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Forthmann B, Kaczykowski K, Benedek M, Holling H. The Manic Idea Creator? A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Bipolar Disorder and Creative Cognitive Potential. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6264. [PMID: 37444111 PMCID: PMC10341485 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Even though a relationship between psychopathology and creativity has been postulated since the time of ancient Greece, systematic meta-analyses on this topic are still scarce. Thus, the meta-analysis described here can be considered the first to date that specifically focuses on the relationship between creative potential, as measured by divergent thinking, and bipolar disorder, as opposed to psychopathology in general. An extensive literature search of 4670 screened hits identified 13 suitable studies, including a total of 42 effect sizes and 1857 participants. The random-effects model showed an overall significant, positive, yet diminutively small effect (d = 0.11, 95% CI: [0.002, 0.209], p = 0.045) between divergent thinking and bipolar disorder. A handful of moderators were examined, which revealed a significant moderating effect for bipolar status, as either euthymic (d = 0.14, p = 0.043), subclinical (d = 0.17, p = 0.001), manic (d = 0.25, p = 0.097), or depressed (d = -0.51, p < 0.001). However, moderator analyses should be treated with caution because of the observed confounding of moderators. Finally, none of the employed methods for publication-bias detection revealed any evidence for publication bias. We discuss further results, especially regarding the differences between subclinical and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Forthmann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Karin Kaczykowski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mathias Benedek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heinz Holling
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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2
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Dagnall N, Denovan A, Drinkwater KG. Paranormal belief, cognitive-perceptual factors, and well-being: A network analysis. Front Psychol 2022; 13:967823. [PMID: 36186327 PMCID: PMC9521162 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.967823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By assessing interrelationships among variables within a specified theoretical framework, network analysis (NA) provides nuanced insights into how associations between psychological constructs are related to outcome measures. Noting this, the authors used NA to examine connections between Paranormal Belief, cognitive-perceptual factors (Schizotypy, Transliminality, and Manic-Depressive Experience), and well-being (Life Satisfaction, Meaning in Life, Somatic Complaints, Perceived Stress, Depressive Symptoms). Data derived from a sample of 3,090 participants (mean age = 50.30, standard deviation = 15.20; 46.5% male, 53.1% female) who completed standardised self-report measures capturing the study constructs online. Transliminality, Unusual Experiences (positive schizotypy), and Depressive Experience demonstrated high expected influence centrality. This indicated that these factors were the most strongly connected and influential in the network. Moreover, Transliminality was a connecting variable between Paranormal Belief, positive schizotypy, and psychopathology. Depressive Experience bridged the relationship between Transliminality and well-being. The conceptual implications of these outcomes are discussed with regards to better understanding relationships between Paranormal Belief, cognitive-perceptual factors, and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Dagnall
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Denovan
- Department of Psychology, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth G. Drinkwater
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Tamás I, Rózsa S, Hargitai R, Hartung I, Osváth A, Kállai J. Factors influencing schizotypal personality trait-dependent immersion and digital media usage: Adaptation and maladaptation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 230:103735. [PMID: 36063587 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immersion in the digital environment has been widely researched; however, the effects of adaptive and maladaptive schizotypal personality traits on immersion have received relatively little attention up till now. This study investigates the factors of personal immersion while using entertainment and digital communication applications and other variables such as problematic internet usage, and Facebook addiction. The Immersive Tendency Questionnaire was applied to measure participants' tendency to experience artistic and life-like scenarios in traditional settings (reading a book and watching a movie) and digital environments (playing computer games and using the internet). The study was conducted with 717 college students and graduate persons including, 186 males (mean age: 28.49) and 531 females (mean age: 28.4). The results show that lowered focusing abilities are directly linked with deficiencies in self-coherence, and maladaptive behavior that manifests in problematic internet and Facebook usage. Furthermore, the attention/focusing ability during immersion is accompanied by coherent self-structure and psychological well-being. Therefore, for people who have adequate focusing skills and coherent self-structure, the usage of social media and computer gaming can be considered adequate digital tools for developing their cognitive and social skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Tamás
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sándor Rózsa
- Institute of Psychology, Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Rita Hargitai
- Institute of Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - István Hartung
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Anikó Osváth
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary.
| | - János Kállai
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary.
