1
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Cao Y, Li Y, Fu W, Cheng G, Tian X, Wang J, Zha S, Wang J. High performance filtering and high-sensitivity concentration retrieval of methane in photoacoustic spectroscopy utilizing deep learning residual networks. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 39:100647. [PMID: 39309019 PMCID: PMC11416679 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
A novel method is introduced to improve the detection performance of photoacoustic spectroscopy for trace gas detection. For effectively suppressing various types of noise, this method integrates photoacoustic spectroscopy with residual networks model which encompasses a total of 40 weighted layers. Firstly, this approach was employed to accurately retrieve methane concentrations at various levels. Secondly, the analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of multiple sets of photoacoustic spectroscopy signals revealed significant enhancement. The SNR was improved from 21 to 805, 52-962, 98-944, 188-933, 310-941, and 587-936 across the different concentrations, respectively, as a result of the application of the residual networks. Finally, further exploration for the measurement precision and stability of photoacoustic spectroscopy system utilizing residual networks was carried out. The measurement precision of 0.0626 ppm was obtained and the minimum detectable limit was found to be 1.47 ppb. Compared to traditional photoacoustic spectroscopy method, an approximately 46-fold improvement in detection limit and 69-fold enhancement in measurement precision were achieved, respectively. This method not only advances the measurement precision and stability of trace gas detection but also highlights the potential of deep learning algorithms in spectroscopy detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Cao
- The First Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
- Anhui Zhongzhi Rail Transit Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd, Huainan 232001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Yan Li
- The First Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Wenlei Fu
- The First Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- The First Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Xing Tian
- The First Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shenlong Zha
- School of Electronic Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246000, China
| | - Junru Wang
- College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, China
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2
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Guo M, Zhou M, Yang B, Zhao X, Li C, Yu Q, Zhang G, Fang Z, Chen K. All-Optical Photoacoustic Spectroscopy-Based Dual-Component Greenhouse Gas Analyzer. Anal Chem 2024; 96:14819-14825. [PMID: 39235439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
To achieve high sensitivity detection of dual-component greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane simultaneously, a multimechanism synergistic enhanced all-optical photoacoustic spectroscopy gas analyzer is presented. The acoustic resonance of the photoacoustic cell and the mechanical resonance of a fiber-optic cantilever acoustic sensor are used to enhance the photoacoustic signals of the dual-component gas. The optimized multipass beam reflection structure enhances the effective excitation power of the dual-component gas. The highly sensitive detection of carbon dioxide and methane at dual-frequency operating points is realized by dual-channel laser modulation combined with dual-input digital lock-in amplification technology. The Allan-Werle deviation analysis results show that with a 100 s average time, the minimum detection limits of carbon dioxide and methane are 76.5 and 1.9 ppb, respectively. The corresponding normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficients are 3.1 × 10-10 and 2.9 × 10-10 cm-1 W/Hz1/2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of MEMS, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Mengda Zhou
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of MEMS, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Beilei Yang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of MEMS, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Qing Yu
- United Nova Technology Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Guangyin Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Zebo Fang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of MEMS, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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3
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Gong Z, Wu G, Xing J, Wu X, Mei L. Noncontact Fiber-Optic Cantilever-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:15008-15013. [PMID: 39213598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Conventional cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (CEPAS) usually requires the cantilever to be in contact with the gas, which limits its application in dusty and corrosive gas sensing. To overcome this challenge, this paper proposes noncontact fiber-optic cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (NCFO-CEPAS) for high-sensitivity trace gas analysis. A polyethylene film with corrosion-resistant properties is affixed to the end of the cantilever acoustic sensor, and the effect of the distance between the polyethylene film and the cantilever acoustic sensor on the sensitivity of the system is analyzed by finite element analysis. Compared to the conventional CEPAS, NCFO-CEPAS has a lower background noise deviation. Besides, the potential damage to the silicon cantilever beam by corrosive gases can be avoided as the gas to be measured is not in contact with the silicon cantilever beam, and the gap of the cantilever beam will not be blocked in a high dust environment. Experimental results show that the detection limit of C2H2 gas is 0.5 ppm, and the normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient reaches 5.93 × 10-9 cm-1 W Hz-1/2. The NCFO-CEPAS technique has the advantages of noncontact remote gas monitoring, not being corroded by gases, and high resistance to electromagnetic interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Gong
