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John S, Jain A, Devi P, Gupta S, Raghuvanshi S. How predominant cell and stroma types harmonize to predict head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma outcomes? Med J Armed Forces India 2024; 80:404-411. [PMID: 39071760 PMCID: PMC11279721 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon tumor that usually appears in the major salivary glands of the head and neck region, including the minor glands in the oral cavity, sinonasal tract, and other sites. ACC of the head and neck may have a low-grade histological appearance. This malignant tumor has unusual clinical characteristics such as occasional regional lymph node metastases and a prolonged yet continuously advancing clinical course. Additionally, it is an invasive tumor with perineural invasion, difficult-to-clear margins, metastasis, and localized recurrence. The cribriform and tubular proliferation of basaloid cells, which mostly display a myoepithelial cellular phenotype, are ACC's distinct histologic characteristics. The degree of genetic alterations and aneuploidy observed in tumor genomes are linked to the severity of histologic grade, which correlates with clinical prognosis. The three predominant cell types (PCTs) i.e., conventional ACC (C-ACC), myoepithelial-predominant ACC (M-ACC), and epithelial-predominant ACC (E-ACC)-and their respective applications will be reviewed. The function of extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as laminin, type IV collagen, fibronectin, and tenascin are also emphasized. An attempt has been made to explore the recent molecular diversity, regulatory pathways prevalent in PCT, ECM with its genetic changes, and translational utility with targeted therapies for ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon John
- Resident (Oral Pathology), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Ayushi Jain
- Resident (Oral Pathology), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Priya Devi
- Resident (Oral Pathology), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Professor & Head (Oral Pathology), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Shivanjali Raghuvanshi
- Additional Professor (General Pathology), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
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Sasaki E, Terada H, Oishi N, Iwakoshi A, Masago K, Matsushita H, Yamamoto H, Hanai N, Tateyama H. Expression of CD5 in salivary gland tumors: an ancillary marker for carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) of the major salivary gland. Virchows Arch 2024; 484:945-950. [PMID: 37953373 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, cases of carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) occurring in major salivary glands have been identified. To assess the diagnostic value of CD5 immunohistochemistry in distinguishing salivary CASTLE from other types of salivary gland tumors, we evaluated CD5 expression in 109 salivary gland tumors, encompassing 23 different histological types, including salivary CASTLE. In addition, we reviewed 10 previously reported cases of salivary CASTLE. Most salivary CASTLE cases (10/11, 91%) showed strong CD5 expression. In contrast, 104 of 108 (96%) non-salivary CASTLE tumors were negative for CD5, while the remaining four tumors (3.7%), all of which were histologically Warthin tumors, showed focal positivity for CD5 with weak to moderate intensity. In conclusion, the findings in this study support the potential use of CD5 immunohistochemistry for distinguishing salivary CASTLE from other histological types of salivary gland tumors. Aberrant CD5 expression in this tumor may be linked to the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan.
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan.
- Division of Translational Oncoimmunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Hoshino Terada
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Oishi
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Akari Iwakoshi
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Masago
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsushita
- Division of Translational Oncoimmunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hanai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisashi Tateyama
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratory, Kasugai Municipal Hospital, Kasugai, Japan
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3
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Hamada M, Miyama Y, Matsumura S, Shintani-Domoto Y, Urano M, Yasuda M. Carcinoma showing thymus-like elements (CASTLE) with amyloid deposition in the parotid gland. Pathol Int 2024; 74:227-233. [PMID: 38488752 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Carcinoma showing thymus-like elements (CASTLE) is a rare tumor that commonly occurs in the thyroid gland. Extrathyroidal CASTLE is rarer, and only 11 cases of CASTLE of major salivary glands have been reported to date. We report the first case of amyloid deposition in parotid CASTLE. A 63-year-old man presented with a slowly growing mass in the left parotid region. Computed tomography revealed an approximately 28 × 23 mm mass lesion in the left parotid gland, and squamous cell carcinoma was suspected on biopsy. The patient underwent a parotidectomy with neck dissection. Morphologically, the tumor cells were squamoid and formed nests with lymphoid infiltration. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells exhibited immunoreactivity for CD5, CD117/c-kit and Bcl-2, p40, and CK5 but not for p16. We diagnosed the tumor as parotid CASTLE. Amyloid deposition was also observed in the primary tumor and metastatic lymph node lesions, which were immunoreactive for cytokeratin 5. Tumor cytokeratin-derived amyloid deposition may be one of characteristics of parotid CASTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hamada
- Department of Pathology, Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yu Miyama
- Department of Pathology, Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsumura
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Urano
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Bantane Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masanori Yasuda
- Department of Pathology, Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Fujii S, Hasegawa K, Maehara T, Kurppa KJ, Heikinheimo K, Warner KA, Maruyama S, Tajiri Y, Nör JE, Tanuma JI, Kawano S, Kiyoshima T. Wnt/β-catenin-C-kit axis may play a role in adenoid cystic carcinoma prognostication. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 254:155148. [PMID: 38277753 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is one of the most common malignant salivary gland tumors. ACC is composed of myoepithelial and epithelial neoplastic cells which grow slowly and have a tendency for neural invasion. The long term prognosis is still relatively poor. Although several gene abnormalities, such as fusions involving MYB or MYBL1 oncogenes and the transcription factor gene NFIB, and overexpression of KIT have been reported in ACC, their precise functions in the pathogenesis of ACC remain unclear. We recently demonstrated that the elevated expression of Semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A), specifically expressed in myoepithelial neoplastic cells, might function as a novel oncogene-related molecule to enhance cell proliferation through activated AKT signaling in 9/10 (90%) ACC cases. In the current study, the patient with ACC whose tumor was negative for SEMA3A in the previous study, revisited our hospital with late metastasis of ACC to the cervical lymph node eight years after surgical resection of the primary tumor. We characterized this recurrent ACC, and compared it with the primary ACC using immunohistochemical methods. In the recurrent ACC, the duct lining epithelial cells, not myoepithelial neoplastic cells, showed an elevated Ki-67 index and increased cell membrane expression of C-kit, along with the expression of phosphorylated ERK. Late metastasis ACC specimens were not positive for β-catenin and lymphocyte enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF1), which were detected in the nuclei of perineural infiltrating cells in primary ACC cells. In addition, experiments with the GSK-3 inhibitor revealed that β-catenin pathway suppressed not only KIT expression but also proliferation of ACC cells. Moreover, stem cell factor (SCF; also known as KIT ligand, KITL) induced ERK activation in ACC cells. These results suggest that inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling may promote C-kit-ERK signaling and cell proliferation of in metastatic ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Fujii
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Dento-craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, and Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland.
