1
|
Hsu KJ, Chen SC, Chien KY, Chen CN. Muscle Mass Adjusted by Body Height is not Correlated with Mobility of Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:104412. [PMID: 39157007 PMCID: PMC11327516 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Low muscle mass and obesity are associated with mobility disability, cardiometabolic diseases, and loss of independence. Three skeletal muscle indices (SMIs) are proposed to adjust the body size of individuals. However, it is unknown which index is better correlated with mobility. Additionally, it remains unclear whether low muscle mass or abdominal obesity has a greater impact on the mobility and cardiometabolic health of older adults. Objectives This study explored the association between different SMIs {appendicular skeletal muscle mass [ASM] adjusted by body height [Ht], body weight [Wt], or body mass index [BMI (kg/m2)]} and mobility/cardiometabolic health. The roles of low muscle mass and abdominal obesity in the mobility and cardiometabolic health of individuals were also identified. Methods Four-hundred and twenty-seven community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults underwent body composition assessments [dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and waist circumference (WC)], grip strength, and mobility (timed up-and-go test and chair stand test). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and regression models were used to examine research questions. This study was registered in the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (registration number: TCTR20210521007). Results All SMIs were positively correlated with the grip strength (ASM/Ht2: r = 0.392; ASM/Wt: r = 0.439; ASM/BMI: r = 0.569). Regarding mobility, only ASM/Ht2 wasn't relevant. After adjusting for age, sex, and WC, ASM/BMI was the only SMI associated with grip strength (β = 0.274). When age and sex were controlled, WC, but not SMI, was associated with mobility and cardiometabolic health. Conclusions ASM/Ht2 did not correlate with mobility in middle-aged and older adults, whereas ASM/Wt and ASM/BMI did. Abdominal obesity has a greater impact on mobility and cardiometabolic health than low muscle mass in middle-aged and older adults. We recommend using ASM/BMI to identify the low muscle mass of individuals. In addition, clinicians should note the important role of abdominal obesity when considering mobility in middle-aged and older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Jen Hsu
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Chen
- Department of Recreational Sports Management, Yu Da University of Science and Technology, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Yu Chien
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Nan Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen DZ, Wong C, Lam JSH, Sun CH, Lai Y, Koh VTC, Chong YS, Saw SM, Tham YC, Ngo C. Axial length elongation profiles from 3 to 6 years in an Asian paediatric population: the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes birth cohort study (GUSTO). Br J Ophthalmol 2024; 108:1018-1023. [PMID: 37726156 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-323906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine axial length (AL) elongation profiles in children aged 3-6 years in an Asian population. METHODS Eligible subjects were recruited from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes birth cohort. AL measurement was performed using IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) at 3 and 6 years. Anthropometric measurements at birth, cycloplegic refraction at 3 and 6 years, questionnaires on the children's behavioural habits at 2 years and parental spherical equivalent refraction were performed. Multivariable linear regression model with generalised estimating equation was performed to determine factors associated with AL elongation. RESULTS 273 eyes of 194 children were included. The mean AL increased from 21.72±0.59 mm at 3 years to 22.52±0.66 mm at 6 years (p<0.001). Myopic eyes at 6 years had greater AL elongation (1.02±0.34 mm) compared with emmetropic eyes (0.85±0.25 mm, p=0.008) and hyperopic eyes (0.74±0.16 mm, p<0.001). The 95th percentile limit of AL elongation was 1.59 mm in myopes, 1.34 mm in emmetropes and 1.00 mm in hyperopes. Greater birth weight (per 100 g, β=0.010, p=0.02) was significantly associated with greater AL elongation from 3 to 6 years, while parental and other behavioural factors assessed at 2 years were not (all p≥0.08). CONCLUSION In this preschool cohort, AL elongates at an average length of 0.80 mm from 3 to 6 years, with myopes demonstrating the greatest elongation. The differences in 95th percentile limits for AL elongation between myopes, emmetropes and hyperopes can be valuable information in identifying myopia development in preschool children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ziyou Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health & Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charlene Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Janice Sing Harn Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health & Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chen-Hsin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health & Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yien Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health & Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Teck Chang Koh
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health & Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Singapore, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yih-Chung Tham
- Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health & Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Ngo
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Asmaria T, Lestari CSW, Hartanti MD. Finite Element Analysis of Changes in Deformation of Intraocular Segments by Airbag Impact in Eyes of Various Axial Lengths [Letter]. Clin Ophthalmol 2024; 18:1055-1056. [PMID: 38646182 PMCID: PMC11027924 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s469660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Talitha Asmaria
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Christina Safira Whinie Lestari
