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Zheng T, Liu JH, Zhu TY, Li B, Li JS, Gu YY, Nie J, Xiong T, Lu FG. Novel insights into the glucose metabolic alterations of freshwater snails: a pathway to molluscicide innovation and snail control strategies. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:257. [PMID: 38940835 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
As ecosystem disruptors and intermediate hosts for various parasites, freshwater snails have significant socioeconomic impacts on human health, livestock production, and aquaculture. Although traditional molluscicides have been widely used to mitigate these effects, their environmental impact has encouraged research into alternative, biologically based strategies to create safer, more effective molluscicides and diminish the susceptibility of snails to parasites. This review focuses on alterations in glucose metabolism in snails under the multifaceted stressors of parasitic infections, drug exposure, and environmental changes and proposes a novel approach for snail management. Key enzymes within the glycolytic pathway, such as hexokinase and pyruvate kinase; tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; and electron transport chains, such as succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase, are innovative targets for molluscicide development. These targets can affect both snails and parasites and provide an important direction for parasitic disease prevention research. For the first time, this review summarises the reverse TCA cycle and alternative oxidase pathway, which are unique metabolic bypasses in invertebrates that have emerged as suitable targets for the formulation of low-toxicity molluscicides. Additionally, it highlights the importance of other metabolic pathways, including lactate, alanine, glycogenolysis, and pentose phosphate pathways, in snail energy supply, antioxidant stress responses, and drug evasion mechanisms. By analysing the alterations in key metabolic enzymes and their products in stressed snails, this review deepens our understanding of glucose metabolic alterations in snails and provides valuable insights for identifying new pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Hao Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Yao Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Shan Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Yang Gu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Nie
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Fang Guo Lu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Bonfim TCDS, Martins FG, Tunholi-Alves VM, Dos Santos MAJ, Castro RN, Brandolini SVPB, Pinheiro J. Carbohydrate metabolism evaluation of terrestrial snail Subulina octona (Gastropoda, Subulinidae) experimentally infected by the Paratanaisia bragai digenetic trematode (Digenea, Eucotylidae). Parasitol Int 2024; 98:102805. [PMID: 37696330 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the effects of the larval development of digenetic trematodes on their intermediate hosts, changes in the carbohydrate metabolism in the snails stand out. The aim of this study was to analyze, every 10 days after infection (d.p.i.), the effects of Paratanaisia bragai infection on the glycogen content in the digestive gland and cephalopedal mass in Subulina octona snail, and also verify the glucose concentration and the enzyme D- and L-lactate dehydrogenase activity (EC1.1.1.27 and EC1.1.1.28) (LDH) and the concentration of some metabolites(oxalic, succinic, pyruvic and lactic acid) presents in the hemolymph. Histochemical analisys were also performed. We verified a total increase of 54.81% in glucose concentration in infected snails and an oscillating pattern in the glycogen content in the cephalopedal mass and in the digestive gland. LDH activity shows an increase of 10 d.p.i. (+ 74.32%) and 40 d.p.i. (+ 47.81%) and decrease at 20 d.p.i. and 30 d.p.i. The concentrations of oxalic, succinic and pyruvic acids showed significant and progressive reductions; however, lactic acid had a significant increase. Histological and histochemical analysis showed a tissue disorganization in the cephalopedal mass of infected snails and morphological changes in the digestive gland. These results confirm that infection causes metabolic pathway changes in the snails due to activation of an alternative anaerobic pathway for producing energy, indicated by the increased lactic acid content and LDH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Cristina Dos Santos Bonfim
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR-465-km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR465, km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Florence Gonçalves Martins
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR-465-km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR465, km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Menezes Tunholi-Alves
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR-465-km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), process number E-26/202.866/2016, Av. Erasmo Braga, 118 - Centro, CEP 20.020-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antônio José Dos Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR465, km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosane Nora Castro
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR465, km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Solange Viana Paschoal Blanco Brandolini
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR465, km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jairo Pinheiro
