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Tan Y, Mosallanejad K, Zhang Q, O’Brien S, Clements M, Perper S, Wilson S, Chaulagain S, Wang J, Abdalla M, Al-Saidi H, Butt D, Clabbers A, Ofori K, Dillon B, Harvey B, Memmott J, Negron C, Winarta D, Tan C, Biswas A, Dong F, Morales-Tirado V, Lu X, Singh G, White M, Ashley S, Knight H, Westmoreland S, Phillips L, Carr T, Reinke-Breen L, Singh R, Xu J, Wu K, Rinaldi L, Stoll B, He YD, Hazelwood L, Karman J, McCluskey A, Stine W, Correia I, Gauld S, Levesque MC, Veldman G, Hubeau C, Radstake T, Sadhukhan R, Fiebiger E. IL11-mediated stromal cell activation may not be the master regulator of pro-fibrotic signaling downstream of TGFβ. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1293883. [PMID: 38455057 PMCID: PMC10917968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1293883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and systemic scleroderma (SSc), are commonly associated with high morbidity and mortality, thereby representing a significant unmet medical need. Interleukin 11 (IL11)-mediated cell activation has been identified as a central mechanism for promoting fibrosis downstream of TGFβ. IL11 signaling has recently been reported to promote fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, thus leading to various pro-fibrotic phenotypic changes. We confirmed increased mRNA expression of IL11 and IL11Rα in fibrotic diseases by OMICs approaches and in situ hybridization. However, the vital role of IL11 as a driver for fibrosis was not recapitulated. While induction of IL11 secretion was observed downstream of TGFβ signaling in human lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells, the cellular responses induced by IL11 was quantitatively and qualitatively inferior to that of TGFβ at the transcriptional and translational levels. IL11 blocking antibodies inhibited IL11Rα-proximal STAT3 activation but failed to block TGFβ-induced profibrotic signals. In summary, our results challenge the concept of IL11 blockade as a strategy for providing transformative treatment for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Tan
- AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Qingxiu Zhang
- AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Stuart Perper
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Sarah Wilson
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | | | - Jing Wang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Mary Abdalla
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | | | - Danyal Butt
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Anca Clabbers
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Kwasi Ofori
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Beth Dillon
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Bohdan Harvey
- AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - John Memmott
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | | | - David Winarta
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Catherine Tan
- AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Amlan Biswas
- AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Feng Dong
- AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Xiaoqing Lu
- AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Gurminder Singh
- AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michael White
- AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Lucy Phillips
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Tracy Carr
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Rajeeva Singh
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jianwen Xu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Kan Wu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Lisa Rinaldi
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Brian Stoll
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Jozsef Karman
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | | | - William Stine
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Ivan Correia
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Cedric Hubeau
- AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Edda Fiebiger
- AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Guffroy M, Trela B, Kambara T, Stawski L, Chen H, Luus L, Montesinos MS, Olson L, He Y, Maisonave K, Carr T, Lu M, Ray AS, Hazelwood LA. Selective inhibition of integrin αvβ6 leads to rapid induction of urinary bladder tumors in cynomolgus macaques. Toxicol Sci 2023; 191:400-413. [PMID: 36515490 PMCID: PMC9936210 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of a novel and selective small molecule integrin αvβ6 inhibitor, MORF-627, to young cynomolgus monkeys for 28 days resulted in the rapid induction of epithelial proliferative changes in the urinary bladder of 2 animals, in the absence of test agent genotoxicity. Microscopic findings included suburothelial infiltration by irregular nests and/or trabeculae of epithelial cells, variable cytologic atypia, and high mitotic rate, without invasion into the tunica muscularis. Morphologic features and patterns of tumor growth were consistent with a diagnosis of early-stage invasive urothelial carcinoma. Ki67 immunohistochemistry demonstrated diffusely increased epithelial proliferation in the urinary bladder of several monkeys, including those with tumors, and αvβ6 was expressed in some epithelial tissues, including urinary bladder, in monkeys and humans. Spontaneous urothelial carcinomas are extremely unusual in young healthy monkeys, suggesting a direct link of the finding to the test agent. Inhibition of integrin αvβ6 is intended to locally and selectively block transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, which is implicated in epithelial proliferative disorders. Subsequent in vitro studies using a panel of integrin αvβ6 inhibitors in human bladder epithelial cells replicated the increased urothelial proliferation observed in monkeys and was reversed through exogenous application of TGF-β. Moreover, analysis of in vivo models of liver and lung fibrosis revealed evidence of epithelial hyperplasia and cell cycle dysregulation in mice treated with integrin αvβ6 or TGF-β receptor I inhibitors. The cumulative evidence suggests a direct link between integrin αvβ6 inhibition and decreased TGF-β signaling in the local bladder environment, with implications for epithelial proliferation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce Trela
