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Memariani H, Memariani M, Ghasemian A. Quercetin as a Promising Antiprotozoan Phytochemical: Current Knowledge and Future Research Avenues. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:7632408. [PMID: 38456097 PMCID: PMC10919984 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7632408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite tremendous advances in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, only few antiparasitic drugs have been developed to date. Protozoan infections such as malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis continue to exact an enormous toll on public health worldwide, underscoring the need to discover novel antiprotozoan drugs. Recently, there has been an explosion of research into the antiprotozoan properties of quercetin, one of the most abundant flavonoids in the human diet. In this review, we tried to consolidate the current knowledge on the antiprotozoal effects of quercetin and to provide the most fruitful avenues for future research. Quercetin exerts potent antiprotozoan activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens such as Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Plasmodium spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Trichomonas spp., and Toxoplasma gondii. In addition to its immunomodulatory roles, quercetin disrupts mitochondrial function, induces apoptotic/necrotic cell death, impairs iron uptake, inhibits multiple enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and the glycolytic pathways, suppresses the activity of DNA topoisomerases, and downregulates the expression of various heat shock proteins in these pathogens. In vivo studies also show that quercetin is effective in reducing parasitic loads, histopathological damage, and mortality in animals. Future research should focus on designing effective drug delivery systems to increase the oral bioavailability of quercetin. Incorporating quercetin into various nanocarrier systems would be a promising approach to manage localized cutaneous infections. Nevertheless, clinical trials are needed to validate the efficacy of quercetin in treating various protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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Jamabo M, Mahlalela M, Edkins AL, Boshoff A. Tackling Sleeping Sickness: Current and Promising Therapeutics and Treatment Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12529. [PMID: 37569903 PMCID: PMC10420020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the extracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, and targeted for eradication by 2030. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the lengthening of the proposed time frame for eliminating human African trypanosomiasis as control programs were interrupted. Armed with extensive antigenic variation and the depletion of the B cell population during an infectious cycle, attempts to develop a vaccine have remained unachievable. With the absence of a vaccine, control of the disease has relied heavily on intensive screening measures and the use of drugs. The chemotherapeutics previously available for disease management were plagued by issues such as toxicity, resistance, and difficulty in administration. The approval of the latest and first oral drug, fexinidazole, is a major chemotherapeutic achievement for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis in the past few decades. Timely and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment, while poor compliance and resistance remain outstanding challenges. Drug discovery is on-going, and herein we review the recent advances in anti-trypanosomal drug discovery, including novel potential drug targets. The numerous challenges associated with disease eradication will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miebaka Jamabo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa; (M.J.); (M.M.)
| | - Maduma Mahlalela
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa; (M.J.); (M.M.)
| | - Adrienne L. Edkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Biotechnology Research Centre (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa;
| | - Aileen Boshoff
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa; (M.J.); (M.M.)
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3
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Moreira RS, Calomeno NA, das Neves GB, do Nascimento LFN, Filho VB, Wagner G, Miletti LC. Trypanosoma evansi secretome carries potential biomarkers for Surra diagnosis. J Proteomics 2023; 272:104789. [PMID: 36464092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is a parasite that is phylogenetically close to Trypanosoma brucei and is the causative agent of a disease known as surra. Surra is responsible for a high mortality rate in livestock and large economic losses in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. This work aimed to analyze in vitro secreted proteins from T. evansi and identify potential treatment and diagnostic biomarkers for surra diagnosis. Two groups were used. In one group the parasites were purified using a DEAE-Cellulose column and maintained in a secretion medium while in the other group the parasites were not purified. Each group was further divided to be maintained at either 37 °C or 27 °C. We identified 246 proteins through mass spectrometry and found that the temperature appears to modulate protein secretion. We found minimal variations in the protein pools from pure and non-purified sets. We observed an emphasis on proteins associated to vesicles, glycolysis, and cellular homeostasis through the enrichment of GO. Also, we found that most secretome proteins share homologous proteins with T. b. brucei, T. b. gambiense, T. vivax, T. equiperdum, and T. b. rhodesiense secretome but unique T. evansi epitopes with potential biomarkers for surra diagnosis were detected. SIGNIFICANCE: Trypanosoma evansi is a parasite of African origin that is phylogenetically close to Trypanosoma brucei. As with other trypanosomatids and blood parasites, its infection causes non-pathognomonic symptoms, which makes its diagnosis difficult. One great problem is the fact that no diagnostic test differentiates between Trypanosoma equiperdum and T. evansi, which is a problem in South America and Asia, and Africa. Thus, it is urgent to study the biochemistry of the parasite to discover proteins that can be used for differential diagnosis or be possible therapeutic targets. In addition, the study of the secretome can point out proteins that are used by the parasite in its interactions with the host, helping to understand the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Simões Moreira
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), Campus Gaspar, R. Adriano Kormann, 510 - Bela Vista, Gaspar, SC 89111-009, Brazil
| | - Nathália Anderson Calomeno
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Bassi das Neves
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Flávio Nepomuceno do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Vilmar Benetti Filho
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Setor F, Bloco A, Sala 318, Caixa postal 476, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Glauber Wagner
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Setor F, Bloco A, Sala 318, Caixa postal 476, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil.
