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Saulters EL, Kennedy PT, Carter RJ, Alsufyani A, Jones TM, Woolley JF, Dahal LN. Differential Regulation of the STING Pathway in Human Papillomavirus-Positive and -Negative Head and Neck Cancers. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:118-133. [PMID: 38147007 PMCID: PMC10793589 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas, which arise from the cells that line the mucosal surfaces of the head and neck, represent the most common type of head and neck cancers (HNSCC). Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been strongly associated with the development of oropharyngeal cancers, which are cancers that occur in the back of the throat, including the tonsils and base of the tongue. HNSCCs with and without HPV infection have distinct pathology, with HPV-positive patients having higher levels of immune infiltration, activation in the tumor microenvironment and better response to radiation and chemotherapy. It is, however, unclear whether HPV infection in HNSCCs has the potential to activate innate-immune sensing pathways and if these cancers possess intrinsic immunogenicity associated with HPV infection. Here we investigate the innate immune stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway and immune responses to STING activation in HNSCCs and uncover fundamental differences in the regulation of this pathway in cell lines versus primary human clinical specimens. We show that while STING is differentially expressed in HPV-positive and -negative HNSCC cell lines, they exhibit a gross functional defect in signaling through this pathway. However, STING activation in immune cell populations generated immune signatures predicted to elicit useful tumoricidal mechanisms. In contrast, IHC analysis of human tissue microarrays revealed enhanced STING expression in HPV-related tumors and high intratumoral expression of STING correlated with increased survival. SIGNIFICANCE STING is an important innate immune sensor of cytosolic DNA, inducing essential antiviral and antitumoral responses. This research shows that STING expression is enhanced in HPV-positive HNSCC patient tissue, with high intratumoral STING expression correlating with increased survival. In addition, STING activation in immune cell populations augmented antitumoral effects against HNSCCs, suggesting patients may benefit from the use of STING agonists in combination with traditional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Saulters
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J. Carter
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Alsufyani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Terence M. Jones
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Woolley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lekh N. Dahal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Cai F, Xu H, Song S, Wang G, Zhang Y, Qian J, Xu L. Knockdown of Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme E2 T Abolishes the Progression of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Inhibiting NF-Κb Signaling and inducing Ferroptosis. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2024; 25:577-585. [PMID: 38584528 DOI: 10.2174/0113892037287640240322084946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2T (UBE2T) has been reported to be associated with uncontrolled cell growth and tumorigenesis in multiple cancer types. However, the understanding of its regulatory role in the carcinogenesis of Head And Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSC) is limited. METHODS UBE2T expression in HNSC patient samples and the correlation between its expression and patients' survival rates were evaluated using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Cell survival and proliferation were investigated in UM-SCC1 and UM-SCC15 cells infected with control and shUBE2T lentivirus. The xenograft mouse model was established using UM-SCC15 cells to examine HNSC tumorigenesis with or without UBE2T. Western blot, qRT-PCR, and ferroptosis assays were carried out to disclose the interaction between UBE2T and NF-κB signaling and ferroptosis. RESULTS The increased expression of UBE2T was noted in tumor tissues of patients with HNSC, correlating with a significantly reduced overall survival time in this patient cohort. Knockdown of UBE2T inhibited HNSC tumorigenesis and tumor growth. Mechanistically, inhibition of UBE2T suppressed NF-κB signaling and induced ferroptosis in HNSC. CONCLUSION Our study underscores the multifaceted role of UBE2T in HNSC, illuminating its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Zhihuai Road, Bengbu, 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Zhihuai Road, Bengbu, 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Shilong Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Zhihuai Road, Bengbu, 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Gengming Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Zhihuai Road, Bengbu, 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Zhihuai Road, Bengbu, 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Zhihuai Road, Bengbu, 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Zhihuai Road, Bengbu, 233000, Anhui, China
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3
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Qin T, Li S, Henry LE, Chou E, Cavalcante RG, Garb BF, D'Silva NJ, Rozek LS, Sartor MA. Whole-genome CpG-resolution DNA Methylation Profiling of HNSCC Reveals Distinct Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis for Fine-scale HPV+ Cancer Subtypes. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1701-1715. [PMID: 37654626 PMCID: PMC10467604 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a vital early step in carcinogenesis. Most findings of aberrant DNA methylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are array based with limited coverage and resolution, and mainly explored by human papillomavirus (HPV) status, ignoring the high heterogeneity of this disease. In this study, we performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing on a well-studied HNSCC cohort (n = 36) and investigated the methylation changes between fine-scaled HNSCC subtypes in relation to genomic instability, repetitive elements, gene expression, and key carcinogenic pathways. The previously observed hypermethylation phenotype in HPV-positive (HPV+) tumors compared with HPV-negative tumors was robustly present in the immune-strong (IMU) HPV+ subtype but absent in the highly keratinized (KRT) HPV+ subtype. Methylation levels of IMU tumors were significantly higher in repetitive elements, and methylation showed a significant correlation with genomic stability, consistent with the IMU subtype having more genomic stability and better prognosis. Expression quantitative trait methylation (cis-eQTM) analysis revealed extensive functionally-relevant differences, and differential methylation pathway analysis recapitulated gene expression pathway differences between subtypes. Consistent with their characteristics, KRT and HPV-negative tumors had high regulatory potential for multiple regulators of keratinocyte differentiation, which positively correlated with an expression-based keratinization score. Together, our findings revealed distinct mechanisms of carcinogenesis between subtypes in HPV+ HNSCC and uncovered previously ignored epigenomic differences and clinical implications, illustrating the importance of fine-scale subtype analysis in cancer. Significance This study revealed that the previously observed hypermethylation of HPV(+) HNSCC is due solely to the IMU subtype, illustrating the importance of fine-scale subtype analysis in such a heterogeneous disease. Particularly, IMU has significantly higher methylation of transposable elements, which can be tested as a prognosis biomarker in future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Qin
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shiting Li
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Leanne E. Henry
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elysia Chou
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Raymond G. Cavalcante
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bailey F. Garb
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nisha J. D'Silva
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura S. Rozek
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maureen A. Sartor
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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4
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Lamenza FF, Ryan NM, Upadhaya P, Siddiqui A, Jordanides PP, Springer A, Roth P, Pracha H, Iwenofu OH, Oghumu S. Inducible TgfbR1 and Pten deletion in a model of tongue carcinogenesis and chemoprevention. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1167-1177. [PMID: 37231058 PMCID: PMC10754272 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a significant public health problem, with a need for novel approaches to chemoprevention and treatment. Preclinical models that recapitulate molecular alterations that occur in clinical HNSCC patients are needed to better understand molecular and immune mechanisms of HNSCC carcinogenesis, chemoprevention, and efficacy of treatment. We optimized a mouse model of tongue carcinogenesis with discrete quantifiable tumors via conditional deletion of Tgfβr1 and Pten by intralingual injection of tamoxifen. We characterized the localized immune tumor microenvironment, metastasis, systemic immune responses, associated with tongue tumor development. We further determined the efficacy of tongue cancer chemoprevention using dietary administration of black raspberries (BRB). Three Intralingual injections of 500 µg tamoxifen to transgenic K14 Cre, floxed Tgfbr1, Pten (2cKO) knockout mice resulted in tongue tumors with histological and molecular profiles, and lymph node metastasis similar to clinical HNSCC tumors. Bcl2, Bcl-xl, Egfr, Ki-67, and Mmp9, were significantly upregulated in tongue tumors compared to surrounding epithelial tissue. CD4+ and CD8 + T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes and tumors displayed increased surface CTLA-4 expression, suggestive of impaired T-cell activation and enhanced regulatory T-cell activity. BRB administration resulted in reduced tumor growth, enhanced T-cell infiltration to the tongue tumor microenvironment and robust antitumoral CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell activity characterized by greater granzyme B and perforin expression. Our results demonstrate that intralingual injection of tamoxifen in Tgfβr1/Pten 2cKO mice results in discrete quantifiable tumors suitable for chemoprevention and therapy of experimental HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe F Lamenza