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Guojie Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Jiawei Xing
- School of Dalian University of Technology and Belarusian State University Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Dalian University of Technology and Belarusian State University Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Liang Mei
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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Hu M, Zhang D, Zhang H, Liu Y, Wang W, Wang Q. Harmonic phase-sensitive detection for quartz-enhanced photoacoustic-thermoelastic spectroscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 38:100633. [PMID: 39104762 PMCID: PMC11298602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Quartz tuning fork (QTF)-based techniques of photoacoustic spectroscopy and thermoelastic spectroscopy play a significant role in trace gas sensing due to unique high sensitivity and compactness. However, the stability of both techniques remains plagued by the inevitable and unpredictable laser power variation and demodulation phase variation. Herein, we investigate the phase change of a QTF when integrating both techniques for enhanced gas sensing. By demonstrating harmonic phase-sensitive methane detection as an example, we achieve stable gas measurement at varying laser power (2.4-9.4 mW) and varying demodulation phase (-90-90°). Besides, this method shows more tolerance to resonant frequency drift, contributing to a small signal fluctuation of ≤ 6.4 % over a wide modulation range (>10 times of the QTF bandwidth). The realization of harmonic-phase detection allows strengthening the stability of QTF-based sensors in a simple manner, especially when stable parameters, such as laser power, demodulation phase, even resonant frequency, cannot always be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengpeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing for Optical Systems, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Weibiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing for Optical Systems, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
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5
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Wu G, Zhang Y, Gong Z, Fan Y, Xing J, Wu X, Ma J, Peng W, Yu Q, Mei L. A mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor based on a sphere-cylinder coupled acoustic resonator for high-sensitivity trace gas sensing. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 37:100595. [PMID: 38404402 PMCID: PMC10882166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports a mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor for high-sensitivity trace gas sensing. The sensor primarily contains a sphere-cylinder coupled acoustic resonator, a cylindrical buffer chamber, and a fiber-optic acoustic sensor. The acoustic field distributions of this mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor and the conventional T-type resonant photoacoustic sensor have been carefully evaluated, showing that the first-order resonance frequency of the present mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor is reduced by nearly a half compared to that of the T-type resonant photoacoustic sensor. The volume of the developed photoacoustic cavity is only about 0.8 cm3. Trace methane is selected as the target analytical gas and a detection limit of 101 parts-per-billion at 100-s integration time has been achieved, corresponding to a normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient of 1.04 × 10-8 W·cm-1·Hz-1/2. The developed mini-resonant photoacoustic sensor provides potential for high-sensitivity trace gas sensing in narrow spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongjia Zhang
- School of Dalian University of Technology and Belarusian State University Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Zhenfeng Gong
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Yeming Fan
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiawei Xing
- School of Dalian University of Technology and Belarusian State University Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Dalian University of Technology and Belarusian State University Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Junsheng Ma
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Qingxu Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Mei
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
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Chen W, Qiao S, He Y, Zhu J, Wang K, Qi L, Zhou S, Xiao L, Ma Y. Mid-infrared all-fiber light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy sensor based on hollow-core anti-resonant fiber. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 36:100594. [PMID: 38375332 PMCID: PMC10875298 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In this article, a mid-infrared all-fiber light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) sensor based on a hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (HC-ARF) was reported for the first time. The HC-ARF was applied as a light transmission medium and gas chamber. The constructed all-fiber structure has merits of low loss, easy optical alignment, good system stability, reduced sensor size and cost. The mid-infrared transmission structure can be utilized to target the strongest gas absorption lines. The reversely-tapered SM1950 fiber and the HC-ARF were spatially butt-coupled with a V-shaped groove between the two fibers to facilitate gas entry. Carbon monoxide (CO) with an absorption line at 4291.50 cm-1 (2.33 µm) was chosen as the target gas to verify the sensing performance. The experimental results showed that the all-fiber LITES sensor based on HC-ARF had an excellent linear response to CO concentration. Allan deviation analysis indicated that the system had excellent long-term stability. A minimum detection limit (MDL) of 3.85 ppm can be obtained when the average time was 100 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Shunda Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Ying He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Advanced Fiber Devices and Systems Group, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MoE), Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Advanced Fiber Devices and Systems Group, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MoE), Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Qi
- Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing Laboratory, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Limin Xiao
- Advanced Fiber Devices and Systems Group, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MoE), Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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7
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Liang M, Yang K, Feng M, Mu K, Jiao M, Li L. Acoustic Imaging Method for Gas Leak Detection and Localization Using Virtual Ultrasonic Sensor Array. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1366. [PMID: 38474901 DOI: 10.3390/s24051366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
An acoustic imaging method for detecting and locating gas leaks based on a virtual ultrasonic sensor array is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A scanning sensor array of only two sensors is used to collect the acoustic signals generated by the leakage hole. The matrix of the leakage signal is processed by the cross-power spectrum method to achieve time consistency, afterward, the location of the leakage source can be calculated by the virtual beamforming method. The influence of the number of sensors and the distance between adjacent sensors on the effect of the proposed method are compared and discussed. To verify the effectiveness and operability of the detection and localization method, several experiments were carried out. Furthermore, a series of experiments were conducted to assess the accuracy and stability of this method. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method based on a virtual sensor array can achieve highly accurate localization of gas leaks and performs well regarding stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Liang
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kuan Yang
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingyang Feng
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kaijun Mu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingqi Jiao
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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8
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Wang D, Li Y, Pu Y, Lv Y, Wang M, Yang H, Zhao X, Li D. Vertical Distribution Mapping for Methane Fugitive Emissions Using Laser Path-Integral Sensing in Non-Cooperative Open Paths. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1307. [PMID: 38400465 PMCID: PMC10892198 DOI: 10.3390/s24041307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Observing the vertical diffusion distribution of methane fugitive emissions from oil/gas facilities is significant for predicting the pollutant's spatiotemporal transport and quantifying the random emission sources. A method is proposed for methane's vertical distribution mapping by combining the laser path-integral sensing in non-non-cooperative open paths and the computer-assisted tomography (CAT) techniques. It uses a vertical-plume-mapping optical path configuration and adapts the developed dynamic relaxation and simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (DR-SART) into methane-emission-distribution reconstruction. A self-made miniaturized TDLAS telemetry sensor provides a reliable path to integral concentration information in non-non-cooperative open paths, with Allan variance analysis yielding a 3.59 ppm·m sensitivity. We employed a six-indexes system for the reconstruction performance analysis of four potential optical path-projection configurations and conducted the corresponding validation experiment. The results have shown that that of multiple fan-beams combined with parallel-beam modes (MFPM) is better than the other optical path-projection configurations, and its reconstruction similarity coefficient (ε) is at least 22.4% higher. For the different methane gas bag-layout schemes, the reconstruction errors of maximum concentration (γm) are consistently around 0.05, with the positional errors of maximum concentration (δ) falling within the range of 0.01 to 0.025. Moreover, considering the trade-off between scanning duration and reconstruction accuracy, it is recommended to appropriately extend the sensor measurement time on a single optical path to mitigate the impact of mechanical vibrations induced by scanning motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China; (D.W.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Thermal Utilization and Disaster Reduction of New Energy in Cold Regions, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Yushuang Li
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China; (D.W.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Thermal Utilization and Disaster Reduction of New Energy in Cold Regions, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Yu Pu
- Office of Science, Quanzhou University of Information Engineering, Quanzhou 362008, China
| | - Yan Lv
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China; (D.W.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Thermal Utilization and Disaster Reduction of New Energy in Cold Regions, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Mingji Wang
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China; (D.W.)