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | | | - Lukasz Stawski
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Huidong Chen
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Lia Luus
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | | | | | - Yupeng He
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | | | - Tracy Carr
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | - Min Lu
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
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Hill J, Carr T, Ambrose C, Martin N, Ponnarambil S, Lindsley A, Martin N. EFFICACY OF TEZEPELUMAB IN HISPANIC OR LATINO PATIENTS WITH SEVERE, UNCONTROLLED ASTHMA. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.08.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dawam D, Motiwala H, Abdalazeez M, Pavlakis P, Massanova M, Casey R, Dimopoulos P, Kampantais S, Carr T, Dooldeniya M, Hegarty H. A UK urological cancer centre cystectomy service - What lessons can we learn? EUR UROL SUPPL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(22)02377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Chung Y, Carr T, Ambrose C, Lindsley A, Collacott H, Schulz A, Desai P, Rane P, Williams M. PATIENT AND CLINICIAN PREFERENCES WITH BIOLOGIC TREATMENTS FOR SEVERE ASTHMA: A DISCRETE CHOICE EXPERIMENT. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.08.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Eremija J, Domit NO, Carr T. SARS-COV-2 INFECTION ASSOCIATED WITH NEW SEVERE HYPEREOSINOPHILIA AND MULTIPLE ORGAN DAMAGE. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9646432 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.08.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Odell I, Steach H, Gauld S, Carr T, Wetter J, Phillips L, Hinchcliff M, Flavell R. 045 An EGFR ligand maintains scleroderma skin and lung fibrosis. J Invest Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Adjei M, Saliba A, Carr T, Hardie W, Heymann H. Relative preference mapping (RPM) – A novel approach for simultaneous 2D relative scoring of difference and liking to identify consumer preference for innovative wine styles. Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carr T. Book Review: Urban Health Issues: Exploring the Impacts of Big-City Living. RUSQ 2020. [DOI: 10.5860/rusq.59.2.7296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to poverty, climate change, and other factors, the world’s populations are becoming more urban. While “urban” is relative to various countries, the shift from rural to urban is happening worldwide. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the world’s populations became, for the first time, evenly split between urban and rural. By midcentury, the prediction is that most populations will live in urban areas. It follows that where there are more people, there are also more health concerns. Richard V. Crume’s Urban Health Issues: Exploring the Impacts of Big-City Living is an eminently readable, accessible volume that addresses these health concerns.
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Chinthrajah R, Carr T, Griffin N, Vereda A, Smith A, Vickery B. P306 IDENTIFYING AR101-ELIGIBLE PATIENTS WITHOUT AN ORAL FOOD CHALLENGE: PALISADE PEANUT-SPECIFIC IGE VERSUS FOOD CHALLENGE DATA. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.08.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Patel S, Odisho N, Carr T. M291 MBL DEFICIENCY CONFIRMED BY GENE SEQUENCING. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.08.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Carr T. Book Review: No Remorse: Psychopathy and Criminal Justice. RUSQ 2019. [DOI: 10.5860/rusq.58.4.7166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Jacqueline B. Helfgott’s No Remorse: Psychopathy and Criminal Justice is a heavily researched, yet immensely readable textbook. Its intended audience is students, criminal justice professionals, and “anyone who wants to learn about how the construct of psychopathy impacts criminal justice policy and practice” (xiii). Helfgott, the director of the Crime and Justice Research Center at Seattle University’s Department of Criminal Justice, draws the general reader in by using examples from popular culture and everyday life to illustrate her points.
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Alkatib R, Carr T. TO THE HEART OF THE MATTER: LARGE PERICARDIAL EFFUSION CAUSING SEVERE FACIAL ANGIOEDEMA. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.09.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Carr T. Book Review: The Complete Book of 2000s Broadway Musicals. RUSQ 2017. [DOI: 10.5860/rusq.57.2.6547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Complete Book of 2000s Broadway Musicals is arranged by year and lists each Broadway musical chronologically. The introduction states that the purpose of the work is to “provide a convenient reference source that gives both technical information (such as cast and song lists) and commentary (including obscure details that personalize both familiar and forgotten musicals” (xi). As in Dietz’s other volumes in this series, the reader comes for the technical information, but stays for the commentary.
