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He M, Hettinghouse A, Bi Y, Chen Y, Liu C. Progranulin mediates the onset of pristane induced systemic lupus erythematosus. Adv Rheumatol 2024; 64:67. [PMID: 39252120 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-024-00405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Progranulin (PGRN) is a growth factor-like molecule with diverse roles in homeostatic and pathogenic processes including the control of immune and inflammatory responses. Pathogenic inflammation is a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and elevated serum levels of PGRN has been evaluated as a biomarker of disease activity in SLE. However, the role of PGRN in SLE has not been fully investigated. This study is aimed to determine the potential involvements of PGRN in SLE. METHODS Wild type (WT) and PGRN knockout (PGRN-/-) C57BL/6 mice received intraperitoneal injection of pristane for induction of a murine model of SLE. Sera were collected every biweekly and levels of anti-dsDNA antibody, IgG, and inflammatory factors were measured. Mice were sacrificed 5 months later and the renal lesions, as well as the proportions of T cell subtypes in the spleen were analyzed. RESULTS Following exposure to pristane, PGRN-/- mice generated significantly lower levels of anti-dsDNA antibody and IgG relative to WT mice. PGRN-/- mouse kidneys had less IgG and collagen deposition compared with WT mice after pristane injection. CONCLUSION The results indicate that PGRN participates in inflammatory response and renal damage in pristane induced SLE models, suggesting that PGRN mediates the onset of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michun He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China.
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Yufei Bi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Yuehong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Goldsmith JD, Troxell ML, Roy-Chowdhuri S, Colasacco CF, Edgerton ME, Fitzgibbons PL, Fulton R, Haas T, Kandalaft PL, Kalicanin T, Lacchetti C, Loykasek P, Thomas NE, Swanson PE, Bellizzi AM. Principles of Analytic Validation of Immunohistochemical Assays: Guideline Update. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2024; 148:e111-e153. [PMID: 38391878 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2023-0483-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— In 2014, the College of American Pathologists developed an evidence-based guideline to address analytic validation of immunohistochemical assays. Fourteen recommendations were offered. Per the National Academy of Medicine standards for developing trustworthy guidelines, guidelines should be updated when new evidence suggests modifications. OBJECTIVE.— To assess evidence published since the release of the original guideline and develop updated evidence-based recommendations. DESIGN.— The College of American Pathologists convened an expert panel to perform a systematic review of the literature and update the original guideline recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. RESULTS.— Two strong recommendations, 1 conditional recommendation, and 12 good practice statements are offered in this updated guideline. They address analytic validation or verification of predictive and nonpredictive assays, and recommended revalidation procedures following changes in assay conditions. CONCLUSIONS.— While many of the original guideline statements remain similar, new recommendations address analytic validation of assays with distinct scoring systems, such as programmed death receptor-1 and analytic verification of US Food and Drug Administration approved/cleared assays; more specific guidance is offered for validating immunohistochemistry performed on cytology specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Goldsmith
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Goldsmith)
| | - Megan L Troxell
- the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Troxell)
| | - Sinchita Roy-Chowdhuri
- the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Roy-Chowdhuri)
| | - Carol F Colasacco
- the Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center for Evidence-based Guidelines, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Colasacco, Kalicanin, Thomas)
| | - Mary Elizabeth Edgerton
- the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (Edgerton)
| | - Patrick L Fitzgibbons
- the Department of Pathology, Providence St Jude Medical Center, Fullerton, California (Fitzgibbons)
| | - Regan Fulton
