optometric examination with specific emphasis on near vision. Participants chose an overlay with color optimal for clarity and comfort and completed the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test both with and without an overlay of this color. Nineteen of the participants who were deaf were retested a year later with a modified rate of reading test that used only words that can readily be signed. This modified rate of reading test was repeated 1 week after its first administration. RESULTS Participants who were deaf had greater ametropia (p = 0.003), a more distant near point of convergence (p = 0.002), and reduced amplitude of accommodation (p < 0.001) compared with normal-hearing participants. All the children who were deaf chose a color overlay, with 45% choosing a yellow overlay, which increased the rate of reading by 18%. Only 66% of the participants who could hear chose an overlay, and it had no effect on reading speed. With the modified reading test, 7 of 19 (37%) again chose yellow. These participants showed a 9% increase in reading speed with the yellow overlay, which was repeatable 1 week later. The remainder showed no increase in rate of reading with their chosen overlay. CONCLUSIONS An eye examination of children who are deaf needs to include a comprehensive assessment of near visual function so that deficiencies of amplitude of accommodation, near point convergence, and ametropia can be treated. A yellow overlay improved reading speed in the participants who were deaf, whereas other colors did not, a finding at variance with earlier work on hearing populations.
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Beasley IG, Davies LN. The effect of spectral filters on visual search in stroke patients. Perception 2013; 42:401-12. [PMID: 23866554 DOI: 10.1068/p7454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Visual search impairment can occur following stroke. The utility of optimal spectral filters on visual search in stroke patients has not been considered to date. The present study measured the effect of optimal spectral filters on visual search response time and accuracy, using a task requiring serial processing. A stroke and control cohort undertook the task three times: (i) using an optimally selected spectral filter; (ii) the subjects were randomly assigned to two groups with group 1 using an optimal filter for two weeks, whereas group 2 used a grey filter for two weeks; (iii) the groups were crossed over with group 1 using a grey filter for a further two weeks and group 2 given an optimal filter, before undertaking the task for the final time. Initial use of an optimal spectral filter improved visual search response time but not error scores in the stroke cohort. Prolonged use of neither an optimal nor a grey filter improved response time or reduced error scores. In fact, response times increased with the filter, regardless of its type, for stroke and control subjects; this outcome may be due to contrast reduction or a reflection of task design, given that significant practice effects were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Beasley
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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