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Tongchinsub P, Carr T. P234 Combination omalizumab and mepolizumab therapy for poorly-controlled severe persistent asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.08.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lee S, Liyanage S, Wulaningsih W, Wolfe K, Carr T, Younis C, Van Hemelrijck M, Popert R, Acher P. Towards a magnetic resonance imaging-based nomogram for the prediction of transperineal prostate biopsy outcome. Int J Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cartner T, Brand N, Tian K, Saud A, Carr T, Stapleton P, Lane ME, Rawlings AV. Effect of different alcohols on stratum corneum kallikrein 5 and phospholipase A 2 together with epidermal keratinocytes and skin irritation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 39:188-196. [PMID: 27578266 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the effect of ethanol, isopropanol and n-propanol on stratum corneum (SC) enzymes and keratinocytes in vitro together with their effects on skin condition and function. METHODS Activities of kallikrein 5 (KLK5) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) as well as keratinocyte metabolic activity, interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured in vitro in the presence and absence of the different alcohols. We also measured transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin capacitance, visual dryness and visual redness on the volar forearms of 25 Caucasian women following application of the alcohols 20 and 100 times per day over a period of 14 days in a clinical study. RESULTS Reduced activities of KLK5 and PLA2 were observed in the presence of the alcohols. The greatest denaturing effect was always observed for n-propanol (P < 0.001), and in the case of PLA2, the effect of isopropanol was greater than ethanol (P < 0.001). Equally, ethanol had the mildest effects on keratinocyte metabolic activity and cytokine secretion (P < 0.001) and n-propanol always produced the most severe changes in normal and differentiated keratinocytes. These in vitro findings supported the clinical results where the major effects were on the induction of skin irritation (increased dropout rates) and ranked the intolerance of the different alcohols as follows: n-propanol > isopropanol > ethanol. At the high application frequencies, the effect of the different alcohols on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin capacitance was similar, but at the low application frequencies, n-propanol had a significant effect on TEWL and capacitance values (P < 0.05). Equally, n-propanol and isopropanol produced significantly more skin redness at the low application frequencies. CONCLUSIONS Clearly, isopropanol and n-propanol caused significant SC and keratinocyte perturbation in vitro together with damage to skin condition and function in vivo whereas ethanol did not. As a result, we show that ethanol-based sanitizers are better tolerated by skin, particularly in high-use settings, than other alcohols and should be the active ingredient of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cartner
- GOJO Industries, Inc, PO Box 991, Akron, OH, 44309-0991, USA
| | - N Brand
- School of Pharmacy, UCL, London, UK
| | - K Tian
- GOJO Industries, Inc, PO Box 991, Akron, OH, 44309-0991, USA
| | - A Saud
- GOJO Industries, Inc, PO Box 991, Akron, OH, 44309-0991, USA
| | - T Carr
- Carr Consulting, Wilmette, IL, USA
| | | | - M E Lane
- School of Pharmacy, UCL, London, UK
| | - A V Rawlings
- School of Pharmacy, UCL, London, UK.,AVR Consulting Ltd., 26 Shavington way, Northwich, UK
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Rida Z, Carr T, Kohnke C, Albrecht J. School Food Environment the Frontline for Childhood Obesity Prevention - A Mixed-Methods Study of Nutritional Competencies and Skills of School Nutrition Professionals in Nebraska. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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MacAskill F, Eldred-Evans D, Popert R, Carr T, Van Hemelrijck M, Wolfe K, Liyanage S. The diagnostic value of MRI-based PSA density to predict the outcome of primary transperineal sector-guided prostate biopsy. Int J Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.07.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Carr T. Book Review: Make ’em Laugh!: American Humorists of the 20th and 21st Centuries. RUSQ 2015. [DOI: 10.5860/rusq.55n1.75a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While books about comedy often strip all the life out of it, good books about comedy are a useful resource for learning about key performers, for analysis of comedy trends, and for discovery of little-known works one may have missed. Unfortunately, Make ’em Laugh!: American Humorists of the 20th and 21st Centuries is not one of those good books about comedy.
