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Roca-Geronès X, Sala C, Marteles D, Villanueva-Saz S, Riera C, Alcover MM, Fisa R. Genetic Variability in Leishmaniasis-Causing Leishmania infantum in Humans and Dogs from North-East Spain. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1796. [PMID: 38929415 PMCID: PMC11200389 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is the primary cause of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the European Mediterranean region. Subspecies-level characterization of L. infantum aids epidemiological studies by offering insights into the evolution and geographical distribution of the parasite and reservoir identity. In this study, conducted in north-east Spain, 26 DNA samples of L. infantum were analyzed, comprising 21 from 10 humans and 5 from 5 dogs. Minicircle kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) polymerase chain reaction assays using primers MC1 and MC2, followed by sequencing, were employed to assess intraspecific genetic variability. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis detected seven genotypes (G1, G2, G12*-G15*, and G17*), with five being reported for the first time (*). The most prevalent was the newly described G13 (54%), while the other currently identified genotypes were predominantly found in single samples. The in silico restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method revealed five genotypes (B, F, N, P, and W), one of them previously unreported (W). Genotype B was the most prevalent (85%), comprising three SNP genotypes (G1, G2, and G13), whereas the other RFLP genotypes were associated with single SNP genotypes. These kDNA genotyping methods revealed significant intraspecific genetic diversity in L. infantum, demonstrating their suitability for fingerprinting and strain monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Roca-Geronès
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Secció de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Sala
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Secció de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Marteles
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain (S.V.-S.)
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain (S.V.-S.)
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Riera
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Secció de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mª Magdalena Alcover
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Secció de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Fisa
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Secció de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Lima VA, Silva REC, Camargo LHMC, Hiramoto RM, Leal EDS, Braz LMA, Lindoso JAL. Genetic variability of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum causing human visceral leishmaniasis in the Southeastern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2023; 65:e55. [PMID: 37878972 PMCID: PMC10588988 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202365055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is a protozoan that causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Americas and some regions of Europe. The disease is mainly characterized by hepatosplenomegaly and fever, and can be fatal. Factors related to the host and parasite can contribute to the transmission of Leishmania and the clinical outcome. The intraspecific genetic variability of L. infantum strains may be one of these factors. In this study, we evaluated the genetic variability of L. infantum obtained from bone marrow smear slides from patients in the Sao Paulo State, Brazil. For this, the minicircle of the kDNA hypervariable region was used as target by Sanger sequencing. By analyzing the similarity of the nucleotides and the maximum likelihood tree (Fasttree), we observed a high similarity (98%) among samples. Moreover, we identified four different profiles of L. infantum. In conclusion, L. infantum strains from Sao Paulo State, Brazil, showed low diversity measured by minicircle of the kDNA hypervariable region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Alves Lima
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Protozoologia (LIM-49), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Elen Costa Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elcio de Souza Leal
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Lucia Maria Almeida Braz
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Angelo Lauletta Lindoso
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Protozoologia (LIM-49), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ortuño M, Latrofa MS, Iborra MA, Pérez-Cutillas P, Bernal LJ, Risueño J, Muñoz C, Bernal A, Sánchez-Lopez PF, Segovia M, Annoscia G, Maia C, Cortes S, Campino L, Otranto D, Berriatua E. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships between Leishmania infantum from dogs, humans and wildlife in south-east Spain. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:961-973. [PMID: 31512370 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum causes human and canine leishmaniosis. The parasite, transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, infects species other than dogs and people, including wildlife, although their role as reservoirs of infection remains unknown for most species. Molecular typing of parasites to investigate genetic variability and evolutionary proximity can help understand transmission cycles and designing control strategies. We investigated Leishmania DNA variability in kinetoplast (kDNA) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences in asymptomatically infected wildlife (n = 58) and symptomatically and asymptomatically infected humans (n = 38) and dogs (n = 15) from south-east Spain, using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and in silico restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses. All ITS2 sequences (n = 76) displayed a 99%-100% nucleotide identity with a L. infantum reference sequence, except one with a 98% identity to a reference Leishmania panamensis sequence, from an Ecuadorian patient. No heterogeneity was recorded in the 73 L. infantum ITS2 sequences except for one SNP in a human parasite sequence. In contrast, kDNA analysis of 44 L. infantum sequences revealed 11 SNP genotypes (nucleotide variability up to 4.3%) and four RFLP genotypes including B, F and newly described S and T genotypes. Genotype frequency was significantly greater in symptomatic compared to asymptomatic individuals. Both methods similarly grouped parasites as predominantly or exclusively found in humans, in dogs, in wildlife or in all three of them. Accordingly, the phylogenetic analysis of kDNA sequences revealed three main clusters, two as a paraphyletic human parasites clade and a third including dogs, people and wildlife parasites. Results suggest that Leishmania infantum genetics is complex even in small geographical areas and that, probably, several independent transmission cycles take place simultaneously including some connecting animals and humans. Investigating these transmission networks may be useful in understanding the transmission dynamics, infection risk and therefore in planning L. infantum control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ortuño
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria S Latrofa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - María A Iborra
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario 'Virgen de la Arrixaca', Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Luis J Bernal
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Risueño
