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Wan Y, Wang D, Yang G, Liu G, Pan Y. Deciphering COPS5 influence on immune infiltration and prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33553. [PMID: 39040236 PMCID: PMC11261772 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is a widespread malignancy originating from the mucous epithelium of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, the prognosis of HNSCC remains challenging. This study investigates the intricate relationship among COPS5, immune infiltration patterns, and prognostic implications in HNSCC. Through comprehensive analyses of 519 HNSCC cases from TCGA and single-cell data from the GEO database, we utilize the CIBERSORT algorithm to discern immune cell dynamics influenced by COPS5 expression. Notably, Treg cells emerge as a central point in the interplay between COPS5 and immune modulation. Further analyses, encompassing differential gene expression, immune-related gene set enrichment, and protein-protein interaction networks, elucidate the molecular landscape associated with COPS5 in HNSCC. A prognostic risk model, incorporating CD27, TNFRSF4, FADD, and PSMD14, is formulated and validated across diverse datasets. The model demonstrates robust predictive power, underscoring its potential as a valuable prognostic tool. These genes, essential for immune regulation and cell cycle control, provide insights into the intricate mechanisms influencing HNSCC progression. In conclusion, this study not only reveals the impact of COPS5 on immune dynamics in HNSCC but also introduces a concise and effective prognostic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dujuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Houjie Hospital of Dongguan, The Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Gui Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guohong Liu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunbao Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Tumors of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Center for Infectious Disease Prevention, Control and Treatment, Wuhan, China
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2
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Chen Y, Chen Y, Liu W. Serum cell division control 42 reflects treatment response and survival profiles in recurrent or metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma patients who receive programmed death-1 inhibitors. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111547. [PMID: 38290205 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cell division control 42 (CDC42) facilitates tumor growth, migration, and immune escape to accelerate the pathogenesis and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study intended to explore the optimal cut-value of serum CDC42 for predicting treatment response to programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors and survival in recurrent or metastatic (R/M) OSCC patients. METHODS CDC42 was detected from serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 45 R/M OSCC patients before initiating PD-1 inhibitors with or without chemotherapy. Different cutoff values (500, 600, 700, and 800 pg/mL) of CDC42 were selected for further analyses. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) value of CDC42 was 604.0 (477.5-867.5) pg/mL in R/M OSCC patients. Generally, objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 37.8 % and 62.2 %. Additionally, ORR (P = 0.030) and DCR (P = 0.004) were decreased in patients with CDC42 ≥ 700 pg/mL versus those with CDC42 < 700 pg/mL; meanwhile, DCR was also reduced in patients with CDC42 ≥ 800 pg/mL versus those with CDC42 < 800 pg/mL (P = 0.014). Interestingly, CDC42 ≥ 600 (P = 0.023), 700 (P = 0.007), and 800 (P = 0.039) pg/mL were related to shorter progression-free survival (PFS). While only CDC42 ≥ 700 (P = 0.004) and 800 (P = 0.046) pg/mL were correlated with worse overall survival (OS). After adjustment, only CDC42 ≥ 700 pg/mL (yes vs. no) independently estimated poor PFS (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.637, P = 0.005) and OS (HR = 5.824, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION CDC42 ≥ 700 pg/mL exerts the optimal prognostic ability to reflect poor treatment response and survival profiles in R/M OSCC patients who receive PD-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyi Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yongge Chen
- Department of Oncology, Handan Central Hospital, Handan 056001, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Weixian Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China.