- Array Science, LLC, Sausalito, California (Fulton)
| | - Thomas Haas
- Seagull Laboratory Consulting, Janesville, Wisconsin (Haas)
| | | | - Tanja Kalicanin
- the Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center for Evidence-based Guidelines, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Colasacco, Kalicanin, Thomas)
| | - Christina Lacchetti
- Policy and Advocacy, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, Virginia (Lacchetti)
| | - Patti Loykasek
- Molecular, Immunohistochemistry and Flow Cytometry, Pathology Laboratory Associates, Tulsa, Oklahoma (Loykasek)
| | - Nicole E Thomas
- the Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center for Evidence-based Guidelines, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois (Colasacco, Kalicanin, Thomas)
| | - Paul E Swanson
- the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington (Swanson)
| | - Andrew M Bellizzi
- the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (Bellizzi)
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Production and Characterization of Peptide Antibodies to the C-Terminal of Frameshifted Calreticulin Associated with Myeloproliferative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126803. [PMID: 35743246 PMCID: PMC9223637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs) constitute a group of rare blood cancers that are characterized by mutations in bone marrow stem cells leading to the overproduction of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Mutations in calreticulin (CRT) genes may initiate MPNs, causing a novel variable polybasic stretch terminating in a common C-terminal sequence in the frameshifted CRT (CRTfs) proteins. Peptide antibodies to the mutated C-terminal are important reagents for research in the molecular mechanisms of MPNs and for the development of new diagnostic assays and therapies. In this study, eight peptide antibodies targeting the C-terminal of CRTfs were produced and characterised by modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using resin-bound peptides. The antibodies reacted to two epitopes: CREACLQGWTE for SSI-HYB 385-01, 385-02, 385-03, 385-04, 385-07, 385-08, and 385-09 and CLQGWT for SSI-HYB 385-06. For the majority of antibodies, the residues Cys1, Trp9, and Glu11 were essential for reactivity. SSI-HYB 385-06, with the highest affinity, recognised recombinant CRTfs produced in yeast and the MARIMO cell line expressing CRTfs when examined in Western immunoblotting. Moreover, SSI-HYB 385-06 occasionally reacted to CRTfs from MPN patients when analysed by flow cytometry. The characterized antibodies may be used to understand the role of CRTfs in the pathogenesis of MPNs and to design and develop new diagnostic assays and therapeutic targets.
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Naseem S, Binota J, Varma N, Satyarthi P, Rana P, Malhotra P. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for detection of Calreticulin type-1 and type-2 mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasm. J Hematop 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12308-021-00462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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5
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Acute promyelocyte leukemia arose from CALR 1 mutated post essential thrombocythemia- myelofibrosis with splanchnic vein thrombosis: A case report. Leuk Res Rep 2021; 15:100243. [PMID: 34040959 PMCID: PMC8142272 DOI: 10.1016/j.lrr.2021.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Major disease complications for patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) include thrombosis and fibrotic or leukemic transformation. Calreticulin (CALR) mutation type 1 frequencies in ET are estimated between 7% and 11% and ET patients carrying CALR type 1 mutation are associated with lower risk of thrombosis but higher risk of myelofibrosis transformation compared to ET patients with JAK2 mutation. Leukemic transformation rates at 20 years are estimated at less than 5% for ET and risk factors for leukemic transformation are advanced age, thrombosis history, leukocytosis, and anemia. Amongst the subtypes of blast phase myeloproliferative neoplasms, acute promyelocytic leukemia is extremely rare. Herein, we present a case of a promyelocytic blast crisis of post-ET myelofibrosis with associated life-threatening splanchnic vein thrombosis. This case suggests that inflammation plays a key role in thrombotic events and fibrotic/leukemic transformation in ET patients, regardless the molecular landscape.
