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Yao J, Kim C, Kolios M, Hu S. Editorial: Breaking the speed limits in photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 32:100541. [PMID: 37692756 PMCID: PMC10492007 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Kolios
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Song Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Zhu J, Chen J, Amjadian M, Liang S, Qu Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang L. Simultaneous dual-modal photoacoustic and harmonic ultrasound microscopy with an optimized acoustic combiner. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1626-1635. [PMID: 37078044 PMCID: PMC10110316 DOI: 10.1364/boe.484038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound (US) imaging provides rich optical and acoustic contrasts with high sensitivity, specificity, and resolution, making it a promising tool for diagnosing and assessing various diseases. However, the resolution and penetration depth tend to be contradictory due to the increased attenuation of high-frequency ultrasound. To address this issue, we present simultaneous dual-modal PA/US microscopy with an optimized acoustic combiner that can maintain high resolution while improving the penetration of ultrasound imaging. A low-frequency ultrasound transducer is used for acoustic transmission, and a high-frequency transducer is used for PA and US detection. An acoustic beam combiner is utilized to merge the transmitting and receiving acoustic beams with a predetermined ratio. By combining the two different transducers, harmonic US imaging and high-frequency photoacoustic microscopy are implemented. In vivo experiments on the mouse brain demonstrate the simultaneous PA and US imaging ability. The harmonic US imaging of the mouse eye reveals finer iris and lens boundary structures than conventional US imaging, providing a high-resolution anatomical reference for co-registered PA imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiangbo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mohammadreza Amjadian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siyi Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zheng Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Nanshan District, China
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Cho SW, Phan TTV, Nguyen VT, Park SM, Lee H, Oh J, Kim CS. Efficient label-free in vivo photoacoustic imaging of melanoma cells using a condensed NIR-I spectral window. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100456. [PMID: 36785577 PMCID: PMC9918423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose an efficient label-free in vivo photoacoustic (PA) imaging of melanoma using a condensed near infrared-I (NIR-I) supercontinuum light source. Although NIR-II spectral window is advantageous such as longer penetration depth compared to the NIR-I region, supercontinuum light sources emitting both NIR-I and NIR-II region could lower the efficiency to target melanoma because of low optical power density in the melanoma's absorption spectra. To exploit efficient in vivo PA imaging of melanoma, we demonstrated the light source emitting from visible (532-600 nm) to NIR-I (600-1000 nm) by optimizing stimulated Raman scattering induced supercontinuum generation. The melanoma's structure is successfully differentiated from blood vessels at a high pulse energy of 2.5 µJ and a flexible pulse repetition rate (PRR) of 5-50 kHz. The proposed light source with the microjoules energies and tens of kHz of PRR can potentially accelerate clinical trials such as early diagnosis of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Woo Cho
- Engineering Research Center for Color-modulated Extra-sensory Perception Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, the Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Tuong Vy Phan
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Viet Nam
- Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Van Tu Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sang Min Park
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hwidon Lee
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts MA 02115, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Junghwan Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, the Republic of Korea
- Ohlabs Corporation, Busan 48513, the Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Engineering Research Center for Color-modulated Extra-sensory Perception Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, the Republic of Korea
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Tang X, Wang L. Freehand scanning photoacoustic microscopy with simultaneous localization and mapping. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 28:100411. [PMID: 36254241 PMCID: PMC9568868 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy offers high-resolution, label-free hemodynamic and functional imaging to many biomedical applications. However, long-standing technical barriers, such as limited field of view, bulky scanning probes, and slow imaging speed, have limited the application of optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. Here, we present freehand scanning photoacoustic microscopy (FS-PAM) that can flexibly image various anatomical sites. We develop a compact handheld photoacoustic probe to acquire 3D images with high speed, and great flexibility. The high scanning speed not only enables video camera mode imaging but also allows for the first implementation of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) in photoacoustic microscopy. We demonstrate fast in vivo imaging of some mouse organs, and human oral mucosa. The high imaging speed greatly reduces motion artifacts and distortions from tissue moving, breathing, and unintended handshaking. We demonstrate small-lesion localization in a large region of the brain. FS-PAM offers a flexible high-speed imaging tool with an extendable field of view, enabling more biomedical imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xu Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Shenzhen, Guang Dong 518057, China