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nathan M Ryan
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Puja Upadhaya
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Arham Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pete P Jordanides
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anna Springer
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peyton Roth
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hasan Pracha
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - O Hans Iwenofu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Li Q, Tie Y, Alu A, Ma X, Shi H. Targeted therapy for head and neck cancer: signaling pathways and clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:31. [PMID: 36646686 PMCID: PMC9842704 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is malignant, genetically complex and difficult to treat and is the sixth most frequent cancer, with tobacco, alcohol and human papillomavirus being major risk factors. Based on epigenetic data, HNC is remarkably heterogeneous, and treatment remains challenging. There is a lack of significant improvement in survival and quality of life in patients with HNC. Over half of HNC patients experience locoregional recurrence or distal metastasis despite the current multiple traditional therapeutic strategies and immunotherapy. In addition, resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and some targeted therapies is common. Therefore, it is urgent to explore more effective and tolerable targeted therapies to improve the clinical outcomes of HNC patients. Recent targeted therapy studies have focused on identifying promising biomarkers and developing more effective targeted therapies. A well understanding of the pathogenesis of HNC contributes to learning more about its inner association, which provides novel insight into the development of small molecule inhibitors. In this review, we summarized the vital signaling pathways and discussed the current potential therapeutic targets against critical molecules in HNC, as well as presenting preclinical animal models and ongoing or completed clinical studies about targeted therapy, which may contribute to a more favorable prognosis of HNC. Targeted therapy in combination with other therapies and its limitations were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Tie
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aqu Alu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Huashan Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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6
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Gunaseelan D, Ali MSBN, Albert A, Prabhakaran R, Beno DL, Nagarethinam B. Biochemical and molecular anticancer approaches for Boerhaavia diffusa root extracts in oral cancer. J Cancer Res Ther 2022; 18:S244-S252. [PMID: 36510972 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_932_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Boerhaavia diffusa is a medicinal herb with anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties, found across India. Aim and Objectives The present study is designed to investigate the therapeutic potential for B. diffusa root extracts in oral cancer cell line. Materials and Methods The aqueous and methanolic extracts of B. diffusa were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. In order to determine the phytochemical constituents of B. diffusa, the extracts were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The antioxidant potential of B. diffusa extracts was assessed by 2,2-Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl, ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power, catalase and peroxidase assays. The effective concentration of B. diffusa root on cell viability was analyzed by [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The ability of B. diffusa root extracts to modify the cell-cycle phases was performed by FACS analysis. The apoptotic inducing potential of B. diffusa in oral cancer cells was confirmed by acridine orange-ethidium bromide and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. The protein profile of apoptotic processes was validated by the Western blot analysis; docking studies were also performed. Results We observed that antioxidant activity was higher in B. diffusa methanolic extract compared with aqueous extract. The results showed that the methanolic and aqueous extracts of B. diffusa exhibited significant cytotoxic effect with IC50 value of 36 μg/ml and 30 μg/ml, respectively. The apoptotic DNA fragmentation and the apoptotic inducing potential in KB oral cancer cell line were higher for the methanolic extract compared with the aqueous extract. These results were also confirmed by in-silico analysis. Conclusion The results indicate that extracts obtained from the roots of B. diffusa inhibit the progression of oral cancer. These compounds of pharmacological importance can be either used alone or in combination with other drugs to treat oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharani Gunaseelan
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Srinivasa Ramanujan Center, SASTRA Deemed University, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Abhishek Albert
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajkumar Prabhakaran
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Daniel Lysias Beno
- Department of Histopathology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskaran Nagarethinam
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Srinivasa Ramanujan Center, SASTRA Deemed University, Kumbakonam; Department of Technology Dissemination, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Doukas PG, Vageli DP, Judson BL. The Role of
PARP
‐1 and
NF‐κB
in
Bile‐Induced DNA
Damage and Oncogenic Profile in Hypopharyngeal Cells. Laryngoscope 2022; 133:1146-1155. [PMID: 35791892 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS We recently documented that acidic bile, a gastroesophageal reflux content, can cause invasive hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, by inducing widespread DNA damage and promoting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-related oncogenic molecular events. Poly or adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a sensitive sensor of DNA damage, may interact with NF-κB. We hypothesized that PARP-1 is activated in hypopharyngeal cells (HCs) with marked DNA damage caused by acidic bile, hence there is an association between PARP-1 and NF-κB activation or its related oncogenic profile, in this process. STUDY DESIGN In vitro study. METHODS We targeted PARP-1 and NF-κB(p65), using pharmacologic inhibitors, 1.0 μM Rucaparib (AG014699) and 10 μM BAY 11-7082 {3-[4=methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-(2E)-propenenitrile}, respectively, or silencing their gene expression (siRNAs) and used immunofluorescence, luciferase, cell viability, direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and qPCR analysis to detect the effect of targeting PARP-1 or NF-κB in acidic bile-induced DNA damage, PARP-1, p-NF-κB, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression, as well as NF-κB transcriptional activity, cell survival, and mRNA oncogenic phenotype in HCs. RESULTS We showed that (i) PARP-1 is overexpressed by acidic bile, (ii) targeting NF-κB adequately prevents the acidic bile-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by gamma H2A histone family member X (γH2AX), oxidative DNA/RNA damage, PARP-1 overexpression, anti-apoptotic mRNA phenotype, and cell survival, whereas (iii) targeting PARP-1 preserves elevated DNA damage, NF-κB activation, and anti-apoptotic phenotype. CONCLUSION We document for the first time that the activation of PARP-1 is an early event during bile reflux-related head and neck carcinogenesis and that NF-κB can mediate DNA damage and PARP-1 activation. Our data encourage further investigation into how acidic bile-induced activated NF-κB mediates DNA damage in hypopharyngeal carcinogenesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 133:1146-1155, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G. Doukas
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Dimitra P. Vageli
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Benjamin L. Judson
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
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8
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Ali R, Aouida M, Alhaj Sulaiman A, Madhusudan S, Ramotar D. Can Cisplatin Therapy Be Improved? Pathways That Can Be Targeted. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137241. [PMID: 35806243 PMCID: PMC9266583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)) is the oldest known chemotherapeutic agent. Since the identification of its anti-tumour activity, it earned a remarkable place as a treatment of choice for several cancer types. It remains effective against testicular, bladder, lung, head and neck, ovarian, and other cancers. Cisplatin treatment triggers different cellular responses. However, it exerts its cytotoxic effects by generating inter-strand and intra-strand crosslinks in DNA. Tumour cells often develop tolerance mechanisms by effectively repairing cisplatin-induced DNA lesions or tolerate the damage by adopting translesion DNA synthesis. Cisplatin-associated nephrotoxicity is also a huge challenge for effective therapy. Several preclinical and clinical studies attempted to understand the major limitations associated with cisplatin therapy, and so far, there is no definitive solution. As such, a more comprehensive molecular and genetic profiling of patients is needed to identify those individuals that can benefit from platinum therapy. Additionally, the treatment regimen can be improved by combining cisplatin with certain molecular targeted therapies to achieve a balance between tumour toxicity and tolerance mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the importance of various biological processes that contribute to the resistance of cisplatin and its derivatives. We aim to highlight the processes that can be modulated to suppress cisplatin resistance and provide an insight into the role of uptake transporters in enhancing drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Ali
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (M.A.); (A.A.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Mustapha Aouida
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (M.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Abdallah Alhaj Sulaiman
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (M.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 3RD, UK;
| | - Dindial Ramotar
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (M.A.); (A.A.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (D.R.)