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Kállai J, Páll T, Herold R, Tényi T, Zsidó AN. Ambiguous handedness and visuospatial pseudoneglect in schizotypy in physical and computer-generated virtual environments. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12169. [PMID: 35842454 PMCID: PMC9288449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) technology has increased clinical attention in the health care of schizophrenia spectrum disorders in both diagnoses of the symptoms and assessment of schizotypal traits. However, the exact nature of VR-induced positive treatment effect in schizotypy is still unknown. In this study, VR technology was used as a non-invasive neurocognitive trigger to test the asymmetric visuospatial representational instability found in individuals with high schizotypy. The study aimed to reveal the brain functional hemispheric laterality in physical and virtual realities in individuals with schizotypal traits. Fifty-one healthy, right-handed participants (24 males and 27 females) were enrolled through public advertisements. Hemispheric functional asymmetry was measured by the Line Bisection Task (LBT). The results revealed that (a) LBT bias in the physical reality showed a handedness-related leftward pseudoneglect, however, similar handedness-related pseudoneglect in VR has not been found. (b) Comparing LBT bias in physically real and VR environments showed rightward drift in VR environments independently to the degree of handedness. (c) The schizotypy has no association with handedness, however, the cognitive schizotypy is related to the LBT bias. Higher cognitive schizotypy in VR associated with left hemispatial pseudoneglect. In conclusion, schizotypy is associated with ambiguous behavioral and cognitive functional laterality. In individuals with high cognitive schizotypy, the VR environment enhanced the representational articulation of the left hemispace. This effect may be originated from the enhancement of the right hemisphere overactivation and is followed by a lower mental control of the overt behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Kállai
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical Faculty University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Szigeti Street 12, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Páll
- Artistic Research at the University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Róbert Herold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tényi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - András Norbert Zsidó
- Institute of Psychology, Arts and Sciences Faculty, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Perchtold-Stefan CM, Rominger C, Papousek I, Fink A. Antisocial Schizotypy Is Linked to Malevolent Creativity. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2021.2012633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Crabtree J, Hudson JL, Brockman R, Newton-John T. Spatial working memory, not IQ or executive function, discriminates early psychosis and clinically vulnerable creative individuals. Early Interv Psychiatry 2021; 15:47-56. [PMID: 31910493 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM While associations between creativity and psychopathology have been well researched, the specific cognitive processes that distinguish highly creative from those with psychopathology warrant further investigation. This study will examine whether IQ, executive function, cognitive inhibition or spatial working memory differentiate individuals with early psychosis, clinically vulnerable creative individuals, creative controls and non-creative controls. METHODS The study sample consisted of 110 participants: early psychosis (n = 21); clinically vulnerable creative controls (n = 25); creative controls (n = 30) and non-creative control (n = 34). The Diagnostic Interview for Psychosis assessed early psychosis participants and the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to screen for psychopathology in the remaining groups. Several cognitive tests were administered: IQ, neurocognitive measures of executive function and spatial working memory. Creativity was assessed using the Torrance Test of Creativity and Creative Achievement Questionnaire. A measure of vividness of mental imagery was also given. RESULTS Across all cognitive tests, spatial working memory differentiated the early psychosis group from both creative and non-creative control groups. Spatial working memory predicted group membership but vivid imagery was a better predictor of creative achievement. The early psychosis, clinically vulnerable creative and creative groups all recorded significantly higher results on creative achievement and creative cognition compared to non-creative controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide further support for spatial working memory as an early neuro-cognitive marker for early psychosis. Spatial working memory, rather than IQ or executive function, may also be an early protective factor for clinically vulnerable young creative individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Crabtree
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Hudson
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Brockman
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Toby Newton-John
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Aguilera M, Rodríguez-Ferreiro J. Differential Effects of Schizotypy Dimensions on Creative Personality and Creative Products. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2020.1866895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Aguilera
- Department de Cognició, Desenvolupament i Psicologia de l’Educació, Secció de Processos Cognitius, Universitat de Barcelona
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelon
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Ferreiro
- Department de Cognició, Desenvolupament i Psicologia de l’Educació, Secció de Processos Cognitius, Universitat de Barcelona
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelon