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Salari S, Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Almani PGN. Global distribution of treatment resistance gene markers for leishmaniasis. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24599. [PMID: 35808933 PMCID: PMC9396204 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pentavalent antimonials (Sb(V)) such as meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) and sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®) are used as first‐line treatments for leishmaniasis, either alone or in combination with second‐line drugs such as amphotericin B (Amp B), miltefosine (MIL), methotrexate (MTX), or cryotherapy. Therapeutic aspects of these drugs are now challenged because of clinical resistance worldwide. Methods We reviewedthe recent original studies were assessed by searching in electronic databases such as Scopus, Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science. Results Studies on molecular biomarkers involved in drug resistance are essential for monitoring the disease. We reviewed genes and mechanisms of resistance to leishmaniasis, and the geographical distribution of these biomarkers in each country has also been thoroughly investigated. Conclusion Due to the emergence of resistant genes mainly in anthroponotic Leishmania species such as L. donovani and L. tropica, as the causative agents of ACL and AVL, respectively, selection of an appropriate treatment modality is essential. Physicians should be aware of the presence of such resistance for the selection of proper treatment modalities in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Salari
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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The Astonishing Large Family of HSP40/DnaJ Proteins Existing in Leishmania. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050742. [PMID: 35627127 PMCID: PMC9141911 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abrupt environmental changes are faced by Leishmania parasites during transmission from a poikilothermic insect vector to a warm-blooded host. Adaptation to harsh environmental conditions, such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, oxidative stress and heat shock needs to be accomplished by rapid reconfiguration of gene expression and remodeling of protein interaction networks. Chaperones play a central role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and they are responsible for crucial tasks such as correct folding of nascent proteins, protein translocation across different subcellular compartments, avoiding protein aggregates and elimination of damaged proteins. Nearly one percent of the gene content in the Leishmania genome corresponds to members of the HSP40 family, a group of proteins that assist HSP70s in a variety of cellular functions. Despite their expected relevance in the parasite biology and infectivity, little is known about their functions or partnership with the different Leishmania HSP70s. Here, we summarize the structural features of the 72 HSP40 proteins encoded in the Leishmania infantum genome and their classification into four categories. A review of proteomic data, together with orthology analyses, allow us to postulate cellular locations and possible functional roles for some of them. A detailed study of the members of this family would provide valuable information and opportunities for drug discovery and improvement of current treatments against leishmaniasis.
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Burger A, Macucule-Tinga P, Bentley SJ, Ludewig MH, Mhlongo NN, Shonhai A, Boshoff A. Characterization of an Atypical Trypanosoma brucei Hsp70 Demonstrates Its Cytosolic-Nuclear Localization and Modulation by Quercetin and Methylene Blue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136776. [PMID: 34202520 PMCID: PMC8269394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei (Tb) harbours twelve Hsp70 chaperones. Of these, four are predicted to reside in the parasite cytosol. TbHsp70.c is predicted to be cytosolic and upregulated upon heat stress and is an ATPase that exhibits holdase chaperone function. Cytosol-localized Tbj2 stimulates the ATPase activity of TbHsp70.c. In the current study, immunofluorescence confirmed that TbHsp70.c is both a cytosolic and a nuclear protein. Furthermore, in silico analysis was used to elucidate an atypical linker and hydrophobic pocket. Tellingly, TbHsp70.c lacks the EEVD and GGMP motifs, both of which are implicated in substrate selectivity and co-chaperone binding in canonical Hsp70s. Far western analysis revealed that TbSTi1 interacts directly with TbHsp70 and TbHsp70.4, but does not bind TbHsp70.c. We further investigated the effect of quercetin and methylene blue on the Tbj2-driven ATPase activity of TbHsp70.c. We established that quercetin inhibited, whilst methylene blue enhanced, the Tbj2-stimulated ATPase activity of TbHsp70.c. Furthermore, these inhibitors were lethal to parasites. Lastly, we used molecular docking to show that quercetin and methylene blue may bind the nucleotide binding pocket of TbHsp70.c. Our findings suggest that small molecule inhibitors that target TbHsp70.c could be developed to serve as possible drug candidates against T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélle Burger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +27-(0)-15-962-8620 (A.B.); +27-(0)-46-603-8630 (A.B.)
| | - Paula Macucule-Tinga
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Makhanda/Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (P.M.-T.); (S.J.B.); (M.H.L.)
| | - Stephen John Bentley
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Makhanda/Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (P.M.-T.); (S.J.B.); (M.H.L.)
| | - Michael Hans Ludewig
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Makhanda/Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (P.M.-T.); (S.J.B.); (M.H.L.)
| | - Ndumiso Nhlakanipho Mhlongo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa;
| | - Aileen Boshoff
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Makhanda/Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (P.M.-T.); (S.J.B.); (M.H.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +27-(0)-15-962-8620 (A.B.); +27-(0)-46-603-8630 (A.B.)