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3
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Cheng Y, Song Z, Chen J, Tang Z, Wang B. Molecular basis, potential biomarkers, and future prospects of OSCC and PD-1/PD-L1 related immunotherapy methods. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25895. [PMID: 38380036 PMCID: PMC10877294 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) affects a large number of individuals worldwide. Despite advancements in surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, satisfactory outcomes have not been achieved. In recent years, the success of drugs targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has led to breakthroughs in cancer treatment, but systematic summaries on their effectiveness against OSCC are lacking. This article reviews the latest research on the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and the potential of combination therapy based on this pathway in OSCC. Further, it explores the mechanisms involved in the interaction of this pathway with exosomes and protein-protein interactions, and concludes with potential future OSCC therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Cheng
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengzheng Song
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhangui Tang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Baisheng Wang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, 410008, Hunan, China
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4
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González-Arriagada WA, Canedo-Marroquin G, Adorno-Farías D, Fernández-Ramires R. New insights into the role of the oral leukoplakia microenvironment in malignant transformation. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1363052. [PMID: 38450102 PMCID: PMC10914962 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1363052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral leukoplakia is the most frequent and potentially malignant lesion of the oral cavity. Although dysplasia grading remains the main factor for risk assessment, challenges persist in determining the exact risk of transformation, and the literature has focused on studying alternative biomarkers. The interaction between dysplastic epithelial cells and the microenvironment starts early, and the communication is mainly mediated by lymphocytes, inflammatory factors, fibroblasts, and the extracellular matrix, leading to dysplastic progression. Leukoplakia-infiltrating leukocytes (LILs) and leukoplakia-associated fibroblasts (LAFs) play crucial roles in the dysplastic microenvironment. The immune response is related to intraepithelial T lymphocyte infiltration, mechanisms of immunosuppression coordinated by regulatory T cells, M2 macrophage polarization, and increased numbers of Langerhans cells; in contrast, fibroblastic and extracellular matrix factors are associated with increased numbers of pro-tumorigenic myofibroblasts, increased expression of metalloproteinases vs. decreased expression of TIMPs, and increased expression of chemokines and other inflammatory mediators. The microenvironment offers insights into the progression of leukoplakia to carcinoma, and understanding the complexity of the oral microenvironment in potentially malignant diseases aids in determining the risk of malignant transformation and proposing new therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Alejandro González-Arriagada
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT-Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gisela Canedo-Marroquin
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Adorno-Farías
- School of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Pathology Department, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Fernández-Ramires
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Grupo Chileno de Cáncer Hereditario, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Lim I, Tan J, Alam A, Idrees M, Brenan PA, Coletta RD, Kujan O. Epigenetics in the diagnosis and prognosis of head and neck cancer: A systematic review. J Oral Pathol Med 2024; 53:90-106. [PMID: 38316046 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant epigenetic modifications significantly develop and progress human malignancies including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Taking into account issues of late diagnosis and poor prognosis associated with HNSCC, this systematic review is designed to provide an up-to-date insight of epigenetic changes in the management of HNSCC. METHODS All studies that assessed the diagnostic and prognostic utilities of epigenetic changes (DNA methylation and histone modifications) among patients diagnosed with HNSCC or oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) were considered for inclusion till June 2023. Pre-defined Medical Subject Headings terms were used to search Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus and Embase Ovid databases. RESULTS Twenty-five studies were deemed eligible for inclusion with a total number of 3790 samples (2123 HNSCCs, 334 OPMDs and 1333 as controls). DNA methylation was investigated in 18 studies while the role of histone modifications was assessed in seven studies. The most investigated biomarkers among the studies were H3, DAPK and TIMP3. The diagnostic accuracy of the epigenetic biomarkers in detecting HNSCC was assessed in eight studies where the following biomarkers showed the highest area under the curve values: TIPM3, DCC, DAPK, SEPT9, SHOX9, HOXA9 and TRH. None of the studies assessed the predictability of the epigenetic biomarkers in HNSCC and OPMDs. CONCLUSION Although initial promising results were seen using the epigenetic biomarkers in the early detection of HNSCC, the limited number of patients and the absence of well-designed longitudinal studies limit the clinical applicability of the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Lim
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jade Tan
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anneka Alam
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Majdy Idrees
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter A Brenan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Ricardo Della Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Graduate Program in Oral Biology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Omar Kujan
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Yang Z, He F. An immune cell infiltration landscape classification to predict prognosis and immunotherapy effect in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024; 27:191-203. [PMID: 36794748 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2179364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor immune cell infiltration (ICI) is associated with the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients and the effect of immunotherapy. The combat algorithm was used to merge the data from three databases and the Cell-type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) algorithm to quantify the amount of infiltrated immune cells. Unsupervised consistent cluster analysis was used to determine ICI subtypes, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined according to these subtypes. The DEGs were then clustered again to obtain the ICI gene subtypes. The principal component analysis (PCA) and the Boruta algorithm were used to construct the ICI scores. Three different ICI clusters and gene clusters with a prognosis of significant difference were found and the ICI score was constructed. Patients with higher ICI scores have a better prognosis following internal and external verification. Besides, the proportion of patients with effective immunotherapy was higher than those with low scores in two external datasets with immunotherapy. This study shows that the ICI score is an effective prognostic biomarker and a predictor of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Meishan People's Hospital, Meishan, China
| | - Fan He
- Department of Stomatology, Meishan People's Hospital, Meishan, China