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Clara Muñoz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Bernal
- Centro de Zoonosis del Ayuntamiento de Murcia, Carril Torre Molina, La Albatalia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro F Sánchez-Lopez
- Servicio de Sanidad Ambiental, Dirección General de Salud Pública y Adicciones, Consejería de Salud de la Región de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Segovia
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario 'Virgen de la Arrixaca', Murcia, Spain
| | - Giada Annoscia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Cortes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lenea Campino
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Eduardo Berriatua
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Jaber HT, Hailu A, Pratlong F, Lami P, Bastien P, Jaffe CL. Analysis of genetic polymorphisms and tropism in East African Leishmania donovani by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and kDNA minicircle sequencing. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 65:80-90. [PMID: 30016714 PMCID: PMC6218636 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the most severe form of leishmaniasis, is caused by Leishmania donovani. In addition to fatal VL, these parasites also cause skin diseases in immune-competent and -suppressed people, post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) and HIV/VL co-infections, respectively. Genetic polymorphism in 36 Ethiopian and Sudanese L. donovani strains from VL, PKDL and HIV/VL patients was examined using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), kDNA minicircle sequencing and Southern blotting. Strains were isolated from different patient tissues: in VL from lymph node, spleen or bone marrow; and in HIV/VL from skin, spleen or bone marrow. When VL and PKDL strains from the same region in Sudan were examined by Southern blotting using a DNA probe to the L. donovani 28S rRNA gene only minor differences were observed. kDNA sequence analysis distributed the strains in no particular order among four clusters (A - D), while AFLP analysis grouped the strains according to geographical origin into two major clades, Southern Ethiopia (SE) and Sudan/Northern Ethiopia (SD/NE). Strains in the latter clade were further divided into subpopulations by zymodeme, geography and year of isolation, but not by clinical symptoms. However, skin isolates showed significantly (p < 0.0001) fewer polymorphic AFLP fragments (average 10 strains = 348.6 ± 8.1) than VL strains (average 26 strains = 383.5 ± 3.8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan T Jaber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IMRIC, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asrat Hailu
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Francine Pratlong
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Leishmanioses, Academic Hospital of Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier, CNRS 5290/IRD 224 "MiVEGEC", Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Lami
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Leishmanioses, Academic Hospital of Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier, CNRS 5290/IRD 224 "MiVEGEC", Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Bastien
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Leishmanioses, Academic Hospital of Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier, CNRS 5290/IRD 224 "MiVEGEC", Montpellier, France
| | - Charles L Jaffe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IMRIC, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Genetic polymorphism in Leishmania infantum isolates from human and animals determined by nagt PCR-RFLP. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:54. [PMID: 29898776 PMCID: PMC6001066 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and sporadic human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the Mediterranean region. The genetic variation of the Leishmania parasites may result in different phenotypes that can be associated with the geographical distribution and diversity of the clinical manifestations. The main objective of this study was to explore the genetic polymorphism in L. infantum isolates from human and animal hosts in different regions of Morocco. METHODS The intraspecific genetic variability of 40 Moroccan L. infantum MON-1 strains isolated from patients with VL (n = 31) and CL (n = 2) and from dogs (n = 7) was evaluated by PCR-RFLP of nagt, a single-copy gene encoding N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase. For a more complete analysis of L. infantum polymorphism, we included the restriction patterns of nagt from 17 strains available in the literature and patterns determined by in-silico digestion of three sequences from the GenBank database. RESULTS Moroccan L. infantum strains presented a certain level of genetic diversity and six distinct nagt-RFLP genotypes were identified. Three of the six genotypes were exclusively identified in the Moroccan population of L. infantum: variant M1 (15%), variant M2 (7.5%), and variant M3 (2.5%). The most common genotype (65%), variant 2 (2.5%), and variant 4 (7.5%), were previously described in several countries with endemic leishmaniasis. Phylogenetic analysis segregated our L. infantum population into two distinct clusters, whereas variant M2 was clearly distinguished from both cluster I and cluster II. This distribution highlights the degree of genetic variability among the Moroccan L. infantum population. CONCLUSION The nagt PCR-RFLP method presented here showed an important genetic heterogeneity among Moroccan L. infantum strains isolated from human and canine reservoirs with 6 genotypes identified. Three of the six Moroccan nagt genotypes, have not been previously described and support the particular genetic diversity of the Moroccan L. infantum population reported in other studies.
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Population Structure of Leishmania tropica Causing Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southern Iran by PCR-RFLP of Kinetoplastid DNA. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6049198. [PMID: 29984240 PMCID: PMC6011176 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6049198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Iran is one of the six countries with the most cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients. Understanding better the genotypes of the parasite population in relation to geography and climate is critical to achieving better CL control. We aimed to characterise the population structure of Leishmania tropica, the cause of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL), from important foci in southeast (Bam and Kerman) and southwest (Shiraz) Iran. A total of 39 L. tropica isolates from ACL patients from southeast (Bam 14, Kerman 12) and southwest (Shiraz 13) Iran were analysed by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) using restriction enzymes MspI (HpaII) and ClaI. 37 genotypes were identified among south Iran L. tropica isolates. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) tree obtained from the banding patterns of ClaI digested kDNA RFLP distinguished southeast from and southwest L. tropica isolates with some subclustering but the MspI derived tree showed greater discrimination with greater subclustering and divergence of the two foci of southeast region but with some overlapping. Although a monophyletic structure has been defined for southeast L. tropica, isolates from two foci of southeast Iran were partly discriminated in the current study.