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Holm LP, Hawkins I, Robin C, Newton RJ, Jepson R, Stanzani G, McMahon LA, Pesavento P, Carr T, Cogan T, Couto CG, Cianciolo R, Walker DJ. Cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy as a cause of acute kidney injury in dogs in the UK. Vet Rec 2015; 176:384. [PMID: 25802439 PMCID: PMC4413843 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To describe the signalment, clinicopathological findings and outcome in dogs presenting with acute kidney injury (AKI) and skin lesions between November 2012 and March 2014, in whom cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (CRGV) was suspected and renal thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) was histopathologically confirmed. The medical records of dogs with skin lesions and AKI, with histopathologically confirmed renal TMA, were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty dogs from across the UK were identified with clinicopathological findings compatible with CRGV. These findings included the following: skin lesions, predominantly affecting the distal extremities; AKI; and variably, anaemia, thrombocytopaenia and hyperbilirubinaemia. Known causes of AKI were excluded. The major renal histopathological finding was TMA. All thirty dogs died or were euthanised. Shiga toxin was not identified in the kidneys of affected dogs. Escherichia coli genes encoding shiga toxin were not identified in faeces from affected dogs. CRGV has previously been reported in greyhounds in the USA, a greyhound in the UK, without renal involvement, and a Great Dane in Germany. This is the first report of a series of non-greyhound dogs with CRGV and AKI in the UK. CRGV is a disease of unknown aetiology carrying a poor prognosis when azotaemia develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Holm
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, The Granary, Bunstead Barns, Poles Lane, Hursley, Winchester, Hampshire SO21 2LL, UK
| | - I Hawkins
- Bridge Pathology, Horner Court, 637 Gloucester Road, Horfield, Bristol BS7 0BJ, UK
| | - C Robin
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - R J Newton
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - R Jepson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - G Stanzani
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - L A McMahon
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, The Granary, Bunstead Barns, Poles Lane, Hursley, Winchester, Hampshire SO21 2LL, UK
| | - P Pesavento
- Department of PMI, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 4206 VM3A, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - T Carr
- Martin and Carr, The Old Well, Station Road, Pershore, Worcestershire WR10 2DB, UK
| | - T Cogan
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - C G Couto
- Couto Veterinary Consultants, Hilliard, Ohio 43026, USA
| | - R Cianciolo
- International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 301 Goss Laboratory, 1925 Coffey Rd, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - D J Walker
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, The Granary, Bunstead Barns, Poles Lane, Hursley, Winchester, Hampshire SO21 2LL, UK
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Carr T. Sources: 100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries. Reference & User Services Quarterly 2014. [DOI: 10.5860/rusq.53n4.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Varnold K, Calkins C, Nuttelmann B, Senaratne-Lenagala L, Stevenson J, Semler M, Chao M, Carr T, Erickson G. Background grazing, supplementation, finishing diet and aging affect biochemical constituents of beef bottom round steaks. Meat Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carr T. Sources: The Jerome Kern Encyclopedia. Reference & User Services Quarterly 2013. [DOI: 10.5860/rusq.53n2.200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hiwase D, Kutyna M, Carr T, Harrison P, Melo J, Bardy P, To L. P-122 Transfusion dependency is associated with inferior outcome in very low- and low-risk IPSS-R patients. Leuk Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(13)70170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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McCormack D, Carr T, McCloskey R, Keeping-Burke L, Furlong KE, Doucet S. Getting through ethics: the fit between research ethics board assessments and qualitative research. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2013; 7:30-6. [PMID: 23324201 DOI: 10.1525/jer.2012.7.5.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we draw on the authors' collective experiences as qualitative researchers undergoing research ethics reviews. We highlight specific areas within our standard national guidelines that support qualitative research. Using case examples, we illustrate how diverse interpretations of these guidelines can be inconsistent and problematic for qualitative researchers. We outline recommendations for transparency, reciprocity, and streamlining of the review process. It is our hope that adoption of these recommendations will lead to a more collegial evaluative process, thereby contributing to the advancement of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne McCormack
- Department of Nursing & Health Sciences, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 5050, Saint John, NB, Canada.
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Cowart M, Hsieh G, Black LA, Zhan C, Gomez EJ, Pai M, Strakhova M, Manelli A, Carr T, Wetter J, Lee A, Diaz G, Garrison T, Brioni JD. Pharmacological characterization of A-960656, a histamine H₃ receptor antagonist with efficacy in animal models of osteoarthritis and neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 684:87-94. [PMID: 22504024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Histamine H(3) receptor antagonists have been widely reported to improve performance in preclinical models of cognition, but more recently efficacy in pain models has also been described. Here, A-960656 ((R)-2-(2-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)pyridazin-3(2H)-one) was profiled as a new structural chemotype. A-960656 was potent in vitro in histamine H(3) receptor binding assays (rat K(i)=76 nM, human K(i)=21 nM), and exhibited functional antagonism in blocking agonist-induced [(35)S]GTPγS binding (rat H(3) K(b)=107 nM, human H(3) K(b)=22 nM), and was highly specific for H(3) receptors in broad screens for non-H(3) sites. In a spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain in rat, oral doses of 1 and 3mg/kg were effective 60 min post dosing with an ED(50) of 2.17 mg/kg and a blood EC(50) of 639 ng/ml. In a model of osteoarthritis pain, oral doses of 0.1, 0.3, and 1mg/kg were effective 1h post dosing with an ED(50) of 0.52 mg/kg and a blood EC(50) of 233 ng/ml. The antinociceptive effect of A-960656 in both pain models was maintained after sub-chronic dosing up to 12 days. A-960656 had excellent rat pharmacokinetics (t(1/2)=1.9h, 84% oral bioavailability) with rapid and efficient brain penetration, and was well tolerated in CNS behavioral safety screens. In summary, A-960656 has properties well suited to probe the pharmacology of histamine H(3) receptors in pain. Its potency and efficacy in animal pain models provide support to the notion that histamine H(3) receptor antagonists are effective in attenuating nociceptive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Cowart
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, United States.