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5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: An Ego-Dissolving Endogenous Neurochemical Catalyst of Creativity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41470-019-00063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Mammadov S, Cross TL, Cross JR. In Search of Temperament and Personality Predictors of Creativity: A Test of a Mediation Model. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2019.1577085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Carter C, Hass RW, Charfadi M, Dinzeo TJ. Probing Linear and Nonlinear Relations Among Schizotypy, Hypomania, Cognitive Inhibition, and Creativity. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2019.1580091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Kállai J, Rózsa S, Hupuczi E, Hargitai R, Birkás B, Hartung I, Martin L, Herold R, Simon M. Cognitive fusion and affective isolation: Blurred self-concept and empathy deficits in schizotypy. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:178-186. [PMID: 30481696 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This is a cross-sectional nonclinical sample study to examine the different levels of the Ipsiety Disturbance Model (IDM) for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (introduced by Sass and Parnas, 2003). Three faces of schizotypy were studied: diminished self-presence, hyper-reflexivity, and distortion in experience of own self and another person's self-discrimination. A sample of college students (N = 1312) was provided a questionnaire packet that contained the Schizotypy Personality Questionnaire Brief-Revisited (SPQ-BR), the Self-Concept Clarity Sale, the Tellegen Absorption Scale, and Interpersonal Reactivity Index measures. Results: higher absorption capabilities predict higher scores on both the SPQ-BR cognitive and SPQ-BR disorganization factors. High scores in cognitive empathy predicted a low score on both SPQ-BR cognitive and SPQ-BR interpersonal scores. In contrast, higher affective empathy predicted high scores on the SPQ-BR interpersonal factor. The deficiency in self-concept clarity predicted an elevated score on the SPQ-BR cognitive, interpersonal, and disorganization schizotypy symptoms. We argue that a lack of self-concept clarity manifested in both the hyperreflexivity level (measured by absorption) and the metallization level (measured by empathy). We argue that the IDM is a reliable way to interpret functioning with different levels of schizotypy.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Kállai
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs 7625, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Rózsa
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Ernő Hupuczi
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs 7625, Hungary.
| | - Rita Hargitai
- Department of Personality and Clinical Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Béla Birkás
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs 7625, Hungary.
| | - István Hartung
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs 7625, Hungary.
| | - László Martin
- Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Kaposvári University, Kaposvár, Hungary.
| | - Róbert Herold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, Universi of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Mária Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, Universi of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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12
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Wang L, Long H, Plucker JA, Wang Q, Xu X, Pang W. High Schizotypal Individuals Are More Creative? The Mediation Roles of Overinclusive Thinking and Cognitive Inhibition. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1766. [PMID: 30298038 PMCID: PMC6160573 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a theoretical link between positive schizotypy and heightened creativity has been established in the literature, little empirical research has been conducted to examine the underlying cognitive processes that contribute to this association. In addition, previous studies found a negative relationship between positive schizotypy and cognitive inhibition; however, they often used the paradigm of latent inhibition. This study used the paradigm of prepotent response inhibition indicated by Stroop interference effect and examined the mediation effects of overinclusive thinking (OT) and cognitive inhibition on the creativity of schizotypal individuals. Two groups of low and high schizotypal individuals (N = 78) participated in the study. Each participant completed one OT task, one color-word Stroop task, three other executive functioning (EF) control tasks, and two creativity tasks. The results indicated that the high schizotypal group outperformed the low schizotypal group in the creativity tasks. They also exhibited higher OT as indicated by faster reaction time and higher cognitive inhibition as indicated by lower Stroop interference effect. Further, participant's levels of OT and cognitive inhibition partially mediated the relationship between schizotypy and creativity. The results were discussed under the context of schizotypy and creativity research and implications for rehabitation were further provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Wang
- Shanghai Teacher Training Center, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Developmental and Educational Psychology, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiying Long
- Leadership and Professional Studies, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Plucker
- The Center for Talented Youth and School of Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Qing Wang
- Institute of Developmental and Educational Psychology, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- Institute of Developmental and Educational Psychology, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Pang
- Institute of Developmental and Educational Psychology, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Cosgrave J, Haines R, Golodetz S, Claridge G, Wulff K, van Heugten-van der Kloet D. Schizotypy and Performance on an Insight Problem-Solving Task: The Contribution of Persecutory Ideation. Front Psychol 2018; 9:708. [PMID: 29867673 PMCID: PMC5964745 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight problem solving is thought to underpin creative thought as it incorporates both divergent (generating multiple ideas and solutions) and convergent (arriving at the optimal solution) thinking approaches. The current literature on schizotypy and creativity is mixed and requires clarification. An alternate approach was employed by designing an exploratory web-based study using only correlates of schizotypal traits (paranoia, dissociation, cognitive failures, fantasy proneness, and unusual sleep experiences) and examining which (if any) predicted optimal performance on an insight problem-solving task. One hundred and twenty-one participants were recruited online from the general population and completed the number reduction task. The discovery of the hidden rule (HR) was used as a measure of insight. Multivariate logistic regression analyses highlighted persecutory ideation to best predict the discovery of the HR (OR = 1.05; 95% CI 1.01–1.10, p = 0.017), with a one-point increase in persecutory ideas corresponding to the participant being 5% more likely to discover the HR. This result suggests that persecutory ideation, above other schizotypy correlates, may be involved in insight problem solving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cosgrave