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Monica Dwi Hartanti
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen N, Sheng Y, Wang G, Liu J. Association Between Physical Indicators and Myopia in American Adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2008. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 260:132-139. [PMID: 38151196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myopia is the most prevalent refractive error, imposing a substantial economic burden. Physical indicators constitute significant influencing factors for myopia. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) investigates the health and nutritional status of both children and adults in the United States. This study leveraged NHANES to explore the association between physical indicators and myopia among American adolescents. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. METHODS The final study cohort consisted of 9008 adolescents. Demographic data, physical indicators, and vision data were extracted. The association between myopia and demographic factors, as well as physical indicators, employed weighted methods. Regression models were utilized to identify the associations between physical indicators and myopia. Cumulative odds logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the association between physical indicators and the degree of myopia. Restricted cubic spline analysis was employed to examine the potential nonlinear relationship between physical indicators and the risk of myopia. RESULTS The occurrence of myopia was significantly correlated with age (P < .001) and race (P = .019). Adolescents in the fourth percentile for weight (odds ratio [OR] 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.70) and body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.05-1.51) exhibited an increased possibility of myopia. The highest risk of myopia was observed when the BMI approached 30. Height emerged as a risk factor for the degree of myopia (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.03). CONCLUSIONS A certain association existed between physical indicators and myopia. Weight and BMI were related to the occurrence of myopia, while height and race were associated with the degree of myopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ninghong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Yonghong Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu 241000, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kuoliene K, Danieliene E, Tutkuviene J. Eye morphometry, body size, and flexibility parameters in myopic adolescents. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6787. [PMID: 38514709 PMCID: PMC10958051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomical and physiological ocular parameters in adolescents with myopia and to examine the relations between refractive error (SER), ocular biometry, body size and flexibility parameters in myopic adolescents. A cross-sectional study of 184 myopic adolescents, aged 15 to 19 years was conducted. Refractive error and corneal curvature measures of the eye were evaluated using an autorefractometer under cycloplegia. Central corneal thickness was determined by contact pachymetry. The ocular axial length, anterior and vitreous chamber depth, and lens thickness were measured using A-scan biometry ultrasonography. Height and body weight were measured according to a standardized protocol. Body mass index (BMI) was subsequently calculated. Beighton scale was used to measure joint flexibility. Body stature was positively correlated with ocular axial length (r = 0.39, p < 0.001) and vitreous chamber depth (r = 0.37, p < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between height and SER (r = - 0.46; p < 0.001). Beighton score and body weight had weak positive correlations with axial length and vitreous chamber depth, and a weak negative correlation with SER. A significantly more negative SER was observed in the increased joint mobility group (p < 0.05; U = 5065.5) as compared to normal joint mobility group: mean - 4.37 ± 1.85 D (median - 4.25; IQR - 6.25 to - 3.25 D) and mean - 3.72 ± 1.66 D (median - 3.50; IQR - 4.75 to - 2.25 D) respectively. There was a strong association between height and axial length, as well as SER. Higher degree of myopia significantly correlated with greater Beighton score (increased joint mobility).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kuoliene
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Egle Danieliene
- Clinic of Ear, Nose, Throat and Eye Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Janina Tutkuviene
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hashemi H, Heydarian S, Hashemi A, Khabazkhoob M. Axial length and anterior chamber indices in elderly population: Tehran Geriatric Eye Study. Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:1876-1882. [PMID: 38028525 PMCID: PMC10626346 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.11.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the normative distribution of axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber angle (ACA), and some of their associated factors in subjects aged 60 and over. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 160 clusters were sampled using multi-stage cluster sampling in Tehran, Iran. After a preliminary interview, the participants underwent optometric examinations including visual acuity and refraction measurement followed by slit lamp biomicroscopy. Finally, ocular imaging was done using the Pentacam AXL to measure AL, ACD, ACV, and ACA. RESULTS A total of 4519 eyes of 2436 participants were evaluated, of whom 58.0% (n=1412) were female. The mean age of the subjects was 67.32±6.05y (range: 60-95y). The mean AL, ACD, ACV, and ACA was 23.22 mm (23.18-23.27 mm), 2.61 mm (2.59-2.62 mm), 126.56 mm3 (125.08-128.04 mm3), and 30.61° (30.3°-30.92°), respectively. In the multivariable model, after adjusting for the effect of both eyes, the longest and shortest AL was seen in myopic and hyperopic subjects, respectively. AL, ACD, ACV and ACA were significantly larger in men compared to women (P<0.001). Except ACA, other evaluated parameters showed an inverse correlation with age (P<0.001), however, this correlation was insignificant for AL (P=0.623). CONCLUSION Normative value of AL, and other biometric parameters are specific for each ethnicity, age and sex group. Any alteration in these parameters and their effect on refraction should be considered in this age group, especially in case of cataract surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Samira Heydarian