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Risueño J, Ortuño M, Pérez-Cutillas P, Goyena E, Maia C, Cortes S, Campino L, Bernal LJ, Muñoz C, Arcenillas I, Martínez-Rondán FJ, Gonzálvez M, Collantes F, Ortiz J, Martínez-Carrasco C, Berriatua E. Epidemiological and genetic studies suggest a common Leishmania infantum transmission cycle in wildlife, dogs and humans associated to vector abundance in Southeast Spain. Vet Parasitol 2018; 259:61-67. [PMID: 30056986 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum infection was investigated in 202 wild carnivores, rodents and lagomorphs in Southeast Spain using a real-time PCR (rtPCR) in skin and organ samples, mostly spleen. Lesions compatible with leishmaniosis were not observed in any of the animals. Prevalence defined as the percentage of rtPCR-positive animals was 32% overall, and 45% in foxes (n = 69), 30% in rabbits (n = 80) and stone martens (n = 10), 19% in wood mice (n = 16), 0% in black rats (n = 10) and ranged between 0% and 100% in other minoritarian species including badgers, wild cats, wolves, raccoons, genets and hares. Most infected rabbits were rtPCR-positive in skin and not in spleen samples and the opposite was the case for foxes (p < 0.05). L. infantum prevalence was lowest in spring following months of non-exposure to phlebotomine sand fly vectors, and spatially matched recently estimated Phlebotomus perniciosus vector abundance and the prevalence of subclinical infection in dogs and humans. Prevalence increased with altitude and was greater in drier and less windy South and West compared to the coastal Southeast of the study area (p < 0.05). Genetic diversity of L. infantum from foxes, investigated by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphisms of kinetoplast DNA, revealed B genotype in all animals, which is frequent in people and dogs in the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. The study provides further evidence that subclinical L. infantum infection is widespread in wildlife with prevalence depending on environmental factors and that parasite tissue tropism may vary according to host species. Moreover, it suggests that sylvatic and domestic transmission cycles are closely interconnected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Risueño
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ortuño
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - P Pérez-Cutillas
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), 30100, Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Murcia, 30001, Murcia, Spain
| | - E Goyena
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S Cortes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L Campino
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L J Bernal
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Muñoz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - I Arcenillas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - F J Martínez-Rondán
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Gonzálvez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - F Collantes
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - J Ortiz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Martínez-Carrasco
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - E Berriatua
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Solano-Gallego L, Cardoso L, Pennisi MG, Petersen C, Bourdeau P, Oliva G, Miró G, Ferrer L, Baneth G. Diagnostic Challenges in the Era of Canine Leishmania infantum Vaccines. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:706-717. [PMID: 28689776 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is complex due to its variable clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. The availability of vaccines to prevent CanL has increased the complexity of diagnosis, as serological tests may not distinguish between naturally infected and vaccinated dogs. Current practices of prevaccination screening are not sufficiently sensitive to detect subclinically infected dogs, resulting in the vaccination of infected animals, which may lead to disease in vaccinated dogs that are also infectious to sand flies. This review evaluates the current techniques for diagnosing CanL, and focuses on new challenges raised by the increasing use of vaccines against this disease. Important gaps in knowledge regarding the diagnosis of CanL are underscored to highlight the need for novel diagnostic test development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Christine Petersen
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Patrick Bourdeau
- Veterinary School of Nantes ONIRIS, University of Nantes, LUNAM, Nantes, France
| | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Food Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Carvalho FS, Albuquerque GR, Carneiro PLS, Wenceslau AA. Genetic variability of Leishmania infantum in naturally infected dogs in the state of Bahia, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2017; 26:389-394. [PMID: 28700001 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil, Leishmania infantum mainly affects humans and dogs. The state of Bahia presents many dogs that are positive for this parasite. Despite the importance of epidemiology in this region, there are still very few studies that have assessed the genetic characteristics of L. infantum. The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic variability of L. infantum isolated identified in naturally infected dogs, in order to verify occurrence of subpopulation of this parasite in the different biomes existing in the state of Bahia. Thirty-two samples of L. infantum were analyzed, which were obtained isolated in dogs from the Mata Atlântica (rainforest), Caatinga (semi-arid scrub forest), and Cerrado (a vast tropical savannah eco-region) Bahia municipalities' biomes. All animals presented with clinical changes suggestive of Leishmania spp. and they exhibited positive reactions to serological tests. kDNA analysis with RFLP markers revealed the presence of genetic variability and gene flow in subpopulations of L. infantum; samples from the Mata Atlântica areas were genetically more similar to those from the areas of Caatinga and they were less likely to resemble those of the Cerrado. This data may be used to investigate the dissemination of parasite in the canine population of state of Bahia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Santos Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz - UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
| | - George Rêgo Albuquerque
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz - UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
| | - Paulo Luiz Souza Carneiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética, Biodiversidade e Conservação, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia - UESB, Jequié, BA, Brasil
| | - Amauri Arias Wenceslau
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz - UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
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El Hamouchi A, Ejghal R, Hida M, Lemrani M. Intraspecific genetic variability in a population of Moroccan Leishmania infantum revealed by PCR-RFLP of kDNA minicircles. Acta Trop 2017; 169:142-149. [PMID: 28209553 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In Morocco, Leishmania infantum is the main etiologic agent of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This species has been proven to be an opportunistic agent in HIV+ patients and is also responsible of sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL).This work aims to evaluate the genetic variability of Moroccan L. infantum strains based on PCR-RFLP analysis of the kinetoplastid DNA (kDNA) minicircles. A total of 75 DNA samples extracted from positive Giemsa-stained smears (n=32) and from L. infantum cultures (n=43) was studied. The samples have been taken from VL patients infected (n=7) or not (n=56) by HIV, patients with CL (n=2) and finally from infected dogs (n=10). An hypervariable region of kDNA was amplified using the primers MC1 and MC2; the PCR products were digested separately by a panel of nine restriction enzymes. The presence or absence of restriction fragments was scored in a binary matrix and the SplitsTree4 software was used for the construction of a Neighbor-Net network. Moroccan L. infantum population showed an important level of variability with the identification of 6 genotypes. For each genotype a PCR product was sequenced, confirming the presence of all the expected restriction sites. The predominant profile was the genotype B. A new genotype, named Q was detected for the first time, whereas the four other genotypes (G, K, N and O) were reported sporadically in the Mediterranean basin. The Neighbor-Net network segregates our L. infantum population into 3 clusters: Cluster I includes genotype B, cluster II grouping the genotypes O, Q and G and finally the cluster III contains the genotype N. The kDNA-PCR-RFLP assay is suitable for use directly on biological samples; it reveals an important degree of genetic variability among L. infantum strains even those belonging to the same zymodeme what is of great epidemiological interest.