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9
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Vageli DP, Doukas SG, Doukas PG, Judson BL. Bile reflux and hypopharyngeal cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 46:244. [PMID: 34558652 PMCID: PMC8485019 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Laryngopharyngeal reflux, a variant of gastroesophageal reflux disease, has been considered a risk factor in the development of hypopharyngeal cancer. Bile acids are frequently present in the gastroesophageal refluxate and their effect has been associated with inflammatory and neoplastic changes in the upper aerodigestive tract. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have provided direct evidence of the role of acidic bile refluxate in hypopharyngeal carcinogenesis and documented the crucial role of NF-κB as a key mediator of early oncogenic molecular events in this process and also suggested a contribution of STAT3. Acidic bile can cause premalignant changes and invasive squamous cell cancer in the affected hypopharynx accompanied by DNA damage, elevated p53 expression and oncogenic mRNA and microRNA alterations, previously linked to head and neck cancer. Weakly acidic bile can also increase the risk for hypopharyngeal carcinogenesis by inducing DNA damage, exerting anti-apoptotic effects and causing precancerous lesions. The most important findings that strongly support bile reflux as an independent risk factor for hypopharyngeal cancer are presented in the current review and the underlying mechanisms are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra P Vageli
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sotirios G Doukas
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Panagiotis G Doukas
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Benjamin L Judson
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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10
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Doukas PG, Vageli DP, Sasaki CT, Judson BL. Pepsin Promotes Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Downstream Oncogenic Pathways, at Slightly Acidic and Neutral pH, in Exposed Hypopharyngeal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084275. [PMID: 33924087 PMCID: PMC8074291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pepsin refluxate is considered a risk factor for laryngopharyngeal carcinogenesis. Non-acidic pepsin was previously linked to an inflammatory and tumorigenic effect on laryngopharyngeal cells in vitro. Yet there is no clear evidence of the pepsin-effect on a specific oncogenic pathway and the importance of pH in this process. We hypothesized that less acidic pepsin triggers the activation of a specific oncogenic factor and related-signalling pathway. To explore the pepsin-effect in vitro, we performed intermittent exposure of 15 min, once per day, for a 5-day period, of human hypopharyngeal primary cells (HCs) to pepsin (1 mg/mL), at a weakly acidic pH of 5.0, a slightly acidic pH of 6.0, and a neutral pH of 7.0. We have documented that the extracellular environment at pH 6.0, and particularly pH 7.0, vs. pH 5.0, promotes the pepsin-effect on HCs, causing increased internalized pepsin and cell viability, a pronounced activation of EGFR accompanied by NF-κB and STAT3 activation, and a significant upregulation of EGFR, AKT1, mTOR, IL1β, TNF-α, RELA(p65), BCL-2, IL6 and STAT3. We herein provide new evidence of the pepsin-effect on oncogenic EGFR activation and its related-signaling pathway at neutral and slightly acidic pH in HCs, opening a window to further explore the prevention and therapeutic approach of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease.
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11
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Grover M, Behl T, Sachdeva M, Bungao S, Aleya L, Setia D. Focus on Multi-targeted Role of Curcumin: a Boon in Therapeutic Paradigm. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:18893-18907. [PMID: 33595796 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12809-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound that exhibited good anticancer potential against different types of cancers through its multi-targeted effect like the termination of cell proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis, thereby acting as antiproliferative and cytotoxic in nature. The present review surveys the various drug combination tried with curcumin or its synthetic analogues and also the mechanism by which curcumin potentiates the effect of almost every drug. In addition, this article also focuses on aromatherapy which is gaining much popularity in cancer patients. After thoroughly studying several articles on combination therapy of curcumin through authenticated book chapters, websites, research, and review articles available at PubMed, ScienceDirect, etc., it has been observed that multi-targeted curcumin possess enormous anticancer potential and, with whatever drug it is given in combination, has always resulted in enhanced effect with reduced dose as well as side effects. It is also capable enough in overcoming the problem of chemoresistance. Besides this, aromatherapy also proved its potency in reducing cancer-related side effects. Combining all the factors together, we can conclude that combination therapy of drugs with curcumin should be explored extensively. In addition, aromatherapy can be used as an adjuvant or supplementary therapy to reduce the cancer complications in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Grover
- B.S. Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy, Alampur, Haryana, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | | | - Simona Bungao
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Dhruv Setia
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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12
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Doukas SG, Doukas PG, Sasaki CT, Vageli D. The in vivo preventive and therapeutic properties of curcumin in bile reflux-related oncogenesis of the hypopharynx. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10311-10321. [PMID: 32691972 PMCID: PMC7521262 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile at strongly acidic pH exerts a carcinogenic effect on the hypopharynx, based upon recent pre‐clinical studies that support its role as an independent risk factor. We recently demonstrated in vitro that curcumin can prevent oncogenic profile of bile in human hypopharyngeal cells, by inhibiting NF‐κB. We hypothesize that topically applied curcumin to the hypopharynx can similarly block early oncogenic molecular events of bile, by inhibiting NF‐κB and consequently altering the expression of genes with oncogenic function. Using Mus musculus (C57Bl/6J), we topically applied curcumin (250 μmol/L; three times per day; 10 days) to the hypopharynx, 15 minutes before, 15 minutes after or in combination with bile acids (pH 3.0). Immunohistochemical analysis and qPCR revealed that topically applied curcumin either before, after or in combination with acidic bile exposure significantly suppressed its induced NF‐κB activation in regenerating epithelial cells, and overexpression of Rela, Bcl2, Egfr, Stat3, Wnt5a, Tnf, Il6, Ptgs2. Akt1 was particularly inhibited by curcumin when applied simultaneously with bile. We provide novel evidence into the preventive and therapeutic properties of topically applied curcumin in acidic bile‐induced early oncogenic molecular events in hypopharyngeal mucosa, by inhibiting NF‐κB, and shaping future translational development of effective targeted therapies using topical non‐pharmacologic inhibitors of NF‐κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios G Doukas
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Panagiotis G Doukas
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Clarence T Sasaki
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dimitra Vageli
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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13
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Liao J, Yang Z, Carter-Cooper B, Chang ET, Choi EY, Kallakury B, Liu X, Lapidus RG, Cullen KJ, Dan H. Suppression of migration, invasion, and metastasis of cisplatin-resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through IKKβ inhibition. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:283-292. [PMID: 32020377 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-020-10021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We explored the role of the transcription factor, NF-κB, and its upstream kinase IKKβ in regulation of migration, invasion, and metastasis of cisplatin-resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We showed that cisplatin-resistant HNSCC cells have a stronger ability to migrate and invade, as well as display higher IKKβ/NF-κB activity compared to their parental partners. Importantly, we found that knockdown of IKKβ, but not NF-κB, dramatically impaired cell migration and invasion in these cells. Consistent with this, the IKKβ inhibitor, CmpdA, also inhibited cell migration and invasion. Previous studies have already shown that N-Cadherin, an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker, and IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, play important roles in regulation of HNSCC migration, invasion, and metastasis. We found that cisplatin-resistant HNSCC expressed higher levels of N-Cadherin and IL-6, which were significantly inhibited by CmpdA. More importantly, we showed that CmpdA treatment dramatically abated cisplatin-resistant HNSCC cell metastasis to lungs in a mouse model. Our data demonstrated the crucial role of IKKβ in control of migration, invasion, and metastasis, and implicated that targeting IKKβ may be a potential therapy for cisplatin-resistant metastatic HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipei Liao
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zejia Yang
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon Carter-Cooper
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Chang
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eun Yong Choi
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rena G Lapidus
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin J Cullen
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hancai Dan
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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14
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Curcumin inhibits NF-kB and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in cervical cancer cells. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152556. [PMID: 31358480 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a natural non-toxic phenol which is isolated from Curcumin longa L. Mounting evidence has revealed the anticancer properties of curcumin in various tumors, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of this suppression in cervical cancer is still remained unclear. Here we assessed the antitumor effects of curcumin compared with 5-Fluorouracil in Hella cells in spheroids models and monolayer cell cultures. The anti-proliferative effects of curcumin and 5-Fluorouracil were as examined in spheroid and monolayer models. The expression levels of Wnt/β-catenin and NF-kB pathways as well as the influence of the cell cycle were evaluated. Curcumin inhibited cell growth in Hella cells through the regulation of NF-kB and Wnt pathways. Also, cells developed a G2/M cell cycle arrest followed by sub-G1 apoptosis with 5-Fluorouracil and curcumin. It was also shown that curcumin either considerably affects the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-kB pathways. We showed that curcumin inhibits invasion and proliferation of cervical cancer cells via impairment of NF-kB and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, proposing further studies on the potential impacts of this compound on cancer therapy.
