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Nemazannikova N, Antonas K, Dass CR. Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanisms, and mutations to malignancies. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:421-31. [PMID: 23359295 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The potential protective effects of vitamin D against cutaneous carcinogenesis are still poorly understood. The inhibition, by vitamin D, of various cancers in in vitro and in vivo models has triggered detailed investigation of vitamin D effects on neoplastic behavior. Recent studies highlight that such neoplastic features as the tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis, DNA mutagenesis, and apoptosis are all connected to vitamin D metabolic pathways. This review discusses these connections. Vitamin D modulation of the cell cycle, DNA repair and apoptosis via its receptors (VDRs) may have a suppressive effect on skin cancer as some studies suggest. The regulation of multiple tumor signaling pathways by vitamin D may have an implication in cutaneous carcinogenesis and tumor progression to malignancy.
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Sayed SI, Dwivedi RC, Katna R, Garg A, Pathak KA, Nutting CM, Rhys-Evans P, Harrington KJ, Kazi R. Implications of understanding cancer stem cell (CSC) biology in head and neck squamous cell cancer. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:237-43. [PMID: 21382740 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world. Effective therapeutic modalities such as surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and combinations of each are used in the management of this disease. Efforts are ongoing throughout the world to improve early detection and prevention of HNSCCs. Often, treatment fails to obtain total cancer cure and this is more likely with advanced stage disease. In recent years it appears that one of the key determinants of treatment failure may be the presence of cancer stem cells (CSC) that 'escape' currently available therapies. CSCs form a minute portion of the total tumour burden but may play a disproportionately important role in determining outcomes. Molecular mechanisms which underlie the genesis of CSCs are yet not fully understood and their detection within the total tumour bulk remains a challenge. Specific markers like Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), CD44 and Bmi-1 have shown early promising results both in CSC detection and in guiding treatment protocols. CSCs have been shown to be relatively resistant to standard treatment modalities. It is hoped that developing robust in vitro and in vivo experimental models of CSCs might provide a means of devising more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail I Sayed
- ENT Dept., Grant Medical College, B.R. Ambedkar Road, Byculla, Mumbai 8, India.
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Rodrigues-Lisoni FC, Peitl P, Vidotto A, Polachini GM, Maniglia JV, Carmona-Raphe J, Cunha BR, Henrique T, Souza CF, Teixeira RAP, Fukuyama EE, Michaluart P, de Carvalho MB, Oliani SM, Tajara EH, Cury PM, de Carvalho MB, Dias-Neto E, Figueiredo DLA, Fukuyama EE, Góis-Filho JF, Leopoldino AM, Mamede RCM, Michaluart-Junior P, Moyses RA, Nóbrega FG, Nóbrega MP, Nunes FD, Ojopi EFB, Serafini LN, Severino P, Silva AMA, Silva WA, Silveira NJF, Souza SCOM, Tajara EH, Wünsch-Filho V, Amar A, Bandeira CM, Braconi MA, Brandão LG, Brandão RM, Canto AL, Cerione M, Cicco R, Chagas MJ, Chedid H, Costa A, Cunha BR, Curioni OA, Fortes CS, Franzi SA, Frizzera APZ, Gazito D, Guimarães PEM, Kaneto CM, López RVM, Macarenco R, Magalhães MR, Meneses C, Mercante AMC, Pinheiro DG, Polachini GM, Rapoport A, Rodini CO, Rodrigues-Lisoni FC, Rodrigues RV, Rossi L, Santos ARD, Santos M, Settani F, Silva FAM, Silva IT, Souza TB, Stabenow E, Takamori JT, Valentim PJ, Vidotto A, Xavier FCA, Yamagushi F, Cominato ML, Correa PMS, Mendes GS, Paiva R, Ramos O, Silva C, Silva MJ, Tarlá MVC. Genomics and proteomics approaches to the study of cancer-stroma interactions. BMC Med Genomics 2010; 3:14. [PMID: 20441585 PMCID: PMC2881110 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-3-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development and progression of cancer depend on its genetic characteristics as well as on the interactions with its microenvironment. Understanding these interactions may contribute to diagnostic and prognostic evaluations and to the development of new cancer therapies. Aiming to investigate potential mechanisms by which the tumor microenvironment might contribute to a cancer phenotype, we evaluated soluble paracrine factors produced by stromal and neoplastic cells which may influence proliferation and gene and protein expression. Methods The study was carried out on the epithelial cancer cell line (Hep-2) and fibroblasts isolated from a primary oral cancer. We combined a conditioned-medium technique with subtraction hybridization approach, quantitative PCR and proteomics, in order to evaluate gene and protein expression influenced by soluble paracrine factors produced by stromal and neoplastic cells. Results We observed that conditioned medium from fibroblast cultures (FCM) inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in Hep-2 cells. In neoplastic cells, 41 genes and 5 proteins exhibited changes in expression levels in response to FCM and, in fibroblasts, 17 genes and 2 proteins showed down-regulation in response to conditioned medium from Hep-2 cells (HCM). Nine genes were selected and the expression results of 6 down-regulated genes (ARID4A, CALR, GNB2L1, RNF10, SQSTM1, USP9X) were validated by real time PCR. Conclusions A significant and common denominator in the results was the potential induction of signaling changes associated with immune or inflammatory response in the absence of a specific protein.
