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Starkl P, Jonsson G, Artner T, Turnes BL, Serhan N, Oliveira T, Gail LM, Stejskal K, Channon KM, Köcher T, Stary G, Klang V, Gaudenzio N, Knapp S, Woolf CJ, Penninger JM, Cronin SJ. Mast cell-derived BH4 is a critical mediator of postoperative pain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.24.525378. [PMID: 37293068 PMCID: PMC10245978 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.24.525378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative pain affects most patients after major surgery and can transition to chronic pain. Here, we discovered that postoperative pain hypersensitivity correlated with markedly increased local levels of the metabolite BH4. Gene transcription and reporter mouse analyses after skin injury identified neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells as primary postoperative sources of GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (Gch1) expression, the rate-limiting enzyme in BH4 production. While specific Gch1 deficiency in neutrophils or macrophages had no effect, mice deficient in mast cells or mast cell-specific Gch1 showed drastically decreased postoperative pain after surgery. Skin injury induced the nociceptive neuropeptide substance P, which directly triggers the release of BH4-dependent serotonin in mouse and human mast cells. Substance P receptor blockade substantially ameliorated postoperative pain. Our findings underline the unique position of mast cells at the neuro-immune interface and highlight substance P-driven mast cell BH4 production as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Starkl
- Research Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gustav Jonsson
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tyler Artner
- Research Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruna Lenfers Turnes
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States, Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Serhan
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Inserm UMR1291 CNRS UMR5051, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Tiago Oliveira
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura-Marie Gail
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- LBI-RUD – Ludwig-Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karel Stejskal
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Keith M. Channon
- Radcliffe Department of, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Köcher
- Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities (VBCF), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- LBI-RUD – Ludwig-Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Klang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Gaudenzio
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Inserm UMR1291 CNRS UMR5051, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
- Genoskin SAS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- Research Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clifford J. Woolf
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States, Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M. Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shane J.F. Cronin
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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2
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The Histamine H 4 Receptor Participates in the Neuropathic Pain-Relieving Activity of the Histamine H 3 Receptor Antagonist GSK189254. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214314. [PMID: 36430790 PMCID: PMC9692811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence points to the histamine system as a promising target for the management of neuropathic pain. Preclinical studies reported the efficacy of H3R antagonists in reducing pain hypersensitivity in models of neuropathic pain through an increase of histamine release within the CNS. Recently, a promising efficacy of H4R agonists as anti-neuropathic agents has been postulated. Since H3R and H4R are both localized in neuronal areas devoted to pain processing, the aim of the study is to investigate the role of H4R in the mechanism of anti-hyperalgesic action of the H3R antagonist GSK189254 in the spared nerve injury (SNI) model in mice. Oral (6 mg/kg), intrathecal (6 µg/mouse), or intra locus coeruleus (LC) (10 µg/µL) administration of GSK189254 reversed mechanical and thermal allodynia in the ipsilateral side of SNI mice. This effect was completely prevented by pretreatment with the H4R antagonist JNJ 10191584 (6 µg/mouse i.t.; (10 µg/µL intraLC). Furthermore, GSK189254 was devoid of any anti-hyperalgesic effect in H4R deficient mice, compared with wild type mice. Conversely, pretreatment with JNJ 10191584 was not able to prevent the hypophagic activity of GSK189254. In conclusion, we demonstrated the selective contribution of H4R to the H3R antagonist-induced attenuation of hypernociceptive behavior in SNI mice. These results might help identify innovative therapeutic interventions for neuropathic pain.
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A Guide to Preclinical Models of Zoster-Associated Pain and Postherpetic Neuralgia. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 438:189-221. [PMID: 34524508 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes herpes zoster (HZ), which is commonly accompanied by acute pain and pruritus over the time course of a zosteriform rash. Although the rash and associated pain are self-limiting, a considerable fraction of HZ cases will subsequently develop debilitating chronic pain states termed postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). How VZV causes acute pain and the mechanisms underlying the transition to PHN are far from clear. The human-specific nature of VZV has made in vivo modeling of pain following reactivation difficult to study because no single animal can reproduce reactivated VZV disease as observed in the clinic. Investigations of VZV pathogenesis following primary infection have benefited greatly from human tissues harbored in immune-deficient mice, but modeling of acute and chronic pain requires an intact nervous system with the capability of transmitting ascending and descending sensory signals. Several groups have found that subcutaneous VZV inoculation of the rat induces prolonged and measurable changes in nociceptive behavior, indicating sensitivity that partially mimics the development of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia seen in HZ and PHN patients. Although it is not a model of reactivation, the rat is beginning to inform how VZV infection can evoke a pain response and induce long-lasting alterations to nociception. In this review, we will summarize the rat pain models from a practical perspective and discuss avenues that have opened for testing of novel treatments for both zoster-associated pain and chronic PHN conditions, which remain in critical need of effective therapies.
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Tran Q, Pham TL, Shin HJ, Shin J, Shin N, Kwon HH, Park H, Kim SI, Choi SG, Wu J, Ngo VTH, Park JB, Kim DW. Targeting spinal microglia with fexofenadine-loaded nanoparticles prolongs pain relief in a rat model of neuropathic pain. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 44:102576. [PMID: 35714922 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Targeting microglial activation is emerging as a clinically promising drug target for neuropathic pain treatment. Fexofenadine, a histamine receptor 1 antagonist, is a clinical drug for the management of allergic reactions as well as pain and inflammation. However, the effect of fexofenadine on microglial activation and pain behaviors remains elucidated. Here, we investigated nanomedicinal approach that targets more preferentially microglia and long-term analgesics. Fexofenadine significantly abolished histamine-induced microglial activation. The fexofenadine-encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (Fexo NPs) injection reduced the pain sensitivity of spinal nerve ligation rats in a dose-dependent manner. This alleviation was sustained for 4 days, whereas the effective period by direct fexofenadine injection was 3 h. Moreover, Fexo NPs inhibited microglial activation, inflammatory signaling, cytokine release, and a macrophage phenotype shift towards the alternative activated state in the spinal cord. These results show that Fexo NPs exhibit drug repositioning promise as a long-term treatment modality for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quangdon Tran
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea; Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Laboratories, Hai Phong International Hospital, Hai Phong City #18000, Viet Nam
| | - Thuy Linh Pham
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea; Department of Histology & Embryology, Hai Phong University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Hai Phong 042-12, Viet Nam
| | - Hyo Jung Shin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Hee Kwon
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Park
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Song I Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung Gyu Choi
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhua Wu
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Van T H Ngo
- Graduate Department of Healthcare Science, Dainam University, Viet Nam
| | - Jin Bong Park
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
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Li Z, Xiao X, Xue Y, Zhou H, Huang C, Zhu M, Zhuang T, Chen Y, Huang L. Discovery of a novel class of benzoxazole derivatives as histamine H 3 receptor ligands for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:106039. [PMID: 35872397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To discover effective analgesics, we summarize the synthesis, optimization, and pharmacological anti-nociceptive effects of a novel series of benzoxazole derivatives targeting H3 receptor (H3R). The new benzoxazoles were assayed in vitro for histamine H3R and H1R binding affinity. The best compound 8d (2-methyl-6-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)benzo[d]oxazole) exhibited high affinity for H3R (Ki = 19.7 nM), high selectivity for ten other off-target receptors, and negligible effects on human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG, cardiac ion channel). In rodent animals, compound 8d dose-dependently reversed formalin-evoked pain (Phase I, ED50 = 6.0 mg/kg; Phase II, ED50 = 7.8 mg/kg) and CCI-induced neuropathic pain (chronic constriction injury, ED50 = 15.6 mg/kg). Furthermore, compound 8d showed an excellent safety profile in acute toxicity test (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg) with a therapeutic index (TI = LD50/ED50) > 250 and showed a desirable drug-like pharmacokinetic profile. Above characteristics indicate that compound 8d represents a promising candidate analgesic for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xinyi Xiao
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yulin Xue
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Huiling Zhou
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Chaonan Huang
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Mo Zhu
- Grand Life Sciences (Wuhan) Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Yin Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Ling Huang
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Grand Life Sciences (Wuhan) Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China.