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Wei JH, Qiao YL, Xu S, Zou Y, Ni HF, Wu LZ, Tao ZZ, Jiao WE, Chen SM. Specific knockout of Notch2 in Treg cells significantly inhibits the growth and proliferation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110705. [PMID: 37523971 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Notch2 gene knockout in Treg cells on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in mice. METHODS A mouse model of HNSCC was constructed. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to examine the numbers of related immune cells and programmed cell death in tumor cells in the spleen and tumor microenvironment of mice. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of related proteins in tumor tissues. RESULTS The tumor volume of regulatory T (Treg) cell-specific Notch2-knockout mice (experimental group) was significantly smaller than that of control mice (control group) (P < 0.05). Compared with those in the control group, the number of Treg cells and the expression of Ki67 in Treg cells in the spleen and tumor tissue were significantly decreased in the experimental group, while the numbers of CD45+ hematopoietic cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, T helper 1 (Th1) cells, CD11b+ cells (macrophages), and CD11b+CD11c+ cells (dendritic cells) and the expression of Ki67 in CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were significantly increased (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of Th2 cells between the two groups (P > 0.05). Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the numbers of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in the tumor tissue in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with that in the control group, programmed cell death in the experimental group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and GSDMD in the tumor tissues of the experimental group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.01), while the expression levels of BCL2, Bax, ATG5, LC3 and p62 were not significantly different (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Specific knockout of the Notch2 gene in Treg cells significantly decreases the function of Treg cells, inhibits the growth of HNSCC and improves the immune microenvironment in mice, thus effectively treating HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hua Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Yue-Long Qiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - You Zou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Hai-Feng Ni
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, PR China
| | - Li-Zhi Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Ze-Zhang Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China; Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Wo-Er Jiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China.
| | - Shi-Ming Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China; Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China.
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8
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Caponio VCA, Zhurakivska K, Lo Muzio L, Troiano G, Cirillo N. The Immune Cells in the Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3779. [PMID: 37568595 PMCID: PMC10417065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A still unresolved issue surrounding tumor formation concerns the role that the immune system plays in preventing the formation and progression of neoplasia, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Antitumor immunity has historically been seen as a critical barrier for cancer cells to develop, grow and spread, and this can be modulated using immunotherapies to achieve antitumor clinical responses. However, it has recently become clear that tumor-associated immunity, particularly the inflammatory microenvironment, has the paradoxical effect of enhancing tumorigenesis and progression. In this review, we discuss the multifaceted function of infiltrating immune cells in suppressing or promoting premalignancy and cancer. In particular, we report on the evidence supporting a role for T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils in the development and progression of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and OSCC. We also draw attention to the clinical relevance of immune cell phenotypes and associated molecules for use as biomarkers and to the translatability of current research findings to improve classification systems and precision medicine in patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Carlo Alberto Caponio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (V.C.A.C.); (K.Z.); (L.L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Khrystyna Zhurakivska
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (V.C.A.C.); (K.Z.); (L.L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (V.C.A.C.); (K.Z.); (L.L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Giuseppe Troiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (V.C.A.C.); (K.Z.); (L.L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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9
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Budi HS, Farhood B. Targeting oral tumor microenvironment for effective therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:101. [PMID: 37221555 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancers are among the common head and neck malignancies. Different anticancer therapy modalities such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and also targeted molecular therapy may be prescribed for targeting oral malignancies. Traditionally, it has been assumed that targeting malignant cells alone by anticancer modalities such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy suppresses tumor growth. In the last decade, a large number of experiments have confirmed the pivotal role of other cells and secreted molecules in the tumor microenvironment (TME) on tumor progression. Extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive cells such as tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs) play key roles in the progression of tumors like oral cancers and resistance to therapy. On the other hand, infiltrated CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells are key anti-tumor cells that suppress the proliferation of malignant cells. Modulation of extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive cells, and also stimulation of anticancer immunity have been suggested to treat oral malignancies more effectively. Furthermore, the administration of some adjuvants or combination therapy modalities may suppress oral malignancies more effectively. In this review, we discuss various interactions between oral cancer cells and TME. Furthermore, we also review the basic mechanisms within oral TME that may cause resistance to therapy. Potential targets and approaches for overcoming the resistance of oral cancers to various anticancer modalities will also be reviewed. The findings for targeting cells and potential therapeutic targets in clinical studies will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Setia Budi
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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10
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Cai X, Zhang J, Zhang H, Li T. Biomarkers of malignant transformation in oral leukoplakia: from bench to bedside. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2023; 24:868-882. [PMID: 37752089 PMCID: PMC10522567 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Oral leukoplakia is a common precursor lesion of oral squamous cell carcinoma, which indicates a high potential of malignancy. The malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia seriously affects patient survival and quality of life; however, it is difficult to identify oral leukoplakia patients who will develop carcinoma because no biomarker exists to predict malignant transformation for effective clinical management. As a major problem in the field of head and neck pathologies, it is imperative to identify biomarkers of malignant transformation in oral leukoplakia. In this review, we discuss the potential biomarkers of malignant transformation reported in the literature and explore the translational probabilities from bench to bedside. Although no single biomarker has yet been applied in the clinical setting, profiling for genomic instability might be a promising adjunct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjia Cai
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology / National Center of Stomatology / National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases / National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology / National Center of Stomatology / National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases / National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Heyu Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Tiejun Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology / National Center of Stomatology / National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases / National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China.
