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Haughton PD, Haakma W, Chalkiadakis T, Breimer GE, Driehuis E, Clevers H, Willems S, Prekovic S, Derksen PWB. Differential transcriptional invasion signatures from patient derived organoid models define a functional prognostic tool for head and neck cancer. Oncogene 2024; 43:2463-2474. [PMID: 38942893 PMCID: PMC11315671 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Clinical outcome for patients suffering from HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains poor. This is mostly due to highly invasive tumors that cause loco-regional relapses after initial therapeutic intervention and metastatic outgrowth. The molecular pathways governing the detrimental invasive growth modes in HNSCC remain however understudied. Here, we have established HNSCC patient derived organoid (PDO) models that recapitulate 3-dimensional invasion in vitro. Single cell mRNA sequencing was applied to study the differences between non-invasive and invasive conditions, and in a collective versus single cell invading PDO model. Differential expression analysis under invasive conditions in Collagen gels reveals an overall upregulation of a YAP-centered transcriptional program, irrespective of the invasion mode. However, we find that collectively invading HNSCC PDO cells show elevated levels of YAP transcription targets when compared to single cell invasion. Also, collectively invading cells are characterized by increased nuclear translocation of YAP within the invasive strands, which coincides with Collagen-I matrix alignment at the invasive front. Using gene set enrichment analysis, we identify immune cell-like migratory pathways in the single cell invading HNSCC PDO, while collective invasion is characterized by overt upregulation of adhesion and migratory pathways. Lastly, based on clinical head and neck cancer cohorts, we demonstrate that the identified collective invasion signature provides a candidate prognostic platform for survival in HNSCC. By uncoupling collective and single cell invasive programs, we have established invasion signatures that may guide new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Haughton
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wisse Haakma
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Theofilos Chalkiadakis
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben E Breimer
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Else Driehuis
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Willems
- Department Pathology and Medical biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Prekovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick W B Derksen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Murakami K, Kamiakito T, Kawata H, Kosami K, Nakaya T, Noguchi T, Mori Y, Tanaka A. Basal differentiation and expression status of SOX2 and KLF4 in basal layers are prognostic factors for disease-specific survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2024; 53:303-309. [PMID: 38659289 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal differentiation in oral squamous cell carcinoma is usually detected at invasive sites. However, its significance as a prognostic value has been poorly investigated. METHODS COL17 was selected as a basal differentiation marker because of its stable expression in the basal-like cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Sixty-five cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma were subclassified into COL17-high (30 cases) and -low (35 cases) types, and the prognostic value was analyzed by Cox regression analysis. In addition, the stem cell markers such as SOX2, KLF4, MYC as well as the stem cell-related markers BMI1, EZH2, and YAP and its paralog TAZ, were immunohistochemically analyzed. Their prognostic values were investigated along with their COL17 status by Cox regression analysis. RESULTS No significant difference was observed between the COL17-high and -low groups in the disease-specific survival and recurrence-free survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. When the COL17-high and -low categories were combined with the SOX2, KLF4, EZH2, or YAP/TAZ status in the basal layers, together with gender and age as covariates, the hazard ratios reached 3.3, 3.7, 2.8, and 3.1, respectively. In addition, multivariate analysis, including COL17, SOX2, and KLF4, with gender and age as covariates, showed a significantly poor prognosis for disease-specific survival. CONCLUSION Based on the relatively high hazard ratios, it is indicated that basal differentiation and the expression status of SOX2 and KLF4 in the basal layers are prognostic factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Murakami
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kamiakito
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Kawata
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koki Kosami
- Division of Public Health, Center for Communities, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakaya
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tadahide Noguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Oral Submucous Fibrosis: Etiological Mechanism, Malignant Transformation, Therapeutic Approaches and Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054992. [PMID: 36902423 PMCID: PMC10003551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, progressive and potentially malignant oral disorder with a high regional incidence and malignant rate. With the development of the disease, the normal oral function and social life of patients are seriously affected. This review mainly introduces the various pathogenic factors and mechanisms of OSF, the mechanism of malignant transformation into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and the existing treatment methods and new therapeutic targets and drugs. This paper summarizes the key molecules in the pathogenic and malignant mechanism of OSF, the miRNAs and lncRNAs with abnormal changes, and the natural compounds with therapeutic effects, which provides new molecular targets and further research directions for the prevention and treatment of OSF.
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Identity matters: cancer stem cells and tumour plasticity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Mol Med 2023; 25:e8. [PMID: 36740973 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2023.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents frequent yet aggressive tumours that encompass complex ecosystems of stromal and neoplastic components including a dynamic population of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Recently, research in the field of CSCs has gained increased momentum owing in part to their role in tumourigenicity, metastasis, therapy resistance and relapse. We provide herein a comprehensive assessment of the latest progress in comprehending CSC plasticity, including newly discovered influencing factors and their possible application in HNSCC. We further discuss the dynamic interplay of CSCs within tumour microenvironment considering our evolving appreciation of the contribution of oral microbiota and the pressing need for relevant models depicting their features. In sum, CSCs and tumour plasticity represent an exciting and expanding battleground with great implications for cancer therapy that are only beginning to be appreciated in head and neck oncology.
