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Cao X, Zheng N. How Does Disgust Affect Mpox Prevention? Examining the Underlying Mechanisms of Perceived Severity and Perceived Susceptibility Moderated by Stigma. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38916051 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2024.2364377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The study aims to examine the influencing mechanism of incidental exposure to Disgusting Graphics Information (DGI) about Monkeypox (Mpox) on the intention of prevention behavior. This study first investigates the components of disgust and then examines the mechanism of disgust's influence. The study uses a cross-sectional survey design among respondents who have been incidentally exposed to DGI about Mpox (N = 368). The results showed that disgust toward Mpox is the most effective component among other proposed ones (disgust toward graphics, information sources, and patients). Disgust not only positively influences prevention intention, but also indirectly influences prevention intention through perceived severity rather than perceived susceptibility. Moreover, moderated mediation was found, indicating that stigma toward patients prevents people from adopting preventive behaviors. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Cao
- School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Nanxiao Zheng
- School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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2
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Söylemez S, Kapucu A. Disgust as a basic, sexual, and moral emotion. Cogn Process 2024; 25:193-204. [PMID: 38520609 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Disgust is a basic emotion that increases the organism's survival success by preventing the transfer of pathogens. In this regard, it directs cognitive processes and motivates avoidance behaviors that prevent pathogens from entering the body. Moreover, disgust has many specific characteristics that distinguish it from other basic emotions. Firstly, unlike other basic emotions, it contaminates neutral objects around it and causes difficult-to-change learning. Another specific characteristic of disgust is that it depends on ideational processes. Objects, situations, and behaviors that do not contain pathogens can also cause disgust. In this regard, disgust appears not only as a basic emotion but also as different adaptations in different fields. In this context, two distinct adaptations of disgust stand out: sexual and moral disgust. These two adaptations of disgust benefit from disgust-related behaviors and motivations in different ways. Sexual disgust works as a gene protection mechanism, while moral disgust helps maintain social rules. The specific characteristics of disgust and its effects on cognitive processes such as attention and memory interact. In conclusion, the multifaceted structure of disgust shows that it needs to be studied more in the subfields of psychology. (Strohminger, Philos Compass 9:478-493, 2014) defines disgust as a psychological nebula that needs to be discovered. However, it is observed that disgust has not been adequately addressed. This review aims to comprehensively explore unique characteristics and diverse aspects of disgust, shedding light on its significance from various perspectives. This study underscores the broader understanding of disgust and its pivotal role in psychological research.
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3
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Mancini M, Cherubino P, Martinez A, Vozzi A, Menicocci S, Ferrara S, Giorgi A, Aricò P, Trettel A, Babiloni F. What Is behind In-Stream Advertising on YouTube? A Remote Neuromarketing Study employing Eye-Tracking and Facial Coding techniques. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1481. [PMID: 37891849 PMCID: PMC10605368 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Not all elements displayed in a YouTube in-stream video ad are attributable to the ad itself. Some of those are automatically introduced by the platform, such as the countdown timer and the time progress bar. In recent years, some authors started exploring the effects associated with the presence of such non-ad items, providing valuable findings. However, objective evaluation of viewers' visual attention is lacking in this context as well as emotional investigation. In addition, previous research showed how the manipulation of seemingly negligible details can yield dramatically different outcomes in the context of in-stream advertising. To extend knowledge, the authors explored the effects of the non-ad items' presence by employing eye-tracking and facial coding techniques in combination with self-reports in a between-subjects experimental design focusing on the YouTube 15-s, mid-roll, non-skippable in-stream ad format. Results showed that the ad format currently employed by YouTube performs worse than its equivalent without the non-ad items on all the investigated measures and than its equivalent in which the non-ad items' presence was experimentally reduced on facial coding disgust, self-reported disgust, ad irritation, and ad attitude. Managerial insights and challenges concerning the future of in-stream advertising and neuromarketing are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mancini
- Faculty of Economics, University of the International Studies of Rome, Via delle Sette Chiese 139, 00147 Rome, Italy
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (S.M.); (S.F.); (A.G.); (P.A.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Patrizia Cherubino
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (S.M.); (S.F.); (A.G.); (P.A.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ana Martinez
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (S.M.); (S.F.); (A.G.); (P.A.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Vozzi