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing 100081, China.
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11
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Smith R, Yendamuri S, Vedire Y, Rosario S, Zollo R, Washington D, Sass S, Ivanick NM, Reid M, Barbi J. Immunoprofiling bronchoalveolar lavage cells reveals multifaceted smoking-associated immune dysfunction. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00688-2022. [PMID: 37342091 PMCID: PMC10277872 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00688-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is an underutilised tool in the search for pulmonary disease biomarkers. While leukocytes with effector and suppressor function play important roles in airway immunity and tumours, it remains unclear if frequencies and phenotypes of BAL leukocytes can be useful parameters in lung cancer studies and clinical trials. We therefore explored the utility of BAL leukocytes as a source of biomarkers interrogating the impact of smoking, a major lung cancer risk determinant, on pulmonary immunity. Methods In this "test case" observational study, BAL samples from 119 donors undergoing lung cancer screening and biopsy procedures were evaluated by conventional and spectral flow cytometry to exemplify the comprehensive immune analyses possible with this biospecimen. Proportions of major leukocyte populations and phenotypic markers levels were found. Multivariate linear rank sum analysis considering age, sex, cancer diagnosis and smoking status was performed. Results Significantly increased frequencies of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and PD-L1-expressing macrophages were found in current and former smokers compared to never-smokers. While cytotoxic CD8 T-cells and conventional CD4 helper T-cell frequencies were significantly reduced in current and former smokers, expression of immune checkpoints PD-1 and LAG-3 as well as Tregs proportions were increased. Lastly, the cellularity, viability and stability of several immune readouts under cryostorage suggested BAL samples are useful for correlative end-points in clinical trials. Conclusions Smoking is associated with heightened markers of immune dysfunction, readily assayable in BAL, that may reflect a permissive environment for cancer development and progression in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Smith
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Sai Yendamuri
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- These authors contributed equally
- These authors contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
| | - Yeshwanth Vedire
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Spencer Rosario
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robert Zollo
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Deschana Washington
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Sass
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nathaniel M. Ivanick
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mary Reid
- Department of Medicine – Survivorship and Supportive Care, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Barbi
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
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12
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Harris A, Andl T. Precancerous Lesions of the Head and Neck Region and Their Stromal Aberrations: Piecemeal Data. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082192. [PMID: 37190121 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) develop through a series of precancerous stages from a pool of potentially malignant disorders (PMDs). Although we understand the genetic changes that lead to HNSCC, our understanding of the role of the stroma in the progression from precancer to cancer is limited. The stroma is the primary battleground between the forces that prevent and promote cancer growth. Targeting the stroma has yielded promising cancer therapies. However, the stroma at the precancerous stage of HNSCCs is poorly defined, and we may miss opportunities for chemopreventive interventions. PMDs already exhibit many features of the HNSCC stroma, such as inflammation, neovascularization, and immune suppression. Still, they do not induce cancer-associated fibroblasts or destroy the basal lamina, the stroma's initial structure. Our review aims to summarize the current understanding of the transition from precancer to cancer stroma and how this knowledge can reveal opportunities and limitations for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic decisions to benefit patients. We will discuss what may be needed to fulfill the promise of the precancerous stroma as a target to prevent progression to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Harris
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 12722 Research Pkwy, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Thomas Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 12722 Research Pkwy, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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13
