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Garcia D, Kazemitabar M, Björk E, Daniele TMDC, Mihailovic M, Cloninger KM, Frota MA, Cloninger C. Nursing students' personality (Temperament and Character), burnout symptoms, and health and well-being. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING STUDIES ADVANCES 2024; 6:100206. [PMID: 38803822 PMCID: PMC11129095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnsa.2024.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background About 9 million nurses will be needed by 2030. To face these unprecedented times, governments/institutions focus on educating as many nursing students as possible. This strategy is clouded by burnout and lack of both health and well-being among students and by the fact that personality is one of the major determinants of these health outcomes. Nevertheless, recent findings show that personality is a complex adaptive system (i,e., nonlinear) and that combinations of people's temperament and character traits (i.e., joint personality networks) might provide further information to understand its development, academic burnout, and lack of health and well-being. Aims Our aims were to investigate the linear relationship between nursing students' personality, burnout, health, and well-being; investigate the linear mediational effects of personality and burnout on health and well-being; and investigate differences in these health outcomes between/within students with distinct joint personality networks (i.e., nonlinear relationships). Method Swedish nursing students (189 women, 29 men) responded to the Temperament and Character Inventory, The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey for Students, and the Public Health Surveillance Well-Being Scale. We conducted correlation analyses and Structural Equation Modeling and, for the nonlinear relationships, Latent Profile Analysis and Latent Class Analysis for clustering and then Analyses of Variance for differences in health outcomes between/within students with distinct personality networks. This study was not pre-registered. Results High levels of health and well-being and low burnout symptoms (low Emotional Exhaustion, low Cynicism, and high Academic Efficacy) were associated with low Harm Avoidance and high Self-Directedness. Some personality traits were associated with specific health outcomes (e.g., high Self-Transcendence-high Emotional Exhaustion and high Persistence-high Academic Efficacy) and their effects on health and well-being were mediated by specific burnout symptoms. Cynicism and Emotional Exhaustion predicted low levels of health and well-being, Academic Efficacy predicted high levels, and Cynicism lead both directly and indirectly to low levels of health and well-being through Emotional Exhaustion. We found two joint personality networks: students with an Organized/Reliable combination who reported being less emotionally exhausted by their studies, less cynical towards education, higher self-efficacy regarding their academic work/skills, and better health and well-being compared to nursing students with an Emotional/Unreliable combination. Conclusions The coherence of temperament-character, rather than single traits, seems to determine students' health outcomes. Thus, nursing education might need to focus on helping students to develop professional skills and health-related abilities (e.g., self-acceptance and spiritual-acceptance), by supporting self-awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Garcia
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Lab for Biopsychosocial Personality Research (BPS-PR), International Network for Well-Being
- Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI) Lab, International Network for Well-Being
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Elina Björk
- Lab for Biopsychosocial Personality Research (BPS-PR), International Network for Well-Being
- Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI) Lab, International Network for Well-Being
| | - Thiago Medeiros da Costa Daniele
- Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI) Lab, International Network for Well-Being
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marko Mihailovic
- Lab for Biopsychosocial Personality Research (BPS-PR), International Network for Well-Being
- Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI) Lab, International Network for Well-Being
| | - Kevin M. Cloninger
- Lab for Biopsychosocial Personality Research (BPS-PR), International Network for Well-Being
- Anthropedia Foundation, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mirna Albuquerque Frota
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Ceará, Brazil
| | - C.Robert Cloninger
- Lab for Biopsychosocial Personality Research (BPS-PR), International Network for Well-Being
- Anthropedia Foundation, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Chiencharoenthanakij R, Charoenthamruksa C, Nisu S, Anuroj K. A cross-sectional study on personal values of medical students: the differences from their instructors, their associations with mental wellbeing, and the influences of gender. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:272. [PMID: 38609919 PMCID: PMC11010319 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal values of Thai medical students have been observed to be diverging from those of their seniors, but the differences remain uncharacterized. Despite its potential association with mental wellbeing, the issue remain unexplored in the population. This study aimed to explore (1) the difference in personal values between medical students and instructors and (2) the association between student's value adherence to mental well-being and the interaction by gender. METHODS An online survey was performed in 2022. Participants rated their adherence to five groups of values, namely, Self-Direction, Hedonism, Achievement & Power, Universalism & Benevolence, and Tradition. Participants also rated their mental wellbeing. Comparisons were made between the personal values of students and instructors. The association between the personal values of students and their mental wellbeing and the interaction between values and gender were analyzed in linear regression. RESULTS Compared to instructors, students rated higher on Universalism & Benevolence, marginally higher on Hedonism, and lower on Tradition. Students' ratings on Self-Direction, Universalism & Benevolence, and Tradition predicted better mental wellbeing. Their rating on Hedonism predicted poorer mental wellbeing, the effect of which was marginally stronger in males. Ratings on Achievement & Power marginally predicted poorer mental wellbeing in females. CONCLUSION Difference in personal values between medical students and instructors have been observed. Some of these values hold potentials over student's mental wellbeing. Curricular and medical school environmental accommodation for the changes in the characters of learners may be necessary to mitigate the adverse effects on their mental wellbeing and foster development of desirable professional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sansanee Nisu
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Krittisak Anuroj
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, 62 Moo 7, Ongkharak subdistrict, Ongkharak district, Nakhon Nayok, 26120, Thailand.