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR-465-km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR465, km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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Lopes-Torres EJ, de Oliveira Simões R, Mota EM, Thiengo SC. A Structural Analysis of Host-Parasite Interactions in Achatina fulica (Giant African Snail) Infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Pathogens 2023; 13:34. [PMID: 38251341 PMCID: PMC10821159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a nematode parasite that resides in the pulmonary arteries of rodents, serving as its definitive hosts. The life cycle involves several species of non-marine gastropods as intermediate hosts, and the African giant snail Achatina fulica is considered one of the most important around the world. Experimental data concerning A. cantonensis infection in the African giant snail remains notably limited. This helminth causes eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis in humans, representing an emergent zoonosis in Brazil. Understanding the host-parasite relationship through the application of new tools is crucial, given the complex interaction between zoonosis and the intricate mechanisms involving wild/human hosts, parasite adaptation, and dispersion. The objective of this study was to employ SEM as a novel methodology to understand the structural organization of the host tissue, particularly the granuloma formation. This sheds light on the complex balance between A. fulica and A. cantonensis. Nine three-month-old snails were randomly selected and exposed for 24 h to a concentration of 2000 L1/dose of A. cantonensis. A necropsy was performed 37 days after the infection, and the samples were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The histopathological results revealed third-stage larvae of A. cantonensis associated with granulomas distributed throughout the head-foot mass, mantle, and kidney. Scanning electron microscopy of the histological section surface showed that the granuloma is surrounded by a cluster of spherical particles, which are distributed in the region bordering the larvae. This reveal details of the nematode structure, demonstrating how this methodology can enhance our understanding of the role of granulomas in molluscan tissue. The structural characteristics of granuloma formation in A. fulica suggest it as an excellent invertebrate host for A. cantonensis. This relationship appears to provide protection to the parasite against the host's immune defense system while isolating the snail's tissue from potential exposure to nematode antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J. Lopes-Torres
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Roberto Lascasas Porto, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Raquel de Oliveira Simões
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil;
| | - Ester M. Mota
- Laboratório de Malacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil;
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Machado CV, Mentz MB, Hartke S, Zancan DM. Occurrence of Cruzia tentaculata Larvae in the Land Snail Megalobulimus abbreviatus-Influence of Natural Parasite Load on Snail Physiology. Zoolog Sci 2023; 40:475-485. [PMID: 38064375 DOI: 10.2108/zs230047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Cruzia tentaculata is reported here for the first time in the land snail Megalobulimus abbreviatus in southern Brazil. The snails were infected with a high prevalence of larvae up to the L3 stage (68.6%). Cysts were located mainly in the mantle (pulmonary cavity) and the nerve ring. No other helminths were identified in the collected snails. Some physiological aspects were compared between snails infected with L3 larvae and non-infected snails and among infected animals with different parasite loads. No differences were found in hemolymph protein, glucose, or urea content between L3-infected and non-infected snails, nor among animals with different parasite loads. Discontinuous lesions in the rectum associated with the presence of encapsulated larvae were visible in animals with high parasite loads and were more frequent in adult animals. All analyses were carried out during the breeding season; however, the albumen glands of mature snails had a smaller volume in those with higher parasite loads. Ovotestis weight was also significantly negatively correlated with parasite load. Snail reproductive capacity could, therefore, be partially impaired but only for individuals with higher parasite loads. Considering only the measured parameters, natural infection by C. tentaculata does not appear to affect intermediary metabolism of M. abbreviatus. A greater number of larvae and greater severity of tissue injuries are more frequently observed in older snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clivia Valle Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Marcia B Mentz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Imunologia, ICBS, UFRGS, Brazil
| | - Sara Hartke
- Departamento de Fisiologia, ICBS, UFRGS, Brazil
| | - Denise M Zancan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil,
- Departamento de Fisiologia, ICBS, UFRGS, Brazil
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Alberto-Silva AC, Garcia JS, Mota EM, Martins FG, Pinheiro J, Mello-Silva CC. Reproductive alterations of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) and exposed to Euphorbia milii var. hislopii latex. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e259628. [PMID: 36000690 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.259628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural phytochemical latex of Euphorbia milii var. hislopii is one of the most promising natural molluscicides for the control of Biomphalaria glabrata, and has been widely studied under laboratory conditions for selective control of schistosomiasis transmission. However, the effect of this product on B. glabrata infected by other helminths had not yet been investigated. The present study reports evaluation of the effect of E. milii var. hislopii latex on the survival and reproductive activity of B. glabrata infected by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. For this purpose, the following groups were formed: control (C), exposed (E), infected (I) and infected and exposed for different time intervals (1 day - I+E-1D, 7 days - I+E-7D, 14 days - I+E-14D, 21 days - I+E-21D and 28 days - I+E-28D). The experimental infection was performed with L1 larvae of A. cantonensis and exposure to 0.08 mg/L (LC50) of E. milii latex for a period of 24 hours. We analyzed the effects of E. milii latex on the survival of snails during four weeks, reproductive parameters and possible histophysiopathological changes in the gonad and albumen gland of the snails. Regarding survival, there was reduction of more than 50% in the groups exposed to latex (E and I + E) compared to the control group. As for the number of ovigerous masses, eggs, and average number of hatched snails, significant increases were observed in the I+E-1D group at the 4th week compared to the control group and the other weeks in the same group. Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae were observed in the gonad and albumen gland from day 21 and 28 of infection in groups I and I+E, respectively, with granuloma-like formation. At these observation periods and in these groups, an increase in galactogen was observed in the albumen gland, which influenced egg laying, suggesting the existence of a fecundity compensation mechanism phenomenon. It was possible to conclude that both stressors - A. cantonensis infection and exposure to E. milii latex - directly influenced the survival and reproductive parameters of B. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Alberto-Silva
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - J S Garcia
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - E M Mota
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Laboratório de Patologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - F G Martins
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - J Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil.,Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - C C Mello-Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Bianchini AE, da Cunha JA, da Silva EG, de Souza CF, Carvalho T, Baldisserotto B. Influence of pH on physiological and behavioral responses of Pomacea canaliculata. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 266:111153. [PMID: 35032658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The physiological and behavioral responses of Pomacea canaliculata exposed to different pH values (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10) were evaluated. Survival, behavior (avoidance), metabolites (mantle), net ion fluxes (Na+ and K+), and ATPase activity (gills) were the parameters analyzed. The final survival rates were 100% (pH 4-9) and 90% (pH 10), and the groups did not differ significantly. Avoidance behavior was not identified in animals exposed to an extreme pH compared to pH 7. The main changes observed in the metabolites were in those exposed to an alkaline pH. Glucose (pH 9) and total protein (pH 9 and 10) levels increased, and lactate decreased (pH 9 and 10) compared to a neutral pH. There was an increase in Na+ efflux at pH 4, 5, and 8 and an influx at pH 9 and 10. Extreme pH values (4 and 10) also caused an increase in K+ efflux. At pH values outside the neutrality range (pH 7), there was a significant decrease in the activities of Na+/K+-ATPase (4, 5, 6, 9, and 10) and H+-ATPase (pH 4, 5, 9, and 10). Variations in environmental pH did not cause statistically significant mortality or avoidance behavior in P. canaliculata at the analyzed times. However, due to changes in energy metabolism (glucose and lactate, mainly) and ionoregulation, these can be considered sensitive biomarkers of stress in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessyka Arruda da Cunha
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Elisia Gomes da Silva
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Carine Freitas de Souza
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Thaynara Carvalho
- Undergraduate Course in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Lima MG, Augusto RDC, Pinheiro J, Thiengo SC. Physiology and immunity of the invasive giant African snail, Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica, intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:103579. [PMID: 31877327 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most successful invasive land snail species, Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica Bowdich, 1822 has achieved wide global distribution, particularly in (sub)tropical regions, with further dispersal likely due to climate change. This species of giant African snails (up to 17 cm shell length) is a pest that has extensive negative impact on agriculture and can serve as vector for several parasites, including Angiostrongylus cantonensis, a nematode parasite that causes (human) eosinophilic meningitis, an emergent disease. Investigation showed that A. cantonensis infection negatively impacts the metabolism of A. fulica by depleting polysaccharide stores of the intermediate host, compromising the energy balance of the snail. A review of the literature indicates that A. fulica possesses potent innate type immune defenses to counter infection, including phagocytic hemocytes capable of deploying reactive oxygen species and lectins for non-self recognition, a serine protease-dependent coagulation response (not observed in other taxa of gastropods), as well as antimicrobial proteins including achacin, an antimicrobial protein. A recent chromosome level genome assembly will facilitate progressively detailed characterization of these immune features of A. fulica. We strongly encourage further immunological studies of A. fulica, ranging from organismal level to molecular biology to gain better understanding of the A. fulica internal defense response to nematode pathogens like A. cantonensis and the contribution of immune function to the invasiveness of (snail) species. Characterization of immunity of A. fulica, representing the understudied Stylommatophora (panpulmonate landsnails) will also broaden the comparative immunology of Gastropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Lima
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional para Esquistossomose - Malacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Área de Biofísica, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal, Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ronaldo de C Augusto
- UMR 5244 Univ Perpignan via Domitia-CNRS-IFREMER-Univ Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathògenes-Environnements (IHPE), Université de Perpignan via Domitia, France.