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Le MN, Wuertz BR, Biel MA, Thompson RL, Ondrey FG. Effects of methylene blue photodynamic therapy on oral carcinoma and leukoplakia cells. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:982-987. [PMID: 36000031 PMCID: PMC9392394 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Methylene blue (MB) is a readily available and affordable substrate that can be used as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The objective of this study was to determine if PDT with MB can downregulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) related to oral carcinoma. Methods Cell cultures of oral squamous cell carcinoma (CA-9-22), oral leukoplakia (MSK-Leuk1), and immortalized keratinocytes (Rhek-1A) were photosensitized with MB and treated with PDT. MMP-9 gene expression was interrogated via qRT-PCR. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to confirm the efficacy of MB PDT. Results MMP-9 gene expression was found to be significantly decreased in oral carcinoma, leukoplakia, and immortalized keratinocytes with use of MB PDT. Conclusion This work demonstrates that MB-mediated PDT can downregulate MMPs which are critical to the invasion and metastasis of oral cancer. These results suggest that MB PDT could be a clinically significant and cost-effective treatment for oral leukoplakia and carcinoma. Level of Evidence NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina N. Le
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Beverly R. Wuertz
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Merrill A. Biel
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Rachel L. Thompson
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Frank G. Ondrey
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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Shahoumi LA. Oral Cancer Stem Cells: Therapeutic Implications and Challenges. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:685236. [PMID: 35048028 PMCID: PMC8757826 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.685236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is currently one of the 10 most common malignancies worldwide, characterized by a biologically highly diverse group of tumors with non-specific biomarkers and poor prognosis. The incidence rate of HNSCC varies widely throughout the world, with an evident prevalence in developing countries such as those in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa. Tumor relapse and metastasis following traditional treatment remain major clinical problems in oral cancer management. Current evidence suggests that therapeutic resistance and metastasis of cancer are mainly driven by a unique subpopulation of tumor cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), or cancer-initiating cells (CICs), which are characterized by their capacity for self-renewal, maintenance of stemness and increased tumorigenicity. Thus, more understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CSCs and their behavior may help in developing effective therapeutic interventions that inhibit tumor growth and progression. This review provides an overview of the main signaling cascades in CSCs that drive tumor repropagation and metastasis in oral cancer, with a focus on squamous cell carcinoma. Other oral non-SCC tumors, including melanoma and malignant salivary gland tumors, will also be considered. In addition, this review discusses some of the CSC-targeted therapeutic strategies that have been employed to combat disease progression, and the challenges of targeting CSCs, with the aim of improving the clinical outcomes for patients with oral malignancies. Targeting of CSCs in head and neck cancer (HNC) represents a promising approach to improve disease outcome. Some CSC-targeted therapies have already been proven to be successful in pre-clinical studies and they are now being tested in clinical trials, mainly in combination with conventional treatment regimens. However, some studies revealed that CSCs may not be the only players that control disease relapse and progression of HNC. Further, clinical research studying a combination of therapies targeted against head and neck CSCs may provide significant advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linah A Shahoumi
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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Cancer Stem Cells in Oropharyngeal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153878. [PMID: 34359786 PMCID: PMC8345685 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), which is a common type of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), is associated with tobacco and alcohol use, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Underlying mechanisms and as a result prognosis of the HPV-positive and HPV-negative OPC patients are different. Like stem cells, the ability of self-renewal and differentiate, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have roles in tumor invasion, metastasis, drug resistance, and recurrence after therapy. Research revealed their roles to some extent in all of these processes but there are still many unresolved points to connect to CSC-targeted therapy. In this review, we will focus on what we currently know about CSCs of OPC and limitations of our current knowledge. We will present perspectives that will broaden our understanding and recent literature which may connect to therapy.
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Johnson DE, Burtness B, Leemans CR, Lui VWY, Bauman JE, Grandis JR. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6:92. [PMID: 33243986 PMCID: PMC7944998 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-00224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1724] [Impact Index Per Article: 431.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most head and neck cancers are derived from the mucosal epithelium in the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx and are known collectively as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Oral cavity and larynx cancers are generally associated with tobacco consumption, alcohol abuse or both, whereas pharynx cancers are increasingly attributed to infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV-16. Thus, HNSCC can be separated into HPV-negative and HPV-positive HNSCC. Despite evidence of histological progression from cellular atypia through various degrees of dysplasia, ultimately leading to invasive HNSCC, most patients are diagnosed with late-stage HNSCC without a clinically evident antecedent pre-malignant lesion. Traditional staging of HNSCC using the tumour-node-metastasis system has been supplemented by the 2017 AJCC/UICC staging system, which incorporates additional information relevant to HPV-positive disease. Treatment is generally multimodal, consisting of surgery followed by chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for oral cavity cancers and primary CRT for pharynx and larynx cancers. The EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab is generally used in combination with radiation in HPV-negative HNSCC where comorbidities prevent the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy. The FDA approved the immune checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab for treatment of recurrent or metastatic HNSCC and pembrolizumab as primary treatment for unresectable disease. Elucidation of the molecular genetic landscape of HNSCC over the past decade has revealed new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Ongoing efforts aim to integrate our understanding of HNSCC biology and immunobiology to identify predictive biomarkers that will enable delivery of the most effective, least-toxic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Burtness
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C. René Leemans
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Julie E. Bauman
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,
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Penteado CAS, Batista TBD, Chaiben CL, Bonacin BG, Ventura TMO, Dionizio A, Couto Souza PH, Buzalaf MAR, Azevedo-Alanis LR. Salivary protein candidates for biomarkers of oral disorders in alcohol and tobacco dependents. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1200-1208. [PMID: 32237000 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the oral condition of alcohol and tobacco dependents and identify salivary protein candidates for biomarkers of oral disorders. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty-three male volunteers were evaluated for alcohol abuse rehabilitation; nine were selected for proteomic analysis. Intraoral examination was performed, and non-stimulated saliva was collected. Salivary proteins were extracted and processed for analysis. A list of proteins identified in saliva was generated from the database and manually revised, obtaining the total number of candidate biomarkers for oral disorders. RESULTS The mean age (n = 33) was 42.94 ± 8.61 years. Fourteen (42.4%) subjects presented with 23 oral mucosa changes, and 31 (94%) had dental plaque. A total of 282 proteins were found in saliva (n = 9), of which 26 were identified as candidates for biomarkers of oral disorders. After manual review, 21 proteins were selected. The highest number of candidates for biomarkers was associated with carcinoma of head and neck (n = 10), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (n = 6), and periodontal disease (n = 6). CONCLUSION Alcohol and tobacco dependents showed gingival inflammation, and less than half of them showed oral mucosa changes. Twenty-one protein candidates for biomarkers of oral disorders were identified in saliva. The two major oral disorders in number of candidates for biomarkers were head and neck cancer and periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago Beltrami Dias Batista