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Aramin S, Fassler R, Chikne V, Goldenberg M, Arian T, Kolet Eliaz L, Rimon O, Ram O, Michaeli S, Reichmann D. TrypOx, a Novel Eukaryotic Homolog of the Redox-Regulated Chaperone Hsp33 in Trypanosoma brucei. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1844. [PMID: 32849441 PMCID: PMC7423844 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-independent chaperones are widespread across all domains of life and serve as the first line of defense during protein unfolding stresses. One of the known crucial chaperones for bacterial survival in a hostile environment (e.g., heat and oxidative stress) is the highly conserved, redox-regulated ATP-independent bacterial chaperone Hsp33. Using a bioinformatic analysis, we describe novel eukaryotic homologs of Hsp33 identified in eukaryotic pathogens belonging to the kinetoplastids, a family responsible for lethal human diseases such as Chagas disease as caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, African sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei spp., and leishmaniasis pathologies delivered by various Leishmania species. During their pathogenic life cycle, kinetoplastids need to cope with elevated temperatures and oxidative stress, the same conditions which convert Hsp33 into a powerful chaperone in bacteria, thus preventing aggregation of a wide range of misfolded proteins. Here, we focused on a functional characterization of the Hsp33 homolog in one of the members of the kinetoplastid family, T. brucei, (Tb927.6.2630), which we have named TrypOx. RNAi silencing of TrypOx led to a significant decrease in the survival of T. brucei under mild oxidative stress conditions, implying a protective role of TrypOx during the Trypanosomes growth. We then adopted a proteomics-driven approach to investigate the role of TrypOx in defining the oxidative stress response. Depletion of TrypOx significantly altered the abundance of proteins mediating redox homeostasis, linking TrypOx with the antioxidant system. Using biochemical approaches, we identified the redox-switch domain of TrypOx, showing its modularity and oxidation-dependent structural plasticity. Kinetoplastid parasites such as T. brucei need to cope with high levels of oxidants produced by the innate immune system, such that parasite-specific antioxidant proteins like TrypOx - which are depleted in mammals - are highly promising candidates for drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Aramin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rosi Fassler
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vaibhav Chikne
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Mor Goldenberg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Arian
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liat Kolet Eliaz
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Oded Rimon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oren Ram
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shulamit Michaeli
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Dana Reichmann
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Bentley SJ, Jamabo M, Boshoff A. The Hsp70/J-protein machinery of the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:125-148. [PMID: 30506377 PMCID: PMC6363631 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiological agent of the neglected tropical disease African trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma brucei, possesses an expanded and diverse repertoire of heat shock proteins, which have been implicated in cytoprotection, differentiation, as well as progression and transmission of the disease. Hsp70 plays a crucial role in proteostasis, and inhibition of its interactions with co-chaperones is emerging as a potential therapeutic target for numerous diseases. In light of genome annotations and the release of the genome sequence of the human infective subspecies, an updated and current in silico overview of the Hsp70/J-protein machinery in both T. brucei brucei and T. brucei gambiense was conducted. Functional, structural, and evolutionary analyses of the T. brucei Hsp70 and J-protein families were performed. The Hsp70 and J-proteins from humans and selected kinetoplastid parasites were used to assist in identifying proteins from T. brucei, as well as the prediction of potential Hsp70-J-protein partnerships. The Hsp70 and J-proteins were mined from numerous genome-wide proteomics studies, which included different lifecycle stages and subcellular localisations. In this study, 12 putative Hsp70 proteins and 67 putative J-proteins were identified to be encoded on the genomes of both T. brucei subspecies. Interestingly there are 6 type III J-proteins that possess tetratricopeptide repeat-containing (TPR) motifs. Overall, it is envisioned that the results of this study will provide a future context for studying the biology of the African trypanosome and evaluating Hsp70 and J-protein interactions as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miebaka Jamabo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Aileen Boshoff
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
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Ramirez-Barrios R, Reyna-Bello A, Parra O, Valeris R, Tavares-Marques L, Brizard JP, Demettre E, Seveno M, Martinez-Moreno A, Holzmuller P. Trypanosoma vivax infection in sheep: Different patterns of virulence and pathogenicity associated with differentially expressed proteomes. Vet Parasitol 2019; 276S:100014. [PMID: 32904712 PMCID: PMC7458391 DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2019.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax strains exhibit different virulence and pathogenicity patterns. TvMT1 strain showed low virulence and high pathogenicity. TvLIEM176 strain showed high virulence and moderate pathogenicity. Protein expression varies in high virulence/moderate pathogenicity strain vs low virulence/high pathogenicity strain.