| | - Jairo Pinheiro
- Área de Biofísica, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal, Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Silvana C Thiengo
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional para Esquistossomose - Malacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Bonfim TCDS, Martins FG, Tunholi-Alves VM, Lima MG, Mota EM, Maldonado A, Pinheiro J, Garcia J. Evaluation of changes in the carbohydrate metabolism of Biomphalaria glabrata Say, 1818 exposed to experimental coinfection by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda) and Echinostoma paraensei (Trematoda). J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 170:107314. [PMID: 31866115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between intermediate snail hosts and helminths can cause metabolic changes in the former. The snails use their reserves for maintenance of their vital processes, by activating the internal defense system and repairing tissue damage, while also supplying necessary energy for the parasites' development. Our aims were to evaluate the lactate dehydrogenase activity and the glucose concentration in the hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata experimentally coinfected by Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Echinostoma paraensei. Besides these aspects, the glycogen content in the digestive gland complex and cephalopedal mass along with histochemical changes in parasitized snails were analyzed. The snails were divided in group A (infected by 1200 L1 of A. cantonensis), group E (infected by 20 E. paraensei miracidia), group A + E (co-infected with A. cantonensis first and after a week by E. paraensei), group E + A (co-infected with E. paraensei first and then by A. cantonensis) and control group (not infected). During four weeks after exposure, samples were collected for biochemical and histochemical analyses. In the infected snails, glucose levels and glycogen content in the digestive gland complex and cephalopedal mass were significantly lower, in contrast with an increase of lactate dehydrogenase activity. These results indicate that the intense energy demand resulting from the presence of parasites causes the host snail to accelerate the anaerobic degradation of carbohydrates to obtain energy, in an attempt to maintain homeostasis. Both parasites were observed in histochemical analysis to cause tissue damages in the snails. So, although the snails were able to sustain the coinfection, several metabolic and tissue changes occurred, mainly in those infected with E. paraensei and then with A. cantonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Cristina Dos Santos Bonfim
- Curso de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465-km 7, CEP 23890-000 Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465-km 7, CEP 23890-000 Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Florence Gonçalves Martins
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465-km 7, CEP 23890-000 Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Menezes Tunholi-Alves
- Curso de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465-km 7, CEP 23890-000 Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465-km 7, CEP 23890-000 Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gomes Lima
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Esquistossomose - Malacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ester Maria Mota
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-300 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Maldonado
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jairo Pinheiro
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465-km 7, CEP 23890-000 Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juberlan Garcia
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Alterations in the Mitochondrial Physiology of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) After Experimental Infection by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae). Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:693-699. [PMID: 30887270 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a metastrongylid nematode that has a heteroxenous cycle, where snails act as intermediate hosts and the rodents Rattus rattus and Rattus novergicus are the definitive hosts. However, humans may act as accidental hosts presenting an atypical form of parasitism. This fact has motivated research to better understand systems of relationships involving A. cantonensis, targeting the control of species of gastropods that act as intermediary hosts. METHODS For this, six groups were formed: three control groups (uninfected) and three infected groups, exposed to approximately 1200 L1 larvae of A. cantonensis. At the end of each week (1, 2, and 3 weeks), snails were dissected without anesthesia and the gonad-digestive gland (DGG) complex was separated for determination of oxygen consumption through high-resolution titration-injection respirometer (Oroboros, Oxygraph; Innsbruck, Austria). RESULTS The results indicate suppression of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism of the host and compromised in different mitochondrial respiratory states. This effect, mainly observed in the group exposed to 1 week of infection, showed a decrease of approximately 38% (2.78 ± 0.37 pmol O2/mg of tissue; P < 0.05), 41% (2.76 ± 0.34 pmol O2/mg of tissue; P < 0.05) e 46% (2.91 ± 0.36 pmol O2/mg of tissue; P < 0.05) in the basal oxygen consumption after sequential addition (P + M), succinate and (ADP) in the respiratory medium, differing significantly from the control group. CONCLUSION The results presented indicate that the prepatent infection by this metastrongylid impairs the aerobic oxidative metabolism of its host, causing a reduction in basal oxygen consumption. This effect, observed at the start of development of the parasites, indicates that this stage is the most critical for the success of the infection, and can be explained by a reduction of the mitochondrial density of the tissue analyzed, or also by suppression of enzyme centers related to the oxidative reactions.