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Lima Chaiben
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bruna Guedes Bonacin
- Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Dionizio
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Henrique Couto Souza
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Reis Azevedo-Alanis
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Chowdhury FN, Reisinger J, Gomez KE, Chimed TS, Thomas CM, Le PN, Miller B, Morton JJ, Nieto CM, Somerset HL, Wang XJ, Keysar SB, Jimeno A. Leading edge or tumor core: Intratumor cancer stem cell niches in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma and their association with stem cell function. Oral Oncol 2019; 98:118-124. [PMID: 31586893 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe differences in cancer stem cell (CSC) presence and behavior associated with their intratumor compartment of origin using a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Four HPV-negative OCSCC PDX cases were selected (CUHN004, CUHN013, CUHN096, CUHN111) and the percentage of CSCs (ALDH+CD44high) was measured in the tumor Leading Edge (LE) and Core compartments of each PDX tumor case via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The fraction of cells in the proliferative phase was measured by Ki-67 labelling index of paraffin embedded tissue. The proliferation and invasion of LE versus Core CSCs were compared using sphere and Matrigel invasion assays, respectively. RESULTS Both CUHN111 and CUHN004 demonstrate CSC enrichment in their LE compartments while CUHN013 and CUHN096 show no intratumor difference. Cases with LE CSC enrichment demonstrate greater Ki-67 labelling at the LE. CSC proliferative potential, assessed by sphere formation, reveals greater sphere formation in CUHN111 LE CSCs, but no difference between CUHN013 LE and Core CSCs. CUHN111 CSCs do not demonstrate an intratumor difference in invasiveness while CUHN013 LE CSCs are more invasive than Core CSCs. CONCLUSION A discrete intratumor CSC niche is present in a subset of OCSCC PDX tumors. The CSC functional phenotype with regard to proliferation and invasion is associated with the intratumor compartment of origin of the CSC: LE or Core. These individual functional characteristics appear to be modulated independently of one another and independently of the presence of an intratumor CSC niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad N Chowdhury
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (UCDSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Julie Reisinger
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCDSOM, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Karina E Gomez
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCDSOM, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tugs-Saikhan Chimed
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCDSOM, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Carissa M Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, University Health Network/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M4Y 2X5, Canada
| | - Phuong N Le
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCDSOM, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bettina Miller
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCDSOM, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - John J Morton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCDSOM, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cera M Nieto
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCDSOM, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen B Keysar
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCDSOM, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (UCDSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCDSOM, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Gerashchenko TS, Novikov NM, Krakhmal NV, Zolotaryova SY, Zavyalova MV, Cherdyntseva NV, Denisov EV, Perelmuter VM. Markers of Cancer Cell Invasion: Are They Good Enough? J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1092. [PMID: 31344926 PMCID: PMC6723901 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion, or directed migration of tumor cells into adjacent tissues, is one of the hallmarks of cancer and the first step towards metastasis. Penetrating to adjacent tissues, tumor cells form the so-called invasive front/edge. The cellular plasticity afforded by different kinds of phenotypic transitions (epithelial-mesenchymal, collective-amoeboid, mesenchymal-amoeboid, and vice versa) significantly contributes to the diversity of cancer cell invasion patterns and mechanisms. Nevertheless, despite the advances in the understanding of invasion, it is problematic to identify tumor cells with the motile phenotype in cancer tissue specimens due to the absence of reliable and acceptable molecular markers. In this review, we summarize the current information about molecules such as extracellular matrix components, factors of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, proteases, cell adhesion, and actin cytoskeleton proteins involved in cell migration and invasion that could be used as invasive markers and discuss their advantages and limitations. Based on the reviewed data, we conclude that future studies focused on the identification of specific invasive markers should use new models one of which may be the intratumor morphological heterogeneity in breast cancer reflecting different patterns of cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Gerashchenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Nikita M Novikov
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Cytology and Genetics, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Krakhmal
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sofia Y Zolotaryova
- Department of Cytology and Genetics, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina V Zavyalova
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Denisov
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir M Perelmuter
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
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Elkashty OA, Ashry R, Tran SD. Head and neck cancer management and cancer stem cells implication. Saudi Dent J 2019; 31:395-416. [PMID: 31700218 PMCID: PMC6823822 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) arise in the mucosal linings of the upper aerodigestive tract and are heterogeneous in nature. Risk factors for HNSCCs are smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and the human papilloma virus. Conventional treatments are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combined modality; however, no international standard mode of therapy exists. In contrast to the conventional model of clonal evolution in tumor development, there is a newly proposed theory based on the activity of cancer stem cells (CSCs) as the model for carcinogenesis. This “CSC hypothesis” may explain the high mortality rate, low response to treatments, and tendency to develop multiple tumors for HNSCC patients. We review current knowledge on HNSCC etiology and treatment, with a focus on CSCs, including their origins, identifications, and effects on therapeutic options.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette transporters
- ATC, amplifying transitory cell
- Antineoplastic agents
- BMI-1, B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1
- Cancer stem cells
- Cancer treatment
- Carcinoma
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- HIFs, hypoxia-inducible factors
- Head and neck cancer
- MDR1, Multidrug Resistance Protein 1
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase
- Squamous cell
- TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A Elkashty
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ramy Ashry
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Simon D Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Dias KB, Flores APC, Hildebrand LC, de Oliveira MG, Lamers ML, Rados PV, Magnusson AS, Filho MS. Non-muscle myosin II as a predictive factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2019; 24:e346-e353. [PMID: 31011146 PMCID: PMC6530949 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study attempted to provide information regarding non-muscle myosin II (MII) isoforms immunoreactivity in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and analysis of the patients’ clinical status after 5 years of monitoring. Material and Methods A semiquantitative analysis of the immunoreactivity of the MII isoforms was performed in 54 surgical specimens and its correlation with clinical and pathological variables and prognosis was verified. Data were analyzed using chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. To evaluate the survival over the total monitoring time and any connection with the proteins studied, the Kaplan-Meier analysis was used. P values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results In the advanced stages of pathological tumor-node-metastasis, the expression of MIIB in adjacent non-neoplastic epithelial tissues tended to increase (p = 0.057). In tumoral zones there was an association of high expression among the three isoforms (MIIA/MIIB p=0,001, MIIB/MIIC p=0,006 and MIIA/MIIC p=0,012). Negative clinical evolution in patients was directly correlated to increased MIIC expression in the tumoral zone of invasion in HNSCC (p = 0.017). Based on clinical evolution after the monitoring period, patients with tumors expressing MIIC had poorer prognoses (p = 0.048). Conclusions The present study suggests that MIIB expression in non-neoplastic adjacent epithelial tissues may indicate a potential for regional metastasis and that MIIC expression in the tumoral zone of invasion is predictive of negative evolution of the disease. Key words:Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, oral cancer, myosin type II, non-muscle myosin, immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-B Dias