- Heilongjiang Institute of Metrological, Verification, and Testing, Harbin 150028, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Heilongjiang Institute of Metrological, Verification, and Testing, Harbin 150028, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Thermal Utilization and Disaster Reduction of New Energy in Cold Regions, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
- Daqing Oilfield Co., Ltd., Daqing 163453, China
| | - Dong Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Thermal Utilization and Disaster Reduction of New Energy in Cold Regions, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
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Lin Y, Manalili D, Khodabakhsh A, Cristescu SM. Real-Time Measurement of CH 4 in Human Breath Using a Compact CH 4/CO 2 Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1077. [PMID: 38400235 PMCID: PMC10893524 DOI: 10.3390/s24041077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The presence of an elevated amount of methane (CH4) in exhaled breath can be used as a non-invasive tool to monitor certain health conditions. A compact, inexpensive and transportable CH4 sensor is thus very interesting for this purpose. In addition, if the sensor is also able to simultaneously measure carbon dioxide (CO2), one can extract the end-tidal concentration of exhaled CH4. Here, we report on such a sensor based on a commercial detection module using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. It was found that the measured CH4/CO2 values exhibit a strong interference with water vapor. Therefore, correction functions were experimentally identified and validated for both CO2 and CH4. A custom-built breath sampler was developed and tested with the sensor for real-time measurements of CH4 and CO2 in exhaled breath. As a result, the breath sensor demonstrated the capability of accurately measuring the exhaled CH4 and CO2 profiles in real-time. We obtained minimum detection limits of ~80 ppbv for CH4 and ~700 ppmv for CO2 in 1.5 s measurement time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simona M. Cristescu
- Life Science Trace Detection Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemometrics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.L.); (D.M.); (A.K.)
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10
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Bahr MS, Wolff M. PAS-based analysis of natural gas samples. Front Chem 2023; 11:1328882. [PMID: 38179240 PMCID: PMC10764539 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1328882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is well known for the detection of short-chain hydrocarbons, such as methane, ethane and propane, in the ppm (parts per million) or ppb (parts per billion) range. However, in the production process of natural gas and its combustion in gas-fired devices the composition, especially the concentrations of the main alkanes, plays a decisive role. Gas chromatography (GC) is considered the gold standard for natural gas analysis. We present a method to analyze natural gas samples by PAS. Furthermore, we describe a method to prepare storage gas samples, which are usually under atmospheric pressure, for PAS analysis. All measurements are validated by means of GC. The investigation allows conclusions to be drawn to what extent PAS is suitable for the investigation of natural gas samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Simon Bahr
- Heinrich Blasius Institute of Physical Technologies, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Wolff
- Heinrich Blasius Institute of Physical Technologies, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Zhang C, He Y, Qiao S, Ma Y. Differential integrating sphere-based photoacoustic spectroscopy gas sensing. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5089-5092. [PMID: 37773392 DOI: 10.1364/ol.500214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, a differential integrating sphere-based photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) gas sensor is proposed for the first time to our knowledge. The differential integrating sphere system consists of two integrating spheres and a tube. Based on differential characteristics, the photoacoustic signal of the designed differential integrating sphere was doubly enhanced and the noise was suppressed. Compared with a single channel integrating sphere, the differential integrating sphere sensing system had a 1.86 times improvement in signal level. An erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) was adopted to amplify the output of diode laser to enhance the optical excitation. The second harmonic (2f) signal of differential integrating sphere-based acetylene (C2H2) PAS sensor with an amplified 1000 mW optical output power was 104.67 mV, which was 22.80 times improved compared to the sensing system without EDFA. When the integration time was 100 s, the minimum detection limit (MDL) of the differential integrating sphere-based C2H2 PAS sensor was 416.7 ppb. The differential integrating sphere provides a new method, to the best of our knowledge, for the development of PAS sensor, which has the advantages of photoacoustic signal enhancement, strong noise immunity, and no need for optical adjustment.