| | - Kana Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Maehara
- Dento-craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kari J Kurppa
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, and Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Kristiina Heikinheimo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520, Finland
| | - Kristy A Warner
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Satoshi Maruyama
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Yudai Tajiri
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Fukuokahigashi Medical Center, 1-1-1 Chidori, Koga, Fukuoka 811-3195, Japan
| | - Jacques E Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun-Ichi Tanuma
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan; Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kawano
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kiyoshima
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Vijayakumar G, Kamboj M, Narwal A, Sharma G. Diagnostic reliability of c-KIT (CD117) in salivary gland tumours - A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2024; 28:11-20. [PMID: 38800447 PMCID: PMC11126241 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_70_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
c-KIT is an important diagnostic marker in salivary gland tumours and is expressed in most adenoid cystic carcinomas. Histologically similar salivary gland tumours with variable immunohistochemical expression for c-KIT pose a challenge and make diagnostic reliability ambivalent. An electronic search was performed in MEDLINE by PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Trip, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE up to 31 December 2023, without period restriction. The articles that investigated CD117 or c-KIT in salivary gland tumours were included for review. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of c-KIT immunohistochemical expressions were derived and subjected to meta-analysis using Open Meta analyst for Sierra software. The risk of bias in selected studies was analysed using the QUADAS-2 tool, and RevMan 5.4 was used to output the result. Forty-three articles were reviewed, and 2285 salivary gland cases were analysed. Adenoid cystic carcinoma had an overall expression of 84.9%. A similar expression was found in epimyoepithelial carcinoma (79.1%), lymphoepithelial carcinoma (75%), myoepithelial carcinoma (60.8%), monomorphic adenoma (94.1%), and pleomorphic adenoma (74.7%). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of c-KIT/CD117 for adenoid cystic carcinoma with other salivary gland tumours were 84.99%, 69.09%, 84.79%, and 69.41%, respectively. Current evidence shows that c-KIT, despite its sensitivity, is not specific and therefore cannot be a useful diagnostic marker for distinguishing adenoid cystic carcinoma from other salivary gland tumours. Further research on other salivary gland tumours that exhibit comparable expression is necessary to validate the diagnostic accuracy of c-KIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopikrishnan Vijayakumar
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Mala Kamboj
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Anjali Narwal
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Gitika Sharma
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Joshi P, Bhattacharya K, Menon MB, Ghosh Laskar S, Joshi A, Patil V, Chaturvedi P. Malignant Minor Salivary gland neoplasms ofLarynx: Our Experience. OTOLARYNGOLOGIA POLSKA 2023; 77:1-7. [PMID: 38032326 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.4040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
<br><b>Introduction:</b> Malignant minor salivary gland tumors are rare, accounting for fewer than 1% of all laryngeal cancers.</br> <br><b>Aim:</b> This study aims to share our experiences regarding clinical, radiological, pathological profiles and their management.</br> <br><b>Materials and methods:</b> The current study reviews 11 cases of malignant minor salivary gland tumors of the larynx treated surgically at our Institute between 2005 and 2019.</br> <br><b>Results:</b> The mean age of the patients was 54 years (range 38-75 years) with six females and five males in the series (1.2:1). Subglottis and trachea were the sites of origin in 54% of the cases, and hoarseness with dyspnea were the most common presenting symptoms. There were nine Adenoid cystic and two Mucoepidermoid carcinoma patients. Surgery was the primary mode of treatment.</br> <br><b>Conclusions:</b> Most of the larynx's malignant minor salivary gland tumors are submucosal in origin. The outcome and prognosis vary considerably based on the tumor's histology, grade, and stage.</br>.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Joshi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Kajari Bhattacharya
- Department of Radiology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Munita Bal Menon
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sarbani Ghosh Laskar
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Amit Joshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Vijay Patil
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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Juhlin CC, Bal M. Top 10 Histological Mimics of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma You Should Not Miss in the Head and Neck. Head Neck Pathol 2023; 17:66-84. [PMID: 36941503 PMCID: PMC10063750 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-022-01521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spectrum of neuroendocrine neoplasia (NEN) of the head and neck region is wide-ranging and diverse, including a variety of diagnoses stretching from benign and low-malignant tumor forms to highly proliferative, poor prognosis neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). Moreover, there are several non-neuroendocrine differential diagnoses to keep in mind as well, displaying various degree of morphological and/or immunohistochemical overlap with bona fide neuroendocrine lesions. METHODS Review. RESULTS While the growth patterns may vary, well-differentiated NEN usually display a stippled "salt and pepper" chromatin, a granular cytoplasm, and unequivocal expression of neuroendocrine markers such as chromogranin A and synaptophysin. However, these features are often less pronounced in NEC, which may cause diagnostic confusion-not the least since several non-NEC head and neck tumors may exhibit morphological similarities and focal neuroendocrine differentiation. CONCLUSION As patients with NEC may require specific adjuvant treatment and follow-up, knowledge regarding differential diagnoses and potential pitfalls is therefore clinically relevant. In this review, the top ten morphological and/or immunohistochemical mimics of NEC are detailed in terms of histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum J6:20, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Munita Bal
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400012, India.
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Castillo-Lopez E, Pacífico C, Sener-Aydemir A, Hummel K, Nöbauer K, Ricci S, Rivera-Chacon R, Reisinger N, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Zebeli Q, Kreuzer-Redmer S. Diet and phytogenic supplementation substantially modulate the salivary proteome in dairy cows. J Proteomics 2023; 273:104795. [PMID: 36535624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phytogenic compounds may influence salivation or salivary properties. However, their effects on the bovine salivary proteome have not been evaluated. We investigated changes in the bovine salivary proteome due to transition from forage to high-concentrate diet, with and without supplementation with a phytogenic feed additive. Eight non-lactating cows were fed forage, then transitioned to a 65% concentrate diet (DM basis) over a week. Cows were control (n = 4, CON) or supplemented with a phytogenic feed additive (n = 4, PHY). Proteomic analysis was conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. We identified 1233 proteins; 878 were bovine proteins, 189 corresponded to bacteria, and 166 were plant proteins. Between forage and high-concentrate, 139 proteins were differentially abundant (P < 0.05), with 48 proteins having a log2FC difference > |2|. The salivary proteome reflected shifts in processes involving nutrient utilization, body tissue accretion, and immune response. Between PHY and CON, 195 proteins were differently abundant (P < 0.05), with 37 having a log2FC difference > |2|; 86 proteins were increased by PHY, including proteins involved in smell recognition. Many differentially abundant proteins correlated (r > |0.70|) with salivary bicarbonate, total mucins or pH. Results provide novel insights into the bovine salivary proteome using a non-invasive approach, and the association of specific proteins with major salivary properties influencing rumen homeostasis. SIGNIFICANCE: Phytogenic compounds may stimulate salivation due to their olfactory properties, but their effects on the salivary proteome have not been investigated. We investigated the effect of high-concentrate diets and supplementation with a phytogenic additive on the salivary proteome of cows. We show that analysis of cows' saliva can be a non-invasive approach to detect effects occurring not only in the gut, but also systemically including indications for gut health and immune response. Thus, results provide unique insights into the bovine salivary proteome, and will have a crucial contribution to further understand animal response in terms of nutrient utilization and immune activity due to the change from forage to a high-energy diet. Additionally, our findings reveal changes due to supplementation with a phytogenic feed additive with regard to health and olfactory stimulation. Furthermore, findings suggest an association between salivary proteins and other components like bicarbonate content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequias Castillo-Lopez
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Cátia Pacífico
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arife Sener-Aydemir
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hummel
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, VetCore Facility (Proteomics), Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Nöbauer
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, VetCore Facility (Proteomics), Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Ricci
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raul Rivera-Chacon
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, VetCore Facility (Proteomics), Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Kreuzer-Redmer
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Nutrigenomics Unit, Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Recent Advances on Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Biology for the Diagnosis of Adnexal Sweat Gland Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030476. [PMID: 35158743 PMCID: PMC8833812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cutaneous sweat gland tumors form an extremely diverse and heterogeneous group of neoplasms that show histological differentiation to the sweat apparatus. Due to their rarity, wide diagnostic range, and significant morphological overlap between entities, their accurate diagnosis remains challenging for pathologists. Until recently, little was known about the molecular pathogenesis of adnexal tumors. Recent findings have revealed a wide range of gene fusions and other oncogenic factors that can be used for diagnostic purposes and, for some, can be detected by immunohistochemistry. Among other organs containing exocrine glands, such as salivary glands, breasts, and bronchi, most of these biomarkers have been reported in homologous neoplasms that share morphological features with their cutaneous counterparts. This review aims to describe these recent molecular and immunohistochemical biomarkers in the field of sweat gland tumors. Abstract Cutaneous sweat gland tumors are a subset of adnexal neoplasms that derive or differentiate into the sweat apparatus. Their great diversity, rarity, and complex terminology make their pathological diagnosis challenging. Recent findings have revealed a wide spectrum of oncogenic drivers, several of which are of diagnostic interest for pathologists. Most of these molecular alterations are represented by gene fusions, which are shared with other homologous neoplasms occurring in organs containing exocrine glands, such as salivary and breast glands, which show similarities to the sweat apparatus. This review aims to provide a synthesis of the most recent immunohistochemical and molecular markers used for the diagnosis of sweat gland tumors and to highlight their relationship with similar tumors in other organs. It will cover adenoid cystic carcinoma (NFIB, MYB, and MYBL1 fusion), cutaneous mixed tumor (PLAG1 fusion), cylindroma and spiradenoma and their carcinomas thereof (NF-κB activation through CYLD inactivation or ALKP1 hotspot mutation), hidradenoma and hidradenocarcinoma (MAML2 fusion), myoepithelioma (EWSR1 and FUS fusion), poroma and porocarcinoma (YAP1, MAML2, and NUTM1 fusion), secretory carcinoma (ETV6, NTRK3 fusion), tubular adenoma and syringo-cystadenoma papilliferum (HRAS and BRAF activating mutations). Sweat gland tumors for which there are no known molecular abnormalities will also be briefly discussed, as well as potential future developments.