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (S.M.); (S.F.); (A.G.); (P.A.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Menicocci
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (S.M.); (S.F.); (A.G.); (P.A.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Silvia Ferrara
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (S.M.); (S.F.); (A.G.); (P.A.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Andrea Giorgi
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (S.M.); (S.F.); (A.G.); (P.A.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, SAIMLAL Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Aricò
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (S.M.); (S.F.); (A.G.); (P.A.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
- Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Arianna Trettel
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (S.M.); (S.F.); (A.G.); (P.A.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Fabio Babiloni
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (S.M.); (S.F.); (A.G.); (P.A.); (A.T.); (F.B.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310005, China
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Shook NJ, Oosterhoff B, Sevi B. A longitudinal assessment of variability in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and psychosocial correlates in a national United States sample. Vaccine 2023; 41:1390-1397. [PMID: 36669969 PMCID: PMC9805898 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is not static. In order to develop effective vaccine uptake interventions, we need to understand the extent to which vaccine hesitancy fluctuates and identify factors associated with both between- and within-person differences in vaccine hesitancy. The goals of the current study were to assess the extent to which COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy varied at an individual level across time and to determine whether disgust sensitivity and germ aversion were associated with between- and within-person differences in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. A national sample of U.S. adults (N = 1025; 516 woman; Mage = 46.34 years, SDage = 16.56, range: 18 to 85 years; 72.6 % White) completed six weekly online surveys (March 20 - May 3, 2020). Between-person mean COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy rates were relatively stable across the six-week period (range: 38-42 %). However, there was considerable within-person variability in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Approximately, 40 % of the sample changed their vaccine hesitancy at least once during the six weeks. There was a significant between-person effect for disgust sensitivity, such that greater disgust sensitivity was associated with a lower likelihood of COVID-19 vaccine hesitance. There was also a significant within-person effect for germ aversion. Participants who experienced greater germ aversion for a given week relative to their own six week average were less likely to be COVID-19 vaccine hesitant that week relative to their own six-week average. This study provides important information on rapidly changing individual variability in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy on a weekly basis, which should be taken into consideration with any efforts to decrease vaccine hesitancy and increase vaccine uptake. Further, these findings identify-two psychological factors (disgust sensitivity and germ aversion) with malleable components that could be leveraged in developing vaccine uptake interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Shook
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America,Corresponding author at: University of Connecticut, School of Nursing, 231 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States of America
| | | | - Barış Sevi
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America,MEF University, Istanbul, Turkey
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5
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Temporary differences in pathogen disgust sensitivity and the perception of crowded spaces. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Peng S, Chen J, Xu L. COVID-19 vaccination intention: The combined role of pathogen disgust and trust in government. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1024614. [PMID: 36687910 PMCID: PMC9846159 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1024614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the joint effect of pathogen disgust and trust in government on COVID-19 vaccination intention and to examine the mediating role of COVID-19 worry. The data was collected from July to September 2021 in mainland China by using Questionnaire Star, 2,244 valid cases were obtained among a total of 2,251 participants investigated, with an effective rate of 89.37%. The results indicated the following: (1) Individuals' COVID-19 vaccination intention was significantly higher when "congruence was high" than when "congruence was low", given comparable levels of pathogen disgust and trust in government. (2) There were no significant differences in individual COVID-19 vaccination intention with incongruence levels of pathogen disgust and trust in government. (3) The combination of pathogen disgust and trust in government can influence COVID-19 vaccination intention through COVID-19 worry. Findings illustrate that individuals with high trust in government and pathogen disgust have higher intentions. Trust in government and pathogen disgust positively predicted COVID-19 worry and reinforced individuals' intention to COVID-19 vaccination. The results have important implications for the future prevention and control of the new coronavirus, as well as providing a new perspective on COVID-19 vaccination intentions.