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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Qu Z, Liu C, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Wang L. Two-step proximal gradient descent algorithm for photoacoustic signal unmixing. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100379. [PMID: 35722270 PMCID: PMC9198964 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy uses multiple wavelengths to measure concentrations of different absorbers. The speed of sound limits the shortest wavelength switching time to sub-microseconds, which is a bottleneck for high-speed broad-spectrum imaging. Via computational separation of overlapped signals, we can break the sound-speed limit on the wavelength switching time. This paper presents a new signal unmixing algorithm named two-step proximal gradient descent. It is advantageous in separating multiple wavelengths with long overlapping and high noise. In the simulation, we can unmix up to nine overlapped signals and successfully separate three overlapped signals with 12-ns delay and 15.9-dB signal-to-noise ratio. We apply this technique to separate three-wavelength photoacoustic images in microvessels. In vivo results show that the algorithm can successfully unmix overlapped multi-wavelength photoacoustic signals, and the unmixed data can improve accuracy in oxygen saturation imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qu
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Liu
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Shenzhen, Guang Dong 518057, China
- Corresponding author at: City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, .Hong Kong, China
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Qi S, Liu G, Chen J, Cao P, Lei X, Ding C, Chen G, Zhang Y, Wang L. Targeted Multifunctional Nanoplatform for Imaging-Guided Precision Diagnosis and Photothermal/Photodynamic Therapy of Orthotopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3777-3792. [PMID: 36065288 PMCID: PMC9440712 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s377080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective theranostic of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in an early-stage is imminently demanded to improve its poor prognosis. Combination of the near-infrared (NIR) photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and fluorescence imaging (FLI) can provide high temporospatial resolution, outstanding optical contrast, and deep penetration and thus is promising for accurate and sensitive HCC diagnosis. Methods A versatile CXCR4-targeted Indocyanine green (ICG)/Platinum (Pt)-doped polydopamine melanin-mimic nanoparticle (designated ICG/Pt@PDA-CXCR4, referred to as IPP-c) is synthesized as an HCC-specific contrast agent for high-resolution precise diagnostic PAI/FLI and optical imaging-guided targeted photothermal therapy (PTT)/photodynamic therapy (PDT) of orthotopic small hepatocellular carcinoma (SHCC). Results The multifunctional targeted nanoparticle yields superior HCC specificity, high imaging contrast in both PAI and FLI, good stability, reliable biocompatibility, effective singlet oxygen generation and superior photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE, 58.7%) upon 808-nm laser irradiation. The targeting ability of IPP-c was validated in in vitro experiments on selectively killing the CXCR4-overexpressing HCC cells. Moreover, we test the efficient dual-modal optical precision diagnosis properties of IPP-c via in vivo experiments on targeted particle accumulation in an early-stage SHCC mouse model (tumor diameter about 1.2 mm). Then, under the guidance of real-time optical imaging, effective and mini-invasive PTT/PDT of orthotopic SHCCs were demonstrated without damaging adjacent liver tissues or other major organs. Conclusion This study presented a multifunctional CXCR4-targeted nanoparticle to conduct effective and mini-invasive phototherapeutics of orthotopic SHCCs via the real-time quantitative guidance by optical imaging, which provided a new perception for building a versatile targeted nanoplatform for phototheranostics of early-stage HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qi
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gongyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Peoples’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangbo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Lei
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengming Ding
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guodong Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yachao Zhang; Lidai Wang, Email ;