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Schuch LF, Schmidt TR, de Oliveira Zigmundo G, Kirschnick LB, Silveira FM, Martins MAT, Carlos R, Dos Santos JN, Fonseca FP, Vargas PA, Wagner VP, Martins MD. Oral and Maxillofacial Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Head Neck Pathol 2021; 16:525-537. [PMID: 34870796 PMCID: PMC9187797 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to integrate the available data published in the literature on oral and maxillofacial neuroendocrine carcinomas concerning the demographic, clinical and histopathological features of this condition. An electronic search with no publication date restriction was undertaken in April 2021 in four databases. Eligibility criteria included reports published in English having enough data to confirm a definite diagnosis, always showing a neuroendocrine marker. Cases originating in the oropharynx, including base of the tongue and tonsils, were excluded. Outcomes were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method along with Cox regression. Twenty-five articles (29 cases) from nine different countries were detected. Mean patient age was 56.3 (± 17.5) years, with a slight male predilection. Symptomatology was present in 72.2% of informed cases. Regarding clinical presentation, a non-ulcerated nodule located in the gingiva with a mean size of 3.4 (± 2.0) cm was most frequently reported. Concomitant metastasis was identified in seven individuals. Histopathologically, most neoplasms were of the small cell type, and immunohistochemistry for both epithelial and neuroendocrine differentiation was used in 65.5% cases. Radical surgery was the treatment of choice in almost all cases, with or without adjuvant therapy. Mean follow-up was 20.5 (± 21.2) months, and only four patients developed recurrences. Eleven (44.0%) individuals died due to the disease. Ulcerated lesions were a prognostic factor. This study provides knowledge that can assist surgeons, oncologists, and oral and maxillofacial pathologists with the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine carcinomas. Our findings demonstrated that the long-term prognosis of this lesion continues to be poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Frenzel Schuch
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Tuany Rafaeli Schmidt
- grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Department of Oral Pathology, Faculdade de Odontologia, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, room 503, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul CEP: 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Gisele de Oliveira Zigmundo
- grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Department of Oral Pathology, Faculdade de Odontologia, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, room 503, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul CEP: 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Laura Borges Kirschnick
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Felipe Martins Silveira
- grid.11630.350000000121657640Molecular Pathology Area, School of Dentistry, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marco Antonio Trevizani Martins
- grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Department of Oral Pathology, Faculdade de Odontologia, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, room 503, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul CEP: 90035-003 Brazil ,grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Department of Oral Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Roman Carlos
- Pathology Section, Centro Clínico de Cabeza y Cuello/Hospital Herrera Llerandi, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Department of Pathology, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry and Health, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
| | - Felipe Paiva Fonseca
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Pablo Agustin Vargas
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Vivian Petersen Wagner
- grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Pathology, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Manoela Domingues Martins
- grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Department of Oral Pathology, Faculdade de Odontologia, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, room 503, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul CEP: 90035-003 Brazil ,grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo Brazil
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11
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López-Janeiro Á, Cabañuz C, Blasco-Santana L, Ruiz-Bravo E. A tree-based machine learning model to approach morphologic assessment of malignant salivary gland tumors. Ann Diagn Pathol 2021; 56:151869. [PMID: 34823074 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Malignant salivary gland tumors represent a challenge for pathologists due to their low frequency and morphologic overlap. In recent years machine learning techniques have been applied to the field of pathology to improve diagnostic performance. In the present work, we fitted a machine learning algorithm to approach the diagnosis of malignant salivary gland tumors. Twelve morphologic variables were scored across 115 samples representing the most commonly encountered malignant salivary gland tumors. The sample was randomly split into a discovery and validation set. A recursive partitioning algorithm was used to systematically screen and organize candidate variables into a classification tree using the discovery set. A cross-validation strategy was used to tune the algorithm hyperparameters. Inter-observer concordance was calculated by independent evaluation of 26 randomly selected cases. The five-tiered tree built, required the evaluation of 6 morphological variables. Basaloid appearance, presence of mucous cells, necrosis, cribriform pattern, clear cells and keratinization were selected by the algorithm to build the tree. This diagnostic tool correctly classified 89.9% and 84.6% of the samples in the discovery and validation sets respectively. Misclassification pattern was consistent between both sets. Misclassified tumors belonged to one of three histologic types: epithelial-myoepithelial, polymorphous and mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Other histotypes demonstrated perfect recall in both the discovery and validation sets. Overall inter-observer concordance was good, with median kappa scores between the expert evaluator and training pathologists being 0.81. Overall, our classification tool developed using a recursive partitioning algorithm can effectively guide the morphological approach to malignant salivary gland tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Cabañuz
- Hospital Universitario La Paz, Department of Pathology, Madrid 28046, Spain
| | | | - Elena Ruiz-Bravo
- Hospital Universitario La Paz, Department of Pathology, Madrid 28046, Spain
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12
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Chung S, Sicklick JK, Ray P, Hall DA. Development of a Soluble KIT Electrochemical Aptasensor for Cancer Theranostics. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1971-1979. [PMID: 34008963 PMCID: PMC8785434 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor based on a conformation-changing aptamer is reported to detect soluble KIT, a cancer biomarker, in human serum. The sensor was fabricated with a ferrocene-labeled aptamer (Kd < 5 nM) conjugated to a gold electrode. Quantitative KIT detection was achieved using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV). EIS was used to optimize experimental parameters such as the aptamer-to-spacer ratio, aptamer immobilization time, pH, and KIT incubation time, and the sensor surface was characterized using voltammetry. The assay specificity was demonstrated using interfering species and exhibited high specificity toward the target protein. The aptasensor showed a wide dynamic range, 10 pg/mL-100 ng/mL in buffer, with a 1.15 pg/mL limit of detection. The sensor also has a linear response to KIT spiked in human serum and successfully detected KIT in cancer-cell-conditioned media. The proposed aptasensor has applications as a continuous or intermittent approach for cancer therapy monitoring and diagnostics (theranostics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeromi Chung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego Health, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Partha Ray
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego Health, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Drew A Hall
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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13
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Abstract
Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma is an uncommon low-grade salivary gland carcinoma. It is classically characterized by biphasic tubular structures composed of inner eosinophilic ductal cells and outer clear myoepithelial cells. In addition, epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma sometimes shows various histologic features, including a cribriform pattern, basaloid appearance, and sebaceous differentiation. Because clear myoepithelial cells are also noted in other benign and malignant salivary gland tumors, the histologic variety and similarity with other tumor entities make the diagnosis of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma challenging. A recent analysis revealed that HRAS hotspot point mutations are specifically identified in epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma and the assessment of given genes facilitate the correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakaguro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan. https://twitter.com/assamusic
| | - Toshitaka Nagao
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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14
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Ramezani M, Masnadjam M, Azizi A, Zavattaro E, Khazaei S, Sadeghi M. Evaluation of expression of c-Kit marker (CD117) in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2021004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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15
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Kawakami F, Nagao T, Honda Y, Sakata J, Yoshida R, Nakayama H, Inoue S, Kitajima M, Ikeda O, Nakaguro M, Mikami Y. Microsecretory adenocarcinoma of the hard palate: A case report of a recently described entity. Pathol Int 2020; 70:781-785. [PMID: 32687666 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of microsecretory adenocarcinoma of the hard palate. The patient is a 37-year-old woman with a 15 mm submucosal tumor, which was incidentally found by her primary care dentist, in her hard palate. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging revealed a tumor exhibiting high signal on T2-weighted image, which was gradually enhanced on dynamic study. Histologically, the tumor border was ill-defined without fibrous capsule and adjoined minor salivary gland with permeative infiltration at the tumor periphery. The tumor comprised intercalated duct-like cells with polygonal narrow eosinophilic to clear cytoplasm and small, uniform oval nuclei. These cells formed small infiltrative microcysts, tubules and fascicular cords collecting pale basophilic secretions and small vacuoles setting in an abundant fibromyxoid stroma. The tumor cells were positive for CK AE1+AE3, S-100 protein, and p63, while are completely negative for p40, alpha-SMA, and calponin. The MEF2C-SS18 fusion was identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction followed by Sanger sequencing. The combination of characteristic histology, immunophenotype, and presence of MEF2C-SS18 fusion indicated the diagnosis of microsecretory adenocarcinoma of the hard palate, an entity described only recently. Post-operative course was uneventful and there was no evidence of disease at 4 months after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Kawakami
