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Sasaki J, Muranaka S, Arahata K, Sato A. Developing and validating the Japanese version of the Referential Thinking Scale: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283416. [PMID: 37418436 PMCID: PMC10328373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that ideas of reference in the context of paranoia (IoR-P) and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (IoR-S) are caused by different psychological constructs. Although it is well known that both IoR-P and IoR-S are frequently evoked during the same period of life, how they interact with each other is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to develop the Japanese version of the Referential Thinking Scale (J-REF) to assess IoR-S, examine its validity and reliability, and explore the predictors of IoR-P and IoR-S. In this study, several subgroups of Japanese individuals in their 20s were included in the analysis. The J-REF had high internal consistency, high test-retest reliability, good convergent, and discriminant validity. Two hierarchical regression analyses showed that public self-consciousness predicted the manifestation of IoR-P, while the dimensions of schizotypy predicted that of IoR-S. Moreover, social anxiety and negative moods could cause IoR-P and IoR-S. This study directly showed the existence of two different types of ideas of reference in terms of their predictors. It is also significant in that it first examined referential thinking using the REF scale in the context of Asia and showed that there may not be much difference in the frequency of ideas of reference from other cultures. Future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sasaki
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Muranaka
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kotomi Arahata
- Toyama Prefectural Mental Health Center, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sato
- Graduate School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Zander-Schellenberg T, Kuhn SAK, Möller J, Meyer AH, Huber C, Lieb R, Andreou C. Is intuition allied with jumping to conclusions in decision-making? An intensive longitudinal study in patients with delusions and in non-clinical individuals. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261296. [PMID: 34928987 PMCID: PMC8687575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that a jumping-to-conclusions (JTC) bias, excessive intuition, and reduced analysis in information processing may favor suboptimal decision-making, both in non-clinical and mentally disordered individuals. The temporal relationship between processing modes and JTC bias, however, remains unexplored. Therefore, using an experience sampling methodology (ESM) approach, this study examines the temporal associations between intuitive/analytical information processing, JTC bias, and delusions in non-clinical individuals and patients with schizophrenia. Specifically, we examine whether a high use of intuitive and/or a low use of analytical processing predicts subsequent JTC bias and paranoid conviction. In a smartphone-based ESM study, participants will be prompted four times per day over three consecutive days to answer questionnaires designed to measure JTC bias, paranoid conviction, and preceding everyday-life intuition/analysis. Our hierarchical data will be analyzed using multilevel modelling for hypothesis testing. Results will further elucidate the role of aberrant human reasoning, particularly intuition, in (non-)clinical delusions and delusion-like experiences, and also inform general information processing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Zander-Schellenberg
- Faculty of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah A. K. Kuhn
- Faculty of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian Möller
- Faculty of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea H. Meyer
- Faculty of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Huber
- Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roselind Lieb
- Faculty of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Andreou
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Translational Psychiatry Unit, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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Ostafin BD, Papenfuss I, Vervaeke J. Fear of the unknown as a mechanism of the inverse relation between life meaning and psychological distress. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2021; 35:379-394. [PMID: 34719300 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2021.1994556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although there is accumulating evidence for an inverse relation between life meaning and psychological distress, little is known about the mechanisms of this relation. Using cross-sectional, observational methods, this research examined fear of uncertainty as one potential mechanism. DESIGN AND METHODS Study 1 (N = 141) was completed with a convenience sample, a unidimensional measure of life meaning, and general measures of anxiety and depression. Study 2 (N = 152) was completed with a sample prescreened for anxiety, a multidimensional measure of life meaning, and clinical measures of anxiety and depression. RESULTS The results from both studies generally showed an inverse relation between life meaning and psychological distress. Study 2 further indicated that these relations were stronger for the meaning subscale of perceiving life as coherent/comprehensible than the subscales assessing whether participants' lives are perceived as purposeful or significant. Mediation analyses in both studies showed indirect effects of life meaning on psychological distress through fear of uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS These findings support and extend previous research by showing that (i) meaning-as-comprehension may be particularly important in regards to psychological distress, and (ii) fear of uncertainty may mediate the inverse relation between meaning and measures of anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Ostafin