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Carr T, McCormack D, Keeping-Burke L, Hansen L. The experiences of Indigenous people in health care encounters in Western settings and contexts: A systematic review of qualitative evidence. JBI Libr Syst Rev 2012; 10:1-14. [PMID: 27820286 DOI: 10.11124/01938924-201210561-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Carr
- 1. Professor, Department of Nursing & Health Sciences, University of New Brunswick, The Queen's Joanna Briggs Collaboration for Patient Safety: a collaborating centre of the Joanna Briggs Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (QJBC)
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Carr T. Women who coped successfully with progressive MS learned to confront their diagnosis and live with its unpredictable changes. Evid Based Nurs 2009; 12:124. [PMID: 19779091 DOI: 10.1136/ebn.12.4.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Carr
- University of New Brunswick Saint John, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
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Abstract
Although the importance of spiritual care is widely recognized in nursing theory, recent research suggests that it is rarely attended to in nursing practice. One explanation for this contradiction is the conceptual confusion that exists regarding the meaning of spiritual nursing care. To help unravel this confusion, in-depth open-ended interviews were conducted in an oncology care setting with 29 individuals representing the multiple perspectives of nurses, patients, family, and others. Phenomenological analysis of these interviews reveals that spiritual nursing care involves a complexity of social processes, of which developing caring relationships is core. For these social processes to work and for spiritual nursing care to be realized, the nurse must embody four essential human qualities: receptivity, humanity, competency, and positivity. Participants' descriptions of these processes and qualities not only offer clarity and understanding but also capture the diffuse and amorphous nature of spiritual nursing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Carr
- University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.
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Carr T. Sources: J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Reference & User Services Quarterly 2008. [DOI: 10.5860/rusq.47n3.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Boehmler W, Carr T, Thisse C, Thisse B, Canfield VA, Levenson R. D4 Dopamine receptor genes of zebrafish and effects of the antipsychotic clozapine on larval swimming behaviour. Genes Brain Behav 2007; 6:155-66. [PMID: 16764679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2006.00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish, a model developmental genetic organism, is being increasingly used in behavioural studies. We have initiated studies designed to evaluate the response of zebrafish to antipsychotic drugs. This study focuses on characterization of zebrafish D4 dopamine receptors (D4Rs) and the response of larval zebrafish to the atypical antipsychotic clozapine. The D4R is of interest because of its high affinity for clozapine, while interest in clozapine stems from its effectiveness in reducing symptoms in acutely psychotic, treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients. By mining the zebrafish genomic database, we identified three distinct D4R genes, drd4a, drd4b and drd4c, and generated full-length open reading frames encoding each of the three D4Rs by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Gene mapping studies showed that each D4R gene mapped to a distinct chromosomal location in the zebrafish genome, and each gene exhibited a unique expression profile during embryogenesis. When administered to larval zebrafish, clozapine produced a rapid and profound effect on locomotor activity. The effect of clozapine was dose-dependent, resulted in hypoactivity and was prevented by the D4-selective agonist ABT-724. Our data suggest that the inhibitory effect of clozapine on the locomotor activity of larval zebrafish may be mediated through D4Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Boehmler
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Carr T. Sources: Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastical Languages. Reference & User Services Quarterly 2007. [DOI: 10.5860/rusq.46n3.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Church H, Tylee K, Cooper A, Thornley M, Mercer J, Wraith E, Carr T, O'Meara A, Wynn RF. Biochemical monitoring after haemopoietic stem cell transplant for Hurler syndrome (MPSIH): implications for functional outcome after transplant in metabolic disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 39:207-10. [PMID: 17220904 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hurler Syndrome is corrected by allogeneic BMT by the action of donor enzyme on recipient tissue. In this paper, we describe monitoring of 39 patients transplanted in two centres to determine donor chimerism, enzyme level and residual substrate - expressed as dermatan sulphate to chondroitin sulphate ratio. We show that in fully engrafted recipients, the enzyme level, expressed as mumol/g total protein/h, post-transplant is 24.2 from an unrelated donor and 10.2 from a heterozygote family donor (P<0.0001). There is a tight relationship between mean post-transplant enzyme level and residual substrate - Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (Rho) was -0.76 and -0.80 at 12 and 24 months, respectively (P<0.0001). We propose that these differences affect patient outcome. As unrelated donor transplant outcomes improve and especially given the higher levels of donor cell engraftment following cord transplants, our data might influence donor selection where only heterozygote-matched family members are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Church