Cattle trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma vivax is a widely distributed disease in Africa and Latin America. It causes significant losses in the livestock industry and is characterized by fluctuating parasitemia, anemia, fever, lethargy, and weight loss. In this study we evaluated the virulence (capacity to multiply inside the host and to modulate the host response) and pathogenicity (ability to produce disease and/or mortality) patterns of two T. vivax strains (TvMT1 and TvLIEM176) in experimentally-infected sheep and determined the proteins differentially expressed in the proteomes of these two strains. Hematological and clinical parameters were monitored in experimentally-infected versus non-infected sheep for 60 days. All the infected animals developed discernable parasitemia at 3 days post-infection (dpi), and the first parasitemia peak was observed at 6 dpi. The maximum average value of parasitemia was 1.3 × 107 (95% CI, 7.9 × 105–2 × 108) parasites/ml in TvLIEM176-infected animals, and 2.5 × 106 (95% CI, 1.6 × 105–4 × 107) parasites/ml in TvMT1-infected ones. Anemia and clinical manifestations were more severe in the animals infected by TvMT1 strain than in those infected by TvLIEM176. In the proteomic analysis, a total of 29 proteins were identified, of which 14 exhibited significant differences in their expression levels between strains. Proteins with higher expression in TvLIEM176 were: alpha tubulin, beta tubulin, arginine kinase, glucose-regulated protein 78, paraflagellar protein 3, and T-complex protein 1 subunit theta. Proteins with higher expression in TvMT1 were: chaperonin HSP60, T-complex protein 1 subunit alpha, heat shock protein 70, pyruvate kinase, glycerol kinase, inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, 73 kDa paraflagellar rod protein, and vacuolar ATP synthase. There was a difference in the virulence and pathogenicity between the T. vivax strains: TvLIEM176 showed high virulence and moderate pathogenicity, whereas TvMT1 showed low virulence and high pathogenicity. The proteins identified in this study are discussed for their potential involvement in strains’ virulence and pathogenicity, to be further defined as biomarkers of severity in T. vivax infections.
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Nyakundi DO, Bentley SJ, Boshoff A. Hsp70 Escort Protein: More Than a Regulator of Mitochondrial Hsp70. CURR PROTEOMICS 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164615666180713104919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hsp70 members occupy a central role in proteostasis and are found in different eukaryotic
cellular compartments. The mitochondrial Hsp70/J-protein machinery performs multiple functions vital
for the proper functioning of the mitochondria, including forming part of the import motor that
transports proteins from the cytosol into the matrix and inner membrane, and subsequently folds these
proteins in the mitochondria. However, unlike other Hsp70s, mitochondrial Hsp70 (mtHsp70) has the
propensity to self-aggregate, accumulating as insoluble aggregates. The self-aggregation of mtHsp70 is
caused by both interdomain and intramolecular communication within the ATPase and linker domains.
Since mtHsp70 is unable to fold itself into an active conformation, it requires an Hsp70 escort protein
(Hep) to both inhibit self-aggregation and promote the correct folding. Hep1 orthologues are present in
the mitochondria of many eukaryotic cells but are absent in prokaryotes. Hep1 proteins are relatively
small and contain a highly conserved zinc-finger domain with one tetracysteine motif that is essential
for binding zinc ions and maintaining the function and solubility of the protein. The zinc-finger domain
lies towards the C-terminus of Hep1 proteins, with very little conservation outside of this domain.
Other than maintaining mtHsp70 in a functional state, Hep1 proteins play a variety of other roles in the
cell and have been proposed to function as both chaperones and co-chaperones. The cellular
localisation and some of the functions are often speculative and are not common to all Hep1 proteins
analysed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Nyakundi
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Stephen J. Bentley
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Aileen Boshoff
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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Xue YL, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Zhou X, Hurley IP, Jones GW, Song Y. Using steered molecular dynamics to study the interaction between ADP and the nucleotide-binding domain of yeast Hsp70 protein Ssa1. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2018; 32:1217-1227. [PMID: 30392073 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-018-0136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetics experiments have identified six mutations located in the subdomain IA (A17V, R23H, G32D, G32S, R34K, V372I) of Ssa1 that influence propagation of the yeast [PSI+] prion. However, the underlining molecular mechanisms of these mutations are still unclear. The six mutation sites are present in the IA subdomain of the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD). The ATPase subdomain IA is a critical mediator of inter-domain allostery in Hsp70 molecular chaperones, so the mutation and changes in this subdomain may influence the function of the substrate-binding domain. In addition, ADP release is a rate-limiting step of the ATPase cycle and dysregulation of the ATPase cycle influences the propagation of the yeast [PSI+] prion. In this work, steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations were performed to explore the interaction between ADP and NBD. Results suggest that during the SMD simulations, hydrophobic interactions are predominant and variations in the binding state of ADP within the mutants is a potential reason for in vivo effects on yeast [PSI+] prion propagation. Additionally, we identify the primary residues in the ATPase domain that directly constitute the main hydrophobic interaction network and directly influence the ADP interaction state with the NBD of Ssa1. Furthermore, this in silico analysis reaffirms the importance of previously experimentally-determined residues in the Hsp70 ATPase domain involved in ADP binding and also identifies new residues potentially involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Xue
- School of Environmental Science, College of Environment, Liaoning University, No. 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110036, Liaoning, China.,College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Qiaoshi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science, College of Environment, Liaoning University, No. 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110036, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuna Sun
- School of Environmental Science, College of Environment, Liaoning University, No. 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110036, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- School of Environmental Science, College of Environment, Liaoning University, No. 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110036, Liaoning, China
| | - Ian P Hurley
- Centre for Biomedical Science Research, School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS13HE, UK
| | - Gary W Jones
- Centre for Biomedical Science Research, School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS13HE, UK
| | - Youtao Song
- School of Environmental Science, College of Environment, Liaoning University, No. 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110036, Liaoning, China.