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Palaçon MP, de Oliveira Barbeiro C, Fernandes D, Biancardi MR, Silveira HA, Ferrisse TM, León JE, Kujan O, Bufalino A. Macrophages CD163+ and Factor XIIIa+ Provide a First-Line Defence against Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia Antigens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065242. [PMID: 36982316 PMCID: PMC10049257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the density of the dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages in oral leukoplakia (OL) and proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) by immunohistochemical analysis. We analysed paraffined tissue samples of PVL (n = 27), OL (n = 20), and inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (n = 20) as the control group using the immunomarkers for DCs (CD1a, CD207, CD83, CD208 and CD123) and macrophages (CD68, CD163, FXIIIa and CD209). A quantitative analysis of positive cells in the epithelial and subepithelial areas was determined. Our results showed a reduction in CD208+ cells in the subepithelial area of the OL and PVL compared to the control. Additionally, we found a higher density of FXIIIa+ and CD163+ cells in the subepithelial area in PVL compared to the OL and control. Four-way MANOVA revealed a relationship between increased CD123+ cell density in the subepithelial area of “high-risk” samples regardless of disease. Macrophages provide the first line of defence against PVL antigens, suggesting a distinct pattern of innate immune system activation in PVL compared to OL, which may contribute to the complexity and the high rate of malignant transformation in the PVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Paravani Palaçon
- Oral Medicine, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila de Oliveira Barbeiro
- Oral Medicine, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Darcy Fernandes
- Oral Medicine, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariel Ruivo Biancardi
- Oral Medicine, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Heitor Albergoni Silveira
- Oral Medicine, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Túlio Morandin Ferrisse
- Oral Medicine, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Esquiche León
- Oral Pathology, Department of Stomatology, Public Oral and Forensic Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Omar Kujan
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: (O.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Andreia Bufalino
- Oral Medicine, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: (O.K.); (A.B.)
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14
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Chitturi Suryaprakash RT, Shearston K, Farah CS, Fox SA, Iqbal MM, Kadolsky U, Zhong X, Saxena A, Kujan O. A Novel Preclinical In Vitro 3D Model of Oral Carcinogenesis for Biomarker Discovery and Drug Testing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044096. [PMID: 36835505 PMCID: PMC9967961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model of oral carcinogenesis for the rapid, scalable testing of chemotherapeutic agents. Spheroids of normal (HOK) and dysplastic (DOK) human oral keratinocytes were cultured and treated with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). A 3D invasion assay using Matrigel was performed to validate the model. RNA was extracted and subjected to transcriptomic analysis to validate the model and assess carcinogen-induced changes. The VEGF inhibitors pazopanib and lenvatinib were tested in the model and were validated by a 3D invasion assay, which demonstrated that changes induced by the carcinogen in spheroids were consistent with a malignant phenotype. Further validation was obtained by bioinformatic analyses, which showed the enrichment of pathways associated with hallmarks of cancer and VEGF signalling. Overexpression of common genes associated with tobacco-induced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), such as MMP1, MMP3, MMP9, YAP1, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1, was also observed. Pazopanib and lenvatinib inhibited the invasion of transformed spheroids. In summary, we successfully established a 3D spheroid model of oral carcinogenesis for biomarker discovery and drug testing. This model is a validated preclinical model for OSCC development and would be suitable for testing a range of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Shearston
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Camile S. Farah
- Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research and Education, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Simon A. Fox
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Muhammad Munir Iqbal
- Genomics WA, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ulrich Kadolsky
- Genomics WA, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Xiao Zhong
- Genomics WA, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alka Saxena
- Genomics WA, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Omar Kujan
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence:
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15
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Sayal L, Hamadah O, AlMasri A, Idrees M, Kassem I, Habbal W, Alsalamah B, Kujan O. Salivary-Based Cell-Free Mitochondrial DNA Level Is an Independent Prognostic Biomarker for Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020301. [PMID: 36836535 PMCID: PMC9958681 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the copy numbers of cell-free nuclear DNA (cf-nDNA) and cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) have shown promising diagnostic utilities among patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Considering the absence of objective prognostic tools for HNSCC surveillance, this study aimed to assess the utility of saliva-based cf-nDNA and cf-mtDNA in predicting the overall survival of patients with HNSCC. The study included ninety-four patients with a confirmed HNSCC diagnosis with a mean follow-up time of 32.04 months (±19.1). A saliva-based liquid biopsy was collected from each patient. A multiplex quantitative PCR was used to determine the absolute number of cf-nDNA and cf-mtDNA. The Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess overall survival. The absolute copy numbers of cf-nDNA and cf-mtDNA were statistically significantly higher among the deceased patients than among the censored ones (p < 0.05). Individuals with elevated levels of cf-nDNA or cf-mtDNA were associated with a significantly poorer overall survival (p ≤ 0.05). A univariate analysis showed that only the absolute copy number of cf-mtDNA was the sole predictor of overall survival. However, the multivariate analysis showed that all the absolute copy numbers of cf-nDNA, the absolute copy numbers of cf-mtDNA, and the stage of HNSCC were predictors of overall survival. Our study confirms that saliva is a reliable and non-invasive source of data that can be used to predict the overall survival of patients with HNSCC, where cf-mtDNA levels act as the sole predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Sayal