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Inka Papenfuss
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - John Vervaeke
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Dagnall N, Denovan A, Drinkwater K, Parker A, Clough PJ. Urban Legends and Paranormal Beliefs: The Role of Reality Testing and Schizotypy. Front Psychol 2017; 8:942. [PMID: 28642726 PMCID: PMC5463090 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests that unconventional beliefs are locatable within a generic anomalous belief category. This notion derives from the observation that apparently dissimilar beliefs share fundamental, core characteristics (i.e., contradiction of orthodox scientific understanding of the universe and defiance of conventional understanding of reality). The present paper assessed the supposition that anomalous beliefs were conceptually similar and explicable via common psychological processes by comparing relationships between discrete beliefs [endorsement of urban legends (ULs) and belief in the paranormal] and cognitive-perceptual personality measures [proneness to reality testing (RT) and schizotypy]. A sample of 222 volunteers, recruited via convenience sampling, took part in the study. Participants completed a series of self-report measures (Urban Legends Questionnaire, Reality Testing subscale of the Inventory of Personality Organization, Revised Paranormal Belief Scale and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire Brief). Preliminary analysis revealed positive correlations between measures. Within schizotypy, the cognitive-perceptual factor was most strongly associated with anomalistic beliefs; disorganized and interpersonal produced only weak and negligible correlations respectively. Further investigation indicated complex relationships between RT, the cognitive-perceptual factor of schizotypy and anomalistic beliefs. Specifically, proneness to RT deficits explained a greater amount of variance in ULs, whilst schizotypy accounted for more variance in belief in the paranormal. Consideration of partial correlations supported these conclusions. The relationship between RT and ULs remained significant after controlling for the cognitive-perceptual factor. Contrastingly, the association between the cognitive-perceptual factor and ULs controlling for RT was non-significant. In the case of belief in the paranormal, controlling for proneness to RT reduced correlation size, but relationships remained significant. This study demonstrated that anomalistic beliefs vary in nature and composition. Findings indicated that generalized views of anomalistic beliefs provide only limited insight into the complex nature of belief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Dagnall
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester, United Kingdom
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Senín-Calderón C, Perona-Garcelán S, Fuentes-Márquez S, Rodríguez-Testal JF. A Mediation Model for Ideas of Reference. Psychol Rep 2017; 120:443-459. [DOI: 10.1177/0033294117693593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ideas of reference are common in human beings, but they are frequent in certain psychopathological disorders, mainly those concerning the psychotic spectrum. The purpose of this study was to attempt to construct a model predicting the appearance of ideas of reference and to test the relationship of personality (based on the Gray model), emotional, and self-consciousness variables. Five-hundred and seventy-four participants (287 patients with several different psychopathological diagnoses) filled in the Referential Thinking Scale (REF), the GHQ-28, the Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS-R), and the SPSRQ Scale. The resulting model found full mediation of sensitivity to punishment, sensitivity to reward, depression, and public self-consciousness between anxiety and ideas of reference, regardless of the group they were in (patients vs. nonpatients). This result, based on the appearance of anxiety symptomatology, explains 43% of the variance in scores, showing the presence of ideas of reference and therefore enables prediction of a set of vulnerabilities (established with self-reports) which could lead to a psychological state of high general pathological risk and proneness to psychosis in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvador Perona-Garcelán
- Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment Department, University of Seville, Spain; University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Spain