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7
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Suslow T, Lemster A, Koelkebeck K, Kersting A. Interpersonal problems and recognition of facial emotions in healthy individuals. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1139051. [PMID: 37139331 PMCID: PMC10149975 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1139051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recognition of emotions in faces is important for successful social interaction. Results from previous research based on clinical samples suggest that difficulties in identifying threat-related or negative emotions can go along with interpersonal problems. The present study examined whether associations between interpersonal difficulties and emotion decoding ability can be found in healthy individuals. Our analysis was focused on two main dimensions of interpersonal problems: agency (social dominance) and communion (social closeness). Materials and methods We constructed an emotion recognition task with facial expressions depicting six basic emotions (happiness, surprise, anger, disgust, sadness, and fear) in frontal and profile view, which was administered to 190 healthy adults (95 women) with a mean age of 23.9 years (SD = 3.8) along with the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, measures of negative affect and verbal intelligence. The majority of participants were university students (80%). Emotion recognition accuracy was assessed using unbiased hit rates. Results Negative correlations were observed between interpersonal agency and recognition of facial anger and disgust that were independent of participants' gender and negative affect. Interpersonal communion was not related to recognition of facial emotions. Discussion Poor identification of other people's facial signals of anger and disgust might be a factor contributing to interpersonal problems with social dominance and intrusiveness. Anger expressions signal goal obstruction and proneness to engage in conflict whereas facial disgust indicates a request to increase social distance. The interpersonal problem dimension of communion appears not to be linked to the ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thomas Suslow,
| | - Alexander Lemster
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Koelkebeck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Hospital Essen, Institute and Hospital of the University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anette Kersting
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Birkás B, Kiss B, Coelho CM, Zsidó AN. The role of self-reported fear and disgust in the activation of behavioral harm avoidance related to medical settings. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1074370. [PMID: 36761866 PMCID: PMC9902716 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1074370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although adaptive defense mechanisms are useful in helping us avoid getting injured, they are also triggered by medical interventions and procedures, when avoidance is harmful. A body of previous results showed that both fear and disgust play a pivotal role in medical avoidance. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Thus, the aim of the current study was to examine the effects of experience, perceived control, and pain on medical avoidance with disgust and fear as mediating factors from an evolutionary perspective. METHODS We assessed participants' knowledge of and experience with medical procedures, former negative medical experiences, and health-related information; their life history strategy variation; pain-related fear and anxiety of medical procedures; perceived control over emotional reactions and extreme threats; disgust sensitivity; blood-injury-injection phobia and medical treatment avoidance. RESULTS We found that more knowledge, experience, and a slower life strategy were linked to a greater level of perceived control and attenuated emotional reactions. Further, better ability to control affective and stress reactions to negative experiences was linked to reduced disgust and fear of pain, and thus might mitigate the level of perceived threat, and diminish fear and disgust reactions. DISCUSSION More knowledge and experiences, better perceived control together with reduced disgust and fear of pain can decrease the probability of avoiding medical situations. Implications to treatment are discussed. Results support the importance of targeting these contextual factors in prevention to increase the likelihood of people attending regular screenings or seeking medical care when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Birkás
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Botond Kiss
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Carlos M Coelho
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Azores University, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.,Center for Psychology, Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - András N Zsidó
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Gibson AK, Amoroso CR. Evolution and Ecology of Parasite Avoidance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2022; 53:47-67. [PMID: 36479162 PMCID: PMC9724790 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102220-020636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parasite avoidance is a host defense that reduces the contact rate with parasites. We investigate avoidance as a primary driver of variation among individuals in the risk of parasitism and the evolution of host-parasite interactions. To bridge mechanistic and taxonomic divides, we define and categorize avoidance by its function and position in the sequence of host defenses. We also examine the role of avoidance in limiting epidemics and evaluate evidence for the processes that drive its evolution. Throughout, we highlight important directions to advance our conceptual and theoretical understanding of the role of avoidance in host-parasite interactions. We emphasize the need to test assumptions and quantify the effect of avoidance independent of other defenses. Importantly, many open questions may be most tractable in host systems that have not been the focus of traditional behavioral avoidance research, such as plants and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Gibson
- Department of Biology; University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Caroline R Amoroso
- Department of Biology; University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