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Paganini C, Peterson G, Andrews K. The Mediating Role of Temperamental Traits on the Relationship between Age of Puberty and Eating Disorders: A Mediating Analysis through Structural Equation Modelling of Australian Eating Disorder Outpatients. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2021; 182:391-405. [PMID: 34151736 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2021.1940822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The current study had the aim to assess whether temperamental traits mediate the relationship between time of puberty and eating disorder (ED) severity using a sample of 292 outpatients with EDs [68 with Anorexia Nervosa Restrictive Type (AN-R), 101 with Anorexia Nervosa Binge Purging Type (AN-BP), 72 with Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and 51 with Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder (OSFED)]. Age of puberty, the severity of EDs, and temperamental traits were assessed through Demographic and Medical History Form, Eating Disorder Examination 17.0d (EDE-17.0d) and Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R), with a focus on the temperament scales: novelty seeking (TCI-NS), harm avoidance (TCI-HA), reward dependence (TCI-RD) and persistence (TCI-P). One-way ANOVA, correlation, and mediating analyses through structural equation modeling were performed to test the relationship between variables under investigation and assess if the four temperamental traits act as mediators in the relationship between time of puberty and ED severity. The results show a full mediating effect of the temperamental sub-scales on the relationship between puberty and EDE-17. In particular, TCI-R HA showed a complementary mediation on the relationship between age of puberty and EDE-17.0d, meaning that age of puberty increases the level of TCI-R HA, which in turn increases the severity of ED, confirming that this temperamental trait plays an important role in the development of ED after puberty. To conclude, temperamental traits seem to play a full mediating role in the relationship between puberty and ED severity, but more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Australia.,Australian College of Applied Psychology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gregory Peterson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Australia
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Moreira P, Pedras S, Pombo P. Students' Personality Contributes More to Academic Performance than Well-Being and Learning Approach-Implications for Sustainable Development and Education. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2020; 10:1132-1149. [PMID: 34542440 PMCID: PMC8314314 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe10040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to describe the predictive role of personality dimensions, learning approaches, and well-being in the academic performance of students. In total, 602 students participated in this cross-sectional study and completed a set of questionnaires assessing personality, learning approach, and well-being. Two indexes were calculated to assess affective and non-affective well-being. The results partially support the hypotheses formulated. Results revealed that personality temperament and character dimensions, deep learning approach, and affective well-being were significant predictors of academic performance. A deep approach to learning was a full and partial mediator of the relationship between personality and academic performance. The results improve the understanding of the differential contribution of personality, type of learning approach, and type of well-being to academic performance. Comprehending that personality is the strongest predictor of academic performance, after controlling the type of learning approach and the type of well-being, informs school policies and decision-makers that it is essential to encourage personality development in adolescents to improve academic performance. These results also have implications for educational policies and practices at various levels, including an emphasis on the role of well-being as an educational asset. Understanding the links between personality, well-being, and education is essential to conceptualize education as a vital societal resource for facing current and future challenges, such as sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Moreira
- Instituto de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação [Institute of Psychology and Education], Universidade Lusíada-Norte, 4369-006 Porto, Portugal;
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD) [The Psychology for Positive Development Research Center], Universidade Lusíada-Norte, 4369-006 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Susana Pedras
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD) [The Psychology for Positive Development Research Center], Universidade Lusíada-Norte, 4369-006 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Paula Pombo
- Instituto de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação [Institute of Psychology and Education], Universidade Lusíada-Norte, 4369-006 Porto, Portugal;