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4815733971, Iran
| | - Alireza Hashemi
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1968653111, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yii FSL. Emmetropic eye growth in East Asians and non-East Asians. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:1412-1418. [PMID: 37368239 PMCID: PMC10947352 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare axial length (AL) growth curves in East Asian (EA) and non-EA emmetropes. METHODS A meta-regression of 28 studies with emmetrope-specific AL data (measured with optical biometry) was performed. Emmetropia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER) between -0.50 and +1.25 D, determined under cycloplegia if the mean age was ≤20 years. The AL growth curve (mean AL vs. mean age) was first fitted to the full dataset using a weighted nonlinear mixed-effects model, before refitting the model with ethnicity as a two-level grouping variable (EA vs. non-EA). Ethnic differences in growth curve parameters were tested using the Wald test. RESULTS A total of 3331 EA and 1071 non-EA emmetropes (mean age: 6.5-23.1 years) were included. There was no evidence of an ethnic difference in either final AL (difference: 0.15 mm, 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.35 mm, p = 0.15) or initial AL, as represented by the amount that the final AL needed to be offset to obtain the y-intercept (difference: -2.77 mm, 95% CI: -10.97 to 5.44, p = 0.51). Likewise, AL growth rate (curve steepness) did not differ between ethnic groups (difference: 0.09, 95% CI: -0.13 to 0.31, p = 0.43). Collectively, AL growth rate decreased from 0.24 mm/year at 6 years of age to around 0.05 mm/year at 11 years of age, after which it dipped below the repeatability of optical biometry (±0.04 mm) and practically plateaued around 16 years of age (final AL: 23.60 mm). CONCLUSIONS EA and non-EA emmetropes have comparable AL growth curves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian SL Yii
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Curle Ophthalmology Laboratory, Institute for Regeneration and RepairUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arad T, Awiszus L, Ackermann H, Schmack I, Kohnen T. Anterior Segment Biometry in a Caucasian Population with Cataracts. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:930-938. [PMID: 37408497 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2233119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate biometric factors of the anterior segment of phakic eyes with cataracts. METHODS This population-based study included Caucasian patients with cataracts in the University Eye Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany. Biometric parameters were measured using the swept-source optical coherence tomography method. Patients were grouped into intermediate stages based on decades of life. RESULTS In total, 6289 eyes of 3615 patients (age: 70.67 ± 8.42 years) were included. Age-related reductions in the anterior chamber depth (mean ± standard deviation) decreased from 3.26 ± 0.42 mm (group A: 55-59 years) to 2.94 ± 0.4 mm (group G: 85-89 years), and those in the axial length decreased from 24.37 ± 1.87 mm (group A) to 23.39 ± 1.07 mm (group G). Likewise, the white-to-white distance decreased from 12.12 ± 0.48 mm (group A) to 11.96 ± 0.47 mm (group G). Lens thickness tended to increase accordingly from 4.39 ± 0.36 µm (group A) to 4.9 ± 0.40 µm (group G). A comparison of the eyes showed no detectable lateral difference regarding the biometric parameters between the groups (axial length: p = 0.26, Rosenthal effect size = 0.03; lens thickness: p = 0.12, R = 0.03; anterior chamber depth: p = 0.63, Rosenthal effect size = 0.01). The axial length and anterior chamber depth differed significantly between sexes (r = 0.22, p < 0.0001 and r = 0.16, p < 0.0001, respectively). Multiple regression analysis of the anterior chamber depth as a function of biometry parameters as well as age and sex additionally indicated a positive correlation of anterior chamber depth with white-to-white distance (b = 0.32, p = 10-5), axial length (b = 0.10, p = 10-5), keratometry (b = 0.07, p = 10-5), and lens thickness (b=-0.05, p = 10-5) with a high effect size (Cohen f2=1.866, p = 10-5) and strong multiple correlation coefficient (Rosenthal effect size = 0.80, p = 10-5). CONCLUSIONS In the anterior segment, there are age- and sex-dependent changes in biometric parameters. In addition, changes in anterior chamber depth were noted in relation to white-to-white distance, axial length, keratometry, and lens thickness. These data should be considered in lens calculation formulas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tschingis Arad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lucas Awiszus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hanns Ackermann
- Institute for Biostatistics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmack