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Tabuchi S, Sakuta T, Oyama T, Tokuda M, Tatsuyama S, Kajihara T, Nagaoka S, Beppu M, Sugihara K, Ikebe T, Shirasuna K, Torii M. Runt-related gene 2 is involved in the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression by roxithromycin in human gingival epithelial cell cultures. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:283-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Du W, Hozumi N, Sakamoto M, Hata JI, Yamada T. Reconstitution of Schwannian stroma in neuroblastomas using human bone marrow stromal cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1153-64. [PMID: 18772334 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Schwannian stroma in neuroblastomas is related to patient prognosis. There is debate surrounding the origin of Schwannian stroma in neuroblastomas: one theory is that the Schwann cells are derived from neoplastic cells, and the other is that they arise from normal cells surrounding the neuroblastoma. We examined whether human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) or human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) could differentiate into Schwann cells in neuroblastomas. hBMSCs or hMSCs along with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were injected into xenotransplanted neuroblastomas in nonobese diabetic mice with severe combined immunodeficiency and the resulting tumors were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. HBMSCs and hMSCs were co-cultured with neuroblastoma cells, and the induction of Schwann cell-specific molecules, S100beta and Egr-2, was monitored. S100beta-positive Schwannian stroma was observed only in neuroblastomas containing either hBMSCs or hMSCs, but not in neuroblastomas lacking these cells. Double staining with anti-S100 and anti-EGFP antibodies showed that S100-positive cells in neuroblastomas were also EGFP-positive. By contrast, hBMSCs did not develop into Schwann cells in Ewing's sarcoma, demonstrating that differentiation of transplanted hBMSCs or hMSCs into Schwann cells occurs specifically in neuroblastomas. Both S100beta and Egr-2 were expressed in hBMSCs or hMSCs co-cultured with neuroblastoma cells. HBMSCs or hMSCs may contribute to the formation of human tumor stroma. The Schwannian stroma of neuroblastomas appears to be derived from nonneoplastic stromal cells rather than neuroblastoma cells, further clarifying its developmental origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Du
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Graziano A, d'Aquino R, Tirino V, Desiderio V, Rossi A, Pirozzi G. The stem cell hypothesis in head and neck cancer. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:408-12. [PMID: 17546610 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are tumoral cells which have stem features such as self-renewal, high migration capacity, drug resistance, high proliferation abilities. In the last 10 years the pathological meaning and the existence of CSCs have been matter of discussion and a large number of articles have been published about the role that these cells play in the development and maintenance of the tumors. Head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide: early diagnosis of high-risk premalignant lesions are high priorities for reducing deaths due to head and neck cancer. In the last years the CSCs hypothesis has been faced also for head and neck cancer, with the aim of a better comprehension of the tumor biology and an early diagnosis. The evidence that the development of a tumor comes from a small number of cells with stem-like characteristic, could bring too to the identification of therapies against these cellular target, fundamental for maintenance and progression of the lesion. Here, a literature review has been reported about the detection of supposed CSCs in head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Graziano
- SHRO and Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Vairaktaris E, Vassiliou S, Nkenke E, Serefoglou Z, Derka S, Tsigris C, Vylliotis A, Yapijakis C, Neukam FW, Patsouris E. A metalloproteinase-9 polymorphism which affects its expression is associated with increased risk for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008; 34:450-5. [PMID: 17498910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2007.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM In light to recently found contribution of factors associated with angiogenesis, thrombosis and inflammation to carcinogenesis, we investigated the possible association of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) with increased risk of oral cancer. METHODS In DNA samples of 152 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and 162 healthy controls of comparable ethnicity, age and sex, we studied the -1562 C/T polymorphism in the MMP-9 gene promoter, which affects its transcription. RESULTS The detected frequency for the high expression T allele in the patients' group was significantly increased in comparison to that of the control group (22% versus 15%, respectively; P<0.05). This difference was due to the relative increase of C/T heterozygotes in the group of patients, in comparison to controls (P<0.05, 95% OR 1.92, CI 1.21-3.06). The same pattern of significance was observed between controls and the subgroups of patients with initial (I & II) stages of cancer, without positive family history of cancer or thrombophilia, with smoking and alcohol abuse habits. CONCLUSIONS The investigated MMP-9 polymorphism has a strong association with increased risk for developing oral cancer in a subset of the general population. These results are in accordance to previous studies of constitutive expression and secretion of MMP-9 in invasive oral carcinoma cell lines. The observation that T allele carriers have an increased risk for developing oral cancer only in initial stages, but not in advanced ones, may be due to the role of MMP-9 in the inhibition of angiogenesis by generating angiostatin from plasminogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vairaktaris
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Rimini 1, Athens, GR-12462, Greece.