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15
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Sasaki CT, Doukas SG, Costa J, Vageli DP. Biliary reflux as a causal factor in hypopharyngeal carcinoma: New clinical evidence and implications. Cancer 2019; 125:3554-3565. [PMID: 31310330 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent preclinical explorations strongly support the tumorigenic potential of bile on laryngopharyngeal mucosa. Herein, the authors describe, in bile-related human hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC), NF-κB-related messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) oncogenic phenotypes similar to those previously identified in acidic bile-exposed premalignant murine hypopharyngeal mucosa. METHODS In this pilot study, the authors included human HSCC specimens paired with their adjacent normal tissue (ANT) derived from 3 representative patients with documented biliary laryngopharyngeal reflux (bile[+]) compared with 5 control patients without signs of bile reflux disease (bile[-]). Immunohistochemical, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and miRNA analyses were used to detect the levels of activated NF-κB and expression levels of STAT3, EGFR, BCL2, WNT5A, IL-6, IL-1B, ΔNp63, cREL, TNF-α, TP53, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, miR-21, miR-155, miR-192, miR-34a, miR-375, miR-451a, miR-489, miR-504, and miR-99a. RESULTS Bile(+) HSCC demonstrated an intense NF-κB activation accompanied by significant overexpression of RELA(p65), EGFR, STAT3, BCL-2, cREL, ΔNp63, WNT5A, IL-6, and IL1B; upregulation of oncomir miR-21; and downregulation of tumor suppressor miR-375 compared with their respective ANTs. Bile(+) HSCC demonstrated significantly higher mRNA levels of all the analyzed genes, particularly RELA(p65), IL-6, EGFR, and TNF-α compared with bile(-) tumors. The miR-21/miR-375 ratio, which previously has been linked to tumor aggressiveness, was found to be >260-fold and >30-fold higher, respectively, in bile(+) HSCCs compared with their ANTs and bile(-) tumors. CONCLUSIONS Although limitations apply to this pilot study due to the small number of patients with HSCC, the novel findings suggest that a history of bile as a component of esophageal reflux disease may represent an independent risk factor for hypopharyngeal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence T Sasaki
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sotirios G Doukas
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jose Costa
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dimitra P Vageli
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology have enabled researchers to identify the genetic background underlying human illness. In addition, the latest genome editing technology, CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9), provides great potential to edit genomic DNA sequences precisely with high efficiency. This technology has been evaluated for treatment of genetic diseases in recently published preclinical studies. Since many such genetic disorders can affect functional structures in the head and neck area, the technology bears high therapeutic potential in otorhinolaryngology. OBJECTIVE In this article, we summarize the concept of CRISPR-Cas9-based therapies, recent achievements in preclinical applications, and future challenges for the implementation of this technology in otolaryngology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genetic targeting strategies were analyzed or established using genome sequencing data derived from online databases and literature. RESULTS Recent research on animal models has shown that genome editing can be used to treat genetic diseases by specifically targeting mutant genomic loci. For example, one preclinical study in the field of otolaryngology has demonstrated that inherited autosomal dominant deafness in mice can be treated using CRISPR-Cas9. Moreover, the same strategies can be used to establish applications for the treatment of head and neck cancer. The greatest challenge appears to be establishment of a system for the safe and efficient delivery of therapeutic nucleotides in clinics. CONCLUSIONS In theory, genome editing could be used in otolaryngology to target disease-causing genomic loci specifically. However, various challenges have to be overcome until applications can be used clinically.
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Belobrov S, Seers C, Reynolds E, Cirillo N, McCullough M. Functional and molecular effects of a green tea constituent on oral cancer cells. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:604-610. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Belobrov
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, Melbourne Dental School The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Christine Seers
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, Melbourne Dental School The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Eric Reynolds
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, Melbourne Dental School The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, Melbourne Dental School The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Michael McCullough
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, Melbourne Dental School The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre Melbourne Victoria Australia
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18
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Temporal characteristics of NF-κB inhibition in blocking bile-induced oncogenic molecular events in hypopharyngeal cells. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3339-3351. [PMID: 31164956 PMCID: PMC6534360 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary esophageal reflux at acidic pH is considered a risk factor in laryngopharyngeal cancer. We previously showed the key role NF-κB in mediating acidic bile-induced pre-neoplastic events in hypopharyngeal cells, and that co-administration of specific NF-κB inhibitor, BAY 11-7082, together with acidic bile, can effectively prevent its related oncogenic molecular effects. We hypothesize that the addition of BAY 11-7082 (10μM) either before or after application of acidic bile (400μM conjugated bile acids; pH 4.0), is capable of comparably blocking acidic bile-induced oncogenic molecular phenotypes in murine hypopharyngeal primary cells. We performed immunofluorescence, luciferase assay, western blot and qPCR analysis, demonstrating that 15-min of pre- or post-application of BAY 11-7082 effectively inhibits acidic bile-induced NF-κB activation, transcriptional activation of RELA(p65), STAT3, EGFR, IL-6, bcl-2, WNT5A, "upregulation" of "oncomirs" miR-21, miR-155, miR-192 and "downregulation" of "tumor suppressor" miR-34a, miR-375, miR-451a. Our observations support the understanding that acidic bile-induced deregulation of anti-apoptotic or oncogenic factors, bcl-2, STAT3, EGFR, IL-6, WNT5A, miR-21, miR-155, miR-375, is highly NF-κB-dependent, showing that even post-application of inhibitor can suppress their deregulation. In conclusion, application of specific NF-κB inhibitor, has the capability of adequately blocking the early oncogenic molecular events produced by acidic bile whether it is applied pre or post exposure. In addition to therapeutic implications these findings provide a window of observation into the complex kinetics characterizing the mechanistic link between acidic bile and early neoplasia. Although BAY 11-7082 itself may not be suitable for clinical use, the application of other NF-κB inhibitors merits exploration.