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12
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Zifarelli A, Cantatore A, Sampaolo A, Mueller M, Rueck T, Hoelzl C, Rossmadl H, Patimisco P, Spagnolo V. Multivariate analysis and digital twin modelling: Alternative approaches to evaluate molecular relaxation in photoacoustic spectroscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 33:100564. [PMID: 38021285 PMCID: PMC10658604 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of two different approaches developed to deal with molecular relaxation in photoacoustic spectroscopy is here reported. The first method employs a statistical analysis based on partial least squares regression, while the second method relies on the development of a digital twin of the photoacoustic sensor based on the theoretical modelling of the occurring relaxations. Methane detection within a gas matrix of synthetic air with variable humidity level is selected as case study. An interband cascade laser emitting at 3.345 µm is used to target methane absorption features. Two methane concentration ranges are explored targeting different absorptions, one in the order of part-per-million and one in the order of percent, while water vapor absolute concentration was varied from 0.3 % up to 2 %. The results achieved employing the detection techniques demonstrated the possibility to efficiently retrieve the target gas concentrations with accuracy > 95 % even in the case of strong influence of relaxation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Zifarelli
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A.F.P. Cantatore
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A. Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations S.R.L. via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - M. Mueller
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - T. Rueck
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C. Hoelzl
- Thorlabs GmbH, Münchner Weg 1, 85232 Bergkirchen, Germany
| | - H. Rossmadl
- Thorlabs GmbH, Münchner Weg 1, 85232 Bergkirchen, Germany
| | - P. Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations S.R.L. via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - V. Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations S.R.L. via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
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13
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Rasmussen AN, Thomsen BL, Christensen JB, Petersen JC, Lassen M. Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Assisted by Partial Least-Squares Regression for Multi-Gas Measurements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7984. [PMID: 37766039 PMCID: PMC10537676 DOI: 10.3390/s23187984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on the use of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) for multi-gas detection. Photoacoustic (PA) spectra of mixtures of water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), and methane (CH4) were measured in the mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength range using a mid-infrared (MIR) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) light source. Highly overlapping absorption spectra are a common challenge for gas spectroscopy. To mitigate this, we used a partial least-squares regression (PLS) method to estimate the mixing ratio and concentrations of the individual gasses. The concentration range explored in the analysis varies from a few parts per million (ppm) to thousands of ppm. Spectra obtained from HITRAN and experimental single-molecule reference spectra of each of the molecular species were acquired and used as training data sets. These spectra were used to generate simulated spectra of the gas mixtures (linear combinations of the reference spectra). Here, in this proof-of-concept experiment, we demonstrate that after an absolute calibration of the QEPAS cell, the PLS analyses could be used to determine concentrations of single molecular species with a relative accuracy within a few % for mixtures of H2O, NH3, and CH4 and with an absolute sensitivity of approximately 300 (±50) ppm/V, 50 (±5) ppm/V, and 5 (±2) ppm/V for water, ammonia, and methane, respectively. This demonstrates that QEPAS assisted by PLS is a powerful approach to estimate concentrations of individual gas components with considerable spectral overlap, which is a typical scenario for real-life adoptions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mikael Lassen
- Danish Fundamental Metrology, Kogle Allé 5, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (A.N.R.); (B.L.T.); (J.B.C.); (J.C.P.)
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14
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Chen W, Qiao S, Lang Z, Jiang J, He Y, Shi Y, Ma Y. Hollow-waveguide-based light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy sensing. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:3989-3992. [PMID: 37527100 DOI: 10.1364/ol.497685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, a hollow waveguide (HWG)-based light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) gas sensing is proposed. An HWG with a length of 65 cm and inner diameter of 4 mm was used as the light transmission medium and gas chamber. The inner wall of the HWG was coated with a silver (Ag) film to improve reflectivity. Compared with the usually used multi-pass cell (MPC), the HWG has many advantages, such as small size, simple structure and fast filling. Compared with a hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (HC-ARF), the HWG has the merits of easy optical coupling, high system stability, and wide transmission range. A diode laser with output wavelength of 1.53 µm and a quantum cascade laser (QCL) with output wavelength of 4.58 µm were selected as the sources of excitation to target acetylene (C2H2) and carbon monoxide (CO), respectively, to verify the performance of the HWG-based LITES sensor in the near-infrared and mid-infrared regions. The experimental results showed that the HWG-based LITES sensor had a great linear responsiveness to the target gas concentration. The minimum detection limit (MDL) for C2H2 and CO was 6.07 ppm and 98.66 ppb, respectively.