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Jordan SL, Ferris GR, Hochwarter WA, Wright TA. Toward a Work Motivation Conceptualization of Grit in Organizations. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1059601119834093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite its widespread media acclaim and recognition as a strategic imperative, the role of grit in organizational research remains unclear. This ambiguity resulted from inconsistent empirical findings, thus triggering a pessimistic outlook for the construct across disciplines. To address these issues, we suggest that such confusion and lack of construct and predictive validity stem from not only methodological issues but also a lack of theoretical sophistication. In this article, we address methodological issues, focusing mainly on construct and criterion-related validity, by showing how traditional definitional components of grit are absent in existing measures. Next, we address theoretical issues impeding progress by developing a new work motivation conceptualization of the construct. To do so, we focus primarily on noncognitive ability, purpose-driven long-term goal setting, and task strategy (i.e., short-term goal) adaptation. Finally, we develop an organizing framework examining how, and under what conditions, work-related goal setting manifests, highlighting grit’s distinction from other historically related constructs. Coupled with the assumption that individuals hold higher order organizational goals toward which they are passionate, our organizing framework includes feedback mechanisms accounting for grit’s developmental properties over time. Finally, we acknowledge significant areas for future research and potential practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wayne A. Hochwarter
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
- Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Crescentini C, Garzitto M, Paschetto A, Brambilla P, Fabbro F. Temperament and character effects on late adolescents' well-being and emotional-behavioural difficulties. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4484. [PMID: 29607254 PMCID: PMC5877450 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research on adults points to personality as a crucial determinant of well-being. The present study investigates the question of personality's relation to well-being and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence. Methods We assessed the role of temperament and character (Temperament and Character Inventory, TCI-125), on psychological well-being (PWB; Psychological Well-Being scales), subjective well-being (SWB; Positive and Negative Affect, PA and NA, respectively), and psychosocial adjustment (emotional-behavioural problems measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for Adolescents, SDQ-A), in 72 Italian late adolescents (aged 17.5 ± 0.75). Multiple regressions were conducted to predict PWB, SWB, and SDQ-A scores using TCI-125 scales as predictors. Results Character maturity, and in particular Self-Directedness, had a widespread protective effect on well-being and psychosocial adjustment, while different strengths and emotional-behavioural difficulties were associated to specific temperamental and character traits. For example, Harm-Avoidance and Novelty-Seeking positively predicted internalized and externalized problems, respectively. Discussion The present results suggest the usefulness of continuing to evaluate temperament and, in particular, character dimensions in investigations focused on adolescents' well-being and psychosocial functioning, especially in the contexts of potential interventions aimed at enhancing development of adolescents' character dimensions at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Crescentini
- Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Garzitto
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Brambilla
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Fabbro
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Perceptual Robotics (PERCRO) Laboratory, Pisa, Italy
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Pek J, Hoyle RH. On the (In)Validity of Tests of Simple Mediation: Threats and Solutions. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2016; 10:150-163. [PMID: 26985234 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mediation analysis is a popular framework for identifying underlying mechanisms in social psychology. In the context of simple mediation, we review and discuss the implications of three facets of mediation analysis: (a) conceptualization of the relations between the variables, (b) statistical approaches, and (c) relevant elements of design. We also highlight the issue of equivalent models that are inherent in simple mediation. The extent to which results are meaningful stem directly from choices regarding these three facets of mediation analysis. We conclude by discussing how mediation analysis can be better applied to examine causal processes, highlight the limits of simple mediation, and make recommendations for better practice.