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Aulbach MB, Harjunen VJ, Spapé M. Visible skin disease symptoms of another person reduce automatic imitation of their hand movements. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 87:1466-1474. [PMID: 36149502 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Imitation is an important mechanism for social interaction and learning, and humans tend to imitate others automatically. While imitating others is often useful, it can backfire when imitation is incongruent with one's goals. For example, in forced-choice reaction time tasks, this tendency results in a reliable slowing of reactions if the observed and self-initiated actions are incompatible (compatibility effect). While imitation is commonly explained as a social phenomenon, previous results on the compatibility effect's dependence on social cues are inconsistent. However, in many previous studies, the associated social cues were easy to ignore by the participants. To make the social modifier more salient, the current study manipulated emotionally relevant aspects of the model hand itself in an imitation inhibition task by using models displaying skin disease symptoms which we expected to elicit (1) perceptions of dissimilarity and (2) disgust in participants. As predicted, participants' (n = 63) reaction times were influenced more by the incompatible actions of the symptom-free than the symptomatic model hand. However, both levels of self-reported disgust toward and self-other overlap with symptomatic hands were low and did not account for the observed effect on automatic imitation. Our findings show that automatic imitation depends on social factors if these are an integral part of the model and processed quickly, presumably due to their affective salience or the salience of the self-other distinction. Whether this effect is driven by emotional reactions to the model remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Burkard Aulbach
- Dept. Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | | | - Michiel Spapé
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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LoBue V, Kim E, Marrone L, Blacker KA, Van de Walle G. Behavioral avoidance of contagious and non-contagious adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272726. [PMID: 35951499 PMCID: PMC9371319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary theories of disease avoidance propose that humans have a set of universal psychological processes to detect environmental cues indicative of infectious disease. These processes then initiate cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses that function to limit contact with harmful pathogens. Here, we study the conditions under which people exhibit behavioral avoidance of others with a contagious illness or a physical injury (i.e., a broken leg), and the potential mechanisms that underlie this behavior. Across three studies, participants were given the option of sitting at one of two workstations previously occupied by two confederates, one of whom either showed visible symptoms of a cold (contagion condition), wore a lower-leg orthopedic boot and used crutches (broken leg condition), or showed no signs of illness or physical injury (control). We found strong evidence that adults explicitly avoid contact with individuals who show symptoms of a contagious illness. Further, we provide some evidence that adults also avoid individuals with a physical injury, but that this behavior might be driven by implicit, unconscious processes. The findings are discussed in terms of implications for the healthy avoidance of contagion, and the risk for potential stigmatization of non-contagious groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa LoBue
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Emily Kim
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Laura Marrone
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Katy-Ann Blacker
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gretchen Van de Walle
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
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Shell A, Blomkvist A, Mahmut MK. Particular body odors matter: Disgust sensitivity differs across attachment groups. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Shell
- Department of Psychology, Food, Flavor and Fragrance Lab Macquarie University Sydney Australia
| | - Anna Blomkvist
- Department of Psychology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mehmet K. Mahmut
- Department of Psychology, Food, Flavor and Fragrance Lab Macquarie University Sydney Australia
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13
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Tepe B, Karakulak A. Being Watched by God Versus a Third Person: Which Agent Lowers the Perceived Likelihood of Immoral Behaviors? SOCIAL COGNITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2022.40.4.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With three experimental studies using data from young adults living in a highly religious context, namely Turkey (N = 483), the current research examines how being watched by a third person versus God affects the perceived likelihood ratings of harmful versus impure immoral behaviors. We hypothesized that respondents would expect others to more strongly refrain from acting immorally when they believed they were being watched by God compared to a third person, and that this effect would be more pronounced for impure compared to harmful moral transgressions. The God condition was perceived as more effective than the third-person surveillance condition when immoral behaviors were harmful. However, for severe impure transgressions, neither surveillance condition was perceived as effective. We discuss our findings in light of contemporary morality research, outline the role of possible cultural and individual-level boundary conditions, and highlight the scientific and practical contributions of our research to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Tepe
- Department of Psychology, Bahcesehir University
| | - Arzu Karakulak
- Department of Psychology, Bahcesehir University and Istanbul Policy Center, Sabanci University
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14
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Kreibig SD, Samson AC, Gross JJ. Experiential, expressive, and physiological effects of positive and negative emotion regulation goals while reappraising amusing stimuli. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 178:71-89. [PMID: 35597400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether positive and negative emotion regulation (ER) goals while cognitively reappraising amusing stimuli differentially engage positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) systems. Forty-eight women watched 20-30s amusing film clips. They were instructed to either respond naturally (no ER goal) or emphasize the film clips' positive (positive ER goal) or negative (negative ER goal) aspects in their interpretation. We measured PA and NA system activity on experiential, expressive, and physiological response channels through self-reported amusement and disgust, electromyography of zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii, and autonomic nervous system reactivity from respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre-ejection period (PEP). Natural viewing (no ER goal) of amusing clips increased self-reported amusement (and to a lesser degree disgust), zygomaticus reactivity, and RSA. Compared to no and negative ER goals, reappraising the amusing clips with a positive ER goal decreased corrugator reactivity, decreasing negative emotional expression. Compared to no and positive ER goals, reappraising the amusing clips with a negative ER goal decreased self-reported amusement and zygomaticus reactivity and increased self-reported disgust and corrugator reactivity, decreasing positive and increasing negative emotional experience and expression. We conclude that positive and negative ER goals while reappraising amusing stimuli differentially engaged PA and NA systems: The positive ER goal engaged withdrawal of the expressive NA system, whereas the negative ER goal engaged reciprocal NA-PA system activation on experiential and expressive response channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia D Kreibig
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Bldg 420, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA.