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12
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Drini S, Criscuolo A, Lechat P, Imamura H, Skalický T, Rachidi N, Lukeš J, Dujardin JC, Späth GF. Species- and Strain-Specific Adaptation of the HSP70 Super Family in Pathogenic Trypanosomatids. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:1980-95. [PMID: 27371955 PMCID: PMC4943205 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
All eukaryotic genomes encode multiple members of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family, which evolved distinctive structural and functional features in response to specific environmental constraints. Phylogenetic analysis of this protein family thus can inform on genetic and molecular mechanisms that drive species-specific environmental adaptation. Here we use the eukaryotic pathogen Leishmania spp. as a model system to investigate the evolution of the HSP70 protein family in an early-branching eukaryote that is prone to gene amplification and adapts to cytotoxic host environments by stress-induced and chaperone-dependent stage differentiation. Combining phylogenetic and comparative analyses of trypanosomatid genomes, draft genome of Paratrypanosoma and recently published genome sequences of 204 L. donovani field isolates, we gained unique insight into the evolutionary dynamics of the Leishmania HSP70 protein family. We provide evidence for (i) significant evolutionary expansion of this protein family in Leishmania through gene amplification and functional specialization of highly conserved canonical HSP70 members, (ii) evolution of trypanosomatid-specific, non-canonical family members that likely gained ATPase-independent functions, and (iii) loss of one atypical HSP70 member in the Trypanosoma genus. Finally, we reveal considerable copy number variation of canonical cytoplasmic HSP70 in highly related L. donovani field isolates, thus identifying this locus as a potential hot spot of environment–genotype interaction. Our data draw a complex picture of the genetic history of HSP70 in trypanosomatids that is driven by the remarkable plasticity of the Leishmania genome to undergo massive intra-chromosomal gene amplification to compensate for the absence of regulated transcriptional control in these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Drini
- Unité de Parasitologie moléculaire et Signalisation, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Criscuolo
- Institut Pasteur - Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - C3BI, Department of Genomes & Genetics, USR 3756 IP CNRS - Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lechat
- Institut Pasteur - Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - C3BI, Department of Genomes & Genetics, USR 3756 IP CNRS - Paris, France
| | - Hideo Imamura
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Tomáš Skalický
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Najma Rachidi
- Unité de Parasitologie moléculaire et Signalisation, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gerald F Späth
- Unité de Parasitologie moléculaire et Signalisation, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
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13
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Molecular Chaperones of Leishmania: Central Players in Many Stress-Related and -Unrelated Physiological Processes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:301326. [PMID: 26167482 PMCID: PMC4488524 DOI: 10.1155/2015/301326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are key components in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and survival, not only during stress but also under optimal growth conditions. Folding of nascent polypeptides is supported by molecular chaperones, which avoid the formation of aggregates by preventing nonspecific interactions and aid, when necessary, the translocation of proteins to their correct intracellular localization. Furthermore, when proteins are damaged, molecular chaperones may also facilitate their refolding or, in the case of irreparable proteins, their removal by the protein degradation machinery of the cell. During their digenetic lifestyle, Leishmania parasites encounter and adapt to harsh environmental conditions, such as nutrient deficiency, hypoxia, oxidative stress, changing pH, and shifts in temperature; all these factors are potential triggers of cellular stress. We summarize here our current knowledge on the main types of molecular chaperones in Leishmania and their functions. Among them, heat shock proteins play important roles in adaptation and survival of this parasite against temperature changes associated with its passage from the poikilothermic insect vector to the warm-blooded vertebrate host. The study of structural features and the function of chaperones in Leishmania biology is providing opportunities (and challenges) for drug discovery and improving of current treatments against leishmaniasis.