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Coiro CJ, Coelho LGG, da Silva RC, Langoni H. Molecular characterization of Leishmania spp. isolated from Brazilian stray dogs from an endemic area for canine visceral leishmaniasis. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2016; 7:9-13. [PMID: 31014661 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a worldwide anthropozoonosis caused by an intracellular parasite protozoan, Leishmania spp. In Americas, Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is the causative agent, transmitted by sandflies, Lutzomyia longipalpis, after blood meal in domestic dogs, the main reservoir. The present study was aimed to determine the occurrence of Leishmania spp. and L. infantum in peripheral blood, and popliteal lymph node and bone marrow aspirate samples of 164 Brazilian stray dogs from an endemic area for CVL using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). For Leishmania spp., 56 (34.15%; 27.32-41.71%) blood, 102 (62.20%; 54.56-69.26%) lymph node, and 115 (70.12%; 62.71-76.60%) bone marrow samples tested positive, whereas 46 (28.05%; 21.74-35.38%), 94 (57.32%; 49.65-64.64%), and 114 (69.51%; 62.07-76.04%), respectively, resulted positive for L. infantum. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (ITS1-RFLP) and sequencing were used to characterize the positive samples to Leishmania spp., but negative to L. infantum. Twenty (10 blood, 9 lymph node and 1 bone marrow) samples were characterized and matched the L. donovani complex species, with 99-100% similarity to L. donovani complex species (GenBank accession n.KC998879.1, JQ730002.1, GU045591.1, HQ830353.1, HM130608.1). The present study reports a high prevalence of stray dogs infected with leishmania species responsible for VL in the studied area, in which the observed diversity of leishmania species may contributes for further epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Janeiro Coiro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Campus Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laiza Gabriela Gavioli Coelho
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Campus Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Costa da Silva
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Helio Langoni
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Campus Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Pratlong F, Balard Y, Lami P, Talignani L, Ravel C, Dereure J, Lefebvre M, Serres G, Bastien P, Dedet JP. The Montpellier Leishmania Collection, from a Laboratory Collection to a Biological Resource Center: A 39-Year-Long Story. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 14:470-479. [PMID: 27379470 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2015.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development of a laboratory collection of Leishmania that was initiated in 1975 and, after 39 years, has become an international Biological Resource Center (BRC-Leish, Montpellier, France, BioBank No. BB-0033-00052), which includes 6353 strains belonging to 36 Leishmania taxa. This is a retrospective analysis of the technical and organizational changes that have been adopted over time to take into account the technological advances and related modifications in the collection management and quality system. The technical improvements concerned the culture and cryopreservation techniques, strain identification by isoenzymatic and molecular techniques, data computerization and quality management to meet the changes in international standards, and in the cryogenic and microbiological safety procedures. The BRC is working toward obtaining the NF-S 96-900 certification in the coming years. Our long-term expertise in Leishmania storage and typing and collection maintenance should encourage field epidemiologists and clinical practitioners in endemic countries to secure their own strain collection with the help of the French BRC-Leish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Pratlong
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Balard
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Lami
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Loïc Talignani
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Dereure
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Michèle Lefebvre
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Ghislaine Serres
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Bastien
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Dedet
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
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Cassan C, Dione MM, Dereure J, Diedhiou S, Bucheton B, Hide M, Kako C, Gaye O, Senghor M, Niang AA, Bañuls AL, Faye B. First insights into the genetic diversity and origin of Leishmania infantum in Mont Rolland (Thiès region, Senegal). Microbes Infect 2016; 18:412-420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Al-Dakhil AA, Al-Ajmi RA, Siddiqi NJ, Ayaad TH. Molecular typing of phlebotomine sand flies in al-madinah and asir regions, Saudi Arabia using PCR-RFLP of 18S ribosomal RNA gene. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 24:1697-1703. [PMID: 30294237 PMCID: PMC6169508 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the distribution of sand flies are important for the control of leishmaniasis in endemic and neighboring areas. In the present study polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to identify the distribution of sand flies in Al-Madinah and Asir Regions of Saudi Arabia using PCR-RFLP of 18S ribosomal RNA gene. Based on the morphological characteristics, the sand flies were differentiated into seven species viz., Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus sergenti, Phlebotomus bergeroti, Sergentomyia clydei, Sergentomyia antennata, Sergentomyia fallax and Sergentomyia schwetzi. PCR-RFLP of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes with eight different restriction enzymes resulted in species-specific agarose gel electrophoresis banding patterns. Of the eight restriction enzymes used, not a single restriction enzyme by itself could separate species belonging to the same genera (like P. papatasi and P. sergenti by AseI) as well as those belonging to different genera (like P. papatasi and S. clydei by AseI). We therefore conclude that the genetic diversity within sand fly species based on PCR-RFLP technique was nonspecific. Studies are in progress to study the viability of alternate techniques like low-stringency single specific primer polymerase chain reaction which can be used for molecular typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer A Al-Dakhil
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem A Al-Ajmi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikhat J Siddiqi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahany H Ayaad
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Entomology, College of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Maia C, Sousa C, Ramos C, Cristóvão JM, Faísca P, Campino L. First case of feline leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum genotype E in a cat with a concurrent nasal squamous cell carcinoma. JFMS Open Rep 2015; 1:2055116915593969. [PMID: 28491373 PMCID: PMC5362010 DOI: 10.1177/2055116915593969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary This is the first clinical report of feline viscerocutaneous leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum genotype E associated with an invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a domestic cat from Portugal. Initially, the cat presented a single cutaneous lesion in the right nostril. A fine-needle aspiration was performed and Leishmania amastigotes were observed without the presence of cells compatible with neoplasia. Systemic treatment with allopurinol was started. One year later, the cat presented a crateriform non-encapsulated and badly delineated mass in the nasal planum, with naso-oral fistulation and nasal destruction. Histologically, the skin mass consisted on an ulcerative plaque-like lesion with a nasal SCC. Leishmania infantum MON-1 parasites were detected by histopathology, culture and PCR of the skin mass, submandibular and popliteal lymph nodes, liver and spleen. Restriction enzyme analysis revealed genotype E, previously identified in humans and dogs living in the same region. Relevance and novel information This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first clinical report of feline viscerocutaneous leishmaniosis caused by L infantum genotype E. The detection and isolation of parasites from a cat that are genetically identical to the ones obtained from humans and dogs with visceral leishmaniosis highlights the need to clarify whether cats play a role in the epidemiology of this parasitic zoonosis. From a clinical point of view, this case reinforces the importance of including leishmaniosis in the differential diagnoses of feline pathology, especially in cats with cutaneous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Maia