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Haines
- Department of Statistics, Mathematical, Physical, and Life Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Golodetz
- Oxford Smart Specs Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Claridge
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Wulff
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dalena van Heugten-van der Kloet
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Social Work and Public Health, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Vellante F, Sarchione F, Ebisch SJH, Salone A, Orsolini L, Marini S, Valchera A, Fornaro M, Carano A, Iasevoli F, Martinotti G, De Berardis D, Di Giannantonio M. Creativity and psychiatric illness: A functional perspective beyond chaos. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:91-100. [PMID: 28689007 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vellante
- Department of Neurosciences Clinical Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", Asl 4, Teramo, Italy
| | - Fabiola Sarchione
- Department of Neurosciences Clinical Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sjoerd J H Ebisch
- Department of Neurosciences Clinical Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Anatolia Salone
- Department of Neurosciences Clinical Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Orsolini
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.; Villa S. Giuseppe Hospital, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Ascoli Piceno, Italy; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Stefano Marini
- Department of Neurosciences Clinical Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Michele Fornaro
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYPSI), Columbia University, NYC, NY, USA
| | - Alessandro Carano
- Department of Neurosciences Clinical Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "Maria SS del Soccorso", San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.; Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatogical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neurosciences Clinical Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", Asl 4, Teramo, Italy; Department of Neurosciences Clinical Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Massimo Di Giannantonio
- Department of Neurosciences Clinical Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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It’s time to sober up: The direct costs, side effects and long-term consequences of creativity and innovation. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riob.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Rominger C, Fink A, Weiss EM, Bosch J, Papousek I. Allusive thinking (remote associations) and auditory top-down inhibition skills differentially predict creativity and positive schizotypy. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2017; 22:108-121. [PMID: 28081654 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2016.1278361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Positive schizotypy and creativity seem to be linked. However, the question still remains why they are related, and what may make the difference? As creative ideation is hypothesised as a dual process (association and inhibition), the propensity for remote associations might be a shared mechanism. However, positive schizotypy and creative thinking might be differentially linked to inhibition. Therefore, this study investigated a potentially overlapping feature of positive schizotypy and creativity (remote associations) as well as a potential dissociative factor (auditory inhibition). METHODS From a large screening sample, 46 participants covering a broad range of positive schizotypy were selected. Association proneness was assessed via two association tasks, auditory inhibition skill with the forced-left condition of the Dichotic Listening Test, and creative thinking by means of two creative ideation tests. RESULTS Positive schizotypy and creative thinking were positively associated. Both traits were linked to lower rates of common associations. However, creative thinking was associated with higher and positive schizotypy with lower inhibitory control in the auditory domain. CONCLUSIONS While creativity and positive schizotypy shared some variance (related to remote associations), profound inhibition skills may be vital for creative performance and may coincide with lower levels of positive schizotypy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rominger
- a Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology Unit , University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Andreas Fink
- a Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology Unit , University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Elisabeth M Weiss
- a Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology Unit , University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Jannis Bosch
- b Inclusive Education , University of Potsdam , Potsdam , Germany
| | - Ilona Papousek
- a Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology Unit , University of Graz , Graz , Austria