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Martins FG, Garcia JS, Torres EJL, Santos MAJ, Massard CL, Pinheiro J. First record of Bulimulus tenuissimus (Mollusca) as potential experimental intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda). BRAZ J BIOL 2018; 79:686-696. [PMID: 30379205 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.188914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Snails are essential to complete the life cycle of the metastrongylid nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the causative agent of infections in domestic and wild animals, mainly rodents, and also of neural angiostrongyliasis or eosinophilic meningitis in humans. There are many reports of mollusks that can act as intermediate hosts of this parasite, especially freshwater snails and the African giant Achatina fulica. The terrestrial gastropod Bulimulus tenuissimus is widely distributed in Brazil and other species of the same genus occur in Brazil and other countries, overlapping regions in which there are reports of the occurrence of A. cantonensis and angiostrongyliasis. In spite of this, there are no records in the literature of this species performing the role of intermediate host to A. cantonensis. The present study analyzed the experimental infection with first-stage larvae of A. cantonensis, under laboratory conditions, of B. tenuissimus, by using histology and electron microscopy techniques. Three weeks after exposure to L1 larvae, it was possible to recover L3 larvae in small numbers from the infected snails. Developing larvae were observed in the cephalopedal mass (foot), ovotestis, and mantle tissues, being located inside a granulomatous structure composed of hemocyte infiltration, but there was no calcium or collagen deposition in these structures in significant amounts. In the third week post exposure, it was possible observe a sheath around the developing larvae. The infected snails presented reduction in the fibrous muscular tissue in the foot region, loss of the acinar organization in the digestive gland, with increase of amorphous material inside the acini and loss of epithelial pattern of nuclear organization in the acinar cells. However, the ovotestis seemed unaffected by the infection, since there was a large number of developing oocytes and spermatozoa in different stages of formation. The digestion of infected snails allows us the third-stage recovery rate of 17.25%, at 14 days post exposure to the L1. These L3 recovered from B. tenuissimus were used to infect rats experimentally, and 43 days post infection first-stage (L1) larvae of A. cantonensis were recovered from fresh feces. The results presented constituted the first report of the role of B. tenuissimus as an experimental intermediate host to A. cantonensis and shed some light on a possible problem, since the overlapping distribution of B. tenuissimus and A. cantonensis in Brazil and other countries where different species of Bulimulus occur enables the establishment and maintenance of the life cycle of this parasite in nature, with wild rodents as reservoirs, acting as a source of infection to humans, causing neural angiostrongyliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, BR 465, Km 7, CEP 23897-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - J S Garcia
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - E J L Torres
- Departamento de Imunologia, Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - M A J Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, BR 465, Km 7, CEP 23897-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - C L Massard
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, BR 465, Km 7, CEP 23897-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil.,Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, BR 465, Km 7, CEP 23897-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - J Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, BR 465, Km 7, CEP 23897-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil.,Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, BR 465, Km 7, CEP 23897-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
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Wheeler NJ, Dinguirard N, Marquez J, Gonzalez A, Zamanian M, Yoshino TP, Castillo MG. Sequence and structural variation in the genome of the Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:496. [PMID: 30180879 PMCID: PMC6122571 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aquatic pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata is a significant vector and laboratory host for the parasitic flatworm Schistosoma mansoni, an etiological agent for the neglected tropical disease schistosomiasis. Much is known regarding the host-parasite interactions of these two organisms, and the B. glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line has been an invaluable resource in these studies. The B. glabrata BB02 genome sequence was recently released, but nothing is known of the sequence variation between this reference and the Bge cell genome, which has likely accumulated substantial genetic variation in the ~50 years since its isolation. Results Here, we report the genome sequence of our laboratory subculture of the Bge cell line (designated Bge3), which we mapped to the B. glabrata BB02 reference genome. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were predicted and focus was given to those SNVs that are most likely to affect the structure or expression of protein-coding genes. Furthermore, we have highlighted and validated high-impact SNVs in genes that have often been studied using Bge cells as an in vitro model, and other genes that may have contributed to the immortalization of this cell line. We also resolved representative karyotypes for the Bge3 subculture, which revealed a mixed population exhibiting substantial aneuploidy, in line with previous reports from other Bge subcultures. Conclusions The Bge3 genome differs from the B. glabrata BB02 reference genome in both sequence and structure, and these are likely to have significant biological effects. The availability of the Bge3 genome sequence, and an awareness of genomic differences with B. glabrata, will inform the design of experiments to understand gene function in this unique in vitro snail cell model. Additionally, this resource will aid in the development of new technologies and molecular approaches that promise to reveal more about this schistosomiasis-transmitting snail vector. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3059-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Wheeler
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nathalie Dinguirard
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua Marquez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Adrian Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Mostafa Zamanian
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Timothy P Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maria G Castillo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
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Martins FG, Lima MG, Castro RN, Sant'Anna LD, dos Santos MAJ, Garcia JS, Pinheiro J. Bulimulus tenuissimus (mollusca) as a new potential host of Angiostrogylus cantonensis (nematoda), a histological and metabolic study. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 154:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tunholi-Alves VM, Tunholi VM, Garcia J, Mota EM, Castro RN, Pontes EG, Pinheiro J. Unveiling the oxidative metabolism of Achatina fulica (Mollusca: Gastropoda) experimentally infected to Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae). Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1773-1781. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Lima MG, Tunholi-Alves VM, Bonfim TCS, Gaudêncio FN, Garcia JS, Maldonado A, Pinheiro J, Thiengo SC. Effects of experimental Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection on the reproductive biology of Biomphalaria straminea and Biomphalaria tenagophila. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 149:106-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tunholi VM, Tunholi-Alves VM, Monteiro CO, Silva LCD, Dolinski CDM, Castro RN, Bittencourt VREP, Silva JPD, Freire Martins IV. Biological, biochemical and histological features of Bradybaena similaris (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) infected by Heterorabditis indica (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) strain LPP1. Exp Parasitol 2017; 179:28-35. [PMID: 28655584 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the possible biological, biochemical and histological changes in Bradybaena similaris(Gastropoda: Pulmonata) infected by Heterorhabditis indica (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), strain LPP1. Two groups of 16 snails were formed: the control group (unexposed) and the treated group, which was exposed for three weeks to infective juveniles (J3) of H. indica LPP1. The experiment was conducted in duplicate, using a total of 64 snails. After the exposure period, the snails were dissected to collect the hemolymph and tissues, for evaluation of the physiological changes caused by the infection. The number of eggs laid/snail and the viability of these eggs were also assessed as indicators of the reproductive activity of B. similaris. Intense glycogenolysis was accompanied by a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the glucose content of the hemolymph of the exposed snails, indicating that infection by H. indica induces breakdown of the host's glycemic homeostasis. Significant variations (p < 0.05) in the lactate dehydrogenase activity occurred together with changes in the concentration of pyruvic and lactic acid in the hemolymph of the infected B. similaris snails, corroborating the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism in the hosts. These metabolic alterations reflect the parasitic castration process in this interface. The results suggest that the use of H. indica LPP1 is a potential alternative for biological control of B. similaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Menezes Tunholi
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, ES, Brazil.