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Dinica K, Demenescu LR, Lord A, Krause AL, Kaiser R, Horn D, Metzger CD, Walter M. Self-directedness and the susceptibility to distraction by saliency. Cogn Emot 2015; 30:1461-1469. [PMID: 26301698 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1070792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
People with low Self-directedness (SD) tend to explain their behaviour as being significantly influenced by events in the external environment. One important dimension of external cues is their level of salience: highly salient external stimuli are more likely to capture attention, even when such stimuli are not relevant to goals. We examined whether adults reporting low SD would exhibit greater susceptibility to distraction by highly salient external stimuli. Fifty-four (42 males) subjects completed the Attention Modulation by Salience Task (AMST) measuring reaction times to early- or late-onset auditory stimuli in the presence of high- or low-salience visual distractors. SD was assessed via self-report, and analyses tested the relationship between SD and performance on the AMST. Results showed a slowed early response to auditory cues during high salience compared to low salience. Indeed, individuals reporting low SD showed stronger salience interference, suggesting that external causality attribution is accompanied by a subconscious perceptual deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dinica
- a Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory , Magdeburg , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Otto von Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Liliana Ramona Demenescu
- a Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory , Magdeburg , Germany.,c Department of Neurology , Otto von Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany.,d Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Anton Lord
- a Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory , Magdeburg , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Otto von Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Anna Linda Krause
- a Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory , Magdeburg , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Otto von Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Roselinde Kaiser
- e Department of Psychiatry , Harvard Medical School, and Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital , Belmont , MA , USA
| | - Dorothea Horn
- a Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory , Magdeburg , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Otto von Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Coraline Danielle Metzger
- b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Otto von Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany.,d Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology , Magdeburg , Germany.,f Centre for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) , Magdeburg , Germany.,g Institute for Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND) , Magdeburg , Germany.,h German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- a Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory , Magdeburg , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Otto von Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany.,d Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology , Magdeburg , Germany.,f Centre for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) , Magdeburg , Germany
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Mousavi F, Rozsa S, Nilsson T, Archer T, Anckarsäter H, Garcia D. Personality and intelligence: persistence, not self-directedness, cooperativeness or self-transcendence, is related to twins' cognitive abilities. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1195. [PMID: 26312186 PMCID: PMC4548492 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. A person-centered approach focusing on the interaction of an individual’s temperament-character-life events is essential in the path of individuals’ well-being. In this context, three character traits, Self-directedness (e.g., self-acceptance, self-control, goal-directed behavior), Cooperativeness (e.g., social affiliation, social tolerance, empathy and helpfulness) and Self-transcendence (e.g., spiritual acceptance, transpersonal identification), measured using Cloninger’s model of personality are suggested to help the individual to regulate and resolve the conflicts derived from her/his temperament combinations as a reaction to life events. However, if character is related to the individual’s cognitive ability, then this association might limit any intervention that focuses on character development. We used data from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) to investigate the relationship between personality and cognitive ability. Method. The sample consisted of 370 15-year-old twins (159 girls/211 boys), 192 of whom screen-positive with various types of mental health problems. We used the Temperament and Character Inventory to measure personality and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC-IV) to measure intelligence. The relationship was investigated using correlation analyses using random-selected twins from each dyad and separately for monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Additional analyses investigated the genetic and environmental effects on personality and cognitive ability in this specific sample. Results. There were no significant correlations between the WISC-IV indices and any of the character traits (i.e., Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence). Persistence was significantly related, if weak, to four WISC-IV indices: Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and the Full WISC-IV Scale. Post-hoc cross-twin/cross-trait analyses showed that the Persistence-cognitive ability correlation might depend on common genetic effects. The WISC-IV indices showed a relatively large genetic influence, while earlier findings about the etiology of temperament and character traits using the whole CATSS sample were replicated in this sub-sample of twins. Conclusions. The results indicate that what individuals make of themselves intentionally (i.e., their character) was not associated to intelligence. Persistence, a temperament dimension that measures heritable individual differences in eagerness of effort, ambition, perfectionism, and resistance to discouragement despite frustration and fatigue, was weakly linked to intelligence. Suggesting that, at least during adolescence, interventions targeting character development are not limited by the individual’s intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandor Rozsa