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Chang JYF, Wright JM, Svoboda KKH. Signal transduction pathways involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral cancer compared with other cancers. Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 185:40-7. [PMID: 17587806 DOI: 10.1159/000101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a central mechanism governing destined cell movement in embryonic development. Emerging evidence reveals that EMT characterizing the progression of many carcinomas is linked to the acquisition of an invasive and metastatic phenotype. While it is established that EMT is controlled by well-conserved mechanisms, additional research is required for various tissue- or tumor-specific transitions. We review the literature related to the major components of EMT including adhesion molecules, cytoskeleton reorganization and signaling pathways in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Yu Fong Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Pathology Division, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, Tex. 75246, USA
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Yu M, Yeh J, Van Waes C. Protein kinase casein kinase 2 mediates inhibitor-kappaB kinase and aberrant nuclear factor-kappaB activation by serum factor(s) in head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6722-31. [PMID: 16818647 PMCID: PMC1839920 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We showed previously that the signal transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is aberrantly activated and that inhibition of NF-kappaB induces cell death and inhibits tumorigenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Thus, identification of specific kinases underlying the activation of NF-kappaB could provide targets for selective therapy. Inhibitor-kappaB (IkappaB) kinase (IKK) is known to activate NF-kappaB by inducing NH(2)-terminal phosphorylation and degradation of its endogenous inhibitor, IkappaB. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) was previously reported to be overexpressed in HNSCC cells and to be a COOH-terminal IKK, but its relationship to NF-kappaB activation in HNSCC cells is unknown. In this study, we examined the contribution of IKK and CK2 in the regulation of NF-kappaB in HNSCC in vitro. NF-kappaB activation was specifically inhibited by kinase-dead mutants of the IKK1 and IKK2 subunits or small interfering RNA targeting the beta subunit of CK2. CK2 and IKK kinase activity, as well as NF-kappaB transcriptional activity, was shown to be serum responsive, indicating that these kinases mediate aberrant activation of NF-kappaB in response to serum factor(s) in vitro. Recombinant CK2alpha was shown to phosphorylate recombinant IKK2 as well as to promote immunoprecipitated IKK complex from HNSCC to phosphorylate the NH(2)-terminal S32/S36 of IkappaBalpha. We conclude that the aberrant NF-kappaB activity in HNSCC cells in response to serum is partially through a novel mechanism involving CK2-mediated activation of IKK2, making these kinases candidates for selective therapy to target the NF-kappaB pathway in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yu
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders/NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Tichelaar JW, Zhang Y, leRiche JC, Biddinger PW, Lam S, Anderson MW. Increased staining for phospho-Akt, p65/RELA and cIAP-2 in pre-neoplastic human bronchial biopsies. BMC Cancer 2005; 5:155. [PMID: 16332260 PMCID: PMC1325242 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-5-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of non-small cell lung carcinoma proceeds through a series of well-defined pathological steps before the appearance of invasive lung carcinoma. The molecular changes that correspond with pathology changes are not well defined and identification of the molecular events may provide clues on the progression of intraepithelial neoplasia in the lung, as well as suggest potential targets for chemoprevention. The acquisition of anti-apoptotic signals is critical for the survival of cancer cells but the pathways involved are incompletely characterized in developing intra-epithelial neoplasia (IEN). Methods We used immunohistochemistry to determine the presence, relative levels, and localization of proteins that mediate anti-apoptotic pathways in developing human bronchial neoplasia. Results Bronchial epithelial protein levels of the phosphorylated (active) form of AKT kinase and the caspase inhibitor cIAP-2 were increased in more advanced grades of bronchial IEN lesions than in normal bronchial epithelium. Additionally, the percentage of biopsies with nuclear localization of p65/RELA in epithelial cells increased with advancing pathology grade, suggesting that NF-κB transcriptional activity was induced more frequently in advanced IEN lesions. Conclusion Our results indicate that anti-apoptotic pathways are elevated in bronchial IEN lesions prior to the onset of invasive carcinoma and that targeting these pathways therapeutically may offer promise in prevention of non-small cell lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Tichelaar
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267 USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237 USA
| | - Jean C leRiche
- Cancer Imaging Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z4E6. USA
| | - Paul W Biddinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267. USA
| | - Stephen Lam
- Cancer Imaging Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z4E6. USA
| | - Marshall W Anderson
- Department of Genome Science, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237 USA
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