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Rosa AC, Nardini P, Sgambellone S, Gurrieri M, Spampinato SF, Dell’Accio A, Chazot PL, Obara I, Liu WL, Pini A. CNS-Sparing Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonist as a Candidate to Prevent the Diabetes-Associated Gastrointestinal Symptoms. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020184. [PMID: 35204685 PMCID: PMC8961615 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the histamine receptors, growing evidence points to the histamine H3 receptor as a pharmacological candidate to counteract the autonomic neuropathy associated with diabetes. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of PF00868087 (also known as ZPL-868), a CNS-sparing histamine H3 receptor antagonist, on the autonomic neuropathy of the intestinal tract associated with diabetes. Diabetes was induced in male BALB/c mice by a single high dose of streptozotocin (150 mg/kg). Colorectal specimens from control and diabetic mice, randomized to vehicle or PF0086087 (10, 30, 100 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 14 days), were processed for morphological and immunohistochemical analysis. A significant overproduction of mucus in the intestinal mucosa of diabetic mice compared to the controls was observed. PF0086087 at the highest dose prevented mucin overproduction. The immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that diabetes causes a decrease in the inhibitory component of enteric motility, measured as the percentage of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive neurons (p < 0.05) and a parallel increase in the excitatory component evaluated as substance P-positive fibres (p < 0.01). PF0086087 dose-dependently prevented these pathophysiological events. In conclusion, PF0086087 may be an essential tool in preventing nitrergic dysfunction in the myenteric plexus of the distal colon and diabetes-induced gastrointestinal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Carolina Rosa
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.C.R.); (A.P.); Tel.: +39-0116707955 (A.C.R.); +39-0552758155 (A.P.)
| | - Patrizia Nardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (P.N.); (M.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Silvia Sgambellone
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Maura Gurrieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (P.N.); (M.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Simona Federica Spampinato
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Alfonso Dell’Accio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (P.N.); (M.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Paul L Chazot
- School of Biological and Biomedical Science, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
| | - Ilona Obara
- School of Pharmacy and Translational and Clinical Research Institute, King George VI Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Wai L Liu
- Liu & Co Consulting Limited, Whitstable CT5 3RF, UK;
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (P.N.); (M.G.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.R.); (A.P.); Tel.: +39-0116707955 (A.C.R.); +39-0552758155 (A.P.)
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Warner BE, Yee MB, Zhang M, Hornung RS, Kaufer BB, Visalli RJ, Kramer PR, Goins WF, Kinchington PR. Varicella-zoster virus early infection but not complete replication is required for the induction of chronic hypersensitivity in rat models of postherpetic neuralgia. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009689. [PMID: 34228767 PMCID: PMC8259975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes zoster, the result of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation, is frequently complicated by difficult-to-treat chronic pain states termed postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). While there are no animal models of VZV-induced pain following viral reactivation, subcutaneous VZV inoculation of the rat causes long-term nocifensive behaviors indicative of mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Previous studies using UV-inactivated VZV in the rat model suggest viral gene expression is required for the development of pain behaviors. However, it remains unclear if complete infection processes are needed for VZV to induce hypersensitivity in this host. To further assess how gene expression and replication contribute, we developed and characterized three replication-conditional VZV using a protein degron system to achieve drug-dependent stability of essential viral proteins. Each virus was then assessed for induction of hypersensitivity in rats under replication permissive and nonpermissive conditions. VZV with a degron fused to ORF9p, a late structural protein that is required for virion assembly, induced nocifensive behaviors under both replication permissive and nonpermissive conditions, indicating that complete VZV replication is dispensable for the induction of hypersensitivity. This conclusion was confirmed by showing that a genetic deletion recombinant VZV lacking DNA packaging protein ORF54p still induced prolonged hypersensitivities in the rat. In contrast, VZV with a degron fused to the essential IE4 or IE63 proteins, which are involved in early gene regulation of expression, induced nocifensive behaviors only under replication permissive conditions, indicating importance of early gene expression events for induction of hypersensitivity. These data establish that while early viral gene expression is required for the development of nocifensive behaviors in the rat, complete replication is dispensable. We postulate this model reflects events leading to clinical PHN, in which a population of ganglionic neurons become abortively infected with VZV during reactivation and survive, but host signaling becomes altered in order to transmit ongoing pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E. Warner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Yee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mingdi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S. Hornung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert J. Visalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Phillip R. Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - William F. Goins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Kido K, Katagiri N, Kawana H, Sugino S, Yamauchi M, Masaki E. Nociceptive Sensitization by Activation of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in a Rat Model of Incisional Pain. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020144. [PMID: 33499207 PMCID: PMC7911446 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative pain and consequent inflammatory responses after tissue incision adversely affects many surgical patients due to complicated mechanisms. In this study, we examined whether activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), which is stimulated by tryptase from mast cells, elicits nociception and whether the PAR-2 antagonist could reduce incisional nociceptive responses in vivo and in vitro. The effects of a selective PAR-2 antagonist, N3-methylbutyryl-N-6-aminohexanoyl-piperazine (ENMD-1068), pretreatment on pain behaviors were assessed after plantar incision in rats. The effects of a PAR-2 agonist, SLIGRL-NH2, on nociception was assessed after the injection into the hind paw. Furthermore, the responses of C-mechanosensitive nociceptors to the PAR-2 agonist were observed using an in vitro skin–nerve preparation as well. Intraplantar injection of SLIGRL-NH2 elicited spontaneous nociceptive behavior and hyperalgesia. Local administration of ENMD-1068 suppressed guarding behaviors, mechanical and heat hyperalgesia only within the first few hours after incision. SLIGRL-NH2 caused ongoing activity in 47% of C-mechanonociceptors in vitro. This study suggests that PAR-2 may support early nociception after incision by direct or indirect sensitization of C-fibers in rats. Moreover, PAR-2 may play a regulatory role in the early period of postoperative pain together with other co-factors to that contribute to postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Kido
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kanagawa Dental University Hospital, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2388570, Japan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Norika Katagiri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kanagawa Dental University Hospital, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2388570, Japan;
| | - Hiromasa Kawana
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Kanagawa Dental University Hospital, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2388570, Japan;
| | - Shigekazu Sugino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan; (S.S.); (M.Y.)
| | - Masanori Yamauchi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan; (S.S.); (M.Y.)
| | - Eiji Masaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 3292763, Japan;
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Szczepańska K, Kuder KJ, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Dual-targeting Approach on Histamine H 3 and Sigma-1 Receptor Ligands as Promising Pharmacological Tools in the Treatment of CNS-linked Disorders. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2974-2995. [PMID: 32767910 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200806103144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the recent market approval of Pitolisant (Wakix®), the interest in clinical application for novel multifunctional histamine H3 receptor antagonists has clearly increased. Several combinations of different H3R pharmacophores with pharmacophoric elements of other G-protein coupled receptors, transporters, or enzymes have been synthesized by numerous pharmaceutical companies and academic institutions. Since central nervous system disorders are characterized by diverse physiological dysfunctions and deregulations of a complex network of signaling pathways, optimal multipotent drugs should simultaneously and peculiarly modulate selected groups of biological targets. Interestingly, very recent studies have shown that some clinically evaluated histamine H3 receptor antagonists possess a nanomolar affinity for sigma-1 receptor binding sites, suggesting that this property might play a role in their overall efficacy. The sigma-1 receptor, unusual and yet obscure protein, is supposed to be involved in numerous CNS pathologies through neuroprotection and neuroplasticity. These two different biological structures, histamine H3 and sigma-1 receptors, combined, can represent a potential fruitful target for therapeutic developments in tackling numerous human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szczepańska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Kamil J Kuder
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
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Khatami M. Deceptology in cancer and vaccine sciences: Seeds of immune destruction-mini electric shocks in mitochondria: Neuroplasticity-electrobiology of response profiles and increased induced diseases in four generations - A hypothesis. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e215. [PMID: 33377661 PMCID: PMC7749544 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
From Rockefeller's support of patent medicine to Gates' patent vaccines, medical establishment invested a great deal in intellectual ignorance. Through the control over medical education and research it has created a public illusion to prop up corporate profit and encouraged the lust for money and power. An overview of data on cancer and vaccine sciences, the status of Americans' health, a survey of repeated failed projects, economic toxicity, and heavy drug consumption or addiction among young and old provide compelling evidence that in the twentieth century nearly all classic disease categories (congenital, inheritance, neonatal, or induced) shifted to increase induced diseases. Examples of this deceptology in ignoring or minimizing, and mocking fundamental discoveries and theories in cancer and vaccine sciences are attacks on research showing that (a), effective immunity is responsible for defending and killing pathogens and defective cancerous cells, correcting and repairing genetic mutations; (b) viruses cause cancer; and (c), abnormal gene mutations are often the consequences of (and secondary to) disturbances in effective immunity. The outcomes of cancer reductionist approaches to therapies reveal failure rates of 90% (+/-5) for solid tumors; loss of over 50 million lives and waste of $30-50 trillions on too many worthless, out-of-focus, and irresponsible projects. Current emphasis on vaccination of public with pathogen-specific vaccines and ingredients seems new terms for drugging young and old. Cumulative exposures to low level carcinogens and environmental hazards or high energy electronic devices (EMF; 5G) are additional triggers to vaccine toxicities (antigen-mitochondrial overload) or "seeds of immune destruction" that create mini electrical shocks (molecular sinks holes) in highly synchronized and regulated immune network that retard time-energy-dependent biorhythms in organs resulting in causes, exacerbations or consequences of mild, moderate or severe immune disorders. Four generations of drug-dependent Americans strongly suggest that medical establishment has practiced decades of intellectual deception through its claims on "war on cancer"; that cancer is 100, 200, or 1000 diseases; identification