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Sierro G, Rossier J, Mohr C. Validation of the French Autism Spectrum Quotient scale and its relationships with schizotypy and Eysenckian personality traits. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 68:147-55. [PMID: 27234196 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism and schizophrenia spectra were long considered distinct entities. Yet, recent studies emphasized overlapping clinical and personality features suggesting common mechanisms and liabilities. Independent notions, however, highlight that the two spectra oppose each other socially (positive schizotypal hyper-mentalism versus autistic hypo-mentalism). METHODS To clarify these relationships, we used data from 921 French-speaking Swiss undergraduates to firstly validate the French Autism Spectrum Questionnaire (AQ) identifying an optimal factor structure. Secondly, we assessed relationships between this AQ structure and schizotypic personality traits. RESULTS Results from correlational and principal component analyses replicated both overlapping and opposing relationships. CONCLUSIONS We conjecture that autistic traits opposing positive schizotypy represent autistic mentalizing deficits. We discuss implications of our findings relative to theories of autism and schizophrenia spectrum relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Sierro
- University of Lausanne, Institute of Psychology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jérôme Rossier
- University of Lausanne, Institute of Psychology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Mohr
- University of Lausanne, Institute of Psychology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Leutgeb V, Ille R, Wabnegger A, Schienle A, Schöggl H, Weber B, Papousek I, Weiss EM, Fink A. Creativity and borderline personality disorder: evidence from a voxel-based morphometry study. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2016; 21:242-55. [PMID: 27174566 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2016.1182904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Throughout the history, various examples of eminent creative people suffering from mental disorders along with some empirical research reports strengthened the idea of a potential link between creativity and psychopathology. METHODS This study investigated different facets of psychometrically determined creativity in 20 females diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) relative to 19 healthy female controls. In addition, group differences in grey matter (GM) were examined. RESULTS Behavioural findings revealed no significant differences between the BPD group and healthy controls with respect to verbal and figural-graphic creative task performance and creativity-related personality characteristics. Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed a distinct pattern of GM reductions in the BPD group (relative to controls) in a network of brain regions closely associated with various cognitive and emotional functions (including the bilateral orbital inferior frontal gyri and the left superior temporal gyrus), partly overlapping with creativity-related brain regions. Correlation analyses moreover revealed that in the BPD group GM reductions in the orbital parts of the inferior and middle frontal gyri were associated with lower levels of creativity. CONCLUSIONS This study provides no indications in favour of the putative link between creativity and psychopathology, as sometimes reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Leutgeb
- a Institute of Psychology, BioTechMed-Graz , University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Rottraut Ille
- a Institute of Psychology, BioTechMed-Graz , University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Albert Wabnegger
- a Institute of Psychology, BioTechMed-Graz , University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Anne Schienle
- a Institute of Psychology, BioTechMed-Graz , University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Helmut Schöggl
- b Department of Psychiatry , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Bernhard Weber
- a Institute of Psychology, BioTechMed-Graz , University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Ilona Papousek
- a Institute of Psychology, BioTechMed-Graz , University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Elisabeth M Weiss
- a Institute of Psychology, BioTechMed-Graz , University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Andreas Fink
- a Institute of Psychology, BioTechMed-Graz , University of Graz , Graz , Austria
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Crabtree J, Green MJ. Creative Cognition and Psychosis Vulnerability: What’s the Difference? CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2015.1030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
A long-standing tradition in personality research in psychology, and nowadays increasingly in psychiatry, is that psychotic and psychotic-like thoughts are considered common experiences in the general population. Given their widespread occurrence, such experiences cannot merely reflect pathological functioning. Moreover, reflecting the multi-dimensionality of schizotypy, some dimensions might be informative for healthy functioning while others less so. Here, we explored these possibilities by reviewing research that links schizotypy to favorable functioning such as subjective wellbeing, cognitive functioning (major focus on creativity), and personality correlates. This research highlights the existence of healthy people with psychotic-like traits who mainly experience positive schizotypy (but also affective features mapping onto bipolar disorder). These individuals seem to benefit from a healthy way to organize their thoughts and experiences, that is, they employ an adaptive cognitive framework to explain and integrate their unusual experiences. We conclude that, instead of focusing only on the pathological, future studies should explore the behavioral, genetic, imaging, and psychopharmacological correlates that define the healthy expression of psychotic-like traits. Such studies would inform on protective or compensatory mechanisms of psychosis-risk and could usefully inform us on the evolutionary advantages of the psychosis dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mohr
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Gordon Claridge
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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Abstract