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19
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Savari F, Badavi M, Rezaie A, Gharib-Naseri MK, Mard SA. Evaluation of the therapeutic potential effect of Fas receptor gene knockdown in experimental model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:486-496. [PMID: 31010354 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1608982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Stimulation of Fas death receptor is introduced as a major cause of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression through suppression of cell viability. Therefore, the blocking of death pathways is hypothesised to be express new approaches to NASH therapy. For this purpose, current experiment applied synthetic small interference RNA (SiRNA) to trigger Fas death receptor and to show its potential therapeutic role in designed NASH model. Methods: Male mice were placed on a western diet (WD) for 8 weeks and exposed to cigarette smoke during the last 4 weeks of feeding to induce NASH model. In the next step, Fas SiRNA was injected to mice aiming to examine specific Fas gene silencing, after 8 weeks. As a control, mice received scrambled SiRNA. Reversible possibility of disease was examined by 3 weeks of recovery. Results: Analysis of data is accompanied with the significant histopathological changes (steatosis, ballooning and inflammation), increased lipid profile and hepatic enzyme activities (AST, ALT, ALP) plus TBARS as well as decreased antioxidants levels in NASH model. Upon Fas-SiRNA injection, almost all measured parameters of NASH such as overexpression of Fas receptor, caspase3, NF-kB genes and marked increase of hepatic TNF-α were significantly restored and were remained nearly unchanged following recovery liking as scrambled groups. Conclusions: The suppression of Fas receptor signalling subsequent RNAi therapy may represent an applicable strategy to decline hepatocyte damages and so NASH progression in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feryal Savari
- a Physiology Research Center (PRC), Department of Physiology, School of Medicine , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Badavi
- a Physiology Research Center (PRC), Department of Physiology, School of Medicine , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Anahita Rezaie
- b Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine , Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazem Gharib-Naseri
- a Physiology Research Center (PRC), Department of Physiology, School of Medicine , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Mard
- c Persian Gulf's Physiology Research Center (PRC), Alimentary Tract Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
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20
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Chen CF, Lu CC, Chiang JH, Chiu HY, Yang JS, Lee CY, Way TD, Huang HJ. Synergistic inhibitory effects of cetuximab and curcumin on human cisplatin-resistant oral cancer CAR cells through intrinsic apoptotic process. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6323-6330. [PMID: 30333889 PMCID: PMC6176463 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb), is a novel targeted therapy for the treatment of patients with oral cancer. Cetuximab can be used in combination with chemotherapeutic agents to prolong the overall survival rates of patients with oral cancer. Curcumin is a traditional Chinese medicine, and it has been demonstrated to have growth-inhibiting effects on oral cancer cells. However, information regarding the combination of cetuximab and curcumin in drug-resistant oral cancer cells is lacking, and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to explore the oral anticancer effects of cetuximab combined with curcumin on cisplatin-resistant oral cancer CAR cell apoptosis in vitro. The results demonstrated that combination treatment synergistically potentiated the effect of cetuximab and curcumin on the suppression of cell viability and induction of apoptosis in CAR cells. Cetuximab and curcumin combination induced apoptosis and dramatically increased caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities compared with singular treatment. Combination treatment also markedly suppressed the protein expression levels of EGFR and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling (phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38). The results demonstrated that co-treatment with cetuximab and curcumin exerts synergistic oral anticancer effects on CAR cells through the suppression of the EGFR signaling by regulation of the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Fu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jo-Hua Chiang
- Department of Nursing, Chung Jen Catholic Junior College, Chiayi County 622, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hong-Yi Chiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Ying Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tzong-Der Way
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hao-Jen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Cui Q, Liu Y, Zhou M, Han Y, Yin C, Bai G. An Optimized MicroPET Imaging Method for the Distribution and Synergies of Natural Products. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:948. [PMID: 30186178 PMCID: PMC6110851 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Understanding the distribution and interaction of the Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) is an integral source of herbal drug discovery. An optimized radio-labeled method was explored that could conduct in situ biodistribution studies in animals. We evaluated the feasibility of the method and applied glycyrrhetinic acid and platycodon (PG) polysaccharides as models. Procedures: [18F]-GA is a novel radiotracer which was performed positron emission tomography (PET) studies to assay the biodistribution of GA in mice. In addition, PG polysaccharide was used to intervene the biodistribution and dosimetry of GA. Scanning data were analyzed with professional software. Results: Record the time-activity curves for all organs then use the normalization method to calculate the area under the curve as a dosimetry for each organ. Moreover, the addition of PG polysaccharides can significantly improve the dosimetry of GA in the lungs, and its effect was related to the administration time. Conclusion: MicroPET imaging opens up a new avenue for the application of drug interactions between the TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Cui
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengge Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanqi Han
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengcheng Yin
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Bai
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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22
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Vageli DP, Doukas SG, Spock T, Sasaki CT. Curcumin prevents the bile reflux-induced NF-κB-related mRNA oncogenic phenotype, in human hypopharyngeal cells. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4209-4220. [PMID: 29911313 PMCID: PMC6111812 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of bile is not an uncommon finding in acidic oesophageal and extra‐oesophageal refluxate, possibly affecting the hypopharyngeal mucosa and leading to neoplastic events. We recently demonstrated that acidic bile (pH ≤ 4.0) can induce NF‐κB activation and oncogenic mRNA phenotype in normal hypopharyngeal cells and generate premalignant changes in treated hypopharyngeal mucosa. We hypothesize that curcumin, a dietary inhibitor of NF‐κB, may effectively inhibit the acidic bile‐induced cancer‐related mRNA phenotype, in treated human hypopharyngeal primary cells (HHPC), supporting its potential preventive use in vivo. Luciferase assay, immunofluorescence, Western blot, qPCR and PCR microarray analysis were used to explore the effect of curcumin in HHPC exposed to bile (400 μmol/L) at acidic and neutral pH. Curcumin successfully inhibited the acidic bile‐induced NF‐κB signalling pathway (25% of analysed genes), and overexpression of NF‐κB transcriptional factors, c‐REL, RELA(p65), anti‐apoptotic bcl‐2, oncogenic TNF‐α, EGFR, STAT3, WNT5A, ΔNp63 and cancer‐related IL‐6. Curcumin effectively reduced bile‐induced bcl‐2 overexpression at both acidic and neutral pH. Our novel findings suggest that, similar to pharmacologic NF‐κB inhibitor, BAY 11‐7082, curcumin can suppress acidic bile‐induced oncogenic mRNA phenotype in hypopharyngeal cells, encouraging its future in vivo pre‐clinical and clinical explorations in prevention of bile reflux‐related pre‐neoplastic events mediated by NF‐κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra P Vageli
- Department of Surgery, The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sotirios G Doukas
- Department of Surgery, The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Todd Spock