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Kohnen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nilagiri VK, Lee SSY, Lingham G, Charng J, Yazar S, Hewitt AW, Griffiths LR, Sanfilippo PG, Tsai TH, Mackey DA. Distribution of Axial Length in Australians of Different Age Groups, Ethnicities, and Refractive Errors. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:14. [PMID: 37594450 PMCID: PMC10445212 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.8.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Treatments are available to slow myopic axial elongation. Understanding normal axial length (AL) distributions will assist clinicians in choosing appropriate treatment for myopia. We report the distribution of AL in Australians of different age groups and refractive errors. Methods Retrospectively collected spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and AL data of 5938 individuals aged 5 to 89 years from 8 Australian studies were included. Based on the SER, participants were classified as emmetropes, myopes, and hyperopes. Two regression model parameterizations (piece-wise and restricted cubic splines [RCS]) were applied to the cross-sectional data to analyze the association between age and AL. These results were compared with longitudinal data from the Raine Study where the AL was measured at age 20 (baseline) and 28 years. Results A piece-wise regression model (with 1 knot) showed that myopes had a greater increase in AL before 18 years by 0.119 mm/year (P < 0.001) and after 18 years by 0.011 mm/year (P < 0.001) compared to emmetropes and hyperopes, with the RCS model (with 3 knots) showing similar results. The longitudinal data from the Raine Study revealed that, when compared to emmetropes, only myopes showed a significant change in the AL in young adulthood (by 0.016 mm/year, P < 0.001). Conclusions The AL of myopic eyes increases more rapidly in childhood and slightly in early adulthood. Further studies of longitudinal changes in AL, particularly in childhood, are required to guide myopia interventions. Translational Relevance The axial length of myopic eyes increases rapidly in childhood, and there is a minimal increase in the axial length in non-myopic eyes after 18 years of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Nilagiri
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samantha Sze-Yee Lee
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gareth Lingham
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jason Charng
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lyn R. Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul G. Sanfilippo
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tzu-Hsun Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rozema JJ. Refractive development I: Biometric changes during emmetropisation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:347-367. [PMID: 36740946 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although there are many reports on ocular growth, these data are often fragmented into separate parameters or for limited age ranges. This work intends to create an overview of normal eye growth (i.e., in absence of myopisation) for the period before birth until 18 years of age. METHODS The data for this analysis were taken from a search of six literature databases using keywords such as "[Parameter] & [age group]", with [Parameter] the ocular parameter under study and [age group] an indication of age. This yielded 34,409 references that, after screening of title, abstract and text, left 294 references with usable data. Where possible, additional parameters were calculated, such as the Bennett crystalline lens power, whole eye power and axial power. RESULTS There were 3422 average values for 17 parameters, calculated over a combined total of 679,398 individually measured or calculated values. The age-related change in refractive error was best fitted by a sum of four exponentials (r2 = 0.58), while all other biometric parameters could be fitted well by a sum of two exponentials and a linear term ('bi-exponential function'; r2 range: 0.64-0.99). The first exponential of the bi-exponential fits typically reached 95% of its end value before 18 months, suggesting that these reached genetically pre-programmed passive growth. The second exponentials reached this point between 4 years of age for the anterior curvature and well past adulthood for most lenticular dimensions, suggesting that this part represents the active control underlying emmetropisation. The ocular components each have different growth rates, but growth rate changes occur simultaneously at first and then act independently after birth. CONCLUSIONS Most biometric parameters grow according to a bi-exponential pattern associated with passive and actively modulated eye growth. This may form an interesting reference to understand myopisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jos J Rozema
- Visual Optics Lab Antwerp (VOLANTIS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Du W, Ding G, Guo X, Abudukeyimu K, Wang Y, Wang L, Qi X, Ning Y, Hua N, Song L, Li X, Li J, Zhang Y, Wei N, Qian X. Associations between anthropometric indicators and refraction in school-age children during the post-COVID-19 era. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1059465. [PMID: 36743176 PMCID: PMC9891462 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1059465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the associations between anthropometric indicators and refraction in school-aged children in the post-COVID-19 era. Methods Data were collected from 25,644 children aged 7 to 12 years in 48 elementary schools in Tianjin. The comprehensive examination included height, weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), refraction, and calculation of BMI, with a follow-up visit after 6 months. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤-0.50 diopter (D). Bivariate correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression models were used to explore the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between anthropometric indicators (height, weight, BMI, SBP, and DBP) and refraction. Results The mean changes in height, weight, BMI, SBP, DBP, and SER of the participants were 4.03 ± 2.18 cm, 3.10 ± 2.39 kg, 0.45 ± 1.16 kg/m2, 2.26 ± 14.74 mmHg, 2.18 ± 11.79 mmHg and -0.17 ± 0.51 D, respectively. Overall, height, weight, BMI, SBP, and DBP were all correlated with SER (r = -0.324, r = -0.234, r = -0.121, r = -0.112, r = -0.066, both p < 0.001), and changes in height and weight were correlated with changes in SER (r = -0.034, -0.031, both p < 0.001). Furthermore, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the association of BMI, SBP, and DBP with SER was significant in myopic children but not in non-myopic children. The association between changes in weight and changes in SER was only present in non-myopic children but not in myopic children. Conclusion Height and weight were negatively correlated with SER in both cross-sectional analysis and longitudinal changes, indicating that children's height, weight and growth rate may be used as a reference indicator for myopia risk prediction and myopia progression monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiying Guo