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nagao
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Honda
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junki Sakata
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yoshida
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakayama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Seijiro Inoue
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mika Kitajima
- Department of Medical Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Ikeda
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masato Nakaguro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Mikami
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
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16
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Juhlin CC, Asa SL, Jatta K, Naserhojati Rodsari H, Shabo I, Haglund F, Delahunt B, Samaratunga H, Egevad L, Höög A, Zedenius J. Perithyroidal Salivary Gland Acinic Cell Carcinoma: Morphological and Molecular Attributes of a Unique Lesion. Head Neck Pathol 2020; 15:628-637. [PMID: 32519264 PMCID: PMC8134583 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-020-01187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rarely, salivary gland tumors such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma arise as primary tumors from ectopic or metaplastic salivary gland tissue adjacent to or within the thyroid gland. We report for the first time a case of primary salivary acinic cell carcinoma (AcCC) adjacent to the thyroid gland in a 71-year-old female patient with Crohns disease and a previous history of malignant melanoma. Following the development of a nodule adjacent to the left thyroid lobe, a fine-needle aspiration biopsy was reported as consistent with a follicular lesion of undetermined significance (Bethesda III). A left-sided hemithyroidectomy was performed. A circumscribed lesion measuring 33 mm was noted adjacent to the thyroid and trapping parathyroid, it was composed of solid nests and glands with microcystic and follicular patterns. The tumor was negative for thyroid, parathyroid and paraganglioma markers, but positive for pan-cytokeratins, CK7, CD10, CD117, androgen receptor and HNF-beta. A metastasis of a thyroid-like renal cell carcinoma was suspected but ruled out, and the patient had no evident lesions on extensive radiology of the urogenital, pulmonary and GI tracts. Based on the morphology, a diagnosis of AcCC was suggested, and confirmed with DOG1 and PAS-diastase staining. Molecular analyses pinpointed a constitutional ASXL1 variant of uncertain significance, but no fusion events. The patient had no radiological or clinical evidence of parotid, submandibular or sublingual tumors postoperatively, and the excised lesion was therefore assumed to be a primary tumor. We here detail the morphological and immunophenotypic profile of this previously undescribed perithyroidal tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sylvia L Asa
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kenbugul Jatta
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ivan Shabo
- Department of Breast, Endocrine Tumors and Sarcoma, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Felix Haglund
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brett Delahunt
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Hemamali Samaratunga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Höög
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Zedenius
- Department of Breast, Endocrine Tumors and Sarcoma, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Gatta G, Guzzo M, Locati LD, McGurk M, Prott FJ. Major and minor salivary gland tumours. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 152:102959. [PMID: 32485526 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands carcinomas are very rare epithelial malignant tumors. In 2013 in Europe, 7800 new diagnoses were estimated, 8.5 % of all head and neck cancer. The last WHO classification (2017) counts more than 20 malignant histotypes, this variety as well as the rarity of some of them needs a skilled pathologist for diagnosis. Surgery remains the mainstay of management followed by radiation in high-grade and high-risk pathological features cases. The intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) should be preferred over conformational radiotherapy techniques as adjuvant and exclusive treatment in advanced cases. Particle radiotherapy (i.e. protons, carbon ions) can have a role in advanced/unresectable disease since it was proved to have better results over photons in loco-regional control both in adenoid cystic carcinoma and in other histotypes. Although chemotherapy is still the most frequent treatment for metastatic patients, several new compounds (i.e. anti-angiogenic agents, tailored agents, checkpoint inhibitors) are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Gatta
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Marco Guzzo
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Laura D Locati
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy.
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18
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19
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Outcome prediction for salivary gland cancer using multivariate adaptative regression splines (MARS) and self-organizing maps (SOM). Neural Comput Appl 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-018-3473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Lavin V, Callipo F, Donofrio CA, Ellwood-Thompson R, Metcalf R, Djoukhadar I, Higham CE, Kearney T, Colaco R, Gnanalingham K, Roncaroli F. Primary epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of the pituitary gland. Neuropathology 2020; 40:261-267. [PMID: 31900996 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Primary salivary gland-like tumors of the sella are rare and often challenging to diagnose. They reportedly derive from serous and mucinous glands that remain trapped in the infundibulum during embryogenesis. We report a 68-year-old man who presented with partial left third cranial nerve palsy, visual loss in the left eye without visual field defects, headache, weight loss and reduced muscle bulk. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated a solid and cystic, avidly enhancing lesion expanding the pituitary fossa and extending to the left cavernous sinus. The patient underwent craniotomy and the tissue removed showed features of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma similar to the salivary gland, skin and breast counterpart. No primary tumor was found outside the sella. The lesion behaved aggressively despite radio-chemotherapy and the patient died 22 months from the onset. The tumor showed a novel TP53 in-frame deletion (Gly154del) while no variants were found in H-RAS hotspot regions (codons 12, 13 and 61). Our report expands the spectrum of salivary gland-like tumors primarily occurring in the sella and emphasizes the need for specialist review of rare, non-neuroendocrine tumors of the pituitary and sella regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lavin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Fabio Callipo
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Carmine A Donofrio
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rhianedd Ellwood-Thompson
- All Wales Medical Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Robert Metcalf
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Claire E Higham
- Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Tara Kearney
- Department of Endocrinology, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Rovel Colaco
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Federico Roncaroli
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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21
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Shi H, Shao Y, Liu Q, Wang S, Lu W, Lu B. A clinicopathological and molecular analysis of cervical carcinomas with basaloid features. Histopathology 2019; 76:283-295. [PMID: 31393622 DOI: 10.1111/his.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the relationship between adenoid basal carcinoma (ABC), adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the uterine cervix. METHODS AND RESULTS We analysed the clinicopathological and molecular features in two pure ABCs, 15 SCCs with ABC-/ACC-like features and seven basaloid SCCs (BSCCs) by chart review, immunohistochemistry, human papillomavirus (HPV) RNA in-situ hybridisation and fluorescence in-situ hybridisation. All patients were alive with no evidence of disease, except for one patient with ACC-like features who died of disease at 18 months post diagnosis. The mixed carcinomas comprised variable SCCs and ABC-/ACC-like components displaying vague transitional zones. All components consistently showed diffuse p16, p63 and SOX2, variable cytokeratin (CK)7 and CK17 and rare Ber-EP4 and MYB expression; there was a substantially lower Ki67 index in pure ABCs and the ABC-like components. The ACC-like components showed no myoepithelial differentiation (SMA, calponin and S100) and MYB gene fusions. CK7, CK17 and Ber-EP4 were characteristically stronger in BSCCs than in the mixed carcinomas (P < 0.01). High-risk HPV (HR-HPV) E6/E7 mRNA was detected in 12 mixed carcinomas and seven BSCCs, but not in pure ABCs. The HR-HPV mRNA expression was higher in the SCC components and BSCCs than in the ABC-like components of mixed carcinomas (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The ACC-like components in mixed carcinomas probably represent the morphological mimics of salivary ACCs. ABC-like components may be the potential precursor of the ACC-like and SCC components. HR-HPV oncogenes may play a role in the pathogenesis of SCCs with ABC-/ACC-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Shi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Surgical Pathology, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Surgical Pathology, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Su Wang
- Department of Surgical Pathology, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Center for Uterine Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Gynecological Oncology, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingjian Lu