| | - Andrea C Samson
- Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, University Campus Brig, Schinerstr. 18-20, 3900 Brig, Switzerland; Institute of Special Education, University of Fribourg, Rue Saint-Pierre Canisius 21, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Bldg 420, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
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16
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Stefanczyk MM, Lizak K, Kowal M, Sorokowska A. “May I present you: my disgust!” – Declared disgust sensitivity in the presence of attractive models. Br J Psychol 2022; 113:739-757. [DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Lizak
- Faculty of Medical Sciences Medical University of Silesia Zabrze Poland
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Koch JA, Bolderdijk JW, van Ittersum K. Can graphic warning labels reduce the consumption of meat? Appetite 2022; 168:105690. [PMID: 34600944 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The classification of red meat as "probably carcinogenic" and processed meat as "carcinogenic" was followed by pleas to place warning labels, akin to those used for tobacco products, onto meat products. These labels educate people about the health risks associated with the target behavior and are typically accompanied by graphic imagery that elicits disgust (e.g., a picture of blackened lungs). Although the emotion of disgust has been shown to be an effective tool to affect consumer attitudes toward meat, it remains unclear whether such graphic warning labels that recruit disgust would also affect people's intentions to reduce their meat consumption. Two experiments reveal that graphic warning labels, by recruiting disgust, can increase people's intention to reduce their current levels of meat consumption. However, by eliciting disgust, graphic warning labels can simultaneously trigger reactance: graphic images can make people feel they are being manipulated, thereby ironically decreasing meat-reduction intentions. In a final experiment, we aimed to circumvent reactance by providing disgusting information under the guise of trivia, thereby avoiding the perception that the disgusting information was meant to manipulate. Via this route, disgust becomes a potent tool to influence consumers' intentions to consume meat. Ethical concerns are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Andre Koch
- Doctoral Candidate at the Marketing Department, University of Groningen, Nettelbosje 2, 9747AE, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan Willem Bolderdijk
- Associate Professor of Marketing, University of Groningen, Nettelbosje 2, 9747AE, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Koert van Ittersum
- Professor of Marketing and Consumer Well-Being, University of Groningen, Nettelbosje 2, 9747AE, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Moon C, Travaglino GA. Examining conspiracy beliefs and COVID-19 in four countries: The role of disgust towards the political system and implications for prosocial behavior. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/18344909211056855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since late 2019, the coronavirus SARS-COV-2 responsible for the COVID-19 disease has continued to spread across different regions of the world. As a result, governments have been implementing measures for controlling the disease which rely on people's cooperation. In this research, we considered predictors and implications of people's beliefs that they “haven’t been told the ‘whole story’ about COVID-19.” Specifically, we examined the role of disgust towards the political system in predicting conspiratorial tendencies across four countries, in Europe (Italy and the UK), North America (the USA), and Asia (South Korea). In addition, we investigated the implications of conspiratorial beliefs for individuals’ intentions to engage in prosocial cooperative behavior. In line with the idea that feelings of disgust towards the political system may indicate that people perceive the system as violating core norms, results showed that disgust was associated with stronger conspiratorial tendencies. Individuals’ conspiratorial tendencies were in turn associated with lower intentions to help others during the pandemic. Results were broadly consistent across the countries tested. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanki Moon
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, Leeds Beckett University
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19
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Hubert Lyall I, Järvikivi J. Individual Differences in Political Ideology and Disgust Sensitivity Affect Real-Time Spoken Language Comprehension. Front Psychol 2021; 12:699071. [PMID: 34707531 PMCID: PMC8542873 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals' moral views have been shown to affect their event-related potentials (ERP) response to spoken statements, and people's political ideology has been shown to guide their sentence completion behavior. Using pupillometry, we asked whether political ideology and disgust sensitivity affect online spoken language comprehension. 60 native speakers of English listened to spoken utterances while their pupil size was tracked. Some of those utterances contained grammatical errors, semantic anomalies, or socio-cultural violations, statements incongruent with existing gender stereotypes and perceived speaker identity, such as "I sometimes buy my bras at Hudson's Bay," spoken by a male speaker. An individual's disgust sensitivity is associated with the Behavioral Immune System, and may be correlated with socio-political attitudes, for example regarding out-group stigmatization. We found that more disgust-sensitive individuals showed greater pupil dilation with semantic anomalies and socio-cultural violations. However, political views differently affected the processing of the two types of violations: whereas more conservative listeners showed a greater pupil response to socio-cultural violations, more progressive listeners engaged more with semantic anomalies, but this effect appeared much later in the pupil record.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juhani Järvikivi
- Department of Linguistics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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20