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14
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Späth GF, Drini S, Rachidi N. A touch of Zen: post-translational regulation of the Leishmania stress response. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:632-8. [PMID: 25801803 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Across bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic kingdoms, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are defined as a class of highly conserved chaperone proteins that are rapidly induced in response to temperature increase through dedicated heat shock transcription factors. While this transcriptional response governs cellular adaptation of fungal, plant and animal cells to thermic shock and other forms of stress, early-branching eukaryotes of the kinetoplastid order, including trypanosomatid parasites, lack classical mechanisms of transcriptional regulation and show largely constitutive expression of HSPs, thus raising important questions on the function of HSPs in the absence of stress and the regulation of their chaperone activity in response to environmental adversity. Understanding parasite-specific mechanisms of stress-response regulation is especially relevant for protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania that are adapted for survival inside highly toxic phagolysosomes of host macrophages causing the various immuno-pathologies of leishmaniasis. Here we review recent advances on the function and regulation of chaperone activities in these kinetoplastid pathogens and propose a new model for stress-response regulation through a reciprocal regulatory relationship between stress kinases and chaperones that may be relevant for parasite-adaptive differentiation and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Späth
- Institut Pasteur and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1210, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris, 75015, France
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15
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Mitochondrial heat shock protein machinery hsp70/hsp40 is indispensable for proper mitochondrial DNA maintenance and replication. mBio 2015; 6:mBio.02425-14. [PMID: 25670781 PMCID: PMC4337576 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02425-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial chaperones have multiple functions that are essential for proper functioning of mitochondria. In the human-pathogenic protist Trypanosoma brucei, we demonstrate a novel function of the highly conserved machinery composed of mitochondrial heat shock proteins 70 and 40 (mtHsp70/mtHsp40) and the ATP exchange factor Mge1. The mitochondrial DNA of T. brucei, also known as kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), is represented by a single catenated network composed of thousands of minicircles and dozens of maxicircles packed into an electron-dense kDNA disk. The chaperones mtHsp70 and mtHsp40 and their cofactor Mge1 are uniformly distributed throughout the single mitochondrial network and are all essential for the parasite. Following RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated depletion of each of these proteins, the kDNA network shrinks and eventually disappears. Ultrastructural analysis of cells depleted for mtHsp70 or mtHsp40 revealed that the otherwise compact kDNA network becomes severely compromised, a consequence of decreased maxicircle and minicircle copy numbers. Moreover, we show that the replication of minicircles is impaired, although the lack of these proteins has a bigger impact on the less abundant maxicircles. We provide additional evidence that these chaperones are indispensable for the maintenance and replication of kDNA, in addition to their already known functions in Fe-S cluster synthesis and protein import. Impairment or loss of mitochondrial DNA is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and a wide range of neural, muscular, and other diseases. We present the first evidence showing that the entire mtHsp70/mtHsp40 machinery plays an important role in mitochondrial DNA replication and maintenance, a function likely retained from prokaryotes. These abundant, ubiquitous, and multifunctional chaperones share phenotypes with enzymes engaged in the initial stages of replication of the mitochondrial DNA in T. brucei.
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16
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Týč J, Klingbeil MM, Lukeš J. Mitochondrial heat shock protein machinery hsp70/hsp40 is indispensable for proper mitochondrial DNA maintenance and replication. mBio 2015. [PMID: 25670781 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02425-02414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mitochondrial chaperones have multiple functions that are essential for proper functioning of mitochondria. In the human-pathogenic protist Trypanosoma brucei, we demonstrate a novel function of the highly conserved machinery composed of mitochondrial heat shock proteins 70 and 40 (mtHsp70/mtHsp40) and the ATP exchange factor Mge1. The mitochondrial DNA of T. brucei, also known as kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), is represented by a single catenated network composed of thousands of minicircles and dozens of maxicircles packed into an electron-dense kDNA disk. The chaperones mtHsp70 and mtHsp40 and their cofactor Mge1 are uniformly distributed throughout the single mitochondrial network and are all essential for the parasite. Following RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated depletion of each of these proteins, the kDNA network shrinks and eventually disappears. Ultrastructural analysis of cells depleted for mtHsp70 or mtHsp40 revealed that the otherwise compact kDNA network becomes severely compromised, a consequence of decreased maxicircle and minicircle copy numbers. Moreover, we show that the replication of minicircles is impaired, although the lack of these proteins has a bigger impact on the less abundant maxicircles. We provide additional evidence that these chaperones are indispensable for the maintenance and replication of kDNA, in addition to their already known functions in Fe-S cluster synthesis and protein import. IMPORTANCE Impairment or loss of mitochondrial DNA is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and a wide range of neural, muscular, and other diseases. We present the first evidence showing that the entire mtHsp70/mtHsp40 machinery plays an important role in mitochondrial DNA replication and maintenance, a function likely retained from prokaryotes. These abundant, ubiquitous, and multifunctional chaperones share phenotypes with enzymes engaged in the initial stages of replication of the mitochondrial DNA in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Týč