- Tianjin Beichen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kadiya Abudukeyimu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanzhu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxian Ning
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Hua
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuehan Qian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Xuehan Qian ✉
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wendelstein JA, Reifeltshammer SA, Cooke DL, Hirnschall N, Hoffmann PC, Langenbucher A, Bolz M, Riaz KM. The 10,000 Eyes Study: Analysis of Keratometry, Abulafia-Koch regression transformation, and Biometric Eye Parameters Obtained With Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 2023; 245:44-60. [PMID: 36084683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze Abulafia-Koch regression (AKRT), anterior and posterior astigmatism (K and TK), and evaluate biometry data in a large population. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS This multicenter (2 tertiary care centers) study analyzed datasets acquired between 2017 and 2020. Axial length (AL), corneal front and back radii (including meridians for K and TK conversion), horizontal corneal diameter, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and central corneal thickness were measured using telecentric keratometry and swept-source optical coherence tomography-based biometry (IOLMaster 700; Carl Zeiss Meditec AG). Cooke-modified axial length (CMAL) and AKRT were calculated. Difference vectors between K and TK astigmatism and between AKRT and TK astigmatism were compared. RESULTS A total of 10,300 eyes from 6388 patients were assessed. Difference vectors for K and TK were significantly smaller than for AKRT and TK. K measurement showed a configuration of 51.49% of with-the-rule astigmatism and 30.51% against-the-rule astigmatism, TK measurement showed a configuration of 41.60% of with-the-rule astigmatism and 40.21% against-the-rule astigmatism. Mean total astigmatism was -0.94 ± 0.74 dpt. Mean values for AL and CMAL were 23.70 ± 1.39 mm and 23.70 ± 1.34 mm, respectively. Anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, horizontal corneal diameter, AL, and age were all correlated with each other. CONCLUSION Astigmatism analysis showed less difference between K and TK than between AKRT and TK. There were significantly fewer eyes with with-the-rule astigmatism and more eyes with against-the-rule astigmatism configuration in TK-derived than in K-derived keratometry. The study provides data on gender and generational differences in biometry. Significant intersexual differences in AL and CMAL were observed, with CMAL providing lower standard deviation compared with AL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jascha A Wendelstein
- Department for Ophthalmology and Optometry (J.A.W., S.A.R., N.H., M.B.), Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Linz, Austria; Johannes Kepler University Linz Medical Faculty (J.A.W., S.A.R., N.H., M.B.), Linz, Austria; Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology (J.A.W., A.L.), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sophia A Reifeltshammer
- Department for Ophthalmology and Optometry (J.A.W., S.A.R., N.H., M.B.), Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Linz, Austria; Johannes Kepler University Linz Medical Faculty (J.A.W., S.A.R., N.H., M.B.), Linz, Austria.
| | - David L Cooke
- Great Lakes Eye Care (D.L.C.), Saint Joseph, Michigan State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA; Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (D.L.C.), Michigan State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nino Hirnschall
- Department for Ophthalmology and Optometry (J.A.W., S.A.R., N.H., M.B.), Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Linz, Austria; Johannes Kepler University Linz Medical Faculty (J.A.W., S.A.R., N.H., M.B.), Linz, Austria
| | | | - Achim Langenbucher
- Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology (J.A.W., A.L.), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Bolz
- Department for Ophthalmology and Optometry (J.A.W., S.A.R., N.H., M.B.), Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Linz, Austria; Johannes Kepler University Linz Medical Faculty (J.A.W., S.A.R., N.H., M.B.), Linz, Austria
| | - Kamran M Riaz
- Dean A. McGee Eye Institute (K.M.R.), University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ocular findings in central precocious puberty. J AAPOS 2022; 26:316.e1-316.e5. [PMID: 36270587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate ocular findings in central precocious puberty (PP). METHODS This prospective study included 38 children with PP and 34 healthy control children. All participants were evaluated in terms of refractive error, axial length (AL), and anterior segment parameters, including keratometry (K), corneal volume (CV), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), and iridocorneal angle (ICA). Central macular thickness (CMT), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and central subfoveal choroidal thickness (ChT) were also analyzed. The correlation of these parameters with Tanner stage was also investigated in the PP group. RESULTS Compared with the control group, spherical refraction was less hyperopic (P = 0.017) and AL was significantly higher (P = 0.001) in the PP group. Spherical value and AL were significantly associated with the Tanner stage. None of the anterior segment parameters obtained by Pentacam was different in the PP group compared with controls. In PP cases, CMT and RNFL thicknesses in all sectors did not differ from controls. Subfoveal ChT was significantly higher in the PP group, regardless of Tanner stage (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In our cohort of children with central PP, AL and ChT were higher than in children without PP.