| | - Vinícius Menezes Tunholi-Alves
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Caio Oliveira Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduanção em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia GO, 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Cristina da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Comportamento e Biologia Animal da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n - Campus Universitário, Bairro São Pedro, Juiz de Fora MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Cláudia de Melo Dolinski
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosane Nora Castro
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, 23890-000, Seropédica RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Jairo Pinheiro da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabella Vilhena Freire Martins
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, ES, Brazil
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Khomich AS, Axenov-Gribanov DV, Bodilovskaya OA, Shirokova YA, Shchapova EP, Lubyaga YA, Shatilina ZM, Emshanova VA, Golubev AP. Assessment of the joint effect of thermal stress, pollution, and parasitic infestation on the activity of antioxidative enzymes in pulmonate mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425517020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Lima MG, Tunholi-Alves VM, Gaudêncio FN, Martins FG, Castro RN, Thiengo SC, Garcia JS, Maldonado A, Pinheiro J. The influence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda, Metastrongylidae) infection on the aerobic metabolism of Biomphalaria straminea and Biomphalaria tenagophila (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Exp Parasitol 2016; 171:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Unveiling the oxidative metabolism of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) experimentally exposed to entomopathogenic fungi. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3683-8. [PMID: 27354113 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is an important tick in tropical regions due to the high economic losses caused by its parasitism. Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana are well-known entomopathogenic fungi that can afflict R. microplus ticks. The development of new targets and strategies to control this parasite can be driven by studies of this tick's physiology. Recently, it was reported that when exposed to adverse physiological conditions, ticks can activate fermentative pathways, indicating transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism by which entomopathogenic fungi influence R. microplus metabolism has not been clarified, limiting understanding of the tick-fungus association. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of infection of ticks by M. anisopliae and B. bassiana on the amount of selected carboxylic acids present in the hemolymph, enabling increased understanding of changes previously reported. The results showed preservation in the concentrations of oxalic, lactic, and pyruvic acids in the hemolymph 24 and 48 h after dropping from cattle; while there were variations in the concentration of these carboxylic acids after infection of female ticks to M. anisopliae and B. bassiana. Significant increases were observed in the concentration of oxalic and lactic acids and significant reduction of pyruvic acid for both observation times (24 and 48 h) after infection by entomopathogenic fungi. These results indicate that B. bassiana and M. anisopliae infection alters the basal metabolism of R. microplus females, resulting in the activation of fermentative pathways.