This article introduces and reviews the history of the construct of schizotypy for the special section appearing in the journal. Schizotypy offers a useful construct for understanding the etiology, development, and expression of schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology and a unifying construct for linking a broad continuum of clinical and subclinical manifestations. The article reviews the descriptive psychopathology roots of schizotypy, Meehl and Claridge's classical formulations of the construct (including the debate about dimensional vs taxonic structure), and the need for a comprehensive, multidimensional model of schizotypy. The article briefly reviews the wide empirical literature supporting schizotypy and also examines several criticisms and misconceptions about the construct and research methods used to assess it. Finally, the article offers several suggested goals for future schizotypy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, PO Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, US; tel:+1-336-509-0554, fax: +1-336-334-5066, e-mail:
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Creativity and schizotypy from the neuroscience perspective. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:378-87. [PMID: 24022793 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral research has revealed that some cognitive features may be similar between creative and psychotic/schizophrenic-like thoughts. In this study, we addressed the potential link between creativity and schizotypy at the level of the brain by investigating functional patterns of brain activity (using functional magnetic resonance imaging) during creative cognition in preselected groups with low versus high psychometrically determined schizotypy. Our findings revealed an association between the originality component of creativity and reduced deactivation of right parietal brain regions and the precuneus during creative cognition, congruent with the idea that more-creative people may include many more events/stimuli in their mental processes than do less-creative people. Similarly, the high-schizotypy group showed weaker deactivation of the right precuneus during creative cognition. The fact that originality and schizotypy show similar functional brain activity patterns during creative ideation (i.e., reduced deactivation of the right precuneus) strongly supports the contention that similar mental processes may be implicated in creativity and in psychosis proneness.
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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SUBCLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND MCCB PERFORMANCE IN NON-PSYCHIATRIC CONTROLS. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2014; 1:175-179. [PMID: 25530948 PMCID: PMC4266935 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Considerable data support the phenomenological and temporal continuity between subclinical psychosis and psychotic disorders. In recent years, neurocognitive deficits have increasingly been recognized as a core feature of psychotic illness but there are few data seeking to elucidate the relationship between subclinical psychosis and neurocogntive deficits in non-clinical samples. The goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between subclinical positive and negative symptoms, as measured by the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) and performance on the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) in a large (n = 303) and demographically diverse non-clinical sample. We found that compared to participants with low levels of subclinical positive symptoms, participants with high levels of subclinical positive symptoms performed significantly better in the domains of working memory (p < .001), verbal learning (p = .007) and visual learning (p = .014). Although comparison of participants with high and low levels of subclinical negative symptoms revealed no differences in MCCB performance, we found that individuals with high levels of subclinical negative symptoms performed significantly better on a measure of estimated IQ (WRAT-3 Reading subtest; p = .02) than those with low levels of subclinical negative symptoms. These results are at odds with prior reports that have generally shown a negative relationship between neurocognitive functioning and severity of subclinical psychotic symptoms, and suggest some potential discontinuities between clinically significant psychotic symptoms and sub-syndromal manifestations of psychosis.
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LeBoutillier N, Barry R, Westley D. The Role of Schizotypy in Predicting Performance on Figural and Verbal Imagery-Based Measures of Creativity. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2014.961778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fink A, Benedek M, Unterrainer HF, Papousek I, Weiss EM. Creativity and psychopathology: are there similar mental processes involved in creativity and in psychosis-proneness? Front Psychol 2014; 5:1211. [PMID: 25386152 PMCID: PMC4208394 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fink
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz Graz, Austria
| | | | - Human-F Unterrainer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz Graz, Austria ; Center of Integrative Addiction Research (Grüner Kreis Society) Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilona Papousek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz Graz, Austria
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Thys E, Sabbe B, De Hert M. The assessment of creativity in creativity/psychopathology research - a systematic review. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2014; 19:359-77. [PMID: 24512614 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2013.877384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The possible link between creativity and psychopathology has been a long time focus of research up to the present day. However, this research is hampered by methodological problems, especially the definition and assessment of creativity. This makes interpretation and comparison of studies difficult and possibly accounts for the contradictory results of this research. METHODS In this systematic review of the literature, research articles in the field of creativity and psychopathology were searched for creativity assessment tools. The tools used in the collected articles are presented and discussed. RESULTS The results indicate that a multitude of creativity assessment tools were used, that many studies only used one tool to assess creativity and that most of these tools were only used in a limited number of studies. A few assessment tools stand out by a more frequent use, also outside psychopathological research, and more solid psychometric properties. CONCLUSION Most scales used to evaluate creativity have poor psychometric properties. The scattered methodology to assess creativity compromises the generalizability and validity of this research. The field should creatively develop new validated instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Thys