of "individual" genetic mutations to cure diseases; "vaccines are safe". Such immoral and unethical practices, along with intellectual harassment and bullying, censoring or silencing of independent and competent professionals ("Intellectual Me Too") present grave concerns, far greater compared with the sexual harassment of 'Me Too' movement that was recently spearheaded by NIH. The principal driving forces behind conducting deceptive and illogical medical/cancer and vaccine projects seem to be; (a) huge return of investment and corporate profit for selling drugs and vaccines; (b) maintenance of abusive power over public health; (c) global control of population growth via increased induction of diseases, infertility, decline in life-span, and death. An overview of accidental discoveries that we established and extended since 1980s, on models of acute and chronic ocular inflammatory diseases, provides series of the first evidence for a direct link between inflammation and multistep immune dysfunction in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. Results are relevant to demonstrate that current emphasis on vaccinating the unborn, newborn, or infant would induce immediate or long-term immune disorders (eg, low birth weight, preterm birth, fatigue, autism, epilepsy/seizures, BBB leakage, autoimmune, neurodegenerative or digestive diseases, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular problems, or cancers). Vaccination of the unborn is likely to disturb trophoblast-embryo-fetus-placenta biology and orderly growth of embryo-fetus, alter epithelial-mesenchymal transition or constituent-inducible receptors, damage mitochondria, and diverse function of histamine-histidine pathways. Significant increased in childhood illnesses are likely due to toxicities of vaccine and incipient (eg, metals [Al, Hg], detergents, fetal tissue, DNA/RNA) that retard bioenergetics of mitochondria, alter polarization-depolarization balance of tumoricidal (Yin) and tumorigenic (Yang) properties of immunity. Captivated by complex electobiology of immunity, this multidisciplinary perspective is an attempt to initiate identifying bases for increased induction of immune disorders in three to four generations in America. We hypothesize that (a) gene-environment-immune biorhythms parallel neuronal function (brain neuroplasticity) with super-packages of inducible (adaptive or horizontal) electronic signals and (b) autonomic sympathetic and parasympathetic circuitry that shape immunity (Yin-Yang) cannot be explained by limited genomics (innate, perpendicular) that conventionally explain certain inherited diseases (eg, sickle cell anemia, progeria). Future studies should focus on deep learning of complex electrobiology of immunity that requires differential bioenergetics from mitochondria and cytoplasm. Approaches to limit or control excessive activation of gene-environment-immunity are keys to assess accurate disease risk formulations, prevent inducible diseases, and develop universal safe vaccines that promote health, the most basic human right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Khatami
- Inflammation, Aging and Cancer, National Cancer Institute (NCI)the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (Retired)BethesdaMarylandUSA
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11
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Analgesic Mechanism of Sinomenine against Chronic Pain. Pain Res Manag 2020; 2020:1876862. [PMID: 32454918 PMCID: PMC7225909 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1876862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purified from the roots of the plant Sinomenium acutum, sinomenine is traditionally used in China and Japan for treating rheumatism and arthritis. Previously, we have demonstrated that sinomenine possessed a broad analgesic spectrum in various chronic pain animal models and repeated administration of sinomenine did not generate tolerance. In this review article, we discussed sinomenine's analgesic mechanism with focus on its role on immune regulation and neuroimmune interaction. Sinomenine has distinct immunoregulative properties, in which glutamate, adenosine triphosphate, nitric oxide, and proinflammatory cytokines are thought to be involved. Sinomenine may alter the unbalanced neuroimmune interaction and inhibit neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and central sensitization in chronic pain states. In conclusion, sinomenine has promising potential for chronic pain management in different clinical settings.
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12
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New analgesic: Focus on botulinum toxin. Toxicon 2020; 179:1-7. [PMID: 32174507 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In 2010, Kissin concluded pessimistically that of the 59 new drugs introduced in the fifty-year period between 1960 and 2009 and still in use, only seven had new molecular targets. Of these, only one, sumatriptan, was effective enough to lead to the introduction of multiple drugs targeting the same target molecules (triptans) (Kissin, 2010). Morphine and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), introduced for the treatment of pain more than a century ago, continue to dominate biomedical publications despite their limited effectiveness in many areas (e.g., neuropathic pain) and serious adverse effects. Today, are we really closer to ideal analgesics that would work hard enough, long enough, and did not have unwanted side effects? The purpose of the present article is to analyze where we are now. Several drugs, like long-acting opioids or botulinum toxins open some hope. Advantage of botulinum toxin A is unique duration of action (months). New discoveries showed that after peripheral application botulinum toxin by axonal transport reaches the CNS. Major analgesic mechanism of action seems to be of central origin. Will botulinum toxin in the CNS bring new indications and or/adverse effects? Much more basic and clinical research should be in front of us. Although relatively safe as a drug, botulinum toxin is not without adverse effect. Policy makers, clinicians and all those applying botulinum toxin should be aware of that. Unfortunately the life without the pain is still not possible.
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13
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Sandoval-Talamantes AK, Gómez-González BA, Uriarte-Mayorga DF, Martínez-Guzman MA, Wheber-Hidalgo KA, Alvarado-Navarro A. Neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and their receptors interact with immune response in healthy and psoriatic skin. Neuropeptides 2020; 79:102004. [PMID: 31902596 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a multifactorial origin that affects the skin. It is characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, which results in erythemato-squamous plaques. Just as the immune system plays a fundamental role in psoriasis physiopathology, the nervous system maintains the inflammatory process through the neuropeptides and neurotransmitters synthesis, as histamine, serotonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, nerve growth factor, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, adenosine, glucagon-like peptide, somatostatin and pituitary adenylate cyclase polypeptide. In patients with psoriasis, the systemic or in situ expression of these chemical mediators and their receptors are altered, which affects the clinical activity of patients due to its link to the immune system, provoking neurogenic inflammation. It is important to establish the role of the nervous system since it could represent a therapeutic alternative for psoriasis patients. The aim of this review is to offer a detailed review of the current literature about the neuropeptides and neurotransmitters involved in the physiopathology of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karen Sandoval-Talamantes
- Centro de Reabilitación Infantil Teletón de Occidente, Copal 4575, Col. Arboledas del Sur, 44980 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - B A Gómez-González
- Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio", Av. Federalismo Norte 3102, Col. Atemajac del Valle, 45190 Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - D F Uriarte-Mayorga
- Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio", Av. Federalismo Norte 3102, Col. Atemajac del Valle, 45190 Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - M A Martínez-Guzman
- Unima Diagnósticos de México, Paseo de los Mosqueteros 4181, Col. Villa Universitaria, 45110 Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Katia Alejandra Wheber-Hidalgo
- Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio", Av. Federalismo Norte 3102, Col. Atemajac del Valle, 45190 Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Anabell Alvarado-Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y dermatología, Universidad de Guadalajara, México, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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14
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High cortical delta power correlates with aggravated allodynia by activating anterior cingulate cortex GABAergic neurons in neuropathic pain mice. Pain 2019; 161:288-299. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Obara I, Telezhkin V, Alrashdi I, Chazot PL. Histamine, histamine receptors, and neuropathic pain relief. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:580-599. [PMID: 31046146 PMCID: PMC7012972 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histamine, acting via distinct histamine H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, regulates various physiological and pathological processes, including pain. In the last two decades, there has been a particular increase in evidence to support the involvement of H3 receptor and H4 receptor in the modulation of neuropathic pain, which remains challenging in terms of management. However, recent data show contrasting effects on neuropathic pain due to multiple factors that determine the pharmacological responses of histamine receptors and their underlying signal transduction properties (e.g., localization on either the presynaptic or postsynaptic neuronal membranes). This review summarizes the most recent findings on the role of histamine and the effects mediated by the four histamine receptors in response to the various stimuli associated with and promoting neuropathic pain. We particularly focus on mechanisms underlying histamine‐mediated analgesia, as we aim to clarify the analgesic potential of histamine receptor ligands in neuropathic pain. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on New Uses for 21st Century. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.3/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Obara
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Vsevolod Telezhkin
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ibrahim Alrashdi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul L Chazot
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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Ghamari N, Zarei O, Arias-Montaño JA, Reiner D, Dastmalchi S, Stark H, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M. Histamine H 3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists: Where do they go? Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:69-84. [PMID: 31028835 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the histamine H3 receptor in 1983, tremendous advances in the pharmacological aspects of H3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists have been accomplished in preclinical studies. At present, there are several drug candidates that reached clinical trial studies for various indications. However, entrance of these candidates to the pharmaceutical market is not free from challenges, and a variety of difficulties is engaged with their developmental process. In this review, the potential role of H3 receptors in the pathophysiology of various central nervous system, metabolic and allergic diseases is discussed. Thereafter, the current status for H3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists in ongoing clinical trial studies is reviewed and obstacles in developing these agents are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakisa Ghamari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Zarei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Neurosciences Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - José-Antonio Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - David Reiner
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Holger Stark
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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17