- Departmentof Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av Ramiro Barcelos 2492/503, 90035-003 - Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,
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14
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Peltanova B, Raudenska M, Masarik M. Effect of tumor microenvironment on pathogenesis of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:63. [PMID: 30927923 PMCID: PMC6441173 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is comprised of many different cell populations, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts and various infiltrating immune cells, and non-cell components of extracellular matrix. These crucial parts of the surrounding stroma can function as both positive and negative regulators of all hallmarks of cancer development, including evasion of apoptosis, induction of angiogenesis, deregulation of the energy metabolism, resistance to the immune detection and destruction, and activation of invasion and metastasis. This review represents a summary of recent studies focusing on describing these effects of microenvironment on initiation and progression of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, focusing on oral squamous cell carcinoma, since it is becoming clear that an investigation of differences in stromal composition of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment and their impact on cancer development and progression may help better understand the mechanisms behind different responses to therapy and help define possible targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Peltanova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595,, CZ-252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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15
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Qian X, Nie X, Wollenberg B, Sudhoff H, Kaufmann AM, Albers AE. Heterogeneity of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1139:23-40. [PMID: 31134493 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14366-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current systemic cancer treatment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is moving toward more personalized approaches such as de-escalation protocols human-papilloma-virus dependent HNSCC or application of checkpoint inhibitors. However, these treatments have been challenged by cancer stem cells (CSC), a small population within the bulk tumor, which are leading to treatment failure, tumor recurrence, or metastases. This review will give an overview of the characteristics of HNSCC-CSC. Specifically, the mechanisms by which HNSCC-CSC induce tumor initiation, progression, recurrence, or metastasis will be discussed. Although evidence-based treatment options targeting HNSCC-CSC specifically are still being sought for, they warrant a promise for additional and sustainable treatment options where for HNSCC patients where others have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Qian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institutes of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Nie
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Barbara Wollenberg
- University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Holger Sudhoff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas M Kaufmann
- Clinic for Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institutes of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas E Albers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institutes of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Curtarelli RB, Gonçalves JM, dos Santos LGP, Savi MG, Nör JE, Mezzomo LAM, Rodríguez Cordeiro MM. Expression of Cancer Stem Cell Biomarkers in Human Head and Neck Carcinomas: a Systematic Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:769-784. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Nikitakis NG, Gkouveris I, Aseervatham J, Barahona K, Ogbureke KUE. DSPP-MMP20 gene silencing downregulates cancer stem cell markers in human oral cancer cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:30. [PMID: 30002682 PMCID: PMC6040065 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent findings indicate that dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 20 interact in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of DSPP/MMP20 gene silencing on oral cancer stem cell (OCSC) markers. METHODS The expression of well-established OCSC markers: ABCG2; ALDH1; CD133; CD44; BMI1; LGR4, and Podoplanin in DSPP/MMP20-silenced OSCC cell line, OSC2, and controls were assayed by western blot (WB), and flow cytometry techniques. The sensitivity of OSC2 cells to cisplatin following DSPP/MMP20 silencing was also determined. RESULTS DSPP/MMP20 silencing resulted in downregulation of OCSC markers, more profoundly ABCG2 (84%) and CD44 (81%), following double silencing. Furthermore, while treatment of parent (pre-silenced) OSC2 cells with cisplatin resulted in upregulation of OCSC markers, DSPP/MMP20-silenced OSC2 cells similarly treated resulted in profound downregulation of OCSC markers (72 to 94% at 50 μM of cisplatin), and a marked reduction in the proportion of ABCG2 and ALDH1 positive cells (~ 1%). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the downregulation of OCSC markers may signal a reduction in OCSC population following MMP20/DSPP silencing in OSCC cells, while also increasing their sensitivity to cisplatin. Thus, our findings suggest a potential role for DSPP and MMP20 in sustaining OCSC population in OSCCs, possibly, through mechanism(s) that alter OCSC sensitivity to treatment with chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G. Nikitakis
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 7500 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77054 USA
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Gkouveris
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 7500 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 7500 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Kelvin Barahona
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 7500 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Kalu U. E. Ogbureke
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 7500 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77054 USA
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18
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Özdemir A, Sever B, Altıntop MD, Temel HE, Atlı Ö, Baysal M, Demirci F. Synthesis and Evaluation of New Oxadiazole, Thiadiazole, and Triazole Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents Targeting MMP-9. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071109. [PMID: 28677624 PMCID: PMC6152322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important proteases involved in tumor progression including angiogenesis, tissue invasion, and migration. Therefore, MMPs have been reported as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in many types of cancer. New oxadiazole, thiadiazole, and triazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer effects on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma and C6 rat glioma cell lines. In order to examine the relationship between their anticancer activity and MMP-9, the compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on MMPs. N-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-{[5-(((5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]thio}acetamide (8) and N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-[(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio]acetamide (9) revealed promising cytotoxic effects on A549 and C6 cell lines similar to cisplatin without causing any toxicity towards NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line. Compounds 8 and 9 were also the most effective MMP-9 inhibitors in this series. Moreover, docking studies pointed out that compounds 8 and 9 had good affinity to the active site of the MMP-9 enzyme. The molecular docking and in vitro studies suggest that the MMP-9 inhibitory effects of compounds 8 and 9 may play an important role in lung adenocarcinoma and glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Özdemir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey.
| | - Belgin Sever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey.
| | - Mehlika Dilek Altıntop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey.
| | - Halide Edip Temel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Atlı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey.
| | - Merve Baysal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Demirci
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey.