- Department of Surgical Pathology, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Uterine Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Rusu MC, Hostiuc S, Fildan AP, Tofolean DE. Critical Review: What Cell Types Are the Lung Telocytes? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1280-1292. [PMID: 31443120 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are stromal cells defined by peculiar long, thin, moniliform prolongations known as telopodes. When isolated, their morphology often lacks the specificity for the proper definition of a particular cell type. Recent studies have linked TCs with different functions and different cell lineages. Although some authors have studied pulmonary TCs, their research has important limitations that we will attempt to summarize in this article. We will focus our analysis on the following: the culture methods used to study them, the lack of proper discrimination of TCs from lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), whose ultrastructures are very similar, and the immune phenotype of TCs, which may appear in other cell types such as those related to the endothelial lineage or stem/progenitor cells. In conclusion, the cellular diagnosis of lung TCs should be considered with caution until properly designed studies can positively identify these cells and differentiate them from other cell types such as LECs and stem/progenitor cells. Anat Rec, 303:1280-1292, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugurel C Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ariadna P Fildan
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanţa, Constatnţa, Romania
| | - Doina E Tofolean
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanţa, Constatnţa, Romania
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23
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Tang X, Zhang C, Chen R, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the mobile tongue with anterolateral thigh flap reconstruction: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15250. [PMID: 31008961 PMCID: PMC6494219 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an infrequent malignant neoplasm of the salivary glands. The clinical and pathological characteristics include slow growth, perineural invasion, and local recurrence. ACC of the mobile tongue is rarely reported in the literature. PATIENT CONCERNS We describe a case of a 43-year-old man patient with numbness and growth in the tongue for 1 month duration. The patient reported a long-term smoking and drinking habit. DIAGNOSES A biopsy was carried out and histopathological analysis confirmed as diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma. Computed tomography (CT) of the head and neck enhanced scanning revealed an ill-defined high density mass with altered enhanced signal entities involving the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. Incision was placed over the anteriorly till 2/3rd of tongue and then the femoral anterolateral free flap was used to repair and reconstruct the defect of tongue. OUTCOME The patient is currently under a postsurgical 29-month regular follow-up, showing good swallowing and speaking function without any recurrence and metastasis. LESSONS This case report suggests that surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy are suitable procedures for patients with resectable ACC of the mobile tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tang
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer Center
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment
| | - Chengyao Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer Center
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment
| | - Rui Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer Center
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment
| | - Yulian Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer Center
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment
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Raman S, Sherlin HJ. Utility of smooth muscle actin and CD117 as reliable markers in the diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019; 23:218-223. [PMID: 31516227 PMCID: PMC6714258 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_225_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the utility of immunohistochemical markers such as CD117 and smooth muscle actin (SMA) in the diagnosis of various benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms. Materials and Methods: The study comprises 17 samples categorized into three groups: Group I consisted of 5 histopathologically normal salivary gland tissue; Group II comprised 7 cases, of which 3 cases were pleomorphic adenoma, 3 cases were myoepithelioma and 1 case was Warthin's tumor; and Group III consisted of 5 cases, of which 1 was mucoepidermoid carcinoma and 4 cases were adenoid cystic carcinoma. The selected cases were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) procedure to assess the expression pattern of CD117 and SMA. Results: In SMA, 85.8% showed severe-to-moderate intense expression among the tumor cells in benign salivary gland tumor. All the 5 malignant tumors showed the expression of SMA and 3 cases demonstrated severe expression among the tumor cells. An intense expression pattern of SMA was observed in both benign and malignant neoplasms in the periphery and stromal components of the tumor. Only two cases were positive for CD117, and connective tissue components were completely negative in both malignant and benign salivary gland neoplasms. Conclusion: Alpha-SMA can be utilized as reliable IHC markers for salivary gland neoplasms due to its diagnostic importance in tumors with myoepithelial origin indicative of the histogenesis of salivary gland tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasri Raman
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Herald J Sherlin
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Lee SJ, Chung KY, Kwon JE, Yoon SO, Kim SK. Expression of EpCAM in adenoid cystic carcinoma. Pathology 2018; 50:737-741. [PMID: 30389218 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mutational landscape of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is currently being revealed, but further studies are needed to identify biomarkers as therapeutic targets or prognostic factors of ACC. In this study, we investigated the expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in ACCs. We retrospectively collected 83 cases of surgically resected ACCs. Using tissue microarray, we conducted immunohistochemical staining using the anti-EpCAM antibody. EpCAM expression was analysed by intensity score and the total immunostaining score. The positivity was 97.6% (81/83 cases), regardless of the intensity score. A higher histological grade (p = 0.006) and specific tumour location (non-salivary gland origin, p = 0.02) showed a correlation with higher EpCAM intensity. Higher EpCAM expression by total immunostaining score was associated with histological grade (p = 0.004), distant metastasis (p = 0.004) and poorer prognosis (overall survival p = 0.015 and progression-free survival p = 0.033). We suggest EpCAM as a candidate prognostic marker and a putative therapeutic target in ACC. Also, ACCs arising from salivary gland and non-salivary gland sites, respectively, might display different pathophysiologies in which EpCAM could play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joo Lee
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kee Yang Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sun Och Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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26
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Emmerson E, Knox SM. Salivary gland stem cells: A review of development, regeneration and cancer. Genesis 2018; 56:e23211. [PMID: 29663717 PMCID: PMC5980780 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are responsible for maintaining the health of the oral cavity and are routinely damaged by therapeutic radiation for head and neck cancer as well as by autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome. Regenerative approaches based on the reactivation of endogenous stem cells or the transplant of exogenous stem cells hold substantial promise in restoring the structure and function of these organs to improve patient quality of life. However, these approaches have been hampered by a lack of knowledge on the identity of salivary stem cell populations and their regulators. In this review we discuss our current knowledge on salivary stem cells and their regulators during organ development, homeostasis and regeneration. As increasing evidence in other systems suggests that progenitor cells may be a source of cancer, we also review whether these same salivary stem cells may also be cancer initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- The MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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Emmerson E, May AJ, Berthoin L, Cruz-Pacheco N, Nathan S, Mattingly AJ, Chang JL, Ryan WR, Tward AD, Knox SM. Salivary glands regenerate after radiation injury through SOX2-mediated secretory cell replacement. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e8051. [PMID: 29335337 PMCID: PMC5840548 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland acinar cells are routinely destroyed during radiation treatment for head and neck cancer that results in a lifetime of hyposalivation and co-morbidities. A potential regenerative strategy for replacing injured tissue is the reactivation of endogenous stem cells by targeted therapeutics. However, the identity of these cells, whether they are capable of regenerating the tissue, and the mechanisms by which they are regulated are unknown. Using in vivo and ex vivo models, in combination with genetic lineage tracing and human tissue, we discover a SOX2+ stem cell population essential to acinar cell maintenance that is capable of replenishing acini after radiation. Furthermore, we show that acinar cell replacement is nerve dependent and that addition of a muscarinic mimetic is sufficient to drive regeneration. Moreover, we show that SOX2 is diminished in irradiated human salivary gland, along with parasympathetic nerves, suggesting that tissue degeneration is due to loss of progenitors and their regulators. Thus, we establish a new paradigm that salivary glands can regenerate after genotoxic shock and do so through a SOX2 nerve-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lionel Berthoin
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Noel Cruz-Pacheco
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron J Mattingly
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jolie L Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William R Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron D Tward
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Tariq H, Anjum S, Din HU, Akhtar F. Diagnostic utility of C-kit protein (CD117) expression in differentiating adenoid cystic carcinoma and polymorphous low grade Adenocarcinoma. Pak J Med Sci 2017; 33:1376-1380. [PMID: 29492062 PMCID: PMC5768828 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.336.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Objective: To evaluate usefulness of immunohistochemical marker C-kit (CD117) in differentiating Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) from Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) in patients of salivary gland carcinomas. AdCC is a malignant salivary gland neoplasm with poor prognosis. PLGA is a salivary gland malignancy with indolent growth pattern. Differentiating between the two entities is a diagnostic challenge. We evaluated the role of C-kit in differentiating the two. Methods: This is a Cross sectional study. Samples of 19 tumors including 12 AdCC and 4 PLGA was evaluated at Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi from December 2015 to August 2016. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to analyze the level of c-kit expression in AdCC (n = 12), polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) (n = 6). Samples were stained using monoclonal antibody against C-kit. Statistical analysis of the data was done using SPSS version 21. Results: Strong diffuse cytoplasmic reactivity was observed in more than 50% of the tumor cells of AdCC whereas less than 20% of cells showed negative to weak positivity in PLGA. Hence, the difference in the expression of c-kit between AdCC and PLGA was statistically significant (p value <0.002). Conclusions: CD117 expression itself can be used as a marker in differential diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms. However, the percentage of the CD117 immunoreactive cells and the staining intensities appeared to be important factors in distinguishing AdCC from PLGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Tariq