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Riddy DM, Cook AE, Shackleford DM, Pierce TL, Mocaer E, Mannoury la Cour C, Sors A, Charman WN, Summers RJ, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Langmead CJ. Drug-receptor kinetics and sigma-1 receptor affinity differentiate clinically evaluated histamine H 3 receptor antagonists. Neuropharmacology 2019; 144:244-255. [PMID: 30359639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The histamine H3 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) drug target that is highly expressed in the CNS, where it acts as both an auto- and hetero-receptor to regulate neurotransmission. As such, it has been considered as a relevant target in disorders as varied as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, neuropathic pain and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A range of competitive antagonists/inverse agonists have progressed into clinical development, with pitolisant approved for the treatment of narcolepsy. Given the breadth of compounds developed and potential therapeutic indications, we assessed the comparative pharmacology of six investigational histamine H3 agents, including pitolisant, using native tissue and recombinant cells. Whilst all of the compounds tested displayed robust histamine H3 receptor inverse agonism and did not differentiate between the main H3 receptor splice variants, they displayed a wide range of affinities and kinetic properties, and included rapidly dissociating (pitolisant, S 38093-2, ABT-239) and slowly dissociating (GSK189254, JNJ-5207852, PF-3654746) agents. S 38093-2 had the lowest histamine H3 receptor affinity (pKB values 5.7-6.2), seemingly at odds with previously reported, potent in vivo activity in models of cognition. We show here that at pro-cognitive and anti-hyperalgesic/anti-allodynic doses, S 38093-2 preferentially occupies the mouse sigma-1 receptor in vivo, only engaging the histamine H3 receptor at doses associated with wakefulness promotion and neurotransmitter (histamine, ACh) release. Furthermore, pitolisant, ABT-239 and PF-3654746 also displayed appreciable sigma-1 receptor affinity, suggesting that this property differentiates clinically evaluated histamine H3 receptor antagonists and may play a role in their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M Riddy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna E Cook
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Shackleford
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracie L Pierce
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Mocaer
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 50 Rue Carnot, 92284, Suresnes, France
| | | | - Aurore Sors
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 50 Rue Carnot, 92284, Suresnes, France
| | - William N Charman
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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18
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Khalilzadeh E, Azarpey F, Hazrati R, Vafaei Saiah G. Evaluation of different classes of histamine H 1 and H 2 receptor antagonist effects on neuropathic nociceptive behavior following tibial nerve transection in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 834:221-229. [PMID: 30009812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It seems that histamine release in the site of neuronal injury could contribute to the neuropathic pain mechanism. In the present study, we investigated the anti-allodynic effects of chronic administration of different classes of histamine H1 and H2 receptor antagonists on neuropathic nociceptive behavior following tibial nerve transection (TNT) in rats. Peripheral neuropathy was induced by TNT surgery. We performed acetone tests (AT) to record cold allodynia, Von Frey tests (VFT) to measure mechanical allodynia, double plate test (DPT) to evaluate thermal place preference/avoidance and open field test (OFT) for evaluation of animal activity. TNT rats showed a significant mechanical and cold allodynia compared to the sham group. Chlorpheniramine (5 and 15 mg/kg, i.p) significantly attenuated cold allodynia and prevented cold plate avoidance behavior and at the dose of 15 mg/kg remarkably decreased mechanical allodynia. Fexofenadine (10 and 30 mg/kg, p.o) significantly attenuated the mechanical allodynia and prevented cold plate avoidance. Ranitidine (5 and 15 mg/kg, i.p) significantly prevented cold plate avoidance behavior and at the dose of 15 mg/kg notably improved mechanical and cold allodynia. Famotidine (1 and 3 mg/kg, p.o) was ineffective on all nociceptive tests. Gabapantin (100 mg/kg, p.o) significantly improved all types of nociceptive behaviors. These results indicate that both blood brain barrier penetrating (chlorpheniramine) and poorly penetrating (fexofenadine) histamine H1 receptor antagonists could improve the neuropathic pain sign, but only the blood brain barrier penetrating histamine H2 receptor antagonist (ranitidine) could produce anti-allodynic effects in the TNT model of neuropathic pain in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Khalilzadeh
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Farzin Azarpey
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Hazrati
- Brain Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gholamreza Vafaei Saiah
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Popiolek‐Barczyk K, Łażewska D, Latacz G, Olejarz A, Makuch W, Stark H, Kieć‐Kononowicz K, Mika J. Antinociceptive effects of novel histamine H 3 and H 4 receptor antagonists and their influence on morphine analgesia of neuropathic pain in the mouse. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2897-2910. [PMID: 29486058 PMCID: PMC6016676 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The histaminergic system is a promising target for the development of new analgesics, as histamine H3 and H4 receptors are expressed in regions concerned with nociceptive transmission. Here we have determined the analgesic effects of new H3 and H4 receptor antagonists in naive and neuropathic mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the sciatic nerve in mice to model neuropathy. Effects of a new H3 receptor antagonist, E-162(1-(5-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)pentyl)piperidine) and H4 receptor antagonist, TR-7(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine) were assessed on mechanical (von Frey) and thermal (cold plate, tail flick) stimuli in mice with and without CCI (7 days after injury). Effects of these antagonists on morphine analgesia were also evaluated, along with the possible participation of H1 receptors in their effects. We analysed the compounds in binding and functional cAMP assays at the H3 and H4 receptors and determined metabolic stability. KEY RESULTS E-162 and TR-7 attenuated nociceptive responses and profound morphine analgesia in males with CCI. These antagonists showed analgesia in naive mice (tail flick test) and produced prolonged analgesia in neuropathic females. E-162-induced analgesia was reversed by pyrilamine, an H1 receptor antagonist. E-162 bound potently to H3 receptors (Ki = 55 nM) and inhibited cAMP accumulation (IC50 = 165 nM). TR-7 showed lower affinity for H4 receptors (Ki = 203 nM) and IC50 of 512 nM. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We describe a therapeutic use for new H3 (E-162) and H4 receptor (TR-7) antagonists in neuropathy. Targeting H3 and H4 receptors enhanced morphine analgesia, consistent with multimodal pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Popiolek‐Barczyk
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of DrugsJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of PharmacologyPolish Academy of SciencesKrakowPoland
| | - Dorota Łażewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of DrugsJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of DrugsJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Agnieszka Olejarz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of DrugsJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of PharmacologyPolish Academy of SciencesKrakowPoland
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Katarzyna Kieć‐Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of DrugsJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of PharmacologyPolish Academy of SciencesKrakowPoland
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20
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Identification of novel β-lactams and pyrrolidinone derivatives as selective Histamine-3 receptor (H3R) modulators as possible anti-obesity agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:148-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sałat K, Gryzło B, Kulig K. Experimental Drugs for Neuropathic Pain. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1193-1209. [PMID: 29745335 PMCID: PMC6187752 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180510151241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain (NP) is an important public health problem and despite recent progress in the understanding, diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms and the treatment of NP, many patients remain refractory to pharmacotherapy. OBJECTIVE Currently used drugs have limited efficacy and dose-limiting adverse effects, and thus there is a substantial need for further development of novel medications for its treatment. Alternatively, drugs approved for use in diseases other than NP can be applied as experimental for NP conditions. This paper covers advances in the field of NP treatment. RESULTS The prime focus of this paper is on drugs with well-established pharmacological activity whose current therapeutic applications are distinct from NP. These drugs could be a potential novel treatment of NP. Data from preclinical studies and clinical trials on these experimental drugs are presented. The development of advanced methods of genomics enabled to propose new targets for drugs which could be effective in the NP treatment. CONCLUSION Experimental drugs for NP can be a treatment option which should be tailor-made for each individual on the basis of pain features, previous therapies, associated clinical conditions, recurrence of pain, adverse effects, contraindications and patients' preferences. At present, there are only some agents which may have potential as novel treatments. Increasing knowledge about mechanisms underlying NP, mechanisms of drug action, as well as available data from preclinical and clinical studies make botulinum toxin A, minocycline, ambroxol, statins and PPAR agonists (ATx086001) promising potential future treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Sałat
- Address correspondence to this author at the Faculty of Pharmacy,
Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Tel: + 48 12 6205 555; Fax: + 48 12 6205 554; E-mail:
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Chaumette T, Chapuy E, Berrocoso E, Llorca-Torralba M, Bravo L, Mico JA, Chalus M, Eschalier A, Ardid D, Marchand F, Sors A. Effects of S 38093, an antagonist/inverse agonist of histamine H3 receptors, in models of neuropathic pain in rats. Eur J Pain 2017; 22:127-141. [PMID: 28877402 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histamine H3 receptors are mainly expressed on CNS neurons, particularly along the nociceptive pathways. The potential involvement of these receptors in pain processing has been suggested using H3 receptor inverse agonists. METHODS The antinociceptive effect of S 38093, a novel inverse agonist of H3 receptors, has been evaluated in several neuropathic pain models in rat and compared with those of gabapentin and pregabalin. RESULTS While S 38093 did not change vocalization thresholds to paw pressure in healthy rats, it exhibited a significant antihyperalgesic effect in the Streptozocin-induced diabetic (STZ) neuropathy model after acute and chronic administration and, in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model only after chronic administration, submitted to the paw-pressure test. Acute S 38093 administration at all doses tested displayed a significant cold antiallodynic effect in a model of acute or repeated administration of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy submitted to cold tail immersion, cold allodynia being the main side effect of oxaliplatin in patients. The effect of S 38093 increased following chronic administration (i.e. twice a day during 5 days) in the CCI and STZ models except in the oxaliplatin models where its effect was already maximal from the first administration The kinetics and size of effect of S 38093 were similar to gabapentin and/or pregabalin. Finally, the antinociceptive effect of S 38093 could be partially mediated by α2 adrenoreceptors desensitization in the locus coeruleus. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the interest of S 38093 to relieve neuropathic pain and warrant clinical trials especially in chemotherapeutic agent-induced neuropathic pain. SIGNIFICANCE S 38093, a new H3 antagonist/inverse agonist, displays antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effect in neuropathic pain, especially in oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy after chronic administration. This effect of S 38093 in neuropathic pain could be partly mediated by α2 receptors desensitization in the locus coeruleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chaumette
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 Neuro-Dol, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - E Chapuy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 Neuro-Dol, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - E Berrocoso
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Laboratory, University of Cádiz, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Llorca-Torralba
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Laboratory, University of Cádiz, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - L Bravo
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Laboratory, University of Cádiz, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J A Mico
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Laboratory, University of Cádiz, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M Chalus