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Guerino LR, Carvalho JF, Magalhães LA, Zanotti-Magalhães EM. Susceptibility of Biomphalaria glabrata submitted to concomitant infection with Angiostrongylus costaricensis and Schistosoma mansoni. BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 77:451-458. [PMID: 27683809 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The easy adaptation of Angiostrongylus costaricensis, nematode responsible for abdominal angiostrongyliasis to several species of terrestrial and freshwater molluscs and the differences observed in the interactions of trematodes with their intermediate hosts have induced us to study the concomitant infection of Biomphalaria glabrata with Schistosoma mansoni and A. costaricensis. Prior exposure of B. glabrata to A. costaricensis (with an interval of 48 hours), favored the development of S. mansoni, observing higher infection rate, increased release of cercariae and increased survival of molluscs, when compared to molluscs exposed only to S. mansoni. Prior exposure of B. glabrata to A. costaricensis and then to S. mansoni also enabled the development of A. costaricensis since in the ninth week of infection, higher amount of A. costaricensis L3 larvae was recovered (12 larvae / mollusc) while for molluscs exposed only to A. costaricensis, the number of larvae recovered was lower (8 larvae / mollusc). However, pre-exposure of B. glabrata to S. mansoni (with an interval of 24 hours), and subsequently exposure to A. costaricensis proved to be very harmful to B. glabrata, causing extensive mortality of molluscs, reduced pre-patent period to release cercariae and greater recovery of L3 A. costaricensis larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Guerino
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária, Barão Geraldo, CP 6109, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - J F Carvalho
- Statistika Consultoria, Rua Barão de Jaguara, 1481, Conjunto 147, CEP 13015-002, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - L A Magalhães
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária, Barão Geraldo, CP 6109, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - E M Zanotti-Magalhães
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária, Barão Geraldo, CP 6109, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Tunholi-Alves VM, Tunholi VM, Teixeira Santos A, Dos Santos Bonfim TC, da Silva Garcia J, Maldonado A, da-Silva WS, Pinheiro J. WITHDRAWN: Alterations in the mitochondrial physiology of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) after experimental infection by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastongylidae). Exp Parasitol 2016:S0014-4894(16)30105-9. [PMID: 27240754 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Menezes Tunholi-Alves
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Victor Menezes Tunholi
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson Teixeira Santos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowsky s/n, Ilha do Fundão, Prédio do CCS (Centro de Ciências da Saúde), RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Cristina Dos Santos Bonfim
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juberlan da Silva Garcia
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Maldonado
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wagner Seixas da-Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowsky s/n, Ilha do Fundão, Prédio do CCS (Centro de Ciências da Saúde), RJ, Brazil
| | - Jairo Pinheiro
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human pathogen. Parasitology 2016; 143:1087-118. [PMID: 27225800 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a metastrongyloid nematode found widely in the Asia-Pacific region, and the aetiological agent of angiostrongyliasis; a disease characterized by eosinophilic meningitis. Rattus rats are definitive hosts of A. cantonensis, while intermediate hosts include terrestrial and aquatic molluscs. Humans are dead-end hosts that usually become infected upon ingestion of infected molluscs. A presumptive diagnosis is often made based on clinical features, a history of mollusc consumption, eosinophilic pleocytosis in cerebral spinal fluid, and advanced imaging such as computed tomography. Serological tests are available for angiostrongyliasis, though many tests are still under development. While there is no treatment consensus, therapy often includes a combination of anthelmintics and corticosteroids. Angiostrongyliasis is relatively rare, but is often associated with morbidity and sometimes mortality. Recent reports suggest the parasites' range is increasing, leading to fatalities in regions previously considered Angiostrongylus-free, and sometimes, delayed diagnosis in newly invaded regions. Increased awareness of angiostrongyliasis would facilitate rapid diagnosis and improved clinical outcomes. This paper summarizes knowledge on the parasites' life cycle, clinical aspects and epidemiology. The molecular biology of Angiostrongylus spp. is also discussed. Attention is paid to the significance of angiostrongyliasis in Australia, given the recent severe cases reported from the Sydney region.
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Long Y, Cao B, Wang Y, Luo D. Pepsin is a positive regulator of Ac-cathB-2 involved in the rat gut penetration of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:286. [PMID: 27189461 PMCID: PMC4869373 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiostrongyliasis caused by the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis (A. cantonensis), has globally spread from the traditional epidemic areas. The small intestine is the site where the third-stage larvae (L3) of this worm entered the host body, and parasite proteases are involved in this process. Ac-cathB-2, a cathepsin B-like cysteine of A. cantonensis, was formerly isolated from the insoluble part of fragmentised Escherichia coli without activity. The unplanned low activity of prokaryotic expression proteins and difficulties in genetic modification hindered understanding the function of this protein. Methods The recombinant Ac-cathB-2 was expressed and harvested from 293 T cells and the enzymatic property and the effects of processing on the activity of the recombinant protease were investigated in vitro. The expression of Ac-cathB-2 in response to external stimulation was assessed, and the function of this protease during host gut penetration was observed by using antiserum for inhibition. Results Of the life-cycle stages studied, L3 expressed the highest level of Ac-cathB-2 gene and released the corresponding gene product from the body. The expression of this gene was rapidly upregulated after incubating L3 in small intestine homogenate of rat. Recombinant Ac-cathB-2 was harvested from 293 T cell culture medium. This protease was activated by pepsin-HCl and the enabled Ac-cathB-2 could subsequently digest laminin and fibronectin readily. Moreover, the small intestine isolated from rat was disrupted after incubating with the activated Ac-cathB-2, resulting in the detachment of epithelial cells. Antiserum treatment inhibited the hydrolytic ability of recombinant Ac-cathB-2 by 82.7 %, and also reduced the tissue penetration of activated L3 by 41.2 %. Additionally, pre-incubation of L3 with artificial gastric acid increased the number of penetrating larvae by 53.2 %, and this alteration could be partly blocked by antiserum treatment. Conclusion We believe that Ac-cathB-2 from A. cantonensis might help the worm to penetrate the rat gut, because the protease was able to degrade the tissue components of host. Nevertheless, our results further indicated that host pepsin played a beneficial role in this process by cleaving Ac-cathB-2 for activation. Thus, Ac-cathB-2 may probably represent an important target for the control of A. cantonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Long