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15
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Olivieri M, Giglio M, Dello Russo S, Menduni G, Zifarelli A, Patimisco P, Sampaolo A, Wu H, Dong L, Spagnolo V. Assessment of vibrational-translational relaxation dynamics of in a wet-nitrogen matrix through QEPAS. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100518. [PMID: 37325395 PMCID: PMC10265511 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on a study of the non-radiative relaxation dynamic of 12CH4 and 13CH4 in wet nitrogen-based matrixes by using the quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) technique. The dependence of the QEPAS signal on pressure at fixed matrix composition and on H2O concentration at fixed pressure was investigated. We demonstrated that QEPAS measurements can be used to retrieve both the effective relaxation rate in the matrix, and the V-T relaxation rate associated to collisions with nitrogen and water vapor. No significant differences in measured relaxation rates were observed between the two isotopologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Olivieri
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Stefano Dello Russo
- Italian Space Agency (ASI), Centro di geodesia Spaziale “Giuseppe Colombo”, Matera, Italy
| | - Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Zifarelli
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
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16
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Li B, Menduni G, Giglio M, Patimisco P, Sampaolo A, Zifarelli A, Wu H, Wei T, Spagnolo V, Dong L. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) and Beat Frequency-QEPAS techniques for air pollutants detection: A comparison in terms of sensitivity and acquisition time. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100479. [PMID: 37255964 PMCID: PMC10225917 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a comparison between Quartz Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (QEPAS) and Beat Frequency-QEPAS (BF-QEPAS) techniques for environmental monitoring of pollutants is reported. A spectrophone composed of a T-shaped Quartz Tuning Fork (QTF) coupled with resonator tubes was employed as a detection module. An interband cascade laser has been used as an exciting source, allowing the targeting of two NO absorption features, located at 1900.07 cm-1 and 1900.52 cm-1, and a water vapor absorption feature, located at 1901.76 cm-1. Minimum detection limits of 90 ppb and 180 ppb were achieved with QEPAS and BF-QEPAS techniques, respectively, for NO detection. The capability to detect multiple components in the same gas mixture using BF-QEPAS was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Zifarelli
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Tingting Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
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17
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Zhang L, Liu L, Zhang X, Yin X, Huan H, Liu H, Zhao X, Ma Y, Shao X. T-type cell mediated photoacoustic spectroscopy for simultaneous detection of multi-component gases based on triple resonance modality. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100492. [PMID: 37113272 PMCID: PMC10126918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing multi-gas detectability using photoacoustic spectroscopy capable of simultaneous detection, highly selectivity and less cross-interference is essential for dissolved gas sensing application. A T-type photoacoustic cell was designed and verified to be an appropriate sensor, due to the resonant frequencies of which are determined jointly by absorption and resonant cylinders. The three designated resonance modes were investigated from both simulation and experiments to present the comparable amplitude responses by introducing excitation beam position optimization. The capability of multi-gas detection was demonstrated by measuring CO, CH4 and C2H2 simultaneously using QCL, ICL and DFB lasers as excitation sources respectively. The influence of potential cross-sensitivity towards humidity have been examined in terms of multi-gas detection. The experimentally determined minimum detection limits of CO, CH4 and C2H2 were 89ppb, 80ppb and 664ppb respectively, corresponding to the normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficients of 5.75 × 10-7 cm-1 W Hz-1/2, 1.97 × 10-8 cm-1 W Hz-1/2 and 4.23 × 10-8 cm-1 W Hz-1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Lixian Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xueshi Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xukun Yin
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Huiting Huan
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Huanyu Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaopeng Shao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
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18
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Pangerl J, Moser E, Müller M, Weigl S, Jobst S, Rück T, Bierl R, Matysik FM. A sub-ppbv-level Acetone and Ethanol Quantum Cascade Laser Based Photoacoustic Sensor - Characterization and Multi-Component Spectra Recording in Synthetic Breath. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 30:100473. [PMID: 36970564 PMCID: PMC10033733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Trace gas analysis in breath is challenging due to the vast number of different components. We present a highly sensitive quantum cascade laser based photoacoustic setup for breath analysis. Scanning the range between 8263 and 8270 nm with a spectral resolution of 48 pm, we are able to quantify acetone and ethanol within a typical breath matrix containing water and CO2. We photoacoustically acquired spectra within this region of mid-infra-red light and prove that those spectra do not suffer from non-spectral interferences. The purely additive behavior of a breath sample spectrum was verified by comparing it with the independently acquired single component spectra using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. A previously presented simulation approach is improved and an error attribution study is presented. With a 3σ detection limit of 6.5 ppbv in terms of ethanol and 250 pptv regarding acetone, our system is among the best performing presented so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Pangerl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Moser