- Dr. Hassan Tariq, MBBS. Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, PNS Shifa, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Saba Anjum
- Dr. Saba Farrukh, MBBS. Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, PNS Shifa, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Hafeez Ud Din
- Dr. Hafeez ud Din, FCPS. Assistant Professor, Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, PNS Shifa, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Akhtar
- Dr. Farhan Akhtar, FCPS. Assistant Professor Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, PNS Shifa, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Fujii K, Murase T, Beppu S, Saida K, Takino H, Masaki A, Ijichi K, Kusafuka K, Iida Y, Onitsuka T, Yatabe Y, Hanai N, Hasegawa Y, Inagaki H. MYB,MYBL1,MYBL2andNFIBgene alterations and MYC overexpression in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma. Histopathology 2017; 71:823-834. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Fujii
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Takayuki Murase
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Shintaro Beppu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kosuke Saida
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Hisashi Takino
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Ayako Masaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kei Ijichi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kimihide Kusafuka
- Pathology Division; Shizuoka Cancer Center; Nagaizumi, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Iida
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery; Shizuoka Cancer Center; Nagaizumi, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Tetsuro Onitsuka
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery; Shizuoka Cancer Center; Nagaizumi, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics; Aichi Cancer Center Hospital; Nagoya Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hanai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery; Aichi Cancer Center Hospital; Nagoya Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Hasegawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery; Aichi Cancer Center Hospital; Nagoya Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inagaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
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30
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Griffith CC, Siddiqui MT, Schmitt AC. Ancillary testing strategies in salivary gland aspiration cytology: A practical pattern-based approach. Diagn Cytopathol 2017; 45:808-819. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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31
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Hong C, Qingquan F, Jinhua T, Qiaoling C, Suhua Z. [Clinical efficacy of the fine needle aspiration of the cell block in the diagnosis of parotid gland masses]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2017; 34:483-487. [PMID: 28326706 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical significance of cell blocks obtained by ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration in diagnosing parotid gland masses. METHODS Cell blocks were made in 285 parotid gland masses by ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. Diagnosis was conducted using the cell blocks. Non-tumor masses were subjected to conservative treatment, and cysts and tumors were treated with surgery. The cell block sections from masses with the diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and pleomorphic adenoma (PA) were applied to the detection of immunocytochemical staining for the stem cell factor receptor CD117. RESULTS The satisfaction rate of the specimen was 95.1% (271/285). The accuracy rate of the diagnosis was 94.5% (256/271), the sensitivity was 87.0% (67/77), and the specificity was 98.1% (157/160). The positive rate of CD117 in ACC was 95.2% (20/21), whereas that in PA was 20.3% (25/123). The positive rate of CD117 in ACC was higher than that in PA (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The use of cell blocks obtained from ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration, together with molecular marker detection, has great significance in diagnosing parotid gland masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hong
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Fang Qingquan
- Dept. of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Tu Jinhua
- Dept. of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Cai Qiaoling
- Dept. of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Zhang Suhua
- Supersonic Phantom Branch, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
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Lewis AG, Tong T, Maghami E. Diagnosis and Management of Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors of the Parotid Gland. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2017; 49:343-80. [PMID: 27040585 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Malignant parotid tumors are heterogeneous and diverse. Accurate diagnosis requires a pathologist familiar with the various histologic subtypes, immunohistochemistry stains, and common translocations. Clinical course varies according to tumor subtype, ranging from indolent, slow-growing adenoid cystic carcinoma to rapidly progressive, possibly fatal, salivary ductal carcinoma. Histologic grade is important in prognosis and therapy. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment when negative margins can be achieved. Radiation improves locoregional control of tumors with high-risk features. Chemotherapy for parotid tumors can be disappointing. Studies of new targeted therapies have not offered significant benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Lewis
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Tommy Tong
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ellie Maghami
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Dillon PM, Chakraborty S, Moskaluk CA, Joshi PJ, Thomas CY. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: A review of recent advances, molecular targets, and clinical trials. Head Neck 2015; 38:620-7. [PMID: 25487882 PMCID: PMC6166139 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor of secretory glands. In this study, recent advances in molecular characterization and in therapeutics are reviewed. Methods A search of articles in PubMed and of abstracts from national meetings was performed regarding ACC. Results Recent genetic analyses found that recurrent chromosome 6:9 translocations in ACC generate an MYB:NFIB gene fusion resulting in overexpression of the MYB oncoprotein. Several other frequent mutations are recently published that may be relevant for drug development. Several trials of targeted drugs are reviewed. Some agents delay tumor progression, but tumor responses remain rare. Conclusion ACCs have a characteristic chromosomal translocation, but also frequently pick up additional mutations. Clinical research is limited by the rarity and slow growth of ACC. Several ongoing trials are testing agents that inhibit fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling or other signaling pathways. Novel treatments based on the recently sequenced tumor genome are under development. © 2015 The Authors Head & Neck Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 38: 620–627, 2016
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Dillon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Samhita Chakraborty
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Prashant J Joshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Christopher Y Thomas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Lawal AO, Adisa AO, Kolude B, Adeyemi BF. Immunohistochemical expression of MMP-2 and MMP-8 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Exp Dent 2015; 7:e203-7. [PMID: 26155333 PMCID: PMC4483324 DOI: 10.4317/jced.52047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases that can degrade extracellular matrix components and affect invasiveness and aggressiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study was to examine the immunohistochemical expression of MMP-2 and MMP-8 in OSCCs in patients presenting at the Tertiary Health facility in Nigeria. Material and Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) OSCC samples diagnosed between the years 2010 and 2012 were used for his study. The FFPE were processed for MMP-2 and MMP-8 using the specifications of the manufacturer. Two investigators reviewed the slides scoring the pattern and intensity of staining as negative (0), weakly positive (+1), moderately positive (+2) and strongly positive (+3). The data were analysed using version 20 of the SPSS. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Twenty-five OSCC consisting of 14 (56%) males and 11 females (44%) were used. The mean age was 54.6 ± 17.9 years. A higher proportion (100%) of poorly differentiated OSCC strongly expressed MMP-2 compared with the well differentiated and moderately differentiated OSSC. There was no significant difference in the expression of MMP-2 amongst the three grades of OSCC (X2 = 2.87; p= 0.17). Only 5 (20%) OSCC cases positively expressed MMP-8. Moderate expression of MMP-8 was only seen in well-differentiated OSCCs. Conclusions This study showed that a higher proportion of poorly differentiated OSSC strongly expressed MMP-2. Eighty percent of cases that express MMP-8 were females and moderate expression of MMP-8 was seen only in well differentiated OSCC. Key words:Oral squamous cell carcinoma, MMP-2, MMP-8, immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed-Oluwatoyin Lawal
- (FMCDS), Lecturer/Consultant, Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akinyele-Olumuyiwa Adisa
- (FMCDS), Lecturer/Consultant, Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bamidele Kolude
- (FWASC), Lecturer/Consultant, Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bukola-Folasade Adeyemi
- (FWASC), Lecturer/Consultant, Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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Zhu S, Schuerch C, Hunt J. Review and Updates of Immunohistochemistry in Selected Salivary Gland and Head and Neck Tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:55-66. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0167-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context
Immunohistochemistry is a useful tool for diagnosing salivary gland and head and neck tumors.
Objective
To review immunohistochemical markers, which can aid in the diagnosis of selected salivary gland and head and neck tumors.
Data Sources
Literature review and authors' personal practice experience.