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Wang L. Video-rate full-ring ultrasound and photoacoustic computed tomography with real-time sound speed optimization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:4398-4413. [PMID: 36032563 PMCID: PMC9408242 DOI: 10.1364/boe.464360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Full-ring dual-modal ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging provide complementary contrasts, high spatial resolution, full view angle and are more desirable in pre-clinical and clinical applications. However, two long-standing challenges exist in achieving high-quality video-rate dual-modal imaging. One is the increased data processing burden from the dense acquisition. Another one is the object-dependent speed of sound variation, which may cause blurry, splitting artifacts, and low imaging contrast. Here, we develop a video-rate full-ring ultrasound and photoacoustic computed tomography (VF-USPACT) with real-time optimization of the speed of sound. We improve the imaging speed by selective and parallel image reconstruction. We determine the optimal sound speed via co-registered ultrasound imaging. Equipped with a 256-channel ultrasound array, the dual-modal system can optimize the sound speed and reconstruct dual-modal images at 10 Hz in real-time. The optimized sound speed can effectively enhance the imaging quality under various sample sizes, types, or physiological states. In animal and human imaging, the system shows co-registered dual contrasts, high spatial resolution (140 µm), single-pulse photoacoustic imaging (< 50 µs), deep penetration (> 20 mm), full view, and adaptive sound speed correction. We believe VF-USPACT can advance many real-time biomedical imaging applications, such as vascular disease diagnosing, cancer screening, or neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shen Zhen, 518057, China
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Functional photoacoustic microscopy of hemodynamics: a review. Biomed Eng Lett 2022; 12:97-124. [PMID: 35529339 PMCID: PMC9046529 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-022-00220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional blood imaging can reflect tissue metabolism and organ viability, which is important for life science and biomedical studies. However, conventional imaging modalities either cannot provide sufficient contrast or cannot support simultaneous multi-functional imaging for hemodynamics. Photoacoustic imaging, as a hybrid imaging modality, can provide sufficient optical contrast and high spatial resolution, making it a powerful tool for in vivo vascular imaging. By using the optical-acoustic confocal alignment, photoacoustic imaging can even provide subcellular insight, referred as optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM). Based on a multi-wavelength laser source and developed the calculation methods, OR-PAM can provide multi-functional hemodynamic microscopic imaging of the total hemoglobin concentration (CHb), oxygen saturation (sO2), blood flow (BF), partial oxygen pressure (pO2), oxygen extraction fraction, and metabolic rate of oxygen (MRO2). This concise review aims to systematically introduce the principles and methods to acquire various functional parameters for hemodynamics by photoacoustic microscopy in recent studies, with characteristics and advantages comparison, typical biomedical applications introduction, and future outlook discussion.
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Hsu HC, Wear KA, Joshua Pfefer T, Vogt WC. Tissue-mimicking phantoms for performance evaluation of photoacoustic microscopy systems. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:1357-1373. [PMID: 35415004 PMCID: PMC8973174 DOI: 10.1364/boe.445702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phantom-based performance test methods are critically needed to support development and clinical translation of emerging photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) devices. While phantoms have been recently developed for macroscopic photoacoustic imaging systems, there is an unmet need for well-characterized tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs) and phantoms suitable for evaluating PAM systems. Our objective was to develop and characterize a suitable dermis-mimicking TMM based on polyacrylamide hydrogels and demonstrate its utility for constructing image quality phantoms. TMM formulations were optically characterized over 400-1100 nm using integrating sphere spectrophotometry and acoustically characterized using a pulse through-transmission method over 8-24 MHz with highly confident extrapolation throughout the usable band of the PAM system. This TMM was used to construct a spatial resolution phantom containing gold nanoparticle point targets and a penetration depth phantom containing slanted tungsten filaments and blood-filled tubes. These phantoms were used to characterize performance of a custom-built PAM system. The TMM was found to be broadly tunable and specific formulations were identified to mimic human dermis at an optical wavelength of 570 nm and acoustic frequencies of 10-50 MHz. Imaging results showed that tungsten filaments yielded 1.1-4.2 times greater apparent maximum imaging depth than blood-filled tubes, which may overestimate real-world performance for vascular imaging applications. Nanoparticles were detectable only to depths of 120-200 µm, which may be due to the relatively weaker absorption of single nanoparticles vs. larger targets containing high concentration of hemoglobin. The developed TMMs and phantoms are useful tools to support PAM device characterization and optimization, streamline regulatory decision-making, and accelerate clinical translation.
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