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mohd-Ali B, Low YC, Shahimin MM, Arif N, Abdul Hamid H, Wan Abdul Halim WH, Mokri SS, Baseri Huddin A, Mohidin N. Ocular Dimensions, Refractive Error, and Body Stature in Young Chinese Children with Myopia in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2022; 14:101-110. [PMID: 35910505 PMCID: PMC9326897 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s368672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eyeball shape varies with refraction and body stature. Nevertheless, there are few reports on three-dimensional measurements of eyeball shape in children. The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to investigate the associations between three-dimensional measurements of ocular dimensions, refractive error, and body stature in young Chinese children with myopia in Kuala Lumpur. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five female and 35 male school children aged 8-9 years old were recruited in this study. Cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) and visual acuity (VA) were determined using a logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) chart. Body mass index (BMI), body height, and head circumference were ascertained. Three ocular dimensions, that is, longitudinal axial length (LAL), horizontal width (HW), and vertical height (VH), were determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS There were significant differences among the ocular dimensions in the myopic children. Bonferroni-corrected pairwise t-tests showed that LAL was significantly longer (mean difference, 0.318 mm) than VH, which was in turn significantly longer (mean difference, 0.245 mm) than HW. Body height was significantly correlated with LAL (p < 0.001) and SE (p < 0.001), and multivariate linear regression confirmed that longer LAL and more myopic SE were associated with increased body height (p < 0.001 for both) but not BMI (p = 0.894 and p = 0.413) or head circumference (p = 0.305 and p = 0.226). CONCLUSION This study confirms previous reports that changes in ocular dimensions are associated with body height in young children. Axial elongation (forming a prolate profile) occurs in myopic children of both genders at a young age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bariah Mohd-Ali
- Optometry and Vision Science Program, Research Centre for Community Health, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yu Chen Low
- Optometry and Vision Science Program, Research Centre for Community Health, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mizhanim Mohamad Shahimin
- Optometry and Vision Science Program, Research Centre for Community Health, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norlaili Arif
- Optometry and Vision Science Program, Research Centre for Community Health, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamzaini Abdul Hamid
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Salasiah Mokri
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aqilah Baseri Huddin
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhani Mohidin
- Optometry Centre, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Axial Growth Driven by Physical Development and Myopia among Children: A Two Year Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133642. [PMID: 35806925 PMCID: PMC9267224 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The physical process of axial length growth among children and its role in the occurrence of myopia remain insufficiently explored. In this study, we investigate the patterns of ocular axial growth among persistent myopia (PM) and persistent non-myopia (PNM) children aged 3 to 15 years. Methods: A group of 6353 children aged 3 to 15 years, selected from rural schools in China, were followed up annually for 2 years. Biometric measurements including axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) were obtained. Body height was recorded. Children were divided into two groups: PM group defined as SER of −0.50 D or less; PNM group defined as −0.50 D < SER < +3.0 D during follow-up. Results: Annual AL growth was fairly consistent for PNM eyes of children aged 3 to 11 years and then reduced significantly (independent t test, p < 0.001) for children aged 12 years and older. This pattern of AL changes was similar for PM children, although the AL growth was greater among them. Among children aged 6 and older, body height change was concomitant to AL growth (p < 0.01) and SER myopic shift (p < 0.001) until reaching 12 years old (p = 0.308 and p = 0.679, respectively). Conclusions: Stature growth and AL growth are both remarkable and consistent and concomitant but start to attenuate when the children reach 10 to 12 years old among emmetropic children. This observation suggests that AL growth is driven by physical development until 12 years old, whereas its excessive growth is dominated by myopia development.
Collapse
|
16
|
Choroidal Abnormalities in Pediatric NF1: A Cohort Natural History Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061423. [PMID: 35326581 PMCID: PMC8946817 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term natural history of choroidal abnormalities (CAs) in a large pediatric neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) population, quantifying their progression in number and dimensions. Pediatric patients (<16 years old) affected by NF1 with a minimum follow-up of 3 years with at least one CA in one eye were consecutively recruited. Near-infrared (NIR) imaging was performed to identify CAs, which were quantified in number and size. The CAs area and perimeter were normalized for the optic disc dimensions to avoid possible bias related to the growing process of the eye. Ninety-nine eyes of 53 patients were evaluated. The CAs number, area and perimeter significantly increased during follow-up (p < 0.0001 for each parameter). The patient age at baseline was inversely correlated with the CAs number over time (coefficient = −0.1313, p = 0.0068), while no correlation was found between the patient age and CAs progression in size. In conclusion, we provide evidence that, in NF1 pediatric patients, CAs change over time, increasing both in number and dimensions, independently from the physiological growth of the eye. While the increase of the CAs number occurs particularly at an earlier age, the increase in the CAs dimensions is a slow process that remains constant during childhood.