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 Neuro-Dol, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Eschalier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 Neuro-Dol, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D Ardid
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 Neuro-Dol, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - F Marchand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 Neuro-Dol, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Sors
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (I.R.I.S.), Suresnes Cedex, France
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de Biase S, Nilo A, Gigli GL, Valente M. Investigational therapies for the treatment of narcolepsy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:953-963. [PMID: 28726523 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1356819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by a pentad of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations, and disturbed nocturnal sleep. While non-pharmacological treatments are sometimes helpful, more than 90% of narcoleptic patients require a pharmacological treatment. Areas covered: The present review is based on an extensive Internet and PubMed search from 1994 to 2017. It is focused on drugs currently in development for the treatment of narcolepsy. Expert opinion: Currently there is no cure for narcolepsy, with treatment focusing on symptoms control. However, these symptomatic treatments are often unsatisfactory. The research is leading to a better understanding of narcolepsy and its symptoms. New classes of compounds with possible applications in the development of novel stimulant/anticataplectic medications are described. H3 receptor antagonists represent a new therapeutic option for EDS in narcolepsy. JZP-110, with its distinct mechanism of action, would be a new therapeutic option for the treatment of EDS in the coming years. In the future, hypocretin-based therapies and immune-based therapies, could modify the clinical course of the disease. However, more information would be necessary to completely understand the autoimmune process and also how this process can be altered for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano de Biase
- a Neurology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences , University of Udine Medical School , Udine , Italy
| | - Annacarmen Nilo
- a Neurology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences , University of Udine Medical School , Udine , Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- a Neurology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences , University of Udine Medical School , Udine , Italy.,b Department of Neurosciences , "S. Maria della Misericordia" University Hospital Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Valente
- a Neurology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences , University of Udine Medical School , Udine , Italy.,b Department of Neurosciences , "S. Maria della Misericordia" University Hospital Udine , Udine , Italy
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Jurga AM, Piotrowska A, Makuch W, Przewlocka B, Mika J. Blockade of P2X4 Receptors Inhibits Neuropathic Pain-Related Behavior by Preventing MMP-9 Activation and, Consequently, Pronociceptive Interleukin Release in a Rat Model. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:48. [PMID: 28275350 PMCID: PMC5321202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is still an extremely important problem in today's medicine because opioids, which are commonly used to reduce pain, have limited efficacy in this type of pathology. Therefore, complementary therapy is needed. Our experiments were performed in rats to evaluate the contribution of the purinergic system, especially P2X4 receptor (P2X4R), in the modulation of glia activation and, consequently, the levels of nociceptive interleukins after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the right sciatic nerve, a rat model of neuropathic pain. Moreover, we studied how intrathecal (ith.) injection of a P2X4R antagonist Tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer (CORM-2) modulates nociceptive transmission and opioid effectiveness in the CCI model. Our results demonstrate that repeated ith. administration of CORM-2 once daily (20 μg/5 μl, 16 and 1 h before CCI and then daily) for eight consecutive days significantly reduced pain-related behavior and activation of both spinal microglia and/or astroglia induced by CCI. Moreover, even a single administration of CORM-2 on day 7 after CCI attenuated mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity as efficiently as morphine and buprenorphine. In addition, using Western blot, we have shown that repeated ith. administration of CORM-2 lowers the CCI-elevated level of MMP-9 and pronociceptive interleukins (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6) in the dorsal L4-L6 spinal cord and/or DRG. Furthermore, in parallel, CORM-2 upregulates spinal IL-1Ra; however, it does not influence other antinociceptive factors, IL-10 and IL-18BP. Additionally, based on our biochemical results, we hypothesize that p38MAPK, ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt but not the NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway are partly involved in the CORM-2 analgesic effects in rat neuropathic pain. Our data provide new evidence that P2X4R may indeed play a significant role in neuropathic pain development by modulating neuroimmune interactions in the spinal cord and DRG, suggesting that its blockade may have potential therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Jurga
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology Krakow, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Przewlocka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology Krakow, Poland
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25
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Khatami M. Is cancer a severe delayed hypersensitivity reaction and histamine a blueprint? Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:35. [PMID: 27558401 PMCID: PMC4996813 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Longevity and accumulation of multiple context-dependent signaling pathways of long-standing inflammation (antigen-load or oxidative stress) are the results of decreased/altered regulation of immunity and loss of control switch mechanisms that we defined as Yin and Yang of acute inflammation or immune surveillance. Chronic inflammation is initiated by immune disruptors-induced progressive changes in physiology and function of susceptible host tissues that lead to increased immune suppression and multistep disease processes including carcinogenesis. The interrelated multiple hypotheses that are presented for the first time in this article are extension of author's earlier series of 'accidental' discoveries on the role of inflammation in developmental stages of immune dysfunction toward tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. Detailed analyses of data on chronic diseases suggest that nearly all age-associated illnesses, generally categorized as 'mild' (e.g., increased allergies), 'moderate' (e.g., hypertension, colitis, gastritis, pancreatitis, emphysema) or 'severe' (e.g., accelerated neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases or site-specific cancers and metastasis) are variations of hypersensitivity responses of tissues that are manifested as different diseases in immune-responsive or immune-privileged tissues. Continuous release/presence of low level histamine (subclinical) in circulation could contribute to sustained oxidative stress and induction of 'mild' or 'moderate' or 'severe' (immune tsunami) immune disorders in susceptible tissues. Site-specific cancers are proposed to be 'severe' (irreversible) forms of cumulative delayed hypersensitivity responses that would induce immunological chaos in favor of tissue growth in target tissues. Shared or special features of growth from fetus development into adulthood and aging processes and carcinogenesis are briefly compared with regard to energy requirements of highly complex function of Yin and Yang. Features of Yang (growth-promoting) arm of acute inflammation during fetus and cancer growth will be compared for consuming low energy from glycolysis (Warburg effect). Growth of fetus and cancer cells under hypoxic conditions and impaired mitochondrial energy requirements of tissues including metabolism of essential branched amino acids (e.g., val, leu, isoleu) will be compared for proposing a working model for future systematic research on cancer biology, prevention and therapy. Presentation of a working model provides insightful clues into bioenergetics that are required for fetus growth (absence of external threat and lack of high energy-demands of Yin events and parasite-like survival in host), normal growth in adulthood (balance in Yin and Yang processes) or disease processes and carcinogenesis (loss of balance in Yin-Yang). Future studies require focusing on dynamics and promotion of natural/inherent balance between Yin (tumoricidal) and Yang (tumorigenic) of effective immunity that develop after birth. Lawless growth of cancerous cells and loss of cell contact inhibition could partially be due to impaired mitochondria (mitophagy) that influence metabolism of branched chain amino acids for biosynthesis of structural proteins. The author invites interested scientists with diverse expertise to provide comments, confirm, dispute and question and/or expand and collaborate on many components of the proposed working model with the goal to better understand cancer biology for future designs of cost-effective research and clinical trials and prevention of cancer. Initial events during oxidative stress-induced damages to DNA/RNA repair mechanisms and inappropriate expression of inflammatory mediators are potentially correctable, preventable or druggable, if future studies were to focus on systematic understanding of early altered immune response dynamics toward multistep chronic diseases and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Khatami
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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26
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Pini A, Obara I, Battell E, Chazot PL, Rosa AC. Histamine in diabetes: Is it time to reconsider? Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:316-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Khanfar MA, Affini A, Lutsenko K, Nikolic K, Butini S, Stark H. Multiple Targeting Approaches on Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonists. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:201. [PMID: 27303254 PMCID: PMC4884744 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
With the very recent market approval of pitolisant (Wakix®), the interest in clinical applications of novel multifunctional histamine H3 receptor antagonists has clearly increased. Since histamine H3 receptor antagonists in clinical development have been tested for a variety of different indications, the combination of pharmacological properties in one molecule for improved pharmacological effects and reduced unwanted side-effects is rationally based on the increasing knowledge on the complex neurotransmitter regulations. The polypharmacological approaches on histamine H3 receptor antagonists on different G-protein coupled receptors, transporters, enzymes as well as on NO-signaling mechanism are described, supported with some lead structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Khanfar
- Stark Lab, Institut fuer Pharmazeutische and Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet DuesseldorfDuesseldorf, Germany; Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of JordanAmman, Jordan
| | - Anna Affini
- Stark Lab, Institut fuer Pharmazeutische and Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kiril Lutsenko
- Stark Lab, Institut fuer Pharmazeutische and Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Katarina Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Holger Stark
- Stark Lab, Institut fuer Pharmazeutische and Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf Duesseldorf, Germany
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview on drug targets and emerging pharmacological treatment options for chronic pain. RECENT FINDINGS Chronic pain poses an enormous socioeconomic burden for the more than 30% of people who suffer from it, costing over $600 billion per year in the USA. In recent years, there has been a surge in preclinical and clinical research endeavors to try to stem this epidemic. Preclinical studies have identified a wide array of potential targets, with some of the most promising translational research being performed on novel opioid receptors, cannabinoid receptors, selective ion channel blockers, cytokine inhibitors, nerve growth factor inhibitors, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, glial cell inhibitors, and bisphosphonates. SUMMARY There are many obstacles for the development of effective medications to treat chronic pain, including the inherent challenges in identifying pathophysiological mechanisms, the overlap and multiplicity of pain pathways, and off-target adverse effects stemming from the ubiquity of drug target receptor sites and the lack of highly selective receptor ligands. Despite these barriers, the number and diversity of potential therapies have continued to grow, to include disease-modifying and individualized drug treatments.