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Gul P, Keesmekers N, Elmas P, Köse FE, Koskun T, Wisman A, Kupfer TR. Disease Avoidance Motives Trade-Off Against Social Motives, Especially Mate-Seeking, to Predict Social Distancing: Evidence From the COVID-19 Pandemic. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211046462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A range of studies have sought to understand why people’s compliance with social distancing varied during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent theory suggests that pathogen avoidance behavior is based not only on perceived risk but on a trade-off between the perceived costs of pathogen exposure and the perceived benefits of social contact. We hypothesized that compliance with social distancing may therefore be explained by a trade-off between pathogen avoidance and various social motives such as mate-seeking. Two studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic showed that social distancing was positively associated with disease avoidance motives but negatively associated with social motives, especially mating motives. These associations remained after controlling for predictors identified by previous research, including risk perception and personality. Findings indicate that people who are more interested in seeking new romantic partners (e.g., young men) may be less inclined to socially distance and be more at risk of pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Gul
- Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nils Keesmekers
- Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Pinar Elmas
- Department of Psychology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ebru Köse
- Department of Psychology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Tolga Koskun
- Department of Psychology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Arnaud Wisman
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Tom R. Kupfer
- Department of Experimental and Applied Social Psychology, VU Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
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21
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Thiebaut G, Méot A, Witt A, Prokop P, Bonin P. "Touch Me If You Can!": Individual Differences in Disease Avoidance and Social Touch. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 19:14747049211056159. [PMID: 34874187 PMCID: PMC10358415 DOI: 10.1177/14747049211056159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of diseases varies considerably among individuals, and it has been found to be linked to various proactive or reactive behaviors. In the present studies, we investigated the impact of individual differences in the perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) on social touch before (Study 1) or during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (Study 2). We also investigated the influence of personality traits in the covariation between these two dimensions. We found that people who are the most disease-avoidant are also the most reluctant to touching or being touched by others (and this relationship holds when personality traits are taken into account). Interestingly, the association between PVD and social touch increased during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with a few months before. By showing that the fear of contamination has an association with social touch, the findings provide further evidence for the behavioral immune system ( Schaller and Park, 2011), a psychological system acting as a first line of defense against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Thiebaut
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LEAD-CNRS UMR5022, Dijon, France
| | - Alain Méot
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, LAPSCO-CNRS UMR6024, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Arnaud Witt
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LEAD-CNRS UMR5022, Dijon, France
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrick Bonin
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LEAD-CNRS UMR5022, Dijon, France
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22
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Ammann J, Casagrande M. Food disgust sensitivity predicts disease-preventing behaviour beyond the food domain in the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254648. [PMID: 34260657 PMCID: PMC8279350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, personal hygiene behaviours such as proper handwashing have gained significantly more attention and interpersonal contact is performed with great care. Disgust, as a disease-avoidance mechanism, can play an important role in the promotion of hygiene behaviour. We know from previous research that pathogen disgust can be a predictor of an individual's behaviour in the pandemic. Given that the pandemic greatly affects our food and eating behaviour, the current study aims to add to the existing evidence and to complement it by investigating the role of food-specific disgust in the pandemic. For that, we conducted an online survey in Germany in April 2020, while the pandemic was spreading in Europe. A total of 519 participants completed the survey and provided information about their COVID-19-related attitudes and behaviours and about their food disgust sensitivity. The results show that food disgust sensitivity is an important predictor for an individual's feelings, shopping behaviour, and disease-preventive behaviour related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that the success of political measures to fight the pandemic critically depends on the population to support and follow the proposed measures, a better understanding of the factors driving individual behaviour is key. Implications for pandemic management are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Ammann
- Department of Health Science and Technology (D-HEST), Consumer Behaviour, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Meret Casagrande