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being , Sweden ; Center for Well-Being, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | - Thomas Nilsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Trevor Archer
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being , Sweden ; Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Henrik Anckarsäter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Danilo Garcia
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being , Sweden ; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden ; Center for Well-Being, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO , USA
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Moreira PAS, Cloninger CR, Dinis L, Sá L, Oliveira JT, Dias A, Oliveira J. Personality and well-being in adolescents. Front Psychol 2015; 5:1494. [PMID: 25610408 PMCID: PMC4285735 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Different profiles of the character dimensions of self-directedness, cooperativeness and self-transcendence result in different levels of wellbeing among adults. However, the influence of the multidimensional character profiles on adolescents' composite wellbeing remains unexplored. This study builds on previous studies with adults, and examines the linear and non-linear associations between the dimensions of the psychobiological model of personality and well-being in adolescents. Participated in this study 1540 adolescents (M = 15.44, SD = 1.731). Personality was assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Well-being was evaluated in a composite perspective: satisfaction with social support, health-related quality of life, satisfaction with life and affect. Variable-centered and individual-centered analyses were performed. Self-directedness was strongly associated with all dimensions of affective and cognitive well-being regardless of the other two character traits. Cooperativeness was associated with non-affective well-being and with positive affect, but only when associated to elevation of Self-directedness and Self-transcendence. Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness explained 15.5% of the non-affective well-being variance. Self-Directedness and Self-Transcendence explained 10.4% of the variance in affective well-being. This study confirms the tendencies found in previous studies with adults from other societies, where each character dimension gives an independent contribution to well-being depending on the interactions with other Character dimensions. Also, this study highlights the importance of considering the non-linear influences of the character dimensions in understanding of adolescents' wellbeing. These results have strong implications for youth positive mental health promotion, including for school-based policies and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A S Moreira
- Instituto de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Lusíada do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- Center for Well-being, School of Medicine, Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Liliana Dinis
- Instituto de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Lusíada do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Sá
- Instituto de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Lusíada do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - João T Oliveira
- Instituto de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Lusíada do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Dias
- Instituto de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Lusíada do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Oliveira
- Instituto de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Lusíada do Porto Porto, Portugal
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Kjell ONE, Nima AA, Sikström S, Archer T, Garcia D. Iranian and Swedish adolescents: differences in personality traits and well-being. PeerJ 2013; 1:e197. [PMID: 24255812 PMCID: PMC3828599 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. This study addresses the need to further contextualize research on well-being (e.g., Kjell, 2011) in terms of cross-cultural aspects of personality traits among adolescents and by examining two different conceptualizations of well-being: subjective well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, positive and negative affect) and psychological well-being (i.e., positive relations with others, environmental mastery, self-acceptance, autonomy, personal growth, and life purpose). Methods. Iranian (N = 122, mean age 15.23 years) and Swedish (N = 109, mean age 16.69 years) adolescents were asked to fill out a Big Five personality test, as well as questionnaires assessing subjective well-being and psychological well-being. Results. Swedes reported higher subjective and psychological well-being, while Iranians reported higher degree of Agreeableness, Openness and Conscientiousness. Neuroticism and Extraversion did not differ between cultures. Neuroticism was related to well-being within both cultures. Openness was related to well-being only among Iranians, and Extraversion only among Swedes. A mediation analysis within the Swedish sample, the only sample meeting statistical criteria for mediation analysis to be conducted, demonstrated that psychological well-being mediated the relationship between Neuroticism and subjective well-being as well as between Extraversion and subjective well-being. Conclusions. Certain personality traits, such as Extraversion, Openness, and Conscientiousness, relate differently to well-being measures across cultures. Meanwhile, Neuroticism seems to relate similarly across cultures at least with regard to subjective well-being. Furthermore, the results give an indication on how psychological well-being might mediate the relationship between certain personality traits and subjective well-being. Overall, the complexity of the results illustrates the need for more research whilst supporting the importance of contextualizing well-being research.