- a University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven , Kortenberg , Belgium
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Herzig DA, Nutt DJ, Mohr C. Alcohol and Relatively Pure Cannabis Use, but Not Schizotypy, are Associated with Cognitive Attenuations. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:133. [PMID: 25324787 PMCID: PMC4178377 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated schizotypy relates to similar cognitive attenuations as seen in psychosis and cannabis/polydrug use. Also, in schizotypal populations cannabis and polydrug (including licit drug) use are enhanced. These cognitive attenuations may therefore either be a behavioral marker of psychotic (-like) symptoms or the consequence of enhanced drug use in schizotypal populations. To elucidate this, we investigated the link between cognitive attenuation and cannabis use in largely pure cannabis users (35) and non-using controls (48), accounting for the potential additional influence of both schizotypy and licit drug use (alcohol, nicotine). Cognitive attenuations commonly seen in psychosis were associated with cannabis and alcohol use, but not schizotypy. Future studies should therefore consider (i) non-excessive licit substance use (e.g., alcohol) in studies investigating the effect of cannabis use on cognition and (ii) both enhanced illicit and licit substance use in studies investigating cognition in schizotypal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A. Herzig
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Institute for Response-Genetics, University of Zurich, Kilchberg, Switzerland
- Clienia AG Littenheid, Littenheid, Switzerland
| | - David J. Nutt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Mohr
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Faculté des Sciences Sociales et Politiques, Institut de Psychologie, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Rominger C, Papousek I, Fink A, Weiss EM. Enhancement of figural creativity by motor activation: Effects of unilateral hand contractions on creativity are moderated by positive schizotypy. Laterality 2013; 19:424-38. [DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2013.858725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Balog Z, Somlai Z, Kéri S. Aversive conditioning, schizotypy, and affective temperament in the framework of the salience hypothesis. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Thys E, Sabbe B, De Hert M. Creativity and psychiatric illness: the search for a missing link--an historical context for current research. Psychopathology 2013; 46:136-44. [PMID: 22987048 DOI: 10.1159/000339458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Creativity is an important human quality upon which many achievements of humankind are based. Defined as the ability to produce something that is novel and useful or meaningful, it is difficult to operationalize for research. This text provides an overview of the historical and cultural context of this research. The assumption that creativity is related to psychiatric vulnerability dates back to antiquity. The modern interest in the subject stems from the romantic era and gained a scientific aura in the 19th century. In the 20th century, a further entanglement of creativity and psychopathology came about through the influence of patient artists on regular art. Psychometric, psychodiagnostic and genetic research supports a connection between creativity and psychiatric illness within the bipolar-psychotic continuum, with schizotypy/thymotypy as prototypes of creativity-related disorders. Evolutionary hypotheses link the schizophrenia paradox to a survival advantage through enhanced creative ability. The relevance of scientific research in this complex and heterogeneous area can be increased if creativity and psychopathology are further operationalized and if underlying art concepts are made explicit and placed in a broader cultural context. There is a continuing need for meaningful definitions and measures, as well as a multidisciplinary collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Thys
- University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium.
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Santamaría H, Sánchez R. [Creativity and Character Traits of University Students: Transversal Association Study]. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA 2012; 41:284-98. [PMID: 26573494 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7450(14)60005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was carried out to assess the relationship between character traits and creativity in a sample of students from a public university in Bogotá. METHODOLOGY A random sample of 157 students from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. The two instruments used for measuring character traits and creativity were the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) and the Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults (ATTA). Additional information about gender, psychopathological antecedents, current academic period and academic average have been recorded. Robust regression methods have been used to analyze the relationship between creativity and character traits. RESULTS Creativity and narcissistic traits were associated. In a multivariate model, other variables showing a relationship with creativity were found, i.e., male gender, mental illness family antecedents, number of academic periods completed, and a high academic average. CONCLUSIONS Relationship between creativity and narcissistic traits had not been reported in previous. Longitudinal studies using more accurate scales should be undertaken to determine the validity of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando Santamaría
- Médico psiquiatra, Ph. D. (c) de la Unidad de Cognición y Cerebro, de la Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, España
| | - Ricardo Sánchez
- Profesor titular de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Claridge G, McDonald A. An investigation into the relationships between convergent and divergent thinking, schizotypy, and autistic traits. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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