Collapse
|
17
|
Tao L, Wang C, Peng Y, Xu M, Wan M, Lou J, Yu X. Correlation Between Increase of Axial Length and Height Growth in Chinese School-Age Children. Front Public Health 2022; 9:817882. [PMID: 35127628 PMCID: PMC8811027 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.817882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify the relationship between the increase in axial length (AL) and height in school-age children and explore the influence of refractive status on such a relationship. Methods In this 5-year cohort study, 414 Chinese children (237 boys) aged 6–9 years (mean 7.12) underwent measurements annually. AL was measured using the Lenstar; height with the children standing, without shoes; and refraction using subjective refraction without cycloplegia. Participants were divided according to the refractive status: persistent emmetropia, persistent myopia, and newly developed myopia. The measurement time points of the persistent emmetropia and persistent myopia groups were marked as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5. The time of myopia onset in the newly developed myopia group was marked as t0; the preceding time points were marked as t−1, t−2, and so on, and the succeeding as t1, t2, and so on. The association between increase in AL and height was analyzed using simple correlation analysis. Results The mean changes in AL, height, and refraction were 1.39 mm, 23.60 cm, and −1.69 D, respectively, over 5 years in all children. The increase in AL and height were positively correlated for T1~T2, T1~T3, T1~T4, and T1~T5 (r = 0.262, P < 0.001; r = 0.108, P = 0.034; r = 0.165, P = 0.001; r = 0.174, P = 0.001, respectively). The changes in AL and height in the newly developed myopia group were significantly correlated (r = 0.289, P = 0.009) after myopia onset (t0~t2). Conclusion The increase in AL and height were positively correlated, especially in the newly developed myopia group after myopia onset. Thus, when children grow quickly, AL elongation should be monitored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Peng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meiping Xu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Minghui Wan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiangtao Lou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiangtao Lou
| | - Xinping Yu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kumagai K, Ogino N, Horie E, Fukami M, Furukawa M, Matsumura M, Okada M. Birth Year-Dependent Increase in Axial Length of Japanese Adult. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 232:98-108. [PMID: 33991517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the correlations between the axial length and the aging-dependent and birth year-dependent age are significant. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS This study included Japanese patients ≥50 years who had undergone cataract surgery at numerous clinics from 2002 to 2020. Only 1 eye/patient was analyzed. The axial length was measured with the IOL Master. The age-dependent changes were determined by the significance of the correlation between the axial length and age by the birth year. The birth year-dependent changes were determined by the significance of the correlation between the axial length and birth year in the different age groups. The age refers to the age at the time of the cataract surgery. Spearman correlations were calculated. The turning points were identified by the LOESS, NLIN, and HPMIXED procedures. RESULTS A total of 62,362 eyes (35,508 women, 26,854 men) were studied. The mean age was 72.9 ± 8.4 (standard deviation) years (range, 50-101 years), and the mean axial length was 23.90 ± 1.66 mm (standard deviation) (range, 19.20-37.07 mm). The birth year ranged from 1908 to 1970. Analyses of the birth year-dependent changes showed significant positive correlations in 48 of 81 (59.3%) groups for women and men. The increase in the axial length was birth year-dependent, and the turning point was 1939.4 for women and 1936.7 for men. CONCLUSIONS The negative and significant correlation between the axial length and age is due to birth year-dependent changes. A birth year-dependent increase in axial length might have continued for several decades from the birth year of the late 1930s.
Collapse
|
19
|
Li X, Hu Q, Wang QR, Feng ZQ, Yang F, Du CY. Analysis of ocular structural parameters and higher-order aberrations in Chinese children with myopia. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:8035-8043. [PMID: 34621860 PMCID: PMC8462189 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i27.8035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia and high myopia are global public health concerns. Patients with high myopia account for 0.5%-5.0% of the global population.
AIM To examine diopters, axial length (AL), higher-order aberrations, and other ocular parameters in Chinese children with myopia, to analyze the influence of structural parameters associated with myopia on visual quality, and to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of childhood myopia and high myopia.
METHODS This study included 195 children aged 6–17 years with myopia. The AL was measured with an ultrasonic ophthalmic diagnostic instrument, and the aberrations, corneal curvature (minimum K1, maximum K2, and average Km), central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, and anterior chamber angle were measured using a Sirius three-dimensional anterior segment analyzer. Using a standard formula, the corneal radius of curvature R (337.3/Km) and AL/R values were obtained.
RESULTS The diopter of high myopia compared with low-middle myopia was correlated with age and AL (r = -0.336, -0.405, P < 0.001), and AL of high myopia was negatively correlated with K1, K2, and Km (r = -0.673, -0.661, and -0.680, respectively; P < 0.001), and positively correlated with age and the anterior chamber depth (r = 0.214 and 0.275, respectively; P < 0.05). AL/R was more closely related to diopter than AL in children with myopia, and 94.4% of children with myopia had an AL/R of > 3.00.