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29
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Histamine H4 receptor activation alleviates neuropathic pain through differential regulation of ERK, JNK, and P38 MAPK phosphorylation. Pain 2015; 156:2492-2504. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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30
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Guedon JMG, Wu S, Zheng X, Churchill CC, Glorioso JC, Liu CH, Liu S, Vulchanova L, Bekker A, Tao YX, Kinchington PR, Goins WF, Fairbanks CA, Hao S. Current gene therapy using viral vectors for chronic pain. Mol Pain 2015; 11:27. [PMID: 25962909 PMCID: PMC4446851 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of chronic pain and the challenges of pharmacotherapy highlight the importance of development of new approaches to pain management. Gene therapy approaches may be complementary to pharmacotherapy for several advantages. Gene therapy strategies may target specific chronic pain mechanisms in a tissue-specific manner. The present collection of articles features distinct gene therapy approaches targeting specific mechanisms identified as important in the specific pain conditions. Dr. Fairbanks group describes commonly used gene therapeutics (herpes simplex viral vector (HSV) and adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)), and addresses biodistribution and potential neurotoxicity in pre-clinical models of vector delivery. Dr. Tao group addresses that downregulation of a voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv1.2) contributes to the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Alleviation of chronic pain through restoring Kv1.2 expression in sensory neurons is presented in this review. Drs Goins and Kinchington group describes a strategy to use the replication defective HSV vector to deliver two different gene products (enkephalin and TNF soluble receptor) for the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. Dr. Hao group addresses the observation that the pro-inflammatory cytokines are an important shared mechanism underlying both neuropathic pain and the development of opioid analgesic tolerance and withdrawal. The use of gene therapy strategies to enhance expression of the anti-pro-inflammatory cytokines is summarized. Development of multiple gene therapy strategies may have the benefit of targeting specific pathologies associated with distinct chronic pain conditions (by Guest Editors, Drs. C. Fairbanks and S. Hao).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc G Guedon
- Graduate Program in Molecular Virology and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Room 1020 EEI, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Shaogen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, 185 S. Orange Ave., MSB, F-548, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | | | - Joseph C Glorioso
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 424 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - Ching-Hang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Shue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Alex Bekker
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, 185 S. Orange Ave., MSB, F-548, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, 185 S. Orange Ave., MSB, F-548, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Department of Neurology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Graduate Program in Molecular Virology and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Room 1020 EEI, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - William F Goins
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 424 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Shuanglin Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Guedon JMG, Yee MB, Zhang M, Harvey SAK, Goins WF, Kinchington PR. Neuronal changes induced by Varicella Zoster Virus in a rat model of postherpetic neuralgia. Virology 2015; 482:167-80. [PMID: 25880108 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A significant fraction of patients with herpes zoster, caused by Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), experience chronic pain termed postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). VZV-inoculated rats develop prolonged nocifensive behaviors and serve as a model of PHN. We demonstrate that primary rat cultures show a post-entry block for VZV replication, suggesting the rat is not fully permissive. However, footpads of VZV infected animals show reduced peripheral innervation and innervating dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contained VZV DNA and transcripts of candidate immediate early and early genes. The VZV-infected DRG showed changes in host gene expression patterns, with 84 up-regulated and 116 down-regulated genes seen in gene array studies. qRT-PCR validated the modulation of nociception-associated genes Ntrk2, Trpv1, and Calca (CGRP). The data suggests that VZV inoculation of the rat results in a single round, incomplete infection that is sufficient to induce pain behaviors, and this involves infection of and changes induced in neuronal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc G Guedon
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Michael B Yee
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Mingdi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Stephen A K Harvey
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - William F Goins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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Sousa-Valente J, Andreou AP, Urban L, Nagy I. Transient receptor potential ion channels in primary sensory neurons as targets for novel analgesics. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2508-27. [PMID: 24283624 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed an explosion in novel findings relating to the molecules involved in mediating the sensation of pain in humans. Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels emerged as the greatest group of molecules involved in the transduction of various physical stimuli into neuronal signals in primary sensory neurons, as well as, in the development of pain. Here, we review the role of TRP ion channels in primary sensory neurons in the development of pain associated with peripheral pathologies and possible strategies to translate preclinical data into the development of effective new analgesics. Based on available evidence, we argue that nociception-related TRP channels on primary sensory neurons provide highly valuable targets for the development of novel analgesics and that, in order to reduce possible undesirable side effects, novel analgesics should prevent the translocation from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane and the sensitization of the channels rather than blocking the channel pore or binding sites for exogenous or endogenous activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sousa-Valente
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Section, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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33
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Rosa AC, Fantozzi R. The role of histamine in neurogenic inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:38-45. [PMID: 23734637 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The term 'neurogenic inflammation' has been adopted to describe the local release of inflammatory mediators, such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, from neurons. Once released, these neuropeptides induce the release of histamine from adjacent mast cells. In turn, histamine evokes the release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide; thus, a bidirectional link between histamine and neuropeptides in neurogenic inflammation is established. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent findings on the role of histamine in neurogenic inflammation, with particular regard to nociceptive pain, as well as neurogenic inflammation in the skin, airways and bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Italy.
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34
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De la Herrán-Arita AK, García-García F. Current and emerging options for the drug treatment of narcolepsy. Drugs 2014; 73:1771-81. [PMID: 24122734 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Narcolepsy/hypocretin deficiency (now called type 1 narcolepsy) is a lifelong neurologic disorder with well-established diagnostic criteria and etiology. Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and symptoms of dissociated rapid eye movement sleep such as cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone), hypnagogic hallucinations (sensory events that occur at the transition from wakefulness to sleep), sleep paralysis (inability to perform movements upon wakening or sleep onset), and nocturnal sleep disruption. As these symptoms are often disabling, most patients need life-long treatment. The treatment of narcolepsy is well defined, and, traditionally, amphetamine-like stimulants (i.e., dopaminergic release enhancers) have been used for clinical management to improve EDS and sleep attacks, whereas tricyclic antidepressants have been used as anticataplectics. However, treatments have evolved to better-tolerated compounds such as modafinil or armodafinil (for EDS) and adrenergic/serotonergic selective reuptake inhibitors (as anticataplectics). In addition, night-time administration of a short-acting sedative, c-hydroxybutyrate (sodium oxybate), has been used for the treatment for EDS and cataplexy. These therapies are almost always needed in combination with non-pharmacologic treatments (i.e., behavioral modification). A series of new drugs is currently being tested in animal models and in humans. These include a wide variety of hypocretin agonists, melanin- concentrating hormone receptor antagonists, antigenspecific immunopharmacology, and histamine H3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists (e.g., pitolisant), which have been proposed for specific therapeutic applications, including the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, and more recently, narcolepsy. Even though current treatment is strictly symptomatic, based on the present state of knowledge of the pathophysiology of narcolepsy, we expect that more pathophysiology-based treatments will be available in the near future.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropathic pain is a costly and disabling condition, which affects up to 8% of the population. Available therapies often provide incomplete pain relief and treatment-related side effects are common. Preclinical neuropathic pain models have facilitated identification of several promising targets, which have progressed to human clinical phases of evaluation. AREAS COVERED A systematic database search yielded 25 new molecular entities with specified pharmacological mechanisms that have reached Phase II or III clinical trials. These include calcium channel antagonists, vanilloid receptor antagonists, potassium channel agonists, NMDA antagonists, novel opioid receptor agonists, histamine H3 receptor antagonists, a novel sodium channel antagonist, serotonin modulators, a novel acetylcholine receptor agonist, α-2b adrenoreceptor agonist, cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, orexin receptor antagonist, angiotensin II 2 antagonist, imidazoline I2 receptor agonist, apoptosis inhibitor and fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor. EXPERT OPINION Although the diversity of pharmacological mechanisms of interest emphasise the complexity of neuropathic pain transmission, the considerable number of agents under development reflect a continued enthusiasm in drug development for neuropathic pain. Ongoing enhancements in methodology of both preclinical and clinical research and closer translation in both directions are expected to more efficiently identify new agents, which will improve the management of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Gilron