Conclusions
Salivary gland and head and neck tumors include a large diverse group of tumors with complex and overlapping histologic features. Immunohistochemistry plays an important role in resolving the differential diagnosis of some salivary gland and head and neck tumors and can provide information for the prognosis of certain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Zhu
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Zhu and Schuerch)
| | - Conrad Schuerch
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Zhu and Schuerch)
| | - Jennifer Hunt
- and the Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (Dr Hunt)
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36
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Salehinejad J, Mohtasham N, Bagherpour A, Abbaszadeh-bidokhty H, Ghazi A. Evaluation of c-kit protein (CD117) expression in common salivary gland neoplasms. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2014; 18:177-82. [PMID: 25328295 PMCID: PMC4196283 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.140732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a malignant salivary gland neoplasm with poor long-term prognosis. Differentiating between AdCC and other salivary gland neoplasms can be a diagnostic challenge, particularly in examining tissues obtained from small incisional biopsies. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate c-kit expression in four common benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical techniques were used to analyze the level of c-kit expression in normal salivary gland (n = 10) and four different types of salivary gland tumors: Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) (n = 17), AdCC (n = 9), polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) (n = 4) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) (n = 6). Samples were immunostained using monoclonal antibody against c-kit. RESULTS The immunoreactivity for c-kit was found in all cases of AdCC, PLGA and MEC and majority of PAs. Positive reactivity was observed in more than 50% of the tumor cells of AdCC and less than 50% in PLGA. PA did not show strong immunostaining and c-kit was predominantly localized to the cell membrane. Furthermore, the difference in the expression of c-kit between the benign and malignant neoplasms was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS CD117 expression itself cannot be used as a marker in differential diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms. However, the percentage of the CD117 immunoreactive cells and the staining intensities appeared to be important factors in distinguishing AdCC from PLGA and PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahanshah Salehinejad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nooshin Mohtasham
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Bagherpour
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Abbaszadeh-bidokhty
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ala Ghazi
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Mesolella M, Luce A, Marino A, Caraglia M, Ricciardiello F, Iengo M. Treatment of c-kit positive adenoid cystic carcinoma of the tongue: A case report. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:309-312. [PMID: 24959267 PMCID: PMC4063594 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) or ‘cylindroma’ is a malignant tumor that often occurs in the areas of the head and neck, affecting the secretory glands and the major and minor salivary glands. The present study describes a case of a patient who presented with a posterior tongue lesion. The case is of a 71-year-old female with an asymptomatic volume growth of the posterior left tongue perceived 8 months prior, and neoplastic cells positive for c-kit. A computed tomography of the head and neck showed asymmetry of the base of the tongue, which was enlarged in the left portion. A physical examination revealed a nodule on the posterior left tongue of ~3 cm in diameter, while the cervical lymph node chain had a normal size and consistency. Surgical exeresis of the tongue lesion and cervical lymph node dissection were performed. Subsequent to surgical removal of the cancer cells and adjuvant radiotherapy, the patient showed excellent health, although the follow-up remains in progress. ACC, one of the most biologically destructive tumors of the head and neck, is locally aggressive and gives rise to distant metastases. The tongue is the place of origin in 3.4–17.1% of cases. The treatment for ACC consists of primary surgical resection with adjuvant radiotherapy. To prevent the risk for distant metastasis, it is necessary to remove the first echelon nodes and monitor the patient with a long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mesolella
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, University 'Federico II', Naples I-80138, Italy
| | - Amalia Luce
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples I-80138, Italy
| | - Anna Marino
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, University 'Federico II', Naples I-80138, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples I-80138, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Iengo
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, University 'Federico II', Naples I-80138, Italy
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Myers CE, Gatalica Z, Spinelli A, Castro M, Linden E, Sartor O, Sargent M. Metastatic Cancer of Cowper's Gland: A Rare Cancer Managed Successfully by Molecular Profiling. Case Rep Oncol 2014; 7:52-7. [PMID: 24575017 PMCID: PMC3934673 DOI: 10.1159/000357972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer of Cowper's gland is a very rare cancer. This case represents the 9th case in the medical literature. As such, there are no phase II or phase III trials to guide treatment. In this article, we report the successful treatment of a patient over a 7-year period guided solely by molecular profiling. Through multiple cycles to treatment, the cancer was controlled using drugs targeting c-kit, as the cancer steadily increased the expression of c-kit. This report also documents the use of a novel drug combination based on sunitinib that was well tolerated and may warrant testing in other c-kit-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Myers
- Foundation for Cancer Research and Education, Earlysville, Va., USA
| | | | - Anthony Spinelli
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Martha Jefferson Hospital, Charlottesville, Va., USA
| | | | - Erica Linden
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Oliver Sartor
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La., USA
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El-Nagdy S, Salama NM, Mourad MI. Immunohistochemical clue for the histological overlap of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma. Interv Med Appl Sci 2013; 5:131-9. [PMID: 24265903 DOI: 10.1556/imas.5.2013.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains difficult to distinguish adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) from polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA). Although these neoplasms exhibit nearly similar histologic patterns, their biologic behavior is significantly different. This study was carried out in an attempt to overcome the histological overlap between these tumors using immunohistochemical method for c-kit and galectin-3 proteins on twenty cases of salivary gland tumors including twelve ACC and eight PLGA. Results revealed positive cytoplasmic reactivity for c-kit in 100% of ACC cases and only in 25% of PLGA. On the other hand, galectin-3 expression was observed in 100% of both ACC and PLGA cases. Moreover, solid variant of ACC showed overexpression of both proteins than cribriform and tubular subtypes. Significant positive correlation between the two studied proteins in ACC and PLGA was also observed (p < 0.05). Upon these results, over expression of c-kit and galectin-3 in ACC cases supports the concept of solid variant as a high-grade tumor. Moreover, c-kit may be used as a helpful marker to distinguish ACC from PLGA in cases where the diagnosis can be challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif El-Nagdy
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
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Abstract
Presented here are the salivary gland tumors now recognized to have significant and highly prevalent translocations. These include both common and uncommon malignancies: mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, mammary analog secretory carcinoma, and clear cell carcinoma. These mutations have potential diagnostic applications, particularly in difficult and challenging variant morphologies are unusually challenging differential diagnoses. Practical applications of the molecular pathology of these tumors is discussed. The mutational assessment may also prove to have therapeutic importance, as targeted therapies may be generated for these tumors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hunt
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Mail Slot 517, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
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Nagao T, Sato E, Inoue R, Oshiro H, H. Takahashi R, Nagai T, Yoshida M, Suzuki F, Obikane H, Yamashina M, Matsubayashi J. Immunohistochemical analysis of salivary gland tumors: application for surgical pathology practice. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2012; 45:269-82. [PMID: 23209336 PMCID: PMC3496863 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland tumors are relatively uncommon and there exists a considerable diagnostic difficulty owing to their diverse histological features in individual lesions and the presence of a number of types and variants, in addition to overlapping histological patterns similar to those observed in different tumor entities. The classification is complex, but is closely relevant to the prognostic and therapeutic aspects. Although hematoxylin-eosin staining is still the gold standard method used for the diagnosis, immunohistochemistry (IHC) can enhance the accuracy and be a helpful tool when in cases to investigate the subjects that cannot be assessed by histological examination, such as the cell nature and differentiation status, cell proliferation, and tumor protein expression. This review depicts on the practical diagnostic utility of IHC in salivary gland tumor pathology under the following issues: assessment of cell differentiation, focusing on neoplastic myoepithelial cells; discrimination of histologically mimic tumor groups; diagnosis of specific tumor types, e.g., pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and salivary duct carcinoma; and evaluation of malignancy and prognostic factors. IHC plays a limited, even though important, role in the diagnosis of salivary gland tumors, but is often useful to support the histological assessment. However, unfortunately few tumor type-specific markers are still currently available. For these reasons, IHC should be considered a method that can be used to assist the final diagnosis, and its results themselves do not directly indicate a definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Nagao
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
| | - Eiichi Sato
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
| | - Rie Inoue
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
| | - Hisashi Oshiro
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
| | - Reisuke H. Takahashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
| | - Takeshi Nagai
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
| | - Maki Yoshida
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
| | - Fumie Suzuki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
| | - Hiyo Obikane
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
| | - Mitsumasa Yamashina
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
| | - Jun Matsubayashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University
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Abstract
Malignant salivary gland epithelial tumors are histologically diverse with at least 24 recognized distinct entities. In general, malignant tumors account for 15% to 30% of parotid tumors, 40% to 45% of submandibular tumors, 70% to 90% of sublingual tumors, and 50% of minor salivary tumors. Common malignancies include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma, salivary duct carcinoma, carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, polymorphous lowgrade adenocarcinoma, and myoepithelial carcinoma. Each tumor type has its own unique histologic variants and prognostic pathologic features, and only mucoepidermoid carcinomas have a formalized grading system. The molecular pathogenesis of certain tumors, such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma, has recently begun to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja R Seethala
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, A614.X PUH, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - E Leon Barnes