- Department of Surgery, The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Clarence T Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Huang L, Song F, Sun H, Zhang L, Huang C. IRX5 promotes NF-κB signalling to increase proliferation, migration and invasion via OPN in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3899-3910. [PMID: 29761910 PMCID: PMC6050492 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Iroquois homeobox gene 5 (Irx5) is a highly conserved member of the Iroquois homeobox gene family. Members of this family play distinct and overlapping roles in normal embryonic cell patterning and development of malignancies. In this study, we observed that IRX5 was abnormally abundant in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) tissues and cell lines. We used gain‐ and loss‐of‐function methods to overexpress and knockdown IRX5 expression in the TSCC cell line CAL27. Our results elucidated that elevated levels of IRX5 promoted proliferation, migration and invasion of TSCC cells, whereas stable or transient knockdown of IRX5 expression suppressed TSCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. As a transcription factor, IRX5 performed this function by targeting osteopontin (OPN) promoter and activating the NF‐κB pathway. Finally, studies in xenograft tumour model showed that IRX5 significantly enhanced OPN expression and promoted tumour growth. Taken together, our study elucidates a promotive effect of IRX5 in TSCC through the connection with OPN. These findings reveal the new molecular mechanism of TSCC, which may potentiate its use as a novel molecular therapy target for TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fangfang Song
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hualing Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cui Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Doukas SG, Vageli DP, Sasaki CT. NF-κB inhibition reverses acidic bile-induced miR-21, miR-155, miR-192, miR-34a, miR-375 and miR-451a deregulations in human hypopharyngeal cells. J Cell Mol Med 2018. [PMID: 29516639 PMCID: PMC5908126 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that acidic bile activates NF-κB, deregulating the expression of oncogenic miRNA markers, in pre-malignant murine laryngopharyngeal mucosa. Here, we hypothesize that the in vitro exposure of human hypopharyngeal cells to acidic bile deregulates cancer-related miRNA markers that can be reversed by BAY 11-7082, a pharmacologic NF-κB inhibitor. We repetitively exposed normal human hypopharyngeal primary cells and human hypopharyngeal keratinocytes to bile fluid (400 μmol/L), at pH 4.0 and 7.0, with/without BAY 11-7082 (20 μmol/L). We centred our study on the transcriptional activation of oncogenic miR-21, miR-155, miR-192, miR-34a, miR-375, miR-451a and NF-κB-related genes, previously linked to acidic bile-induced pre-neoplastic events. Our novel findings in vitro are consistent with our hypothesis demonstrating that BAY 11-7082 significantly reverses the acidic bile-induced oncogenic miRNA phenotype, in normal hypopharyngeal cells. BAY 11-7082 strongly inhibits the acidic bile-induced up-regulation of miR-192 and down-regulation of miR-451a and significantly decreases the miR-21/375 ratios, previously related to poor prognosis in hypopharyngeal cancer. This is the first in vitro report that NF-κB inhibition reverses acidic bile-induced miR-21, miR-155, miR-192, miR-34a, miR-375 and miR-451a deregulations in normal human hypopharyngeal cells, suggesting that acidic bile-induced events are directly or indirectly dependent on NF-κB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios G Doukas
- The Yale Larynx laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dimitra P Vageli
- The Yale Larynx laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Clarence T Sasaki
- The Yale Larynx laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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25
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Inhibition of NF- κB prevents the acidic bile-induced oncogenic mRNA phenotype, in human hypopharyngeal cells. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5876-5891. [PMID: 29464041 PMCID: PMC5814181 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile-containing gastro-duodenal reflux has been clinically considered an independent risk factor in hypopharyngeal carcinogenesis. We recently showed that the chronic effect of acidic bile, at pH 4.0, selectively induces NF-κB activation and accelerates the transcriptional levels of genes, linked to head and neck cancer, in normal hypopharyngeal epithelial cells. Here, we hypothesize that NF-κB inhibition is capable of preventing the acidic bile-induced and cancer-related mRNA phenotype, in treated normal human hypopharyngeal cells. In this setting we used BAY 11-7082, a specific and well documented pharmacologic inhibitor of NF-κB, and we observed that BAY 11-7082 effectively inhibits the acidic bile-induced gene expression profiling of the NF-κB signaling pathway (down-regulation of 72 out of 84 analyzed genes). NF-κB inhibition significantly prevents the acidic bile-induced transcriptional activation of NF-κB transcriptional factors, RELA (p65) and c-REL, as well as genes related to and commonly found in established HNSCC cell lines. These include anti-apoptotic bcl-2, oncogenic STAT3, EGFR, ∆Np63, TNF-α and WNT5A, as well as cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Our findings are consistent with our hypothesis demonstrating that NF-κB inhibition effectively prevents the acidic bile-induced cancer-related mRNA phenotype in normal human hypopharyngeal epithelial cells supporting an understanding that NF-κB may be a critical link between acidic bile and early preneoplastic events in this setting.
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26
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Zhang Z, Zhao M, Zheng W, Liu Y. Platycodin D, a triterpenoid saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum, suppresses the growth and invasion of human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells via the NF-κB pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [PMID: 28548219 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This work was undertaken to explore the effects of platycodin D, a triterpenoid saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum, on the growth and invasiveness of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Platycodin D caused a significant, concentration-dependent inhibition of cell viability and induced significant apoptosis in OSCC cells. Moreover, platycodin D significantly inhibited OSCC cell invasion. At the molecular level, platycodin D increased the amounts of IκBα protein and reduced the expression of phosphorylated NF-κB p65, MMP-2, and MMP-9. Ectopic expression of constitutively active NF-κB p65 prevented platycodin D-mediated induction of apoptosis and suppression of invasion in OSCC cells. In vivo studies confirmed that platycodin D retarded the growth of subcutaneous SCC-4 xenograft tumors and reduced phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. Altogether, platycodin D shows inhibitory activity on OSCC growth and invasion through inactivation of the NF-κB pathway and might provide therapeutic benefits in the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Minchao Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxuan Zheng
- Department of Oral Medicine, Hengshui Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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27
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Katiyar SK. Emerging Phytochemicals for the Prevention and Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer. Molecules 2016; 21:E1610. [PMID: 27886147 PMCID: PMC6273026 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of more advanced medical therapies, cancer management remains a problem. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a particularly challenging malignancy and requires more effective treatment strategies and a reduction in the debilitating morbidities associated with the therapies. Phytochemicals have long been used in ancient systems of medicine, and non-toxic phytochemicals are being considered as new options for the effective management of cancer. Here, we discuss the growth inhibitory and anti-cell migratory actions of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds (GSPs), polyphenols in green tea and honokiol, derived from the Magnolia species. Studies of these phytochemicals using human HNSCC cell lines from different sub-sites have demonstrated significant protective effects against HNSCC in both in vitro and in vivo models. Treatment of human HNSCC cell lines with GSPs, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenolic component of green tea or honokiol reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis. These effects have been associated with inhibitory effects of the phytochemicals on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and cell cycle regulatory proteins, as well as other major tumor-associated pathways. Similarly, the cell migration capacity of HNSCC cell lines was inhibited. Thus, GSPs, honokiol and EGCG appear to be promising bioactive phytochemicals for the management of head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Katiyar
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35216, USA.
- Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35216, USA.