- Willink Unit for Biochemical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Carr T. Sources: Encyclopedia of Caribbean Literature. Reference & User Services Quarterly 2006. [DOI: 10.5860/rusq.46n1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Carr T. Transcendental meditation. Aust Fam Physician 2001; 30:736-7. [PMID: 11681142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Meyer S, Thornley M, Wynn RF, Brennan BM, Carr T, Wraith JE, Will AM. Donor bone marrow from a sibling with inborn error of metabolism for treatment of acute leukaemia - clinical and biochemical consequences in the non-affected recipient. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000; 25:909-11. [PMID: 10808215 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1702333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is increasingly used in an attempt to correct inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). However, little is known about effects of BMT from patients with IEM donating for non-affected recipients. We present data from a 8.5-year-old girl who underwent BMT in second remission for relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) at the age of 7 years from her HLA-identical brother who was severely affected by Hunter syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis type II, iduronate-2-sulphatase (IDS) deficiency). After BMT not only leukocyte but also plasma activity of IDS was absent. Mixing experiments and immunoadsorption suggest antibody-mediated enzyme inhibition. However, her urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion has not increased post BMT and clinical signs of mucopolysaccharidosis are absent 20 months after BMT. We conclude that patients with white cell enzyme deficiencies and other IEMs do not have to be excluded from bone marrow donation. Antibody production by the graft may occur and be reflected by a marked reduction in plasma enzyme levels but not tissue activity. Similar antibody responses resulting in enzyme inactivation might also affect other enzyme replacement strategies for individuals with IEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meyer
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit and Department of Oncology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Carr T, Evans P, Campbell S, Bass P, Albano J. Culture of human renal tubular cells: positive selection of kallikrein-containing cells. Immunopharmacology 1999; 44:161-7. [PMID: 10604540 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(99)00139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Human renal tubular cells derived from nephrectomy specimens were maintained in culture and grown to confluence. Immunocytochemistry, using a panel of antibodies selected for their ability to bind to different cell types within the nephron, showed the cells to be predominantly of epithelial origin with no significant contamination by fibroblasts or cells of endothelial origin. Ten to thirty percent of the cells expressed the putative distal marker, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), a finding confirmed by flow cytometry. Cells expressing EMA were positively selected from mixed cultures by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). Kallikrein activity, expressed as mU/10(6) cells, in the EMA +ve cells, was increased fourfold to sixfold when compared with that in the EMA -ve cells. Cultures of characterized human renal tubular cells and sub-populations enriched with distal cells should prove useful in studies of synthesis and release of parameters of the kallikrein kinin system (KKS) to physiological stimuli. Furthermore, a better understanding of the toxic effect on the KKS of clinically useful drugs, particularly those used for immunosuppression, may lead to therapeutic interventions to lessen unwanted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Carr
- Wessex Renal and Transplant Unit, St. Mary's Hospital Portsmouth, UK
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Potwarka JJ, Drost DJ, Williamson PC, Carr T, Canaran G, Rylett WJ, Neufeld RW. A 1H-decoupled 31P chemical shift imaging study of medicated schizophrenic patients and healthy controls. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:687-93. [PMID: 10187998 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current 31P spectroscopy research in schizophrenia has examined phospholipid metabolism by measuring the sum of phosphomonoesters and the sum of phosphodiester-containing molecules. Proton decoupling was implemented to measure the individual phosphomonoester and phosphodiester components. This is the first study employing this technique to examine schizophrenic patients. METHODS Multivoxel two-dimensional chemical shift in vivo phosphorous-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy with proton decoupling was used to examine a 50-cm3 volume in prefrontal, motor, and parieto-occipital regions in the brain. Eleven chronic medicated schizophrenic patients were compared to 11 healthy controls of comparable gender, education, parental education, and handedness. RESULTS A significant increase in the mobile phospholipid peak area and its full width at half maximum was observed in the medicated schizophrenic patients compared to the healthy controls in the prefrontal region. Inorganic orthophosphate and phosphocholine were lower in the schizophrenic group in the prefrontal region. CONCLUSIONS The increased sum of phosphodiester [mobile phospholipid + glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine (GPEth) + glycerol-3-phosphocholine (GPCh)] in schizophrenic patients, measured