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Michele M Klingbeil
- Department of Microbiology, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Ludewig MH, Boshoff A, Horn D, Blatch GL. Trypanosoma brucei J protein 2 is a stress inducible and essential Hsp40. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 60:93-8. [PMID: 25562516 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hsp40 proteins (also known as DnaJ or J proteins) serve as co-chaperones for Hsp70, but also display evidence of independent chaperone function. Furthermore, certain Hsp40s have been shown to be stress-inducible and essential. Trypanosomatids display a remarkable diversification of Hsp40 proteins, with numerous distinct Hsp40-like proteins encoded in the Trypanosoma brucei genome. This study investigated the role of one of the six T. brucei Type I Hsp40s, T. brucei J protein 2 (Tbj2). We found that Tbj2 was heat stress-inducible, and that knockdown using RNA interference resulted in a severe growth defect under normal growth temperatures. Furthermore, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Tbj2 fusion protein was found to be localized to the cytosol of T. brucei. Taken together, these data suggest that Tbj2 is not functionally equivalent to the other five Type I Hsp40s, and that it is an essential, cytosolic, and stress-inducible chaperone, potentially playing an important role in protein biogenesis in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Ludewig
- Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Unit, Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Aileen Boshoff
- Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Unit, Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - David Horn
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Gregory L Blatch
- Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Unit, Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia.
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18
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Kominek J, Marszalek J, Neuvéglise C, Craig EA, Williams BL. The complex evolutionary dynamics of Hsp70s: a genomic and functional perspective. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 5:2460-77. [PMID: 24277689 PMCID: PMC3879978 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evt192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp70 molecular chaperones are ubiquitous. By preventing aggregation, promoting folding, and regulating degradation, Hsp70s are major factors in the ability of cells to maintain proteostasis. Despite a wealth of functional information, little is understood about the evolutionary dynamics of Hsp70s. We undertook an analysis of Hsp70s in the fungal clade Ascomycota. Using the well-characterized 14 Hsp70s of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we identified 491 orthologs from 53 genomes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp70s fall into seven subfamilies: four canonical-type Hsp70 chaperones (SSA, SSB, KAR, and SSC) and three atypical Hsp70s (SSE, SSZ, and LHS) that play regulatory roles, modulating the activity of canonical Hsp70 partners. Each of the 53 surveyed genomes harbored at least one member of each subfamily, and thus establishing these seven Hsp70s as units of function and evolution. Genomes of some species contained only one member of each subfamily that is only seven Hsp70s. Overall, members of each subfamily formed a monophyletic group, suggesting that each diversified from their corresponding ancestral gene present in the common ancestor of all surveyed species. However, the pattern of evolution varied across subfamilies. At one extreme, members of the SSB subfamily evolved under concerted evolution. At the other extreme, SSA and SSC subfamilies exhibited a high degree of copy number dynamics, consistent with a birth–death mode of evolution. KAR, SSE, SSZ, and LHS subfamilies evolved in a simple divergent mode with little copy number dynamics. Together, our data revealed that the evolutionary history of this highly conserved and ubiquitous protein family was surprising complex and dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kominek
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Biochemistry, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Kladki, Poland
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19
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Pawar H, Renuse S, Khobragade SN, Chavan S, Sathe G, Kumar P, Mahale KN, Gore K, Kulkarni A, Dixit T, Raju R, Prasad TSK, Harsha HC, Patole MS, Pandey A. Neglected Tropical Diseases and Omics Science: Proteogenomics Analysis of the Promastigote Stage ofLeishmania majorParasite. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2014; 18:499-512. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2013.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Pawar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Santosh Renuse
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | | | - Sandip Chavan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, India
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | - Tanwi Dixit
- National Centre for Cell Sciences, Pune, India
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | - H. C. Harsha
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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Burger A, Ludewig MH, Boshoff A. Investigating the Chaperone Properties of a Novel Heat Shock Protein, Hsp70.c, from Trypanosoma brucei. J Parasitol Res 2014; 2014:172582. [PMID: 24707395 PMCID: PMC3953656 DOI: 10.1155/2014/172582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neglected tropical disease, African Trypanosomiasis, is fatal and has a crippling impact on economic development. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is an important molecular chaperone that is expressed in response to stress and Hsp40 acts as its co-chaperone. These proteins play a wide range of roles in the cell and they are required to assist the parasite as it moves from a cold blooded insect vector to a warm blooded mammalian host. A novel cytosolic Hsp70, from Trypanosoma brucei, TbHsp70.c, contains an acidic substrate binding domain and lacks the C-terminal EEVD motif. The ability of a cytosolic Hsp40 from Trypanosoma brucei J protein 2, Tbj2, to function as a co-chaperone of TbHsp70.c was investigated. The main objective was to functionally characterize TbHsp70.c to further expand our knowledge of parasite biology. TbHsp70.c and Tbj2 were heterologously expressed and purified and both proteins displayed the ability to suppress aggregation of thermolabile MDH and chemically denatured rhodanese. ATPase assays revealed a 2.8-fold stimulation of the ATPase activity of TbHsp70.c by Tbj2. TbHsp70.c and Tbj2 both demonstrated chaperone activity and Tbj2 functions as a co-chaperone of TbHsp70.c. In vivo heat stress experiments indicated upregulation of the expression levels of TbHsp70.c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélle Burger
- Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Michael H. Ludewig
- Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Aileen Boshoff
- Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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21
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Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causal agent of Chagas' disease, a debilitating disorder affecting millions of people in several countries. A flagellated protozoan parasite, T. cruzi has a complex life cycle that involves infecting an insect and a mammalian host. During its life cycle, the parasite undergoes several kinds of stress, prominent among which is heat stress. To deal with this environmental challenge, molecular chaperones and proteases, also known as heat shock proteins (HSPs), are induced as part of the stress response. Several families of HSPs are synthesized by T. cruzi, including members of the major HSP classes such as HSP70, HSP90, HSP100, HSP40, chaperonins and small HSPs, and these proteins show conserved and unique features. In this review we describe these proteins and the corresponding gene expression patterns and discuss their relevance to the biology of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turán P Urményi
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
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22
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Torres DC, Ribeiro-Alves M, Romero GAS, Dávila AMR, Cupolillo E. Assessment of drug resistance related genes as candidate markers for treatment outcome prediction of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. Acta Trop 2013; 126:132-41. [PMID: 23416123 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The great public health problem posed by leishmaniasis has substantially worsened in recent years by the emergence of clinical failure. In Brazil, the poor prognosis observed for patients infected by Leishmania braziliensis (Lb) or L. guyanensis (Lg) may be related to parasite drug resistance. In the present study, 19 Lb and 29 Lg isolates were obtained from infected patients with different treatment outcomes. Translated amino acid sequence polymorphisms from four described antimony resistance related genes (AQP1, hsp70, MRPA and TRYR) were tested as candidate markers for antimonial treatment failure prediction. Possibly due to the low intraspecific variability observed in Lg samples, none of the prediction models had good prognosis values. Most strikingly, one mutation (T579A) found in hsp70 of Lb samples could predict 75% of the antimonial treatment failure clinical cases. Moreover, a multiple logistic regression model showed that the change from adenine to guanine at position 1735 of the hsp70 gene, which is responsible for the T579A mutation, significantly increased the chance of Lb clinical isolates to be associated with treatment failure (OR=7.29; CI 95%=[1.17, 45.25]; p=0.0331). The use of molecular markers to predict treatment outcome presents practical and economic advantages as it allows the development of rapid assays to monitor the emergence of drug resistant parasites that can be clinically applied to aid the prognosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Coe Torres
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose/Coleção de Leishmania do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Sequence polymorphism in the Trypanosoma rangeli HSP70 coding genes allows typing of the parasite KP1(+) and KP1(−) groups. Exp Parasitol 2013; 133:447-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Studies on the establishment of a co-culture system of lung stage Schistosoma japonicum with host cells. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:735-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Díaz M, Solari A, González C. Differential expression of Trypanosoma cruzi I associated with clinical forms of Chagas disease: Overexpression of oxidative stress proteins in acute patient isolate. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1673-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Raina P, Kaur S. Knockdown of LdMC1 and Hsp70 by antisense oligonucleotides causes cell-cycle defects and programmed cell death in Leishmania donovani. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 359:135-49. [PMID: 21805355 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) has important implications in the biology of unicellular parasites, especially in devising control strategies against them. In this study, we examined the role of metacaspase LdMC1 and heat shock protein Hsp70 in Leishmania donovani through transient gene knockdown using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), during MG132-induced PCD. Proteasome inhibitor MG132 was used for inducing PCD in the in vitro culture of Leishmania donovani, which was confirmed by morphological and molecular markers. To assess the role of LdMC1 and Hsp70, ASOs with partially modified phosphorothioate backbone were designed against the protein-coding regions of these genes. Promastigotes and axenic ALFs were exposed to ASOs, and gene knockdown was confirmed using RT-PCR. Exposure to MG132 and ASOs led to morphological defects, DNA fragmentation, delay in progressing through the S-phase of cell-cycle and a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Antisense knockdown of both these genes, individually as well as together, caused phenotypic and molecular characteristics of PCD. Simultaneous knockdown of both LdMC1 and Hsp70 led to a severity in these defects. Parasites co-exposed to MG132 along with ASOs suffered the maximum damage. Together, these data suggest that LdMC1 and Hsp70 have an indispensable role in Leishmania cell-cycle and are, therefore, important for its survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Raina
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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