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19
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Aminuddin A, Ng PY. Promising Druggable Target in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Wnt Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:244. [PMID: 27570510 PMCID: PMC4982242 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling pathway, also known as Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, is a crucial mechanism for cellular maintenance and development. It regulates cell cycle progression, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Dysregulation of this pathway correlates with oncogenesis in various tissues including breast, colon, pancreatic as well as head and neck cancers. Furthermore, the canonical Wnt signaling pathway has also been described as one of the critical signaling pathways for regulation of normal stem cells as well as cancer cells with stem cell-like features, termed cancer stem cells (CSC). In this review, we will briefly describe the basic mechanisms of Wnt signaling pathway and its crucial roles in the normal regulation of cellular processes as well as in the development of cancer. Next, we will highlight the roles of canonical Wnt signaling pathway in the regulation of CSC properties namely self-renewal, differentiation, metastasis, and drug resistance abilities, particularly in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Finally, we will examine the findings of several recent studies which explore druggable targets in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway which could be valuable to improve the treatment outcome for head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnani Aminuddin
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pei Yuen Ng
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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Leinung M, Ernst B, Döring C, Wagenblast J, Tahtali A, Diensthuber M, Stöver T, Geissler C. Expression of ALDH1A1 and CD44 in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and their value for carcinogenesis, tumor progression and cancer stem cell identification. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2289-2294. [PMID: 26622836 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 (ALDH1A1) and hyaluronan receptor cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) are often used as cancer stem cell (CSC) markers. The aim of the present study was to examine the relevance of these proteins for HNSCC in general and for the identification of CSCs. Tumors from 48 patients with primary HNSCC were analyzed for the expression of ALDH1A1 and CD44. Additionally, the association of the proteins with the proliferation rate and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression was analyzed. ALDH1A1 was expressed in 54.2% of the carcinoma samples while CD44 was expressed in 89.6% of the carcinoma samples. Most notably, these proteins were often not expressed exclusively in a subpopulation, but also in the majority of tumor cells (ALDH1A1: 30.8% of ALDH1A1+ tumors; CD44: 65.1% of CD44+ tumors). Furthermore, patients with ALDH1A1+ tumors exhibited worse survival rates. CD44 and EGFR expression patterns were overlapping within the tumors and the expression rates were significantly connected. Ki-67+ tumor cells often expressed CD44. ALDH1A1 and CD44 expression patterns only partly overlapped. Consequently, ALDH1A1 and CD44 play significant roles in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Within the present study, CD44 appeared to interact with EGFR and was more often expressed in primary HNSCC than the marker ALDH1A1. However, ALDH1A1 was a better marker to define a subpopulation of tumor cells. Finally, neither ALDH1A1 nor CD44, alone or combined, were sufficient to determine the CSC population in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Leinung
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ernst
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany
| | - Constanze Döring
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany
| | - Jens Wagenblast
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany
| | - Aykut Tahtali
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany
| | - Marc Diensthuber
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany
| | - Timo Stöver
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany
| | - Christin Geissler
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany
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21
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Mannelli G, Magnelli L, Deganello A, Busoni M, Meccariello G, Parrinello G, Gallo O. Detection of putative stem cell markers, CD44/CD133, in primary and lymph node metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. A preliminary immunohistochemical andin vitrostudy. Clin Otolaryngol 2015; 40:312-20. [DOI: 10.1111/coa.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Mannelli
- First Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Florence; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
| | - L. Magnelli
- Department of Sperimental Pathology and Oncology Medical School; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - A. Deganello
- First Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Florence; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
| | - M. Busoni
- First Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Florence; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
| | - G. Meccariello
- First Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Florence; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
| | - G. Parrinello
- First Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Florence; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
| | - O. Gallo
- First Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Florence; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
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Patel SS, Shah KA, Shah MJ, Kothari KC, Rawal RM. Cancer stem cells and stemness markers in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:8549-56. [PMID: 25374166 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the world top ten most common cancers with its highest occurrence in the Indian subcontinent and different aggressive and etiological behavioural patterns. The scenario is only getting worst with the 5 year survival rates dropping to 50%, persistent treatment failures and frequent cases of relapse/recurrence. One of the major reasons for these failures is the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small population of cancer cells that are highly tumourigenic, capable of self-renewal and have the ability to differentiate into cells that constitute the bulk of tumours. Notably, recent evidence suggests that cancer stem cells are especially resistant to conventional therapy and are the "drivers" of local recurrence and metastatic spread. Specific markers for this population have been investigated in HNSCC in the hope of developing a deeper understanding of their role in oral cancer pathogenesis, elucidating novel biomarkers for early diagnosis and newer therapeutic strategies. This review covers the fundamental relevance of almost all the CSC biomarkers established to date with a special emphasis on their impact in the process of oral tumourigenesis and their potential role in improving the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of OSCC patients.