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.,Translational Medicine Center, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Hunan, 410006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Binbin Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Damin Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
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Evaluation of the mitochondrial system in the gonad-digestive gland complex of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca, Gastropoda) after infection by Echinostoma paraensei (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 136:136-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gaudêncio FN, Tunholi-Alves VM, Lima MG, Gôlo PS, Angelo IDC, Castro RN, Fonseca AHD, Scott FB, Pinheiro J. Alterations in the oxidative metabolism of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks in response to exposure to the insect growth regulator fluazuron. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2016; 25:54-60. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aiming to characterize the potential off-target effects of fluazuron on ticks, biochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate changes in the carbohydrate metabolism of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks after exposure to fluazuron. Hemolymph and fat body were collected from female ticks before and after (4, 8 and 15 days) exposure to fluazuron. Spectrophotometric analyses were done to quantify glucose concentration and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the hemolymph and the concentration of glycogen in the tick’s fat body. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was employed to determine the concentration of carboxylic acids in the hemolymph and to evaluate changes in intermediary metabolic processes requiring oxygen consumption. Increases in the levels of LDH activity and lactic acid concentration indicated that fluazuron enhanced fermentative metabolism in ticks. Exposure to fluazuron was also found to increase glucose concentrations in the hemolymph over time, although no significant differences were noted daily. In addition to expanding the body of knowledge about the mode of action of fluazuron, investigations into these mechanisms may also be useful in discovering new and as yet unexplored secondary effects.
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Giannelli A, Cantacessi C, Colella V, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Gastropod-Borne Helminths: A Look at the Snail-Parasite Interplay. Trends Parasitol 2015; 32:255-264. [PMID: 26740470 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
More than 300 million people suffer from a range of diseases caused by gastropod-borne helminths, predominantly flatworms and roundworms, whose life cycles are characterized by a diversified ecology and epidemiology. Despite the plethora of data on these parasites, very little is known of the fundamental biology of their gastropod intermediate hosts, or of the interactions occurring at the snail-helminth interface. In this article, we focus on schistosomes and metastrongylids of human and animal significance, and review current knowledge of snail-parasite interplay. Future efforts aimed at elucidating key elements of the biology and ecology of the snail intermediate hosts, together with an improved understanding of snail-parasite interactions, will aid to identify, plan, and develop new strategies for disease control focused on gastropod intermediate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Giannelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Vito Colella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy; Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (Fiocruz-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy.
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Tunholi-Alves VM, Tunholi VM, Amaral LS, Mota EM, Maldonado Júnior A, Pinheiro J, Garcia J. Biochemical profile of Achatina fulica (Mollusca: Gastropoda) after infection by different parasitic loads of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda, Metastrongylidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 124:1-5. [PMID: 25308279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of experimental infection by different parasitic loads of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematode, Metastrongylidae) on the activities of the aminotransferases and concentration of total proteins, uric acid and urea in the hemolymph of Achatina fulica (Mollusca, Gastropoda) were investigated. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of total proteins in the exposed snails to 5000 or more larvae. This change was accompanied by an increase in the concentrations of urea and uric acid in the hemolymph, suggesting a higher rate of deamination of the amino acids. Besides this, variations in the activities of the aminotransferases were also observed, with the highest values recorded in the groups exposed to greater parasite load. These results suggest an increase in the use of total proteins, since there was increased formation of nitrogenous catabolites, in conformity with an increase in the aminotransferase activities. Infection was verified by the fact that L3 larvae recovered from the snails was proportion to the exposure dose of L1 larvae. Histopathological results also indicated presence of an inflammatory cell infiltrate, favoring an increase of both transaminases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Menezes Tunholi-Alves
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Victor Menezes Tunholi
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ludimila Santos Amaral
- Departamento de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fiocruz, Brazil
| | - Esther Maria Mota
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brazil 4365, CEP 21040-30 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Maldonado Júnior
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jairo Pinheiro
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juberlan Garcia
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, RJ, Brazil
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