- Medical Parasitology Unit, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Lusófona of Humanities and Technology, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Cláudia Ramos
- Medical Parasitology Unit, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Cristóvão
- Medical Parasitology Unit, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Faísca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Lusófona of Humanities and Technology, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lenea Campino
- Medical Parasitology Unit, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Algarve University, Faro, Portugal
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16
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da Silva TAM, Gomes LI, Oliveira E, Coura-Vital W, Silva LDA, Pais FSM, Ker HG, Reis AB, Rabello A, Carneiro M. Genetic homogeneity among Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum isolates from dog and human samples in Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area (BHMA), Minas Gerais, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:226. [PMID: 25889010 PMCID: PMC4407872 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain municipalities in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area (BHMA), Minas Gerais, Brazil, have the highest human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) mortality rates in the country and also demonstrate high canine seropositivity. In Brazil, the etiologic agent of VL is Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intraspecific genetic variability of parasites from humans and from dogs with different clinical forms of VL in five municipalities of BHMA using PCR-RFLP and two target genes: kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and gp63. METHODS In total, 45 samples of DNA extracted from clinical samples (n = 35) or L. infantum culture (n = 10) were evaluated. These samples originated from three groups: adults (with or without Leishmania/HIV co-infection; n = 14), children (n = 18) and dogs (n = 13). The samples were amplified for the kDNA target using the MC1 and MC2 primers (447 bp), while the Sg1 and Sg2 (1330 bp) primers were used for the gp63 glycoprotein target gene. RESULTS The restriction enzyme patterns of all the samples tested were monomorphic. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a high degree of genetic homogeneity for the evaluated gene targets among L. infantum samples isolated from different hosts and representing different clinical forms of VL in the municipalities of BHMA studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Almeida Marques da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. .,Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Luciana Inácia Gomes
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Edward Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. .,Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. .,Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Letícia de Azevedo Silva
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Fabiano Sviatopolk-Mirsky Pais
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Henrique Gama Ker
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Ana Rabello
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Mariangela Carneiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. .,Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
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Cortes S, Maurício IL, Kuhls K, Nunes M, Lopes C, Marcos M, Cardoso L, Schönian G, Campino L. Genetic diversity evaluation on Portuguese Leishmania infantum strains by multilocus microsatellite typing. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 26:20-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Motoie G, Ferreira GEM, Cupolillo E, Canavez F, Pereira-Chioccola VL. Spatial distribution and population genetics of Leishmania infantum genotypes in São Paulo State, Brazil, employing multilocus microsatellite typing directly in dog infected tissues. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 18:48-59. [PMID: 23665466 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the genetic characteristics of Leishmania infantum samples from São Paulo (SP) State, Brazil in order to collaborate with information about the possible origins of the parasites, as well as, the introduction and spread of visceral leishmaniasis in this Brazilian State. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) was performed using a set of 17 microsatellite markers. DNA was extracted from 250 samples collected from dogs diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis and 112 (45%) were genotyped: 67 from the northwest region (NWSP), and 29 from the southeast region (SESP) of SP. The results were correlated with other 16 samples from Mato Grosso do Sul State (MS) (which borders NWSP). Although, a small portion of samples was genotyped, it was possible to genotype multiple loci using small amounts of Leishmania DNA extracted directly from dog tissues. Despite the fact that MLMT analysis defined 33 different genotypes, a low polymorphism was detected within the parasites studied with 10 polymorphic loci. There are two main genetic clusters circulating in SP with strong genetic differentiation, one (POP-A) is composed by samples from SESP and NWSP and presented a weak signal of geographical substructure. The other, belongs to the same cluster found in the state of MS (POP-B), which was the main one. The majority (93.75%) of MS parasite genotypes belonged to POP-B, with just one sample (6.25%) grouped in POP-A. POP-B also comprised 10.34% of SESP and 26.87% of NWSP samples. Besides one sample from MS, POP-A is composed by 73.13% of NWSP and 89.66% of SESP samples. The MLMT analysis supported the idea of canine visceral leishmaniasis being introduced in the Northwest region of SP State by the traffic of humans and dogs from MS. In the southeast region of SP occurred an introduction of a new L. infantum genetic cluster. Probably the transmission was spread by traffic of infected dogs from other Brazilian regions, or by introduction of imported dogs from other countries. All these data together contributed to the detection of the genetic profile of L. infantum population in SP State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Motoie
- Laboratório de Parasitologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
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Molecular characterization of Leishmania infection in sand flies from Al-madinah Al-munawarah province, western Saudi Arabia. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:211-5. [PMID: 23474205 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by various species of the genus Leishmania. The disease is considered a major health problem in different areas of Saudi Arabia including Al-madinah Al-munawarah province. We aimed to identify Leishmania species isolated from sand fly vectors by molecular analysis. Sand fly sampling was carried out from May 2010 to October 2010 in province of Al-madinah Al-munawarah from four different localities. Female sand flies collected were subjected to DNA extraction followed by molecular analysis using the semi-nested PCR and conventional PCR protocols, respectively, against minicircle kDNA and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1-rDNA). The PCR positive specimens against ITS1-rDNA locus were digested for further confirmation of species identification. A total of 2910 sand flies were collected. Phlebotomus papatasi accounted for 93.8% (1673 males and 1057 females), however, the number of Phlebotomus sergenti was only 180 (109 males and 71 females). Sixty-two out of 250 (23.7%) female P. papatasi tested for Leishmania parasite were positive for Leishmania major using the semi-nested PCR method against kDNA. All of the 62 positive specimens produced a band size 650 bp. A 31% of female P. sergenti were positive against kDNA of Leishmania tropica and produced a 720 bp band. These positive P. sergenti for L. tropica DNA produced ITS1-PCR-RFLP profile showed two bands of ∼200 bp and 57 bp which are specific for L. tropica, confirming the presence of L. tropica in P. sergenti. However, the ITS1-PCR-RFLP profile showed two bands of ∼203 bp and 132 bp which are specific for L. major in P. papatasi. We concluded that, the semi-nested PCR method against kDNA and the ITS1-PCR-RFLP analysis are useful tools for molecular identification of both L. major and L. tropica. A multicenter study is necessary in order to evaluate the extent of the disease and functional analysis of new Leishmania genes.