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Ward SJ, King LA. Individual differences in intuitive processing moderate responses to moral transgressions. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Schmeichel BJ, Caskey R, Hicks JA. Rational Versus Experiential Processing of Negative Feedback Reduces Defensiveness but Induces Ego Depletion. SELF AND IDENTITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2014.952772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Heintzelman SJ, King LA. On knowing more than we can tell: Intuitive processes and the experience of meaning. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2013.830758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sagiv L, Amit A, Ein-Gar D, Arieli S. Not All Great Minds Think Alike: Systematic and Intuitive Cognitive Styles. J Pers 2013; 82:402-17. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Burton C, Heintzelman S, King L. A Place for Individual Differences in What Everyone Knows About What Everyone Does: Positive Affect, Cognitive Processes, and Cognitive Experiential Self Theory. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Burton
- Psychiatric Epidemiology; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; USA
| | | | - Laura King
- Psychological Sciences; University of Missouri; USA
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Svedholm AM, Lindeman M. The separate roles of the reflective mind and involuntary inhibitory control in gatekeeping paranormal beliefs and the underlying intuitive confusions. Br J Psychol 2012; 104:303-19. [PMID: 23848383 DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2012.02118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intuitive thinking is known to predict paranormal beliefs, but the processes underlying this relationship, and the role of other thinking dispositions, have remained unclear. Study 1 showed that while an intuitive style increased and a reflective disposition counteracted paranormal beliefs, the ontological confusions suggested to underlie paranormal beliefs were predicted by individual differences in involuntary inhibitory processes. When the reasoning system was subjected to cognitive load, the ontological confusions increased, lost their relationship with paranormal beliefs, and their relationship with weaker inhibition was strongly accentuated. These findings support the argument that the confusions are mainly intuitive and that they therefore are most discernible under conditions in which inhibition is impaired, that is, when thinking is dominated by intuitive processing. Study 2 replicated the findings on intuitive and reflective thinking and paranormal beliefs. In Study 2, ontological confusions were also related to the same thinking styles as paranormal beliefs. The results support a model in which both intuitive and non-reflective thinking styles and involuntary inhibitory processes give way to embracing culturally acquired paranormal beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika M Svedholm
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
Research with college students has found that intuitive thinking (e.g., using hunches to ascribe meaning to experiences) and positive affect interactively predict ideas of reference and odd/magical beliefs. We investigated whether these results would generalize to a diverse community sample of adults that included individuals with elevated levels of peculiar perceptions and beliefs. We measured positive and negative affect and intuitive thinking through questionnaires, and peculiar beliefs (i.e., ideas of reference and odd/magical beliefs) through structured clinical interviews. We found that peculiar beliefs were associated with intuitive thinking and negative affect, but not positive affect. Furthermore, in no instance did the interaction of affect and intuitive thinking predict peculiar beliefs. These results suggest that there are important differences in the factors that contribute to peculiar beliefs between college students and clinically meaningful samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Tyler Boden
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 East Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820
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Hansen J, Topolinski S. An exploratory mindset reduces preference for prototypes and increases preference for novel exemplars. Cogn Emot 2011; 25:709-16. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2010.496994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cicero DC, Kerns JG. Unpleasant and Pleasant Referential Thinking: Relations with Self- Processing, Paranoia, and Other Schizotypal Traits. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2011; 45:208-218. [PMID: 26028792 PMCID: PMC4447705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Referential thinking is the tendency to view innocuous stimuli as having a specific meaning for the self and is associated with personality traits and disorders. In three studies, this research examined the relations among referential thinking, self-processing, and paranoia. In study 1, follow-up questions on the Referential Thinking Scale (Lenzenweger, Bennett, & Lilenfeld, 1997) revealed that referential thoughts are experienced as unpleasant and pleasant. In Study 2, unpleasant referential thinking was more strongly associated with paranoia and maladaptive self-processing and personality. CFAs in Study 1 and 2 found that unpleasant and pleasant referential thinking loaded on different factors. In Study 3, a group of participants with elevated schizotypal personality reported more unpleasant and pleasant referential thoughts than a control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Cicero
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | - John G Kerns
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
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Trent J, King LA. Predictors of rapid versus thoughtful judgments of meaning in life. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2010.534106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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