CONCLUSION The ocular structural parameters of children change because of different diopters. AL/R is more specific and sensitive than AL in evaluating the refractive status of myopia in children. An AL/R of > 3.00 may be used as a specific index of myopia in children. There are differences in AL/R between high myopia and low-middle myopia, which can be used for the classification of ametropia. The degree of myopia has a certain influence on higher-order aberrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Center of Optometry of The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Qian-Ru Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zi-Qing Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Center of Optometry of The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Yu Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Center of Optometry of The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Németh J, Tapasztó B, Aclimandos WA, Kestelyn P, Jonas JB, De Faber JTHN, Januleviciene I, Grzybowski A, Nagy ZZ, Pärssinen O, Guggenheim JA, Allen PM, Baraas RC, Saunders KJ, Flitcroft DI, Gray LS, Polling JR, Haarman AEG, Tideman JWL, Wolffsohn JS, Wahl S, Mulder JA, Smirnova IY, Formenti M, Radhakrishnan H, Resnikoff S. Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 31:853-883. [PMID: 33673740 PMCID: PMC8369912 DOI: 10.1177/1120672121998960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of myopia is increasing extensively worldwide. The number of people with myopia in 2020 is predicted to be 2.6 billion globally, which is expected to rise up to 4.9 billion by 2050, unless preventive actions and interventions are taken. The number of individuals with high myopia is also increasing substantially and pathological myopia is predicted to become the most common cause of irreversible vision impairment and blindness worldwide and also in Europe. These prevalence estimates indicate the importance of reducing the burden of myopia by means of myopia control interventions to prevent myopia onset and to slow down myopia progression. Due to the urgency of the situation, the European Society of Ophthalmology decided to publish this update of the current information and guidance on management of myopia. The pathogenesis and genetics of myopia are also summarized and epidemiology, risk factors, preventive and treatment options are discussed in details.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- János Németh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Tapasztó
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zoltán Zsolt Nagy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Gerontology Research Centre and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Peter M Allen
- Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rigmor C Baraas
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Kathryn J Saunders
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science research, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Daniel Ian Flitcroft
- Temple Street Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland (CERI) Technological University Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jan Roelof Polling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Optometry and Orthoptics, Hogeschool Utrecht, University of Applied Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annechien EG Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Willem L Tideman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James Stuart Wolffsohn
- Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeroen A Mulder
- Department of Optometry and Orthoptics, Hogeschool Utrecht, University of Applied Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marino Formenti
- Department of Physics, School of Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Serge Resnikoff
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chamberlain P, Lazon de la Jara P, Arumugam B, Bullimore MA. Axial length targets for myopia control. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:523-531. [PMID: 33951213 PMCID: PMC8252804 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Both emmetropic and myopic eyes elongate throughout childhood. The goals of this study were to compare axial elongation among untreated progressing myopes, progressing myopes treated with a myopia control contact lens and emmetropes, in order to place axial elongation in the context of normal eye growth in emmetropic children, and to consider whether normal physiological eye growth places limits on what might be achieved with myopia control. METHODS Axial elongation data were taken from the 3-year randomised clinical trial of a myopia control dual-focus (MiSight® 1 day) contact lens. These were compared with data for myopic and emmetropic children in two large cohort studies: the Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia (OLSM) and the Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk Factors for Myopia (SCORM). Each study's published equations were used to calculate annual axial elongation. Four virtual cohorts-myopic and emmetropic for each model-were created, each with the same age distribution as the MiSight clinical trial subjects and the predicted cumulative elongation calculated at years 1, 2 and 3 for myopes and emmetropes using both the OLSM and SCORM models. RESULTS The untreated control myopes in the MiSight clinical trial showed mean axial elongation over 3 years (0.62 mm) similar to the virtual cohorts based on the OLSM (0.70 mm) and SCORM (0.65 mm) models. The predicted 3-year axial elongation for the virtual cohorts of emmetropes was 0.24 mm for both the OLSM and SCORM models-similar to the mean 3-year elongation in MiSight-treated myopes (0.30 mm). CONCLUSIONS The 3-year elongation in MiSight-treated myopes approached that of virtual cohorts of emmetropes with the same age distribution. It is hypothesised that myopic axial elongation is superimposed on an underlying physiological axial elongation observed in emmetropic eyes, which reflects increases in body stature. We speculate that optically based myopia control treatments may minimise the myopic axial elongation but retain the underlying physiological elongation observed in emmetropic eyes.
Collapse
|
22
|
Phu J, Tong J, Zangerl B, Ly Le J, Kalloniatis M. Authors' reply. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 41:203-204. [PMID: 33236807 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Phu
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Janelle Tong
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Barbara Zangerl
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Janet Ly Le
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| |
Collapse
|