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Sensitivity of PCR and real-time PCR for the diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis using peripheral blood. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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El-Beshbishy HA, Al-Ali KH, El-Badry AA. Molecular characterization of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah province, western Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis 2012; 17:e334-8. [PMID: 23253909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease affecting a large number of people worldwide. In this study we carried out the molecular characterization of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah Province, Saudi Arabia, confirming Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica as the prevalent species using molecular techniques. METHODS One hundred and five patients with suspected CL were identified from four different localities in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah Province and Al-Miqat Hospital, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Thirty-four of the 105 patients were selected at random for molecular investigation. RESULTS Characterization of CL species by internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) PCR established L. major and L. tropica as the causative organisms. kDNA PCR had a sensitivity of 90.7%, whereas ITS1 PCR had a sensitivity of 70.1%, thus facilitating the diagnosis and species identification. Parasite culture alone detected 39.2% and smear alone 55.3% of the positive samples. With the exception of kDNA PCR, all other assays were 100% specific. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first findings for the comprehensive molecular characterization of CL in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham A El-Beshbishy
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, PO Box 30001, Saudi Arabia.
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Segatto M, Ribeiro LS, Costa DL, Costa CHN, Oliveira MRD, Carvalho SFG, Macedo AM, Valadares HMS, Dietze R, Brito CFAD, Lemos EM. Genetic diversity of Leishmania infantum field populations from Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:39-47. [PMID: 22310534 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi) is the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil. The epidemiology of VL is poorly understood. Therefore, a more detailed molecular characterization at an intraspecific level is certainly needed. Herein, three independent molecular methods, multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT), random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeats-polymerase chain reaction (SSR-PCR), were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 53 L. infantum isolates from five different endemic areas in Brazil. Population structures were inferred by distance-based and Bayesian-based approaches. Eighteen very similar genotypes were detected by MLMT, most of them differed in only one locus and no correlation was found between MLMT profiles, geographical origin or the estimated population structure. However, complex profiles composed of 182 bands obtained by both RAPD and SSR-PCR assays gave different results. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean trees built from these data revealed a high degree of homogeneity within isolates of L. infantum. Interestingly, despite this genetic homogeneity, most of the isolates clustered according to their geographical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Segatto
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brasil
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23
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Alvarenga JSC, Ligeiro CM, Gontijo CMF, Cortes S, Campino L, Vago AR, Melo MN. KDNA genetic signatures obtained by LSSP-PCR analysis of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum isolated from the new and the old world. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43363. [PMID: 22912862 PMCID: PMC3422226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) caused by species from the Leishmania donovani complex is the most severe form of the disease, lethal if untreated. VL caused by Leishmania infantum is a zoonosis with an increasing number of human cases and millions of dogs infected in the Old and the New World. In this study, L. infantum (syn. L.chagasi) strains were isolated from human and canine VL cases. The strains were obtained from endemic areas from Brazil and Portugal and their genetic polymorphism was ascertained using the LSSP-PCR (Low-Stringency Single Specific Primer PCR) technique for analyzing the kinetoplastid DNA (kDNA) minicircles hypervariable region. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS KDNA genetic signatures obtained by minicircle LSSP-PCR analysis of forty L. infantum strains allowed the grouping of strains in several clades. Furthermore, LSSP-PCR profiles of L. infantum subpopulations were closely related to the host origin (human or canine). To our knowledge this is the first study which used this technique to compare genetic polymorphisms among strains of L. infantum originated from both the Old and the New World. CONCLUSIONS LSSP-PCR profiles obtained by analysis of L. infantum kDNA hypervariable region of parasites isolated from human cases and infected dogs from Brazil and Portugal exhibited a genetic correlation among isolates originated from the same reservoir, human or canine. However, no association has been detected among the kDNA signatures and the geographical origin of L. infantum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Sousa Campos Alvarenga
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Carla Maia Ligeiro
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - Sofia Cortes
- Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lenea Campino
- Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Annamaria Ravara Vago
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Maria Norma Melo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Batista LFDS, Segatto M, Guedes CES, Sousa RS, Rodrigues CAT, Brazuna JCM, Silva JS, Santos SO, Larangeira D, Macedo AM, Schriefer A, Veras PST. An assessment of the genetic diversity of Leishmania infantum isolates from infected dogs in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:799-806. [PMID: 22556077 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlations between the genetic diversity of Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi) isolates and their respective geographic origins support the theoretic assumption that visceral leishmaniasis probably originated in the Old World. Because dogs are widely considered to be the main reservoir of this disease, the present study aimed to investigate the degree of genetic divergence among 44 leishmanial canine isolates from two Brazilian cities, Jequié and Campo Grande, located approximately 2,028 km from each other. We hypothesized that a low degree of genetic divergence would be observed among these isolates. In fact, statistical analyses found no significant differences between the isolates using both random amplified polymorphic DNA and multilocus microsatellite typing genotyping techniques with three and seven markers, respectively. These findings provide support for the recent introduction of L. infantum into the New World.