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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28
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Sonis ST, Amaral Mendes R. Could the PI3K canonical pathway be a common link between chronic inflammatory conditions and oral carcinogenesis? J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 45:469-74. [PMID: 26991523 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The association between chronic inflammatory disorders and oral carcinogenesis has been both a source of interest and contention. Based upon its central importance in oral carcinogenesis, the finding that the PI3k/Akt/mTOR pathway is activated in oral lichen planus, chronic graft-versus-host disease, and chronic oral candidiasis suggests that it may provide a link between benign and malignant oral conditions. Here, we discuss a possible mechanistic rationale that addresses the activation of this important signaling pathway and its downstream events, while correlating it with the carcinogenic potential of chronic oral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Sonis
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Biomodels LLC, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rui Amaral Mendes
- Adjunct Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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29
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Hu A, Huang JJ, Li RL, Lu ZY, Duan JL, Xu WH, Chen XP, Fan JP. Curcumin as therapeutics for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by activating SIRT1. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13429. [PMID: 26299580 PMCID: PMC4547100 DOI: 10.1038/srep13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT1 is one of seven mammalian homologs of Sir2 that catalyzes NAD+-dependent protein deacetylation. The aim of the present study is to explore the effect of SIRT1 small molecule activator on the anticancer activity and the underlying mechanism. We examined the anticancer activity of a novel oral agent, curcumin, which is the principal active ingredient of the traditional Chinese herb Curcuma Longa. Treatment of FaDu and Cal27 cells with curcumin inhibited growth and induced apoptosis. Mechanistic studies showed that anticancer activity of curcumin is associated with decrease in migration of HNSCC and associated angiogenesis through activating of intrinsic apoptotic pathway (caspase-9) and extrinsic apoptotic pathway (caspase-8). Our data demonstrating that anticancer activity of curcumin is linked to the activation of the ATM/CHK2 pathway and the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB. Finally, increasing SIRT1 through small molecule activator curcumin has shown beneficial effects in xenograft mouse model, indicating that SIRT1 may represent an attractive therapeutic target. Our studies provide the preclinical rationale for novel therapeutics targeting SIRT1 in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Miaopu Road 219, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Jing-Juan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Huaihai Xi Road 241, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Rui-Lin Li
- Department of Gerontology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Lu
- Department of Gerontology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jun-Li Duan
- Department of Gerontology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wei-Hua Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Miaopu Road 219, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Miaopu Road 219, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Jing-Ping Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Miaopu Road 219, Shanghai, 200135, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head &Neck Surgery, ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Road 415, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China
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30
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Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Patil A, Anand R, Patil SG, Rao RS, Augustine D. Inflammation and Oral Cancer: An Update Review on Targeted Therapies. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:595-602. [PMID: 26329416 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the recent past, numerous inflammation-mediated molecular pathways have been explored and studied as important events in carcinogenesis with respect to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). These pathways are engaged in numerous stages during tumorigenesis; which includes processes, like initiation, promotion, malignant conversion, invasion and metastasis. The inflammation-mediated/related carcinogenesis pathways reported in OSCC involves COX-2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), p38a MAP kinase, NF-kB, STAT, RhoC, PPARy, etc. Many researchers are trying to target these pathways to explore more effective therapeutic interventions in OSCC. The aim of the present paper is to briefly discuss these pathways, with special emphasis on the therapeutic utilities. The therapeutic targets for the aforementioned pathways were searched in databases pubmed and scopus with no restriction to date of publication. Articles published in English medical literature on OSCC were selected for discussion. The recent combinations, modifications in dosage and frequency, or the use of new anti-inflammatory compounds, may exemplify the next generation care for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr DY Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr DY Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Maharashtra, India, Phone: +919922491465, e-mail:
| | - Anuprita Patil
- EK 2 Emirates building, Muhaisnah 4, United Arab Emirates Dubai
| | - Rahul Anand
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr DY Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shankar Gouda Patil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Roopa S Rao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dominic Augustine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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31
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Tissue invasion and metastasis: Molecular, biological and clinical perspectives. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S244-S275. [PMID: 25865774 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a key health issue across the world, causing substantial patient morbidity and mortality. Patient prognosis is tightly linked with metastatic dissemination of the disease to distant sites, with metastatic diseases accounting for a vast percentage of cancer patient mortality. While advances in this area have been made, the process of cancer metastasis and the factors governing cancer spread and establishment at secondary locations is still poorly understood. The current article summarizes recent progress in this area of research, both in the understanding of the underlying biological processes and in the therapeutic strategies for the management of metastasis. This review lists the disruption of E-cadherin and tight junctions, key signaling pathways, including urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene (PI3K/AKT), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), β-catenin/zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB-1) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), together with inactivation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity as key targets and the use of phytochemicals, or natural products, such as those from Agaricus blazei, Albatrellus confluens, Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos and Silybum marianum, together with diet derived fatty acids gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and inhibitory compounds as useful approaches to target tissue invasion and metastasis as well as other hallmark areas of cancer. Together, these strategies could represent new, inexpensive, low toxicity strategies to aid in the management of cancer metastasis as well as having holistic effects against other cancer hallmarks.
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32
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Madera D, Vitale-Cross L, Martin D, Schneider A, Molinolo AA, Gangane N, Carey TE, McHugh JB, Komarck CM, Walline HM, William WN, Seethala RR, Ferris RL, Gutkind JS. Prevention of tumor growth driven by PIK3CA and HPV oncogenes by targeting mTOR signaling with metformin in oral squamous carcinomas expressing OCT3. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:197-207. [PMID: 25681087 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Most squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC) exhibit a persistent activation of the PI3K-mTOR signaling pathway. We have recently shown that metformin, an oral antidiabetic drug that is also used to treat lipodystrophy in HIV-infected (HIV(+)) individuals, diminishes mTOR activity and prevents the progression of chemically induced experimental HNSCC premalignant lesions. Here, we explored the preclinical activity of metformin in HNSCCs harboring PIK3CA mutations and HPV oncogenes, both representing frequent HNSCC alterations, aimed at developing effective targeted preventive strategies. The biochemical and biologic effects of metformin were evaluated in representative HNSCC cells expressing mutated PIK3CA or HPV oncogenes (HPV(+)). The oral delivery of metformin was optimized to achieve clinical relevant blood levels. Molecular determinants of metformin sensitivity were also investigated, and their expression levels were examined in a large collection of HNSCC cases. We found that metformin inhibits mTOR signaling and tumor growth in HNSCC cells expressing mutated PIK3CA and HPV oncogenes, and that these activities require the expression of organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3/SLC22A3), a metformin uptake transporter. Coexpression of OCT3 and the mTOR pathway activation marker pS6 were observed in most HNSCC cases, including those arising in HIV(+) patients. Activation of the PI3K-mTOR pathway is a widespread event in HNSCC, including HPV(-) and HPV(+) lesions arising in HIV(+) patients, all of which coexpress OCT3. These observations may provide a rationale for the clinical evaluation of metformin to halt HNSCC development from precancerous lesions, including in HIV(+) individuals at risk of developing HPV(-) associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Madera
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lynn Vitale-Cross
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel Martin
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Abraham Schneider
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry and Greenebaum Cancer Center, Program in Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nitin Gangane
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, and the Head and Neck SPORE Tissue Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jonathan B McHugh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, and the Head and Neck SPORE Tissue Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christine M Komarck
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, and the Head and Neck SPORE Tissue Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Heather M Walline
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, and the Head and Neck SPORE Tissue Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - William N William
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Raja R Seethala
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pathology Program, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Otolaryngology, Immunology, Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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33
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The multifaceted role of curcumin in cancer prevention and treatment. Molecules 2015; 20:2728-69. [PMID: 25665066 PMCID: PMC6272781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in treatment modalities over the last decade, neither the incidence of the disease nor the mortality due to cancer has altered in the last thirty years. Available anti-cancer drugs exhibit limited efficacy, associated with severe side effects, and are also expensive. Thus identification of pharmacological agents that do not have these disadvantages is required. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from turmeric (Curcumin longa), is one such agent that has been extensively studied over the last three to four decades for its potential anti-inflammatory and/or anti-cancer effects. Curcumin has been found to suppress initiation, progression, and metastasis of a variety of tumors. These anti-cancer effects are predominantly mediated through its negative regulation of various transcription factors, growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, protein kinases, and other oncogenic molecules. It also abrogates proliferation of cancer cells by arresting them at different phases of the cell cycle and/or by inducing their apoptosis. The current review focuses on the diverse molecular targets modulated by curcumin that contribute to its efficacy against various human cancers.