in earlier studies, arises from the phospholipid peak (MP) and not the more mobile phosphodiesters (GPEth, GPCh) as was originally suspected. A decrease in the phosphocholine component of the phosphomonoesters was also observed in the schizophrenic patients. These findings are consistent with an abnormality in membrane metabolism in the prefrontal region in schizophrenics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Potwarka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Magnetic Resonance, St. Joseph's Health Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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Harris D, Carr T. Measuring quality of life in cosmetic surgery patients with a condition-specific instrument: the Derriford Scale--reply. Br J Plast Surg 1999; 52:158. [PMID: 10434898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Carr T, McKeever P, Yoshida M. Italo-Canadian mothers' beliefs surrounding cause and treatment/cure of childhood disabilities. Can J Nurs Res 1998; 29:69-78. [PMID: 9505584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A qualitative design was used to explore Italo-Canadian beliefs about the cause and treatment/cure of childhood disabilities. A convenience sample of eight second-generation Italo-Canadian mothers of children with moderate to severe disabilities was recruited through a pediatric rehabilitation centre in Southern Ontario. The mothers were interviewed using open-ended questions that served as probes to stimulate their thoughts and feelings. Data analysis proceeded concomitantly with data collection, and consisted of content analysis. Three major categories of traditional causation beliefs were identified: (a) punishment for past wrongdoing, (b) "bad blood" caused by intermarriage or a family curse, and (c) supernatural forces such as mal'occhio (the evil eye). The major category identified for cure of childhood disability was magico-religious healing. These traditional beliefs were described by the mothers to be strongest among first-generation Italo-Canadians, especially grandparents. The mothers themselves expressed their acceptance of some of these beliefs, but only minimal acceptance of or resistance to others. Based on this study, it would be premature to formulate implications for practice; however, several directions for future research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Carr
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto.
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Carr T. Nutrition in HIV and AIDS. Nurs Times 1997; 93:1-6. [PMID: 9380561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Carr
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London
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Votta BJ, Levy MA, Badger A, Bradbeer J, Dodds RA, James IE, Thompson S, Bossard MJ, Carr T, Connor JR, Tomaszek TA, Szewczuk L, Drake FH, Veber DF, Gowen M. Peptide aldehyde inhibitors of cathepsin K inhibit bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 1997; 12:1396-406. [PMID: 9286755 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.9.1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have shown previously that cathepsin K, a recently identified member of the papain superfamily of cysteine proteases, is expressed selectively in osteoclasts and is the predominant cysteine protease in these cells. Based upon its abundant cell type-selective expression, potent endoprotease activity at low pH and cellular localization at the bone interface, cathepsin K has been proposed to play a specialized role in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. In this study, we evaluated a series of peptide aldehydes and demonstrated that they are potent cathepsin K inhibitors. These compounds inhibited osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in fetal rat long bone (FRLB) organ cultures in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. Selected compounds were also shown to inhibit bone resorption in a human osteoclast-mediated assay in vitro. Chz-Leu-Leu-Leu-H (in vitro enzyme inhibition Ki,app = 1.4 nM) inhibited parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated resorption in the FRLB assay with an IC-50 of 20 nM and inhibited resorption by isolated human osteoclasts cultured on bovine cortical bone slices with an IC-50 of 100 nM. In the adjuvant-arthritic (AA) rat model, in situ hybridization studies demonstrated high levels of cathepsin K expression in osteoclasts at sites of extensive bone loss in the distal tibia. Cbz-Leu-Leu-Leu-H (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) significantly reduced this bone loss, as well as the associated hind paw edema. In the thyroparathyriodectomized rat model, Cbz-Leu-Leu-Leu-H inhibited the increase in blood ionized calcium induced by a 6 h infusion of PTH. These data indicate that inhibitors of cathepsin K are effective at reducing osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and may have therapeutic potential in diseases of excessive bone resorption such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Votta