- Queen's University, Kingston General Hospital, Departments of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine and Biomedical & Molecular Sciences , 76 Stuart St, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7 , Canada +1 613 548 1375 ;
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Yan H, Zhang X, Hu W, Ma J, Hou W, Zhang X, Wang X, Gao J, Shen Y, Lv J, Ohtsu H, Han F, Wang G, Chen Z. Histamine H3 receptors aggravate cerebral ischaemic injury by histamine-independent mechanisms. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3334. [PMID: 24566390 PMCID: PMC3948077 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the histamine H3 receptor (H3R) in cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains unknown. Here we show that H3R expression is upregulated after I/R in two mouse models. H3R antagonists and H3R knockout attenuate I/R injury, which is reversed by an H3R-selective agonist. Interestingly, H1R and H2R antagonists, a histidine decarboxylase (HDC) inhibitor and HDC knockout all fail to compromise the protection by H3R blockade. H3R blockade inhibits mTOR phosphorylation and reinforces autophagy. The neuroprotection by H3R antagonism is reversed by 3-methyladenine and siRNA for Atg7, and is diminished in Atg5−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Furthermore, the peptide Tat-H3RCT414-436, which blocks CLIC4 binding with H3Rs, or siRNA for CLIC4, further increases I/R-induced autophagy and protects against I/R injury. Therefore, H3R promotes I/R injury while its antagonism protects against ischaemic injury via histamine-independent mechanisms that involve suppressing H3R/CLIC4 binding-activated autophagy, suggesting that H3R inhibition is a therapeutic target for cerebral ischaemia. Histamine H3 receptor dysregulation is a hallmark of pathological conditions in the central nervous system, and H3 receptor antagonism is neuroprotective. Here Chen et al. show that histamine-independent H3 receptor activation can enhance neuronal cell death during cerebral ischaemia by suppressing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Yan
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China [2]
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310002, Zhejiang, China [3]
| | - Weiwei Hu
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310002, Zhejiang, China [3]
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiwei Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingzhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaofen Wang
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China [2] Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jieqiong Gao
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China [2] Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yao Shen
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China [2] Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jianxin Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hiroshi Ohtsu
- Department of Engineering, School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8775, Japan
| | - Feng Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310002, Zhejiang, China
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Brown DG, Bernstein PR, Griffin A, Wesolowski S, Labrecque D, Tremblay MC, Sylvester M, Mauger R, Edwards PD, Throner SR, Folmer JJ, Cacciola J, Scott C, Lazor LA, Pourashraf M, Santhakumar V, Potts WM, Sydserff S, Giguère P, Lévesque C, Dasser M, Groblewski T. Discovery of Spirofused Piperazine and Diazepane Amides as Selective Histamine-3 Antagonists with in Vivo Efficacy in a Mouse Model of Cognition. J Med Chem 2014; 57:733-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4014828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dean G. Brown
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - Peter R. Bernstein
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - Andrew Griffin
- AstraZeneca Montréal, 7171
Frédérick-Banting, Montréal, Québec H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Steve Wesolowski
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - Denis Labrecque
- AstraZeneca Montréal, 7171
Frédérick-Banting, Montréal, Québec H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Maxime C. Tremblay
- AstraZeneca Montréal, 7171
Frédérick-Banting, Montréal, Québec H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Mark Sylvester
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - Russell Mauger
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - Phillip D. Edwards
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - Scott R. Throner
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - James J. Folmer
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - Joseph Cacciola
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - Clay Scott
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - Lois A. Lazor
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - Mehrnaz Pourashraf
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - Vijayaratnam Santhakumar
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - William M. Potts
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - Simon Sydserff
- AstraZeneca CNS Discovery Research, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19850, United States
| | - Pascall Giguère
- OmegaChem, 480 Rue Perreault, Saint-Romuald, Québec G6W 7 V6, Canada
| | - Carine Lévesque
- OmegaChem, 480 Rue Perreault, Saint-Romuald, Québec G6W 7 V6, Canada
| | - Mohammed Dasser
- OmegaChem, 480 Rue Perreault, Saint-Romuald, Québec G6W 7 V6, Canada
| | - Thierry Groblewski
- AstraZeneca Montréal, 7171
Frédérick-Banting, Montréal, Québec H4S 1Z9, Canada
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Baronio D, Gonchoroski T, Castro K, Zanatta G, Gottfried C, Riesgo R. Histaminergic system in brain disorders: lessons from the translational approach and future perspectives. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2014; 13:34. [PMID: 25426159 PMCID: PMC4243384 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-014-0034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine and its receptors were first described as part of immune and gastrointestinal systems, but their presence in the central nervous system and importance in behavior are gaining more attention. The histaminergic system modulates different processes including wakefulness, feeding, and learning and memory consolidation. Histamine receptors (H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R) belong to the rhodopsin-like family of G protein-coupled receptors, present constitutive activity, and are subjected to inverse agonist action. The involvement of the histaminergic system in brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, sleep disorders, drug dependence, and Parkinson's disease, is largely studied. Data obtained from preclinical studies point antagonists of histamine receptors as promising alternatives to treat brain disorders. Thus, clinical trials are currently ongoing to assess the effects of these drugs on humans. This review summarizes the role of histaminergic system in brain disorders, as well as the effects of different histamine antagonists on animal models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Baronio
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 - Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903 Brazil ; Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil ; Research Group in Neuroglial Plasticity, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Taylor Gonchoroski
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 - Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903 Brazil ; Research Group in Neuroglial Plasticity, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Kamila Castro
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 - Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903 Brazil ; Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil ; Research Group in Neuroglial Plasticity, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Geancarlo Zanatta
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 - Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903 Brazil ; Research Group in Neuroglial Plasticity, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Carmem Gottfried
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 - Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903 Brazil ; Research Group in Neuroglial Plasticity, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Rudimar Riesgo
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 - Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903 Brazil ; Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil ; Research Group in Neuroglial Plasticity, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil ; Child Neurology Unit, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
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Wilson DM, Apps J, Bailey N, Bamford MJ, Beresford IJ, Brackenborough K, Briggs MA, Brough S, Calver AR, Crook B, Davis RK, Davis RP, Davis S, Dean DK, Harris L, Heslop T, Holland V, Jeffrey P, Panchal TA, Parr CA, Quashie N, Schogger J, Sehmi SS, Stean TO, Steadman JG, Trail B, Wald J, Worby A, Takle AK, Witherington J, Medhurst AD. Identification of clinical candidates from the benzazepine class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6890-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gao Z, Hurst WJ, Czechtizky W, Hall D, Moindrot N, Nagorny R, Pichat P, Stefany D, Hendrix JA, George PG. Identification and profiling of 3,5-dimethyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid [2-methyl-4-((2S,3′S)-2-methyl-[1,3′]bipyrrolidinyl-1′-yl)phenyl] amide as histamine H3 receptor antagonist for the treatment of depression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6269-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Discovery of a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable histamine H3 receptor antagonist SAR110068 for the treatment of sleep–wake disorders. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6141-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Effects of histamine on spontaneous neuropathic pain induced by peripheral axotomy. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:261-9. [PMID: 23494529 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of histamine on spontaneous neuropathic pain (NP) induced by peripheral axotomy. Rats and mice were subjected to complete transection of the left sciatic and saphenous nerves to induce spontaneous NP (the neuroma model). Rats were then treated with drugs once daily for 30 days (histidine and loratadine, i.p.) or 21 days (histamine, i.c.v.). Autotomy behavior was scored daily until day 50 post-operation (PO). On days 14 to 21 PO, some rats in the control group were subjected to single-fiber recording. Autotomy behavior was also monitored daily in histidine decarboxylase (the key enzyme for histamine synthesis) knockout (HDC(-/-)) and wild-type mice for 42 days. We found that both histidine (500 mg/kg) (a precursor of histamine that increases histamine levels in the tissues) and histamine (50 μg/5 μL) significantly suppressed autotomy behavior in rats. HDC(-/-) mice lacking endogenous histamine showed higher levels of autotomy than the wild-type. In addition, the analgesic effect of histidine was not antagonized by loratadine (a peripherally-acting H1 receptor antagonist), while loratadine alone significantly suppressed autotomy. Electrophysiological recording showed that ectopic spontaneous discharges from the neuroma were blocked by systemic diphenhydramine (an H1 receptor antagonist). Our results suggest that histamine plays an important role in spontaneous NP. It is likely that histamine in the central nervous system is analgesic, while in the periphery, via H1 receptors, it is algesic. This study justifies the avoidance of a histamine-rich diet and the use of peripherally-acting H1 receptor antagonists as well as agents that improve histamine action in the central nervous system in patients with spontaneous NP.