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Li M, Wang Z, Xing Y, Yu J, Tian L, Zhang D, Xin Z. A multicenter study on expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metallopeptidase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 in oral and maxillofacial squamous cell carcinoma. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e13185. [PMID: 24829764 PMCID: PMC4005426 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) are potential markers of oral and maxillofacial squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Objectives: To explore the association between expression of VEGF, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 in oral and maxillofacial SCC and clinicopathological factors. Patients and Methods: Immunohistochemical Envision method was used to analyze the expression of VEGF, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 in 54 cases of oral and maxillofacial SCC and the association with clinicopathological factors such as clinical staging and lymphatic metastasis. Results: Brownish-yellow staining is correlated with positive expression of VEGF, MMP-9 and TIMP-2. Positive expression of VEGF and MMP-9 was correlated with lymphatic metastasis, and their positive expression rates were significantly higher in patients with lymphatic metastasis than those without it (VEGF: χ2 = 30.00; P = 0.001; MMP-9: χ2 = 18.27, P = 0.001). The positive expression rate of MMP-9 decreased at earlier clinical stages (P < 0.05). Positive expression of TIMP-2 was correlated with lymphatic metastasis, clinical staging and T classification. The positive rate of TIMP-2 expression in patients with lymphatic metastasis was significantly lower than those without it (χ2 = 26.74, P = 0.002), which significantly reduced with increasing clinical stage and T classification (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Lymphatic metastasis in patients with oral and maxillofacial SCC is closely related to the positive expression of VEGF, MMP-9 and TIMP-2. MMP-9 and TIMP-2 can affect the progression of cancer, which is valuable for studies on oral and maxillofacial SCC genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Oral Implantology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Corresponding Author: Zhiying Wang, Department of Oral Implantology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, P. R. China. Tel: +86-4162332215, Fax: +86-4162332215, E-mail:
| | - Yang Xing
- Jinzhou City Oral Cavity Hospital, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Luming Tian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Dianming Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Hospital of Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zengxi Xin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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The Role of Cancer Stem(–Like) Cells and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Spreading Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. STEM CELLS AND CANCER STEM CELLS, VOLUME 11 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7329-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Faber A, Aderhold C, Goessler UR, Hoermann K, Schultz JD, Umbreit C, Walliczek U, Stern-Straeter J. Interaction of a CD44+ head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line with a stromal cell-derived factor-1-expressing supportive niche: An in vitro model. Oncol Lett 2013; 7:82-86. [PMID: 24348826 PMCID: PMC3861560 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory implies that CSCs are surrounded by supportive stromal cells, which are known as the CSC niche. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) shows a multitude of functional effects in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells, including migration and polarization. Therefore, the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis may be involved in the pathophysiology of the progression, recurrence and metastasis of malignant diseases of the head and neck. In the present study, the CD44+ HNSCC UM-SCC-11A cell line was used as a model for CSCs. The interaction between the UM-SCC-11A cells and the supportive microenvironmental cells, including fibrocytes, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human microvascular vein endothelial cells (HMVECs) was evaluated. All the cell types that were tested were shown to secrete different concentrations of SDF-1 into the surrounding culture medium [mean (m)fibro, 1243.3±156.2 pg/ml; mHMVEC, 1061.4±23.2 pg/ml; mHUVEC, 849.6±110.9 pg/ml]. The migration of the UM-SCC-11A cells towards the supportive cells was increased by a higher supply of SDF-1 (contrfibro, 315.23±61.55 μm; mfibro, 477.73±143.7 μm; Pfibro=0.003; contrHMVEC, 123.41±66.68 μm; mHMVEC, 249.04±111.95 μm; PHMVEC=0.004; contrHUVEC, 189.7±93.26 μm; mHUVEC, 260.82±161.58 μm). The amount of the UM-SCC-11A cells that migrated towards the differentiated fibrocytes was significantly higher than that which migrated towards the HMVECs or HUVECs (Pfibro/HMVEC=2.12E-11; Pfibro/HUVEC=2.28E-5). Cell-cell interaction by podia formation of the UM-SCC-11A cells was observed in all the supportive cell types that were tested. Broadly based cell-cell contacts were observed. By contrast, digitiform podia formations presented by the UM-SCC-11A cells were determined using fluorescence microscopy. The SDF-1-CXCR4 axis is postulated to be a crucial pathway in the interaction between CSCs and their surrounding supportive cells. Understanding the cell-cell interactions in the CSC niche using in vitro models may aid in gaining further insight into these mechanisms and finding new strategies of therapy in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Faber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Christoph Aderhold
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Ulrich Reinhart Goessler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Karl Hoermann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Johannes David Schultz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Claudia Umbreit
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Ute Walliczek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Jens Stern-Straeter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
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Sandner A, Illert J, Koitzsch S, Unverzagt S, Schön I. Reflux induces DNA strand breaks and expression changes of MMP1+9+14 in a human miniorgan culture model. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2905-15. [PMID: 24075964 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease has been implicated in the pathogenesis of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. The same applies to laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) and squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, but so far, this link has not been proven. The impact of low pH and bile acids has not been studied extensively in cells other than oesophageal cancer cell lines and tissue. The aims of this study were to investigate the pathogenic potential of reflux and its single components on the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. We measured DNA stability in human miniorgan cultures (MOCs) and primary epithelial cell cultures (EpCs) in response to reflux by the alkaline comet assay. As matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in extracellular matrix remodelling processes and may contribute to cancer progression, we studied the expression of MMP1, -9, and -14 in MOCs, EpC, UM-SCC-22B, and FADUDD. DNA strand breaks (DNA-SBs) increased significantly at low pH and after incubation with human or artificial gastric juice. Single incubation with glycochenodeoxycholic acid also showed a significant increase in DNA-SBs. In epithelial cell cultures, human gastric juice increased the number of DNA-SBs at pH 4.5 and 5.5. Artificial gastric juice significantly up regulated the gene expression of MMP9. Western blot analysis confirmed the results of gene expression analysis, but the up regulation of MMP1, -9, and -14 was donor-specific. Reflux has the ability to promote genomic instability and may contribute to micro environmental changes suitable for the initiation of malignancy. Further functional gene analysis may elucidate the role of laryngopharyngeal reflux in the development of head neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Sandner
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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Chen C, Zimmermann M, Tinhofer I, Kaufmann AM, Albers AE. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem(-like) cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2013; 338:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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FABER ANNE, GOESSLER ULRICHREINHART, HOERMANN KARL, SCHULTZ JOHANNESDAVID, UMBREIT CLAUDIA, STERN-STRAETER JENS. SDF-1-CXCR4 axis: Cell trafficking in the cancer stem cell niche of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2325-31. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Cancer stem cell markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:319489. [PMID: 23533441 PMCID: PMC3603684 DOI: 10.1155/2013/319489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the world's top ten most common cancers. Current survival rates are poor with only 50% of patients expected to survive five years after diagnosis. The poor survival rate of HNSCC is partly attributable to the tendency for diagnosis at the late stage of the disease. One of the reasons for treatment failure is thought to be related to the presence of a subpopulation of cells within the tumour called cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs display stem cell-like characteristics that impart resistance to conventional treatment modalities and promote tumour initiation, progression, and metastasis. Specific markers for this population have been investigated in the hope of developing a deeper understanding of their role in the pathogenesis of HNSCC and elucidating novel therapeutic strategies.