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Dearden SP, Taylor GM, Gokhale DA, Robinson MD, Thompson W, Ollier W, Binchy A, Birch JM, Stevens RF, Carr T, Bardsley WG. Molecular analysis of HLA-DQB1 alleles in childhood common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Cancer 1996; 73:603-9. [PMID: 8605093 PMCID: PMC2074350 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that childhood common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (c-ALL) may be the rare outcome of early post-natal infection with a common infectious agent. One of the factors that may determine whether a child succumbs to c-ALL is how it responds to the candidate infection. Since immune responses to infection are under the partial control of (human leucocyte antigen) HLA genes, an association between an HLA allele and c-ALL could provide support for an infectious aetiology. To define the limit of c-ALL susceptibility within the HLA region, we have compared HLA-DQB1 allele frequencies in a cohort of 62 children with c-ALL with 76 newborn controls, using group-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. We find that a significant excess of children with c-ALL type for DQB1*05 [relative risk (RR): 2.54, uncorrected P=0.038], and a marginal excess with DQB1*0501 (RR: 2.18; P=0.095). Only 3 of the 62 children with c-ALL have the other susceptibility allele, DPB1*0201 as well as DQB1*0501, whereas 15 had one or the other allele. This suggests that HLA-associated susceptibility may be determined independently by at least two loci, and is not due to linkage disequilibrium. The combined relative risk of the two groups of children with DPB1*0201 and/or DQB1*0501 is 2.76 (P=0.0076). Analysis of amino acids encoded by exon 2 of DQB1 reveal additional complexity, with significant (P<0.05) or borderline-significant increases in Gly26, His30, Val57, Glu66-Val67 encoding motifs in c-ALL compared with controls. Since these amino acids are not restricted to DQB1*0501, our results suggest that, as with DPB1, the increased risk of c-ALL associated with DQB1 is determined by specific amino acid encoding motifs rather than by an individual allele. These results also suggest that HLA-associated susceptibility to c-ALL may not be restricted to the region bounded by DPB1 and DQB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Dearden
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Taylor GM, Robinson MD, Binchy A, Birch JM, Stevens RF, Jones PM, Carr T, Dearden S, Gokhale DA. Preliminary evidence of an association between HLA-DPB1*0201 and childhood common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia supports an infectious aetiology. Leukemia 1995; 9:440-3. [PMID: 7885043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that childhood leukaemia may be the abnormal outcome of a common infection. Rare events caused by common environmental events such as infections are likely to be influenced by host genetic susceptibility. We have therefore investigated whether immunogenetic susceptibility contributes to the risk of childhood common ALL (c-ALL). In this preliminary study, we report that children with c-ALL (n = 63) carry the HLA-DPB1 locus allele *0201 twice and nearly three times more frequently than adult (n = 92; relative risk (RR) = 2.9, P < 0.05) or infant controls (n = 82; RR = 2.1). Moreover, children with c-ALL are 3-4 times more likely than controls to be heterozygous for DPB1*0201/*0301, /*0401 and /*0402 (RRadult controls = 3.9; RRinfant controls = 2.8). These results suggest that HLA-DPB1*0201 either alone or with other DPB1 alleles contributes to the risk of childhood c-ALL, possibly by increasing susceptibility to an infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Taylor
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Games D, Adams D, Alessandrini R, Barbour R, Berthelette P, Blackwell C, Carr T, Clemens J, Donaldson T, Gillespie F. Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F beta-amyloid precursor protein. Nature 1995; 373:523-7. [PMID: 7845465 DOI: 10.1038/373523a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1670] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of progressive intellectual failure in aged humans. AD brains contain numerous amyloid plaques surrounded by dystrophic neurites, and show profound synaptic loss, neurofibrillary tangle formation and gliosis. The amyloid plaques are composed of amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), a 40-42-amino-acid fragment of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP). A primary pathogenic role for APP/A beta is suggested by missense mutations in APP that are tightly linked to autosomal dominant forms of AD. A major obstacle to elucidating and treating AD has been the lack of an animal model. Animals transgenic for APP have previously failed to show extensive AD-type neuropathology, but we now report the production of transgenic mice that express high levels of human mutant APP (with valine at residue 717 substituted by phenylalanine) and which progressively develop many of the pathological hallmarks of AD, including numerous extracellular thioflavin S-positive A beta deposits, neuritic plaques, synaptic loss, astrocytosis and microgliosis. These mice support a primary role for APP/A beta in the genesis of AD and could provide a preclinical model for testing therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Games
- Athena Neurosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
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Affiliation(s)
- T Carr
- Department of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK
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Abstract
A 78-year-old woman underwent mitral reconstruction, consisting of a quadrangular posterior leaflet resection without a concomitant annular ring, for symptomatic mitral regurgitation. Postoperatively she became hypotensive while being treated with dopamine. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve with significant mitral regurgitation. With discontinuation of the dopamine regimen, institution of phenylephrine administration, and volume loading of the ventricle the systolic anterior motion disappeared as did the mitral regurgitation. The patient recovered uneventfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Kupferschmid
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital, Boston University Medical Center, MA 02118
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