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25
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Shalaby I, Gherbawy Y, Jamjoom M, Banaja AE. Genotypic characterization of cutaneous leishmaniasis at Al Baha and Al Qasim Provinces (Saudi Arabia). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:807-13. [PMID: 21417928 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty samples of skin ulcers were collected from the western region of Saudi Arabia Kingdom (Al Baha and Al Qasim) to study genotypic characterization of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in this area. Thirty-six samples were recorded as Leishmania isolates. The same isolates were subsequently tested with fingerprinting with single arbitrary primers. The primers used derived from the core sequence of the phage M13, and the repeat sequences (GTG)5 and (GACA)4. The 36 isolates were all identified as Leishmania major (n = 25 isolates) or Leishmania tropica (n = 11 isolates). All produced polymorphic patterns, which were grouped depending on the species they belonged to, next to the relevant well-characterized strains of the same species. Within the L. major and L. tropica group the subgroupings formed were mainly related to the geographical origin of the strains. A nested polymerase chain reaction-based schizodeme method for identifying Leishmania kinetoplast minicircle classes was used as a diagnostic tool for L. major and L. tropica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Shalaby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Molecular approaches for a better understanding of the epidemiology and population genetics ofLeishmania. Parasitology 2010; 138:405-25. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010001538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYMolecular approaches are being used increasingly for epidemiological studies of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases. Several molecular markers resolving genetic differences betweenLeishmaniaparasites at species and strain levels have been developed to address key epidemiological and population genetic questions. The current gold standard, multilocus enzyme typing (MLEE), needs cultured parasites and lacks discriminatory power. PCR assays identifying species directly with clinical samples have proven useful in numerous field studies. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is potentially the most powerful phylogenetic approach and will, most probably, replace MLEE in the future. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) is able to discriminate below the zymodeme level and seems to be the best candidate for becoming the gold standard for distinction of strains. Population genetic studies by MLMT revealed geographical and hierarchic population structure inL. tropica, L. majorand theL. donovanicomplex. The existence of hybrids and gene flow betweenLeishmaniapopulations suggests that sexual recombination is more frequent than previously thought. However, typing and analytical tools need to be further improved. Accessible databases should be created and sustained for integrating data obtained by different researchers. This would allow for global analyses and help to avoid biases in analyses due to small sample sizes.
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Cortes S, Chicharro C, Cruz I, Cristovão JM, Cañavate C, Campino L. Genetic diversity of human zoonotic leishmaniasis in Iberian Peninsula. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 58:234-7. [PMID: 21040506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2010.01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is a zoonotic disease endemic in South Europe, from Portugal to the Middle East. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity of L. infantum parasites in Iberian Peninsula. Twenty-four L. infantum strains isolated from immunocompetent patients with leishmaniasis from several localities of Portugal and Spain were studied. The use of kinetoplast DNA-PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism as a molecular marker revealed intra-specific variation. No association was found between genotype and clinical form of the disease or patients age group. Two main clusters were identified with this marker: (i) zymodeme MON-1 strains and (ii) non-MON-1 strains. However, no association was found between strains variability and geographical distribution suggesting that parasite populations of different regions in the Iberian Peninsula are homogenous.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cortes
- Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Alonso DP, Costa DL, de Mendonça IL, Costa CHN, Ribolla PEM. Heterogeneity of Leishmania infantum chagasi kinetoplast DNA in Teresina (Brazil). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 82:819-21. [PMID: 20439961 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum chagasi is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircles was used to evaluate genetic profiles of 48 Leishmania infantum chagasi strains from dog and human parasite cultures, fresh collected dog bone marrow aspirates, and from infected sand flies. Results revealed that heterogeneity in kDNA minicircles depends mostly on the source of the samples, with cultured parasites showing a high degree of homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Peres Alonso
- Department of Parasitology, Bioscience Institute, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil (UNESP)
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29
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Development and evaluation of different PCR-based typing methods for discrimination ofLeishmania donovaniisolates from Nepal. Parasitology 2010; 137:947-57. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009991752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYIntroduction.Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent, has been reported to be genetically homogeneous. In order to support ongoing initiatives to eliminate the disease, highly discriminative tools are required for documenting the parasite population and dynamics.Methods.Thirty-four clinical isolates ofL.donovanifrom Nepal were analysed on the basis of size and restriction endonuclease polymorphisms of PCR amplicons from kinetoplast minicircle DNA, 5 nuclear microsatellites, and nuclear loci encoding glycoprotein 63, cysteine proteinase B, and hydrophilic acylated surface protein B. We present and validate a procedure allowing standardized analysis of kDNA fingerprint patterns.Results.Our results show that parasites are best discriminated on the basis of kinetoplast minicircle DNA (14 genotypes) and 1 microsatellite defining 7 genotypes, while the remaining markers discriminated 2 groups or were monomorphic. Combination of all nuclear markers revealed 8 genotypes, while extension with kDNA data yielded 18 genotypes.Conclusion.We present tools that allow discrimination of closely relatedL.donovanistrains circulating in the Terai region of Nepal. These can be used to study the micro-epidemiology of parasite populations, determine the geographical origin of infections, distinguish relapses from re-infection, and monitor the spread of particular variants.