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34
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Saba NF, Haigentz M, Vermorken JB, Strojan P, Bossi P, Rinaldo A, Takes RP, Ferlito A. Prevention of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: removing the "chemo" from "chemoprevention". Oral Oncol 2014; 51:112-8. [PMID: 25434586 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The concept of chemoprevention whereby the use of a systemic agent is intended to halt the carcinogenesis process has been an attractive topic in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Yet, despite the significant efforts over the past decades and the substantial gain in knowledge of the biology of pre-malignant lesions of the head and neck, no tangible indications for chemoprevention have emerged for this disease. The negative results observed in the earlier larger studies using retinoids did not encourage further trials with these agents. Attention has been more recently focused on epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs) as well as cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors with early studies showing encouraging responses but rather poor tolerance to therapy. Natural compounds have gained more interest recently given preclinical evidence of activity as well as a low side effect profile. We herein offer a comprehensive overview of the field of chemoprevention in HNSCC with an in depth analysis of the challenges we face and discuss a road map for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Missak Haigentz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jan B Vermorken
- Department of Medical Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Primož Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paolo Bossi
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Robert P Takes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alfio Ferlito
- University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine, Italy.
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35
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Xiao C, Wang L, Zhu L, Zhang C, Zhou J. Curcumin inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma SCC-9 cells proliferation by regulating miR-9 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:576-80. [PMID: 25450696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, a phytochemical derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has shown anticancer effects against a variety of tumors. In the present study, we investigated the effects of curcumin on the miR-9 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and explored the potential relationships between miR-9 and Wnt/β-catenin pathway in curcumin-mediated OSCC inhibition in vitro. As the results shown, the expression levels of miR-9 were significantly lower in clinical OSCC specimens than those in the adjacent non-tumor tissues. Furthermore, our results indicated that curcumin inhibited OSCC cells (SCC-9 cells) proliferation through up-regulating miR-9 expression, and suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling by increasing the expression levels of the GSK-3β, phosphorylated GSK-3β and β-catenin, and decreasing the cyclin D1 level. Additionally, the up-regulation of miR-9 by curcumin in SCC-9 cells was significantly inhibited by delivering anti-miR-9 but not control oligonucleotides. Downregulation of miR-9 by anti-miR-9 not only attenuated the growth-suppressive effects of curcumin on SCC-9 cells, but also re-activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling that was inhibited by curcumin. Therefore, our findings would provide a new insight into the use of curcumin against OSCC in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Xiao
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Lifang Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chenping Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Tumors, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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36
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Grimm M, Cetindis M, Lehmann M, Biegner T, Munz A, Teriete P, Kraut W, Reinert S. Association of cancer metabolism-related proteins with oral carcinogenesis - indications for chemoprevention and metabolic sensitizing of oral squamous cell carcinoma? J Transl Med 2014; 12:208. [PMID: 25048361 PMCID: PMC4110933 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor metabolism is a crucial factor for the carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods Expression of IGF-R1, glycolysis-related proteins (GLUT-1, HK 2, PFK-1, LDHA, TKTL1), mitochondrial enzymes (SDHA, SDHB, ATP synthase) were analyzed in normal oral mucosa (n = 5), oral precursor lesions (simple hyperplasia, n = 11; squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, SIN I-III, n = 35), and OSCC specimen (n = 42) by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis in OSCC cell lines. Metabolism-related proteins were correlated with proliferation activity (Ki-67) and apoptotic properties (TUNEL assay) in OSCC. Specificity of antibodies was confirmed by western blotting in cancer cell lines. Results Expression of IGF-R1, glycolysis-related proteins (GLUT-1, HK 2, LDHA, TKTL1), and mitochondrial enzymes (SDHA, SDHB, ATP synthase) were significantly increased in the carcinogenesis of OSCC. Metabolic active regions of OSCC were strongly correlated with proliferating cancer (Ki-67+) cells without detection of apoptosis (TUNEL assay). Conclusions This study provides the first evidence of the expression of IGF-R1, glycolysis-related proteins GLUT-1, HK 2, PFK-1, LDHA, and TKTL1, as well as mitochondrial enzymes SDHA, SDHB, and ATP synthase in the multi-step carcinogenesis of OSCC. Both, hypoxia-related glucose metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation characteristics are associated with the carcinogenesis of OSCC. Acidosis and OXPHOS may drive a metabolic shift towards the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Therefore, inhibition of the PPP, glycolysis, and targeted anti-mitochondrial therapies (ROS generation) by natural compounds or synthetic vitamin derivatives may act as sensitizer for apoptosis in cancer cells mediated by adjuvant therapies in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grimm
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
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Pickering CR, Zhang J, Neskey DM, Zhao M, Jasser SA, Wang J, Ward A, Tsai CJ, Ortega Alves MV, Zhou JH, Drummond J, El-Naggar AK, Gibbs R, Weinstein JN, Wheeler DA, Wang J, Frederick MJ, Myers JN. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in young non-smokers is genomically similar to tumors in older smokers. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3842-8. [PMID: 24874835 PMCID: PMC4102633 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidemiologic studies have identified an increasing incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (SCCOT) in younger patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DNA isolated from tongue tumors of young (<45 years, non-smokers) and old (>45 years) patients at was subjected to whole-exome sequencing and copy-number analysis. These data were compared with data from similar patients in the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) project. RESULTS In this study, we found that gene-specific mutation and copy-number alteration frequencies were similar between young and old patients with SCCOT in two independent cohorts. Likewise, the types of base changes observed in the young cohort were similar to those in the old cohort even though they differed in smoking history. TCGA data also demonstrate that the genomic effects of smoking are tumor site-specific, and we find that smoking has only a minor impact on the types of mutations observed in SCCOT. CONCLUSIONS Overall, tumors from young patients with SCCOT appear genomically similar to those of older patients with SCCOT, and the cause for the increasing incidence of young SCCOT remains unknown. These data indicate that the functional impact of smoking on carcinogenesis in SCCOT is still poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David M Neskey
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Mei Zhao
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Samar A Jasser
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Jiping Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Alexandra Ward
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Head and Neck Surgery
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center; and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - John N Weinstein
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | - Jing Wang
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
| | | | - Jeffrey N Myers
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Head and Neck Surgery,
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