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Teymoortash A, Werner JA. Current advances in diagnosis and surgical treatment of lymph node metastasis in head and neck cancer. GMS CURRENT TOPICS IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2012; 11:Doc04. [PMID: 23320056 PMCID: PMC3544246 DOI: 10.3205/cto000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Still today, the status of the cervical lymph nodes is the most important prognostic factor for head and neck cancer. So the individual treatment concept of the lymphatic drainage depends on the treatment of the primary tumor as well as on the presence or absence of suspect lymph nodes in the imaging diagnosis. Neck dissection may have either a therapeutic objective or a diagnostic one. The selective neck dissection is currently the method of choice for the treatment of patients with advanced head and neck cancers and clinical N0 neck. For oncologic reasons, this procedure is generally recommended with acceptable functional and aesthetic results, especially under the aspect of the mentioned staging procedure. In this review article, current aspects on pre- and posttherapeutic staging of the cervical lymph nodes are described and the indication and the necessary extent of neck dissection for head and neck cancer is discussed. Additionally the critical question is discussed if the lymph node metastasis bears an intrinsic risk of metastatic development and thus its removal in a most possible early stage plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Teymoortash
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of
Marburg, Germany
| | - J. A. Werner
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of
Marburg, Germany
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Makarova G, Bette M, Schmidt A, Jacob R, Cai C, Rodepeter F, Betz T, Sitterberg J, Bakowsky U, Moll R, Neff A, Sesterhenn A, Teymoortash A, Ocker M, Werner JA, Mandic R. Epidermal growth factor-induced modulation of cytokeratin expression levels influences the morphological phenotype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:59-72. [PMID: 23111772 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The migratory ability of tumor cells requires cytoskeletal rearrangement processes. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-signaling tightly correlates with tumor progression in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), and has previously been implicated in the regulation of cytokeratin (CK) expression. In this study, HNSCC cell lines were treated with EGF, and CK expression levels were monitored by Western blot analysis. Changes in cellular morphology were documented by fluorescence- and atomic force microscopy. Some of the cell lines demonstrated an EGF-dependent modulation of CK expression levels. Interestingly, regression of some CK subtypes or initial up-regulation followed by downregulation at higher EGF-levels could also be observed in the tested cell lines. Overall, the influence of EGF on CK expression levels appeared variable and cell-type-dependent. Real-time cellular analysis of EGF-treated and -untreated HNSCC cell lines demonstrated a rise over time in cellular impedance. In three of the EGF-treated HNSCC cell lines, this rise was markedly higher than in untreated controls, whereas in one of the cell lines the gain of cellular impedance was paradoxically reduced after EGF treatment, which was found to correlate with changes in cellular morphology rather than with relevant changes in cellular viability or proliferation. After treating HNSCC cells with EGF, CK filaments frequently appeared diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm, and in some cases were found in a perinuclear localization, the latter being reminiscent to observations by other groups. In summary, the data points to a possible role of EGFR in modulating HNSCC cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Makarova
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
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Liu W, Wu L, Shen XM, Shi LJ, Zhang CP, Xu LQ, Zhou ZT. Expression patterns of cancer stem cell markers ALDH1 and CD133 correlate with a high risk of malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:868-74. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Oropharyngeal malignant epithelial cell, lymphocyte and macrophage CD44 surface receptors for hyaluronate are expressed in sustained EBV infection: immunohistochemical data and EBV DNA tissue indices. Pathol Res Pract 2012; 208:518-26. [PMID: 22770970 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of CD44 in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related epithelial tumors is poorly understood. We studied the expression of CD44 in EBV infection in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and measured the EBV DNA. Whole blood, plasma and tissue samples from 8 male and 2 female patients with oral SCC, NPC, salivary gland lymphoepithelioma, normal salivary gland and buccal mucosa were assayed for EBV DNA. Expression of CD44, latent membrane protein (LMP), and labeling of lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells were estimated by immunohistochemistry. Tissue EBV DNA was detected in 7 of 8 cases (87.5%) of oral malignant, benign and border-line lesions. LMP expression levels in tumors varied from absence and minimal to moderate - 50.3, 43.6, 6.0% and 91.1, 6.7, 2.2% for SCC and NPC, respectively. Levels of CD44 positivity in neoplasms were minimal (15.5 and 16.7%), moderate (30.3 and 47.8%), and diffuse (54.2 and 35.5%) for SCC and NPC, respectively, thus deviating from normal oral mucosa revealing heavily stained (100.0%) epithelial contours. CD19-positive B lymphocytes and S100-positive dendritic cells were intermixed with neoplastic cells. Collectively, CD44 mediated signaling may be implicated in EBV infection associated with the pathogenesis of oral SCC and NPC.