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Nasereddin A, Azmi K, Jaffe CL, Ereqat S, Amro A, Sawalhah S, Baneth G, Schönian G, Abdeen Z. Kinetoplast DNA heterogeneity among Leishmania infantum strains in central Israel and Palestine. Vet Parasitol 2008; 161:126-30. [PMID: 19155138 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis in Israel and Palestine. Amplification of the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with restriction enzymes was used to examine the genotypic association between L. infantum strains isolated from 22 dogs and 2 humans from these adjoining regions. Results showed wide kDNA heterogeneity in these strains. Two main clusters (A and B) were identified. Cluster A was restricted to central Israel and was mainly found in strains isolated after 2002 whereas cluster B included parasites from central Israel and the West Bank. The kDNA microheterogeneity in L. infantum parasite populations as shown by genotyping with the kDNA-PCR and RFLP provided a tool to study the epidemiology of the disease and track its spread in central Israel and Palestine.
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Kuhls K, Chicharro C, Cañavate C, Cortes S, Campino L, Haralambous C, Soteriadou K, Pratlong F, Dedet JP, Mauricio I, Miles M, Schaar M, Ochsenreither S, Radtke OA, Schönian G. Differentiation and gene flow among European populations of Leishmania infantum MON-1. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e261. [PMID: 18612461 PMCID: PMC2438616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean region, South America, and China. MON-1 L. infantum is the predominating zymodeme in all endemic regions, both in humans and dogs, the reservoir host. In order to answer important epidemiological questions it is essential to discriminate strains of MON-1. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have used a set of 14 microsatellite markers to analyse 141 strains of L. infantum mainly from Spain, Portugal, and Greece of which 107 strains were typed by MLEE as MON-1. The highly variable microsatellites have the potential to discriminate MON-1 strains from other L. infantum zymodemes and even within MON-1 strains. Model- and distance-based analysis detected a considerable amount of structure within European L. infantum. Two major monophyletic groups-MON-1 and non-MON-1-could be distinguished, with non-MON-1 being more polymorphic. Strains of MON-98, 77, and 108 were always part of the MON-1 group. Among MON-1, three geographically determined and genetically differentiated populations could be identified: (1) Greece; (2) Spain islands-Majorca/Ibiza; (3) mainland Portugal/Spain. All four populations showed a predominantly clonal structure; however, there are indications of occasional recombination events and gene flow even between MON-1 and non-MON-1. Sand fly vectors seem to play an important role in sustaining genetic diversity. No correlation was observed between Leishmania genotypes, host specificity, and clinical manifestation. In the case of relapse/re-infection, only re-infections by a strain with a different MLMT profile can be unequivocally identified, since not all strains have individual MLMT profiles. CONCLUSION In the present study for the first time several key epidemiological questions could be addressed for the MON-1 zymodeme, because of the high discriminatory power of microsatellite markers, thus creating a basis for further epidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kuhls
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Schönian G, Mauricio I, Gramiccia M, Cañavate C, Boelaert M, Dujardin JC. Leishmaniases in the Mediterranean in the era of molecular epidemiology. Trends Parasitol 2008; 24:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Spanakos G, Piperaki ET, Menounos PG, Tegos N, Flemetakis A, Vakalis NC. Detection and species identification of Old World Leishmania in clinical samples using a PCR-based method. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:46-53. [PMID: 17669452 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a simple, low-cost method for the detection and species differentiation of Leishmania directly from clinical samples, for routine use in a parasitology laboratory. A total of 87 samples was used, including 60 peripheral blood, seven bone marrow and 17 skin lesion material samples, derived from Greek patients with visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis, and three reference strains. PCR was performed using primers designed to amplify the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region of the rRNA gene. Identification of the Leishmania species studied was achieved by digestion with a single restriction endonuclease (RFLP), single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequencing of the PCR-generated fragments. Typing identified all visceral and one cutaneous leishmaniasis strains as L. infantum, twelve of the cutaneous leishmaniasis strains as L. tropica and four as L. major. The described PCR method proved efficient for the detection of pathogenic Leishmania species in various clinical samples, most importantly in peripheral blood samples. Furthermore, PCR followed by a simple RFLP using a single restriction endonuclease was capable of identifying all Leishmania species commonly encountered in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Spanakos
- Department of Parasitology, Entomology and Tropical Diseases, National School of Public Health, 196 Alexandras Ave, 11521 Athens, Greece.
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Haralambous C, Dakkak A, Pratlong F, Dedet JP, Soteriadou K. First detection and genetic typing of Leishmania infantum MON-24 in a dog from the Moroccan Mediterranean coast: genetic diversity of MON-24. Acta Trop 2007; 103:69-79. [PMID: 17603990 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As in the countries edging the Mediterranean basin, Leishmania infantum zymodeme MON-1 is the main causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Morocco, where visceral leishmaniasis is most active in the North-Eastern slopes of the Rif mountains. The dog was confirmed to be the main reservoir of L. infantum MON-1, while the reservoir of L. infantum MON-24 causative agent of both infantile visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis has not yet been identified. Here we report the first detection of this last zymodeme in a dog in Morocco. The isolated strain was first identified by the use of genotyping markers and confirmed by isoenzyme analysis. Phylogenetic analysis with the use of concatenated sequences from 26 Leishmania donovani complex strains revealed strong geographical correlation with the MON-24 strain from Morocco clustering with other East African strains whereas two other MON-24 strains clustered with L. infantum strains. Interestingly, the two distinct populations of MON-24 identified with the use of genotyping markers cannot be distinguished by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Haralambous
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Bas. Sofias Ave., 115 21 Athens, Greece
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