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Garcia D, Nima AA, Archer T. International note: temperament and character's relationship to subjective well-being in Salvadorian adolescents and young adults. J Adolesc 2013; 36:1115-9. [PMID: 24215958 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between personality and Subjective Well-Being in a sample of 135 Salvadorian adolescents and young adults (age mean = 21.88 sd. = 4.70). Personality was assessed through self-reports using the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. Subjective Well-Being was also self-reported using the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Structural equation modeling was used to determine relationships between personality and Subjective Well-Being. Regarding temperament dimensions, Harm Avoidance was positively associated to negative affect and negatively associated to positive affect, while Persistence was positively associated to positive affect. Regarding character dimensions, only Self-directedness was related to Subjective Well-Being: positively related to life satisfaction and positive affect. The results presented here mirror findings using the temperament and character model of personality among European and North American adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Garcia
- Center for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Network for Empowerment and Well-Being, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Garcia D, Lundström S, Brändström S, Råstam M, Cloninger CR, Kerekes N, Nilsson T, Anckarsäter H. Temperament and character in the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS): comparison to the general population, and genetic structure analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70475. [PMID: 23940581 PMCID: PMC3734246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) is an on-going, large population-based longitudinal twin study. We aimed (1) to investigate the reliability of two different versions (125-items and 238-items) of Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) used in the CATSS and the validity of extracting the short version from the long version, (2) to compare these personality dimensions between twins and adolescents from the general population, and (3) to investigate the genetic structure of Cloninger's model. Method Reliability and correlation analyses were conducted for both TCI versions, 2,714 CATSS-twins were compared to 631 adolescents from the general population, and the genetic structure was investigated through univariate genetic analyses, using a model-fitting approach with structural equation-modeling techniques based on same-sex twin pairs from the CATSS (423 monozygotic and 408 dizygotic pairs). Results The TCI scores from the short and long versions showed comparable reliability coefficients and were strongly correlated. Twins scored about half a standard deviation higher in the character scales. Three of the four temperament dimensions (Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Persistence) had strong genetic and non-shared environmental effects, while Reward Dependence and the three character dimensions had moderate genetic effects, and both shared and non-shared environmental effects. Conclusions Twins showed higher scores in character dimensions compared to adolescents from the general population. At least among adolescents there is a shared environmental influence for all of the character dimensions, but only for one of the temperament dimensions (i.e., Reward Dependence). This specific finding regarding the existence of shared environmental factors behind the character dimensions in adolescence, together with earlier findings showing a small shared environmental effects on character among young adults and no shared environmental effects on character among adults, suggest that there is a shift in type of environmental influence from adolescence to adulthood regarding character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Garcia
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, Research & Devolopment unit, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sven Brändström
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Råstam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - C. Robert Cloninger
- Departments of Psychiatry & Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nóra Kerekes
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, Research & Devolopment unit, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Nilsson
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Anckarsäter
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Schütz E, Archer T, Garcia D. Character profiles and adolescents’ self-reported affect. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Self-directedness and cooperativeness, psychosocial dysfunction and suffering in ESSENCE. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:416981. [PMID: 23710139 PMCID: PMC3655653 DOI: 10.1155/2013/416981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The acronym ESSENCE (Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations) highlights that children seeking clinical treatment are often multiply impaired, thus requiring treatment from several specialties. The aim was to map and relate, on a population level, ESSENCE to two salient predictors of health and adaptation to adversities, namely, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness and also to dysfunction and suffering. Methods. Participants were twins (N = 1892) aged 9 or 12 whose parents were interviewed with the Autism-Tics, ADHD and other Comorbidities inventory (A-TAC), and the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (J-TCI). The A-TAC was first used to discern four ESSENCE-related screening diagnoses: autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disabilities, and developmental coordination disorder; second, to quantify dysfunction and suffering in important social areas. Results. ESSENCE symptoms were continuously and categorically associated with deficiency in Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness and higher ratings of dysfunction and suffering. The impact of ESSENCE symptoms on these measures of mental health was found in a milder form in about 16% of all children and in a severe form in about 2%. Conclusion. Therapeutic interventions focusing on Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness might provide a novel method for child psychiatry in its approach to ESSENCE.
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Nima AA, Archer T, Garcia D. Adolescents’ happiness-increasing strategies, temperament, and character: Mediation models on subjective well-being. Health (London) 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2012.410124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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