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Faculty of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Max Müller
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Jobst
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rück
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bierl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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19
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Di Gioia M, Lombardi L, Marzocca C, Matarrese G, Menduni G, Patimisco P, Spagnolo V. Signal-to-Noise Ratio Analysis for the Voltage-Mode Read-Out of Quartz Tuning Forks in QEPAS Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:619. [PMID: 36985025 PMCID: PMC10051664 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quartz tuning forks (QTFs) are employed as sensitive elements for gas sensing applications implementing quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. Therefore, proper design of the QTF read-out electronics is required to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and in turn, the minimum detection limit of the gas concentration. In this work, we present a theoretical study of the SNR trend in a voltage-mode read-out of QTFs, mainly focusing on the effects of (i) the noise contributions of both the QTF-equivalent resistor and the input bias resistor RL of the preamplifier, (ii) the operating frequency, and (iii) the bandwidth (BW) of the lock-in amplifier low-pass filter. A MATLAB model for the main noise contributions was retrieved and then validated by means of SPICE simulations. When the bandwidth of the lock-in filter is sufficiently narrow (BW = 0.5 Hz), the SNR values do not strongly depend on both the operating frequency and RL values. On the other hand, when a wider low-pass filter bandwidth is employed (BW = 5 Hz), a sharp SNR peak close to the QTF parallel-resonant frequency is found for large values of RL (RL > 2 MΩ), whereas for small values of RL (RL < 2 MΩ), the SNR exhibits a peak around the QTF series-resonant frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Di Gioia
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e Dell’Informazione, Politecnico of Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e Dell’Informazione, Politecnico of Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Marzocca
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e Dell’Informazione, Politecnico of Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianvito Matarrese
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e Dell’Informazione, Politecnico of Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e Dell’Informazione, Politecnico of Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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20
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Olivieri M, Menduni G, Giglio M, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Wu H, Dong L, Spagnolo V. Characterization of H 2S QEPAS detection in methane-based gas leaks dispersed into environment. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100438. [PMID: 36582842 PMCID: PMC9792567 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The increase in fatal accidents and chronic illnesses caused by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) exposure occurring in various workplaces is pushing the development of sensing systems for continuous and in-field monitoring of this hazardous gas. We report here on the design and realization of a Near-IR quartz-enhanced photoacoustic sensor (QEPAS) for H2S leaks detection. H2S QEPAS signal was measured in matrixes containing up to 1 % of methane (CH4) and nitrogen (N2) which were chosen as the laboratory model environment for leakages from oil and gas wells or various industrial processes where H2S and CH4 can leak simultaneously. An investigation of the influence of CH4 on H2S relaxation and photoacoustic generation was proposed in this work and the sensor performances were carefully assessed with respect to CH4 content in the mixture. We demonstrated the high selectivity, with no cross talk between H2S, H2O and CH4 absorption lines, high sensitivity, and fast response time of the developed sensor, achieving a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 2.5 ppm for H2S with 2 s lock-in integration time. The employed 2.6 µm laser allowed us to employ the sensor also for CH4 detection, achieving an MDL of 85 ppm. The realized QEPAS sensor lends itself to the development of a portable and compact device for industrial monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Olivieri
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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21
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Zifarelli A, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Giglio M, Gonzalez M, Wu H, Dong L, Spagnolo V. Methane and ethane detection from natural gas level down to trace concentrations using a compact mid-IR LITES sensor based on univariate calibration. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100448. [PMID: 36654961 PMCID: PMC9841364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A gas sensor based on light-induced thermo-elastic spectroscopy (LITES) capable to detect methane (C1) and ethane (C2) in a wide concentration range, from percent down to part-per-billion (ppb), is here reported. A novel approach has been implemented, exploiting a compact sensor design that accommodates both a custom 9.8 kHz quartz tuning fork (QTF) used as photodetector and the gas sample in the same housing. The resulting optical pathlength was only 2.5 cm. An interband cascade laser (ICL) with emission wavelength of 3.345 µm was used to target absorption features of C1 and C2. The effects of high concentration analytes on sensor response were firstly investigated. C1 concentration varied from 1% to 10%, while C2 concentration varied from 0.1% to 1%. These ranges were selected to retrace the typical natural gas composition in a 1:10 nitrogen dilution. The LITES sensor was calibrated for both the gas species independently and returned nonlinear but monotonic responses for the two analytes. These univariate calibrations were used to retrieve the composition of C1-C2 binary mixtures with accuracy higher than 98%, without the need for further data analysis. Minimum detection limits of ∼650 ppb and ∼90 ppb were achieved at 10 s of integration time for C1 and C2, respectively, demonstrating the capability of the developed LITES sensor to operate with concentration ranges spanning over 6 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zifarelli