- Department of Health Science and Technology (D-HEST), Consumer Behaviour, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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The relation between disgust sensitivity and risk-taking propensity: A domain specific approach. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500008044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractDisgust is a cross-culturally recognized emotion that is characterized by avoidant or cautious tendencies. Accordingly, greater sensitivity to disgust may be related to less willingness to take risks. Relatively little research has examined the association between disgust sensitivity and risk-taking propensity. Further, no research to date has taken a domain specific approach to understanding the association between these constructs. Across two studies (N1=98, N2=390) and a mini-meta analysis utilizing two additional datasets (total N=1981), we assessed the extent to which domain specific disgust sensitivity (i.e., Pathogen, Sexual, and Moral) were related to domain specific risk-taking propensity (i.e., Social, Recreational, Health/Safety, Ethical, and Financial). We conducted two cross-sectional studies, with a community and a student sample. Participants completed surveys that included measures of disgust sensitivity and risk-taking propensity. Bivariate correlations across the two studies indicated that greater disgust sensitivity was related to lower risk-taking propensity across almost all domains. However, when controlling for covariance among the disgust sensitivity domains, regression analyses suggested variability in the association between disgust sensitivity and risk-taking propensity depending on domains. Based on mini meta-analysis, sexual disgust sensitivity had the strongest relationships with social risk-taking propensity and health/safety risk-taking propensity, and moral disgust sensitivity had the strongest relationship with ethical risk-taking propensity. These findings suggest the presence of domain specific relations between disgust sensitivity and risk-taking propensity. The domain specific focus may help in utilizing disgust as a factor to decrease certain risky behaviors (e.g., moral disgust for decreasing plagiarism).
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Basch CH, Mohlman J, Fera J, Tang H, Pellicane A, Basch CE. Community Mitigation of COVID-19 and Portrayal of Testing on TikTok: Descriptive Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e29528. [PMID: 34081591 PMCID: PMC8194664 DOI: 10.2196/29528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 testing remains an essential element of a comprehensive strategy for community mitigation. Social media is a popular source of information about health, including COVID-19 and testing information. One of the most popular communication channels used by adolescents and young adults who search for health information is TikTok-an emerging social media platform. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe TikTok videos related to COVID-19 testing. METHODS The hashtag #covidtesting was searched, and the first 100 videos were included in the study sample. At the time the sample was drawn, these 100 videos garnered more than 50% of the views for all videos cataloged under the hashtag #covidtesting. The content characteristics that were coded included mentions, displays, or suggestions of anxiety, COVID-19 symptoms, quarantine, types of tests, results of test, and disgust/unpleasantness. Additional data that were coded included the number and percentage of views, likes, and comments and the use of music, dance, and humor. RESULTS The 100 videos garnered more than 103 million views; 111,000 comments; and over 12.8 million likes. Even though only 44 videos mentioned or suggested disgust/unpleasantness and 44 mentioned or suggested anxiety, those that portrayed tests as disgusting/unpleasant garnered over 70% of the total cumulative number of views (73,479,400/103,071,900, 71.29%) and likes (9,354,691/12,872,505, 72.67%), and those that mentioned or suggested anxiety attracted about 60% of the total cumulative number of views (61,423,500/103,071,900, 59.59%) and more than 8 million likes (8,339,598/12,872,505, 64.79%). Independent one-tailed t tests (α=.05) revealed that videos that mentioned or suggested that COVID-19 testing was disgusting/unpleasant were associated with receiving a higher number of views and likes. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of an association between TikTok videos that mentioned or suggested that COVID-19 tests were disgusting/unpleasant and these videos' propensity to garner views and likes is of concern. There is a need for public health agencies to recognize and address connotations of COVID-19 testing on social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey H Basch
- Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Jan Mohlman
- Department of Psychology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Joseph Fera
- Department of Mathematics, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alessia Pellicane
- Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Charles E Basch
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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25
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Investigation of the relationship between nursing students' disgust sensitivity and caring behaviours. Nurse Educ Pract 2021; 54:103090. [PMID: 34049035 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the disgust sensitivity of nursing students, the factors affecting this sensitivity, their caring behaviors and the relationships between these components. BACKGROUND Disgust sensitivity has been conceptualized as the degree of disgust felt in response to various stimuli. Nursing students often encounter recognized disgust triggers in clinical practice, such as feces, mucus, urine, foul-smelling wounds and contact with the dead. The nursing students' disgust sensitivity can affect the way they think and may affect their care behaviors. DESIGN The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design and was conducted with nursing students in a Turkish university nursing program (n = 577). METHODS The study data was collected through the Disgust Sensitivity Scale-Revised Form and the Caring Assessment Questionnaire. RESULTS Of the students in the study, 59.6% stated that they experienced disgust while providing care. A negative relationship was found between students' total scores from the Disgust Scale and the Caring Assessment Questionnaire (p < 0.01). The students' disgust sensitivity level was high and the higher the disgust sensitivity, the fewer caring behaviors they exhibited. CONCLUSIONS In light of these findings, it can be said that the caring behaviors of nursing students are negatively influenced by disgust sensitivity. Hence, nurse educators need to evaluate students' disgust sensitivity, help students to identify and address their disgust emotions, deal with disgust management strategies together and be aware of when students need support.