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, A608 PUH, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Kim JW, Kwon GY, Roh JL, Choi SH, Nam SY, Kim SY, Cho KJ. Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands: distinct clinicopathologic features and immunoprofiles between subgroups according to cellular differentiation. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:1277-85. [PMID: 22022178 PMCID: PMC3192337 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.10.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA), pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and diverse carcinoma components showing luminal (ductal) or non-luminal (myoepithelial) differentiation coexist. To elucidate the clinicopathological implications of cellular differentiation in CXPA and the potential role of p53, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), c-erbB-2, c-kit, and glucose transporter 1 (Glut-1) in carcinogenesis, we analyzed 11 CXPAs with luminal differentiation (CXPAs-LD) and 6 CXPAs with non-luminal differentiation (CXPAs-NLD) and compared protein expressions in residual PAs and carcinomas by immunohistochemistry. Among the CXPAs-LD, 5 were invasive and 8 were histologically high-grade tumors. The 5-year survival rate was 72.7%. P53, c-erbB-2, VEGF, and Glut-1 were more immunoreactive in carcinoma components than in PAs (P = 0.008, 0.004, 0.002, and 0.024, respectively); c-erbB-2 overexpression was associated with high histological grade (P = 0.024). Carcinoma components frequently lacked c-kit expression (P = 0.009). CXPAs-NLD were all low-grade and invasive with a larger mean tumor size (5.2 cm) than CXPAs-LD (3.3 cm) (P = 0.040). The patients remained disease-free without significant immunohistochemical expression. The immunoprofiles and clinical course of CXPA differed according to cellular differentiation. Therefore, it is important to report the histological subtype and to assess potential biomarkers in diagnostic and therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Won Kim
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gui Young Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Lyel Roh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Yuhl Nam
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ja Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Hunt JL. An update on molecular diagnostics of squamous and salivary gland tumors of the head and neck. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135:602-9. [PMID: 21526958 DOI: 10.5858/2010-0655-rair.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Molecular testing in anatomic pathology is becoming standardized and can contribute valuable diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic information for the clinical management of patients. In head and neck pathology, recent advances in molecular testing have provided important targets in several different diagnostic areas, with particular emerging clinical applications in squamous and salivary gland pathology. In squamous mucosal-derived lesions, human papilloma virus has emerged as an important pathogenic etiology in a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Within the category of salivary gland tumors, 3 tumors have recently been recognized that contain oncogenic translocations. OBJECTIVE To describe the current state of information about the molecular alterations in squamous lesions and in salivary gland tumors of the head and neck. DATA SOURCES Published literature on squamous and salivary gland tumors of the head and neck. CONCLUSIONS The different approaches to identification of viral-associated tumors include assays using polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Most mucoepidermoid carcinomas harbor MECT1-MAML2 gene rearrangement. The MYB-NFIB translocations have recently been identified in adenoid cystic carcinomas. Finally, a newly described tumor of salivary gland, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma, harbors the ETV6-NTRK3 translocation. Although these translocations are just emerging as diagnostic targets, future roles may evolve as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hunt
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a malignant tumor with a deceptively benign histologic appearance characterized by indolent, locally invasive growth with high propensity for local recurrence and distant metastasis. The tumor is composed of basaloid cells with small, angulated, and hyperchromatic nuclei and scant cytoplasm arranged into 3 prognostically significant patterns: cribriform, tubular, and solid. Some tumors undergo dedifferentiation into a high-grade form. Numerous studies have attempted to elucidate accurate histologic prognostic features but have often yielded conflicting results. Microarray analysis and gene expression profiling have provided new potential diagnostic and prognostic markers. However, tumor grade, stage, lymph node metastasis, invasion of major nerves, and margin status remain the most consistent predictors of prognosis. The combination of surgery and postoperative radiation therapy has improved locoregional control of the disease. Despite this achievement, late local recurrence and distant metastasis rates remain high and may occur decades after initial diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Jaso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School and University of Texas Medical Center-Houston, Houston, Texas 77030-1501, USA.
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Renkonen S, Häyry V, Heikkilä P, Leivo I, Haglund C, Mäkitie AA, Hagström J. Stem cell-related proteins C-KIT, C-MYC and BMI-1 in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma--do they have a role? Virchows Arch 2010; 458:189-95. [PMID: 21113618 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-010-1010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a highly vascular tumour, occurring almost exclusively in adolescent males. Histogenesis of JNA remains unclear, two optional theories proposing either fibrous or vascular tissue as the tissue of origin. Stem cell-related proteins have been discussed to possibly participate in the growth of these tumours. In our study, we reviewed retrospective clinicopathological data of 26 JNA patients. By immunohistochemistry, we investigated the cellular distribution and expression levels of stem cell-related proteins C-KIT, C-MYC and BMI-1 and their correlation with cell and vessel density of the tumour. Contrary to earlier reports, we detected C-KIT expression in addition to stromal cells also in endothelial cells. The C-KIT expression was more dominant in slit vessels than large vessels. A significant correlation was found between endothelial immunoexpression of C-KIT and cellular density of the tumour. C-MYC and BMI-1 expression was detected in stromal cells only. Due to our finding of C-KIT expression in both stromal and endothelial cells and the strong correlation between the endothelial C-KIT expression and cellular density, we suggest that, besides the stromal tissue, the vascular component might take part in the neoplastic growth of JNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Renkonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Vander Poorten VLM, Marchal F, Nuyts S, Clement PMJ. Parotid carcinoma: Current diagnostic workup and treatment. Indian J Surg Oncol 2010; 1:96-111. [PMID: 22930624 PMCID: PMC3421013 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-010-0022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we present recent progress in diagnostic workup, prognostic evaluation, treatment options and resulting outcomes. Whenever possible, complete resection remains the mainstay of treatment. Sacrifice of facial nerve branches is reserved for the clinically or electromyographically dysfunctioning facial nerve. Clinical or radiological neck disease demands combined surgery and radiotherapy. Treatment of the N0 neck is indicated for advanced stage-high grade tumors but the question remains unanswered whether this should be surgical or radiotherapeutic elective treatment. Surgery alone will cure low stage, low grade tumors, that show no additional negative prognostic factors following adequate resection. In all other tumors postoperative radiotherapy will improve locoregional control. This approach results in good locoregional control, in a way that distant metastasis remains the typical presentation of treatment failure. In this setting, the results of systemic treatment today remain limited, but a huge effort in the molecular biology field has been done to introduce targeted therapy into this domain of head and neck cancer. Disease control remains variable within the patient population. This variation can increasingly be predicted by systems that incorporate the combined information of multivariately identified and quantified prognostic factors into an individualized prognosis for the parotid carcinoma patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent L. M. Vander Poorten
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
- European Salivary Gland Society, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francis Marchal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Geneve and Hôpital Général Beaulieu, European Salivary Gland Society, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Nuyts
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul M. J. Clement
- Department of Medical Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Jo JH, Choi SH, Roh JL, Nam SY, Kim SY, Cho KJ. Oncocytoma and Oncocytic Carcinoma of the Salivary Glands, Single Institute Experience. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2010.44.4.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyeon Jo
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Lyel Roh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Yuhl Nam
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ja Cho
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Differential expression of c-kit and CD43 in histological subtypes of adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary gland. Saudi Dent J 2010; 22:27-34. [PMID: 23960476 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the salivary gland is characterized by a prolonged but inevitably unfavorable clinical course. Recent studies have suggested that the transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor, c-kit proto-oncogene is involved in ACC pathogenesis. CD43 is a sialoglycoprotein that is typically expressed by hematopoietic cells and their derivative neoplasms, although positivity in epithelial tumors has only been recognized recently. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate c-kit and CD43 immunoreactivity in ACCs and to compare the extent of their expression in various histologically defined subgroups of ACC, and their probable involvement in ACC pathogenesis. STUDY DESIGN Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections from 35 ACCs were immunostained for c-kit and CD43 using monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Cytoplasmic and membranous c-kit immunoreactivity was detected in 25/35 ACCs (71.4%) with strong immunostaining observed in solid pattern of ACC. Cytoplasmic and membranous CD43 immunoreactivity was detected in 18/35 (51.4%) of ACCs with strong immunostaining seen in the cribriform pattern. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that c-kit could be used as a prognostic marker for ACC and specific c-kit tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib, might be used in future therapeutic approaches against subgroups of ACC. CD43 appears to be preferentially expressed in salivary gland ACCs. Its expression decreased with cellular dedifferentiation and there was an inverse relationship between immunoexpression of c-kit and CD43 among ACC of salivary gland.
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50
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Guzzo M, Locati LD, Prott FJ, Gatta G, McGurk M, Licitra L. Major and minor salivary gland tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009; 74:134-48. [PMID: 19939701 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant salivary gland tumors are rare. The most common tumor site is the parotid. Aetiologic factors are not clear. Nutrition may be a risk factor, as well as irradiation or a long-standing histologically benign tumor that occurs at youth. Painless swelling of a salivary gland should always be considered as suspicious, especially if no sign of inflammation is present. Signs and symptoms related to major salivary gland tumors differ from those concerning minor salivary gland tumors, as they depend on the different location of the salivary gland. Surgical excision represents the standard option in the treatment of resectable tumors of both major and minor salivary glands. Neutron, heavy ions or proton radiotherapy may be a treatment option for inoperable locoregional disease. Surgery, irradiation or re-irradiation are treatment options for local relapse, whereas radical neck dissection is indicated for regional relapses. Metastatic disease may be either treated with radiotherapy or palliative chemotherapy, depending on the site of metastases. For highly selected patients the employment of anti-androgen therapy is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guzzo
- Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori", Milan, Italy
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