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Ali H, Puccio I, Akarca AU, Bob R, Pomplun S, Keong Wong W, Gupta R, Sekhar M, Lambert J, Al-Masri H, Stein H, Marafioti T. Megakaryocytes, erythropoietic and granulopoietic cells express CAL2 antibody in myeloproliferative neoplasms carrying CALR gene mutations. Int J Exp Pathol 2020; 102:45-50. [PMID: 32929772 PMCID: PMC7839955 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Testing for the CALR mutation is included in the updated WHO criteria for essential thrombocythaemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). We report on the application of the CAL2 monoclonal antibody, raised against the mutated CALR gene to myeloid cases. The immunostain was used on 116 acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) and 66 myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) or myelodysplastic syndromes/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN). None of AML cases was stained by the CAL2 antibody, while 20/66 MPNs and MDS/MPNs appeared positive. Fourteen of the latter cases were studied by molecular techniques, and all showed aberrations of the CALR gene. In addition, CAL2 positivity was found in some small‐sized elements besides megakaryocytes. By double staining, these elements corresponded to small megakaryocytes as well as both erythroid and myeloid precursors. This finding suggests possible occurrence of CALR gene abnormalities in a stem cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebah Ali
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds, UK.,University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ignazio Puccio
- Department of Histopathology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ayse U Akarca
- Department of Histopathology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roshanak Bob
- Reference and Consultation Center for Lymphoma and Haematopathology, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Pomplun
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Wai Keong Wong
- Department of Haematology, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Haematology, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mallika Sekhar
- Department of Haematology, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Lambert
- Department of Haematology, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Harald Stein
- Reference and Consultation Center for Lymphoma and Haematopathology, Pathodiagnostik Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Teresa Marafioti
- Department of Histopathology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, University College Hospital, London, UK
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Rahman K, Chandra D, Singh MK, Gupta R, Sharma A, Paul P, Kumar S, Sharma S, Nityanand S. Mutant specific anti calreticulin antibody (CAL2) immunohistochemistry as a screening test for calreticulin (CALR) mutation testing. Int J Lab Hematol 2020; 42:604-611. [PMID: 32463176 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 50 different CALR frameshift mutations have been identified in BCR-ABL1 negative MPN, all leading to the development of common new protein C terminus. Antibody targeting this terminal epitope can be useful to identify this driver mutation using immunohistochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS CALR mutation analysis was carried out in 51 JAK2V617F negative cases, PMF (n = 22) and ET (n = 29). PCR followed by fragment analysis was performed for molecular detection of CALR mutation. Bone marrow biopsy specimens of corresponding patients were subjected to IHC using mutation specific antibody CAL2. Staining pattern and intensity were observed. Staining of <2% of background nonmegakaryocytic (non- MK) cells were regarded as Pattern A, while staining of more than 2% of background nonmegakaryocytic (non-MK) was regarded as pattern B. RESULTS CALR mutation was noted in 40.9% (9/22) and 41.4% (12/29) of JAK2V617F negative PMF and ET, respectively. All CALR mutated cases, irrespective of the mutation type, showed a positive IHC staining in the megakaryocytes with moderate to bright intensity. All CALR wild-type cases were negative on IHC. (Concordance rate- 100%). Pattern A was noted in 40% cases, while pattern B was noted in 60% cases. Pattern A staining had significantly higher chances of having type 1 mutation as compared to pattern B. In contrast, pattern B had a nonsignificant trend toward higher bone marrow cellularity and marrow fibrosis. CONCLUSION CAL2 IHC detects all types of CALR mutation. This can act as a sensitive, specific, rapid, and cost-effective screening test for CALR mutation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaliqur Rahman
- Department of Hematology, SGPGI, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Chandra
- Department of Hematology, SGPGI, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Ruchi Gupta
- Department of Hematology, SGPGI, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhilesh Sharma
- Department of Hematology, SGPGI, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Paul
- Department of Hematology, SGPGI, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Hematology, SGPGI, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Seema Sharma
- Department of Pathology, SGPGI, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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8
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Calreticulin Mutation by Immunohistochemistry: Can It Replace PCR? Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2019; 28:621-626. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Maruyama K, Nakagawa N, Suzuki A, Kabara M, Matsuki M, Shindo M, Iwasaki S, Ogawa Y, Hasebe N. Novel Detection of CALR-Mutated Cells in Myeloproliferative Neoplasm-Related Glomerulopathy With Interstitial Extramedullary Hematopoiesis: A Case Report. Am J Kidney Dis 2019; 74:844-848. [PMID: 31377025 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are associated with somatic mutations of genes including JAK2, CALR, or MPL in hematopoietic stem cells. Various glomerular lesions are known to be involved in MPN-related glomerulopathy, including mesangial hypercellularity, segmental sclerosis, features of chronic thrombotic microangiopathy, and intracapillary hematopoietic cell infiltration. Renal extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is uncommon, but it is reported to occur in the setting of MPN; however, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of renal EMH with pathologically verified mutations. We report the case of a 65-year-old woman with MPN who had a CALR mutation and developed nephrotic syndrome. Kidney biopsy showed the typical findings of MPN-related glomerulopathy. CALR mutation-specific immunostaining of the kidney revealed immunopositive cells in the EMH lesion of the interstitium, indicating that renal EMH was caused by CALR-mutated cells. Based on these findings, we diagnosed nephrotic syndrome caused by MPN-related glomerulopathy. After initiation of steroid therapy, the patient's proteinuria gradually decreased and she achieved an incomplete remission. Additionally, the patient was prescribed the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib and maintained incomplete remission. There is no established treatment for MPN-related glomerulopathy; therefore, further studies are needed to elucidate its pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Maruyama