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26
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Tang PM, Yam KC, Koopman J, Ilies R. Admired and disgusted? Third parties’ paradoxical emotional reactions and behavioral consequences towards others’ unethical pro‐organizational behavior. PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/peps.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pok Man Tang
- Department of Management, College Station Texas A&M University, United States
| | - Kai Chi Yam
- Department of Management and Organization National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joel Koopman
- Department of Management, College Station Texas A&M University, United States
| | - Remus Ilies
- Department of Management and Organization National University of Singapore, Singapore
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27
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The Role of Disgust and Threat in Contamination-Related Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/bec.2021.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTheoretical models suggest that the emotion disgust or threat overestimates are important in the aetiology and maintenance of contamination-based obsessive–compulsive disorder. In the current study, both threat and disgust were manipulated and 115 non-clinical participants (mean age 20.46 years, 94 females) were randomly allocated to one of four conditions: high-disgust/low-threat (n = 29), high-disgust/high-threat (n = 29), low-disgust/low-threat (n = 27), and low-disgust/high-threat (n = 30). Participants completed a hierarchical Behavioural Avoidance Task (BAT). Those in the high-threat and high-disgust conditions completed less BAT steps and showed more latency to begin each step than those in the low-threat and low-disgust conditions. A significant interaction effect was observed for the high-disgust/high-threat condition as significantly more task avoidance was found. However, handwashing duration was not significantly different between the high and low-disgust conditions or the high and low-threat conditions. The overall low mean washing duration of 30 s possibly due to the testing conditions and/or the ethnic heterogeneity of the sample may account for these results. There were also no significant differences in the level of anxiety for participants in the high-threat compared with the low-threat conditions. It is possible that anxiety remained relatively low across conditions as a result of the graduated BAT. Future research and theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
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28
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Fitzgerald HN, McDonald R, Thomas R, Shook NJ. Disease avoidance: A predictor of sexist attitudes toward females. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Mentser S, Nussinson R. We're not of the same feather: Disgust sensitivity and reduced perceived similarity to unknown others. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Olivera-La Rosa A, Chuquichambi EG, Ingram GPD. Keep your (social) distance: Pathogen concerns and social perception in the time of COVID-19. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020; 166:110200. [PMID: 32834278 PMCID: PMC7296322 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that individual differences in pathogen disgust sensitivity and social anxiety predict avoidance behavior, especially of pathogen cues, and reduced tolerance for social ambiguity. Conversely, generalized social trust is associated with approach behavior and a greater tolerance for social ambiguity. We conducted an online study (N = 1078) to test these predictions in the context of the COVID-19 global pandemic. Specifically, we assessed whether individual differences in pathogen disgust sensitivity, social anxiety and generalized social trust predicted judgments of trustworthiness, desired social distance and perceptions of sickness of target faces wearing surgical masks. Our results showed that (a) high sensitivity to pathogen disgust predicted lower judgments of trustworthiness and lower social desirability; (b) high social anxiety predicted higher perceptions of illness and lower judgments of trustworthiness; and (c) generalized social trust predicted higher judgments of trustworthiness and lower perceptions of illness of target faces. Further, we found that mask wearers were perceived as more likely to be ill, more trustworthy and more socially desirable than the same faces presented to a control group, without the surgical mask superimposed. Results are discussed in terms of perceived compliance with an emerging social norm overriding the intrinsic untrustworthiness of masked faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Olivera-La Rosa
- Department of Psychology and Social Sciences, Universidad Católica Luis Amigó, Transversal 514A #67B 90, Medellín, Colombia.,Human Evolution and Cognition Group, associated group to IFISC (University of the Balearic Islands - CSIC), Carr. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Erick G Chuquichambi
- Human Evolution and Cognition Group, associated group to IFISC (University of the Balearic Islands - CSIC), Carr. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Gordon P D Ingram
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1 #18a-12, Bogotá, Colombia
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