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Facompre N, Nakagawa H, Herlyn M, Basu D. Stem-like cells and therapy resistance in squamous cell carcinomas. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 65:235-65. [PMID: 22959028 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397927-8.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) within squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are hypothesized to contribute to chemotherapy and radiation resistance and represent potentially useful pharmacologic targets. Hallmarks of the stem cell phenotype that may contribute to therapy resistance of CSCs include quiescence, evasion of apoptosis, resistance to DNA damage, and expression of drug transporter pumps. A variety of CSC populations within SCCs of the head and neck and esophagus have been defined tentatively, based on diverse surface markers and functional assays. Stem-like self-renewal and differentiation capacities of these SCC subpopulations are supported by sphere formation and clonogenicity assays in vitro as well as limiting dilution studies in xenograft models. Early evidence supports a role for SCC CSCs in intrinsic therapy resistance, while detailed mechanisms by which these subpopulations evade treatment remain to be defined. Development of novel SCC therapies will be aided by pursuing such mechanisms as well as refining current definitions for CSCs and clarifying their relevance to hierarchical versus dynamic models of stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Facompre
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zhang Z, Filho MS, Nör JE. The biology of head and neck cancer stem cells. Oral Oncol 2011; 48:1-9. [PMID: 22070916 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that a small population of cancer cells is highly tumorigenic, endowed with self-renewal, and has the ability to differentiate into cells that constitute the bulk of tumors. These cells are considered the "drivers" of the tumorigenic process in some tumor types, and have been named cancer stem cells. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) appears to be involved in the process leading to the acquisition of stemness by epithelial tumor cells. Through this process, cells acquire an invasive phenotype that may contribute to tumor recurrence and metastasis. Cancer stem cells have been identified in human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) using markers such as CD133 and CD44 expression, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. The head and neck cancer stem cells reside primarily in perivascular niches in the invasive front where endothelial-cell initiated events contribute to their survival and function. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-knowledge on the pathobiology of cancer stem cells, with a focus on the impact of these cells to head and neck tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Zhang
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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Ambrosio EP, Rosa FE, Domingues MAC, Villacis RAR, Coudry RDA, Tagliarini JV, Soares FA, Kowalski LP, Rogatto SR. Cortactin is associated with perineural invasion in the deep invasive front area of laryngeal carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1221-9. [PMID: 21419472 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cortactin gene, mapped at 11q13, has been associated with an aggressive clinical course in many cancers because of its function of invasiveness. This study evaluated CTTN protein and its prognostic value in the deep invasive front and superficial areas of laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. The transcript expression levels were evaluated in a subset of cases. Overexpression of CTTN cytoplasmatic protein (80% of cases in both the deep invasive front and superficial areas) and transcript (30% of samples) was detected in a significant number of cases. In more than 20% of cases, observation verified membrane immunostaining in the deep invasive front and superficial areas. Perineural invasion was significantly associated with N stage and recurrence (P = .0058 and P = .0037, respectively). Higher protein expression levels were correlated with perineural invasion (P = .004) in deep invasive front cells, suggesting that this area should be considered a prognostic tool in laryngeal carcinomas. Although most cases had moderate to strong CTTN expression on the tumor surface, 2 sets of cases revealed a differential expression pattern in the deep invasive front. A group of cases with absent to weak expression of CTTN in the deep invasive front showed good prognosis parameters, and a second group with moderate to strong expression of CTTN were associated with an unfavorable prognosis, suggesting an association with worse outcome. Taken together, these results suggest that the deep invasive front might be considered a grading system in laryngeal carcinomas and that cortactin is a putative marker of worse outcome in the deep invasive front of laryngeal carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Papa Ambrosio
- Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Walk EL, Weed SA. Recently identified biomarkers that promote lymph node metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:747-72. [PMID: 24212639 PMCID: PMC3756388 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous cancer that arises in the upper aerodigestive tract. Despite advances in knowledge and treatment of this disease, the five-year survival rate after diagnosis of advanced (stage 3 and 4) HNSCC remains approximately 50%. One reason for the large degree of mortality associated with late stage HNSCC is the intrinsic ability of tumor cells to undergo locoregional invasion. Lymph nodes in the cervical region are the primary sites of metastasis for HNSCC, occurring before the formation of distant metastases. The presence of lymph node metastases is strongly associated with poor patient outcome, resulting in increased consideration being given to the development and implementation of anti-invasive strategies. In this review, we focus on select proteins that have been recently identified as promoters of lymph node metastasis in HNSCC. The discussed proteins are involved in a wide range of critical cellular functions, and offer a more comprehensive understanding of the factors involved in HNSCC metastasis while additionally providing increased options for consideration in the design of future therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse L Walk
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Oliveira LR, Oliveira-Costa JP, Araujo IM, Soave DF, Zanetti JS, Soares FA, Zucoloto S, Ribeiro-Silva A. Cancer stem cell immunophenotypes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 40:135-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bmi-1 Regulates Snail Expression and Promotes Metastasis Ability in Head and Neck Squamous Cancer-Derived ALDH1 Positive Cells. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2011. [PMID: 20936121 PMCID: PMC2948925 DOI: 10.1155/2011/609259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that ALDH1 is a putative marker for HNSCC-derived cancer stem cells. However, the regulation mechanisms that maintain the stemness and metastatic capability of HNSCC-ALDH1(+) cells remain unclear. Initially, HNSCC-ALDH1(+) cells from HNSCC patient showed cancer stemness properties, and high expression of Bmi1 and Snail. Functionally, tumorigenic properties of HNSCC-ALDH1(+) cells could be downregulated by knockdown of Bmi-1. Overexpression of Bmi-1 altered in expression property ALDH1(-) cells to that of ALDH1(+) cells. Furthermore, knockdown of Bmi-1 enhanced the radiosensitivity of radiation-treated HNSCC-ALDH1(+) cells. Moreover, overexpression of Bmi-1 in HNSCC-ALDH1(-) cells increased tumor volume and number of pulmonary metastatic lesions by xenotransplant assay. Importantly, knock-down of Bmi1 in HNSCC-ALDH1(+) cells significantly decreased distant metastases in the lungs. Clinically, coexpression of Bmi-1/Snail/ALDH1 predicted the worst prognosis in HNSCC patients. Collectively, our data suggested that Bmi-1 plays a key role in regulating Snail expression and cancer stemness properties of HNSCC-ALDH1(+) cells.
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