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Yasuda M, Kido K, Ohtani N, Masaki E. Mast cell stabilization promotes antinociceptive effects in a mouse model of postoperative pain. J Pain Res 2013; 6:161-6. [PMID: 23503682 PMCID: PMC3594917 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s41527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve injury and consequent inflammatory responses produced by surgical incision result in a complicated pain status which still affects half of all surgical patients. Therefore, it is essential for anesthesiologists to identify the mechanisms of postoperative pain. Mast cells are resident cells of connective tissue and the mucosa that participate in the immune response. Degranulation of mast cells is involved in the development of postoperative pain and can be induced by surgical incision. The aim of this study was to investigate whether stabilization of mast cells causes an antinociceptive effect in a mouse model of postoperative pain. METHODS Postoperative pain was induced by making an incision in the hind paw of BALB/c mice. The mast cell membrane stabilizer cromoglycate (200 μg/20 μL) was injected before incision of the paw, and postoperative pain responses were measured by assessing guarding behavior, withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli, and latency of heat pain behavior 1, 2, and 7 days after the incision. RESULTS The incision produced guarding pain, mechanical allodynia, and heat hypersensitivity. Cromoglycate decreased the guarding pain score (day 1) and the withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli (days 1, 2, and 7). However, the withdrawal latency to heat was not affected by cromoglycate treatment. CONCLUSION Cromoglycate significantly attenuated the pain response expressed as guarding pain and mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of postoperative pain. Thus, mast cell activation is likely a mechanism of postoperative pain and is an interesting target for the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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Kennedy PGE, Montague P, Scott F, Grinfeld E, Ashrafi GH, Breuer J, Rowan EG. Varicella-zoster viruses associated with post-herpetic neuralgia induce sodium current density increases in the ND7-23 Nav-1.8 neuroblastoma cell line. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51570. [PMID: 23382806 PMCID: PMC3561399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most significant complication of herpes zoster caused by reactivation of latent Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV). We undertook a heterologous infection in vitro study to determine whether PHN-associated VZV isolates induce changes in sodium ion channel currents known to be associated with neuropathic pain. Twenty VZV isolates were studied blind from 11 PHN and 9 non-PHN subjects. Viruses were propagated in the MeWo cell line from which cell-free virus was harvested and applied to the ND7/23-Nav1.8 rat DRG x mouse neuroblastoma hybrid cell line which showed constitutive expression of the exogenous Nav 1.8, and endogenous expression of Nav 1.6 and Nav 1.7 genes all encoding sodium ion channels the dysregulation of which is associated with a range of neuropathic pain syndromes. After 72 hrs all three classes of VZV gene transcripts were detected in the absence of infectious virus. Single cell sodium ion channel recording was performed after 72 hr by voltage-clamping. PHN-associated VZV significantly increased sodium current amplitude in the cell line when compared with non-PHN VZV, wild-type (Dumas) or vaccine VZV strains ((POka, Merck and GSK). These sodium current increases were unaffected by acyclovir pre-treatment but were abolished by exposure to Tetrodotoxin (TTX) which blocks the TTX-sensitive fast Nav 1.6 and Nav 1.7 channels but not the TTX-resistant slow Nav 1.8 channel. PHN-associated VZV sodium current increases were therefore mediated in part by the Nav 1.6 and Nav 1.7 sodium ion channels. An additional observation was a modest increase in message levels of both Nav1.6 and Nav1.7 mRNA but not Nav 1.8 in PHN virally infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G E Kennedy
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Zhang DD, Sisignano M, Schuh CD, Sander K, Stark H, Scholich K. Overdose of the histamine H₃ inverse agonist pitolisant increases thermal pain thresholds. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:1283-91. [PMID: 22820944 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Pitolisant (BF2.649) is a selective inverse agonist for the histamine H(3) receptor and was developed for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson disease, narcolepsy, and schizophrenia. Since H(3)-ligands can decrease inflammatory pain, we tested Pitolisant in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. MATERIALS AND TREATMENTS: Behavioral effects of pitolisant and the structural different H(3) receptor inverse agonists ciproxifan and ST-889 were tested in zymosan-induced inflammation and the spared nerve injury model for neuropathic pain. METHODS Responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli were determined. Calcium imaging was performed with primary neuronal cultures of dorsal root ganglions. RESULTS Clinically relevant doses of pitolisant (10 mg/kg) had no relevant effect on mechanical or thermal pain thresholds in all animal models. Higher doses (50 mg/kg) dramatically increased thermal but not mechanical pain thresholds. Neither ciproxifan nor ST-889 altered thermal pain thresholds. In peripheral sensory neurons high concentrations of pitolisant (30-500 μM), but not ciproxifan, partially inhibited calcium increases induced by capsaicin, a selective activator of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1). High doses of pitolisant induced a strong hypothermia. CONCLUSION The data show a dramatic effect of high dosages of pitolisant on the thermosensory system, which appears to be H(3) receptor-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Dong Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt, ZAFES, Hospital of the Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
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McGaraughty S, Chu KL, Cowart MD, Brioni JD. Antagonism of Supraspinal Histamine H3 Receptors Modulates Spinal Neuronal Activity in Neuropathic Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:13-20. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.194761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Cowart M, Hsieh G, Black LA, Zhan C, Gomez EJ, Pai M, Strakhova M, Manelli A, Carr T, Wetter J, Lee A, Diaz G, Garrison T, Brioni JD. Pharmacological characterization of A-960656, a histamine H₃ receptor antagonist with efficacy in animal models of osteoarthritis and neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 684:87-94. [PMID: 22504024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Histamine H(3) receptor antagonists have been widely reported to improve performance in preclinical models of cognition, but more recently efficacy in pain models has also been described. Here, A-960656 ((R)-2-(2-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)pyridazin-3(2H)-one) was profiled as a new structural chemotype. A-960656 was potent in vitro in histamine H(3) receptor binding assays (rat K(i)=76 nM, human K(i)=21 nM), and exhibited functional antagonism in blocking agonist-induced [(35)S]GTPγS binding (rat H(3) K(b)=107 nM, human H(3) K(b)=22 nM), and was highly specific for H(3) receptors in broad screens for non-H(3) sites. In a spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain in rat, oral doses of 1 and 3mg/kg were effective 60 min post dosing with an ED(50) of 2.17 mg/kg and a blood EC(50) of 639 ng/ml. In a model of osteoarthritis pain, oral doses of 0.1, 0.3, and 1mg/kg were effective 1h post dosing with an ED(50) of 0.52 mg/kg and a blood EC(50) of 233 ng/ml. The antinociceptive effect of A-960656 in both pain models was maintained after sub-chronic dosing up to 12 days. A-960656 had excellent rat pharmacokinetics (t(1/2)=1.9h, 84% oral bioavailability) with rapid and efficient brain penetration, and was well tolerated in CNS behavioral safety screens. In summary, A-960656 has properties well suited to probe the pharmacology of histamine H(3) receptors in pain. Its potency and efficacy in animal pain models provide support to the notion that histamine H(3) receptor antagonists are effective in attenuating nociceptive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Cowart
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, United States.
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Kuraishi Y. [Mechanisms of itch and the pharmacology of anti-pruritic agents]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2012; 139:160-164. [PMID: 22498680 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.139.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Kinchington PR, Goins WF. Varicella zoster virus-induced pain and post-herpetic neuralgia in the human host and in rodent animal models. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:590-9. [PMID: 22205584 PMCID: PMC3946975 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Pain and post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) are common and highly distressing complications of herpes zoster that remain a significant public health concern and in need of improved therapies. Zoster results from reactivation of the herpesvirus varicella zoster virus (VZV) from a neuronal latent state established at the primary infection (varicella). PHN occurs in some one fifth to one third of zoster cases with severity, incidence, and duration of pain increasing with rising patient age. While VZV reactivation and the ensuing ganglionic damage trigger the pain response, the mechanisms underlying protracted PHN are not understood, and the lack of an animal model of herpes zoster (reactivation) makes this issue more challenging. A recent preclinical rodent model has developed that opens up the potential to allow the exploration of the underlying mechanisms and treatments for VZV-induced pain. Rats inoculated with live cell-associated human VZV into the hind paw reliably demonstrate thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia for extended periods and then spontaneously recover. Dorsal root ganglia express a limited VZV gene subset, including the IE62 regulatory protein, and upregulate expression of markers suggesting a neuropathic pain state. The model has been used to investigate treatment modalities and aspects of pain signaling and is under investigation by the authors to delineate VZV genetics involved in the induction of pain. This article compares human zoster-associated pain and PHN to the pain indicators in the rat and poses important questions that, if answered, could be the basis for new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, 1020 EEI Building, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Kuhne S, Wijtmans M, Lim HD, Leurs R, de Esch IJP. Several down, a few to go: histamine H3 receptor ligands making the final push towards the market? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1629-48. [PMID: 21992603 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.625010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The histamine H(3) receptor (H(3)R) plays a pivotal role in a plethora of therapeutic areas. Blocking the H(3)R with antagonists/inverse agonists has been postulated to be of broad therapeutic use. Indeed, H(3)R antagonists/inverse agonists have been extensively evaluated in the clinic. AREAS COVERED Here, we address new developments, insights obtained and challenges encountered in the clinical evaluations. For recent H(3)R clinical candidates, the status and results of the corresponding clinical trial(s) will be discussed along with preclinical data. MAIN FINDINGS In all, it becomes evident that clinical evaluation of H(3)R antagonists/inverse agonists is characterized by mixed results. On one hand, Pitolisant has successfully passed several Phase II trials and seems to be the most advanced compound in the clinic now, being in Phase III. On the other hand, some compounds (e.g., PF-03654647 and MK-0249) failed at Phase II clinical level for several indications. EXPERT OPINION A challenging feature in H(3)R research is the multifaceted role of the receptor at a molecular/biochemical level, which can complicate targeting by small molecules at several (pre)clinical levels. Accordingly, H(3)R antagonists/inverse agonists require further testing to pinpoint the determinants for clinical efficacy and to aid in the final push towards the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Kuhne
- VU University Amsterdam, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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