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations Srl, via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations Srl, via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Miguel Gonzalez
- Aramco Services Company, Aramco Research Center, Houston, United States
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations Srl, via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
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22
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Rey J, Sigrist M. Non-dispersive sensing scheme based on mid-infrared LED and differential mode excitation photoacoustic spectroscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100455. [PMID: 36714800 PMCID: PMC9876947 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A robust and simple sensing scheme utilizing a Mid-Infrared Light Emitting Diode (MIR-LED) and based on Differential Mode Excitation Photoacoustic (DME-PA) spectroscopy is presented. A MIR-LED light source in combination with optical correlation is used for simplicity and compactness. The sensing setup takes advantage of the non-linearity in the excitation of various acoustic modes in a cylindrical resonant photoacoustic cell to provide a high selectivity. The sensing device is tested using methane and hydrocarbon mixtures (propane, butane). The obtained limit of detection for methane is 25 ppm m-1. Using the presented DME-PA scheme, the derived gas concentration is hardly affected neither by intensity fluctuations of the light source nor by any microphone or electronics drifts. Furthermore, a considerably improved selectivity is obtained compared to conventional Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) techniques.
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23
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Dastres E, Bijani F, Naderi R, Zamani A, Edalat M. Evaluating the habitat suitability modeling of Aceria alhagi and Alhagi maurorum in their native range using machine learning techniques.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2441475/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Spatial locational modeling techniques are increasingly used in species distribution modeling. However, the implemented techniques differ in their modeling performance. In this study, we tested the predictive accuracy of three algorithms, namely "random forest (RF)," "support vector machine (SVM)," and "boosted regression trees (BRT)" to prepare habitat suitability mapping of an invasive species, Alhagi maurorum, and its potential biological control agent, Aceria alhagi. Location of this study was in Fars Province, southwest of Iran. The spatial distributions of the species were forecasted using GPS devices and GIS software. The probability values of occurrence were then checked using three algorithms. The predictive accuracy of the machine learning (ML) techniques was assessed by computing the “area under the curve (AUC)” of the “receiver-operating characteristic” plot. When the Aceria alhagi was modeled, the AUC values of RF, BRT and SVM were 0.89, 0.81, and 0.79, respectively. However, in habitat suitability models (HSMs) of Alhagi maurorum the AUC values of RF, BRT and SVM were 0.89, 0.80, and 0.73, respectively. The RF model provided significantly more accurate predictions than other algorithms. The importance of factors on the growth and development of Alhagi maurorum and Aceria alhagi was also determined using the partial least squares (PLS) algorithm, and the most crucial factors were the road and slope. Habitat suitability modeling based on algorithms may significantly increase the accuracy of species distribution forecasts, and thus it shows considerable promise for different conservation biological and biogeographical applications.
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Müller M, Rück T, Jobst S, Pangerl J, Weigl S, Bierl R, Matysik FM. An Algorithmic Approach to Compute the Effect of Non-Radiative Relaxation Processes in Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100371. [PMID: 37614667 PMCID: PMC10442890 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Successful transfer of photoacoustic gas sensors from laboratory to real-life applications requires knowledge about potential cross-sensitivities towards environmental and gas matrix changes. Multi-dimensional calibration in case of cross-sensitivities can become very complex or even unfeasible. To address this challenge, we present a novel algorithm to compute the collision based non-radiative efficiency and phase lag of energy relaxation on a molecular level (CoNRad) for photoacoustic signal calculation. This algorithmic approach allows to calculate the entire relaxation cascade of arbitrarily complex systems, yielding a theoretical photoacoustic signal. In this work the influence of varying bulk compositions, i.e. nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) on the photoacoustic signal during methane (CH4) detection is demonstrated. The applicability of the algorithm to other photoacoustic setups is shown exemplary by applying it to the relaxational system investigated in [1]. Hayden et al. examined the effect of water on photoacoustic carbon monoxide (CO) detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Müller
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rück
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Jobst
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Pangerl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bierl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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