- Division of Cardiology, Nephrology, Respiratory and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Naoki Nakagawa
- Division of Cardiology, Nephrology, Respiratory and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Ayana Suzuki
- Division of Cardiology, Nephrology, Respiratory and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Maki Kabara
- Division of Cardiology, Nephrology, Respiratory and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Motoki Matsuki
- Division of Cardiology, Nephrology, Respiratory and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Motohiro Shindo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Sari Iwasaki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Naoyuki Hasebe
- Division of Cardiology, Nephrology, Respiratory and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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CAL2 monoclonal antibody is a rapid and sensitive assay for the detection of calreticulin mutations in essential thrombocythemia patients. Ann Hematol 2019; 98:2339-2346. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-019-03741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mózes R, Gángó A, Sulák A, Vida L, Reiniger L, Timár B, Krenács T, Alizadeh H, Masszi T, Gaál-Weisinger J, Demeter J, Csomor J, Matolcsy A, Kajtár B, Bödör C. Calreticulin mutation specific CAL2 immunohistochemistry accurately identifies rare calreticulin mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Pathology 2018; 51:301-307. [PMID: 30606612 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the multifunctional protein calreticulin (CALR) are recognised as one of the main driver alterations involved in the pathogenesis of Philadelphia negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (Ph- MPN) and also represent a major diagnostic criterion in the most recent World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms. Nowadays, quantitative assessment of the driver mutations is gaining importance, as recent studies demonstrated the clinical relevance of the mutation load reflecting the size of the mutant clone. Here, we performed for the first time a manual and automated quantitative assessment of the CALR mutation load at protein level using CAL2, a recently developed CALR mutation specific monoclonal antibody, on a cohort of 117 patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) or primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and compared the CALR protein mutation loads with the CALR mutation load values established by a molecular assay. Eighteen different CALR mutations were detected in the cohort of the 91 CALR mutant cases. Mutation loads of the CALR mutations were between 13% and 94% with mean value in PMF cases significantly higher than ET cases (49.94 vs 41.09; t-test, p=0.004). Cases without CALR mutation (n=26) showed no or only minimal labelling with the CAL2 antibody, while all 18 different types of CALR mutations were associated with CAL2 labelling. The CALR mutation load showed a significant correlation (p=0.03) with the occurrence of major thrombotic events, with higher mutation load in patients presenting with these complications. We report a 100% concordance between the mutation status determined by immunohistochemistry and the CALR molecular assay, and we extend the applicability of this approach to 16 rare CALR mutations previously not analysed at protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Mózes
- MTA-SE Momentum Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ambrus Gángó
- MTA-SE Momentum Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Sulák
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Livia Vida
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lilla Reiniger
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Botond Timár
- MTA-SE Momentum Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Krenács
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hussain Alizadeh
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Division, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Masszi
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Judit Demeter
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Csomor
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Matolcsy
- MTA-SE Momentum Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Kajtár
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Bödör
- MTA-SE Momentum Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Semmelweis University, 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Budapest, Hungary.
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Abstract
In 2017, the revised World Health Organization was published. Regarding myeloproliferative neoplasms, histological findings of bone marrow biopsy is becoming more important for diagnosis. This article highlights particularly the morphology of megakaryocytes and evaluation of myelofibrosis for pathological diagnosis, and immunohistochemistry which can detect somatic mutation.
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Abstract
Peptide antibodies, with their high specificities and affinities, are invaluable reagents for peptide and protein recognition in biological specimens. Depending on the application and the assay, in which the peptide antibody is to used, several factors influence successful antibody production, including peptide selection and antibody screening. Peptide antibodies have been used in clinical laboratory diagnostics with great success for decades, primarily because they can be produced to multiple targets, recognizing native wildtype proteins, denatured proteins, and newly generated epitopes. Especially mutation-specific peptide antibodies have become important as diagnostic tools in the detection of various cancers. In addition to their use as diagnostic tools in malignant and premalignant conditions, peptide antibodies are applied in all other areas of clinical laboratory diagnostics, including endocrinology, hematology, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and amyloidoses.
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