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus P.O. Box 30621, Syria
| | - Omar Hamadah
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus P.O. Box 30621, Syria
| | - Aroub AlMasri
- Biomedical Department, National Commission for Biotechnology, Damascus P.O. Box 31902, Syria
| | - Majdy Idrees
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Issam Kassem
- Faculty of Science, Damascus University, Damascus P.O. Box 30621, Syria
| | - Wafa Habbal
- Clinical Laboratories Department, Al-Assad Hospital, Damascus P.O. Box 10769, Syria
| | - Buthainah Alsalamah
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Commission for Biotechnology, Damascus P.O. Box 31902, Syria
| | - Omar Kujan
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6457-7649
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16
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Gan CP, Lee BKB, Lau SH, Kallarakkal TG, Zaini ZM, Lye BKW, Zain RB, Sathasivam HP, Yeong JPS, Savelyeva N, Thomas G, Ottensmeier CH, Ariffin H, Cheong SC, Lim KP. Transcriptional analysis highlights three distinct immune profiles of high-risk oral epithelial dysplasia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954567. [PMID: 36119104 PMCID: PMC9479061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) are precursors of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and the presence of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) in OPMD confers an increased risk of malignant transformation. Emerging evidence has indicated a role for the immune system in OPMD disease progression; however, the underlying immune mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we used immune signatures established from cancer to delineate the immune profiles of moderate and severe OED, which are considered high-risk OPMD. We demonstrated that moderate and severe OEDs exhibit high lymphocyte infiltration and upregulation of genes involved in both immune surveillance (major histocompatibility complex-I, T cells, B cells and cytolytic activity) and immune suppression (immune checkpoints, T regulatory cells, and tumor-associated macrophages). Notably, we identified three distinct subtypes of moderate and severe OED: immune cytotoxic, non-cytotoxic and non-immune reactive. Active immune surveillance is present in the immune cytotoxic subtype, whereas the non-cytotoxic subtype lacks CD8 immune cytotoxic response. The non-immune reactive subtype showed upregulation of genes involved in the stromal microenvironment and cell cycle. The lack of T cell infiltration and activation in the non-immune reactive subtype is due to the dysregulation of CTNNB1, PTEN and JAK2. This work suggests that moderate and severe OED that harbor the non-cytotoxic or non-immune reactive subtype are likely to progress to cancer. Overall, we showed that distinct immune responses are present in high-risk OPMD, and revealed targetable pathways that could lead to potential new approaches for non-surgical management of OED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Phei Gan
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bernard Kok Bang Lee
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Shin Hin Lau
- Cancer Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Thomas George Kallarakkal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Center, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zuraiza Mohamad Zaini
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bryan Kit Weng Lye
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Rosnah Binti Zain
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Center, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Dentistry, Malaysian Allied Health Sciences Academy (MAHSA) University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
| | - Hans Prakash Sathasivam
- Cancer Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Joe Poh Sheng Yeong
- Integrative Biology for Theranostics, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Natalia Savelyeva
- Head and Neck Center, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Thomas
- Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christian H. Ottensmeier
- Head and Neck Center, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hany Ariffin
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sok Ching Cheong
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kue Peng Lim
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- *Correspondence:Kue Peng Lim,
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17
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Jiang S, Li X, Huang L, Xu Z, Lin J. Prognostic value of PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 deserves attention in head and neck cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:988416. [PMID: 36119046 PMCID: PMC9478105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.988416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer has high heterogeneity with poor prognosis, and emerging researches have been focusing on the prognostic markers of head and neck cancer. PD-L1 expression is an important basis for strategies of immunosuppressive treatment, but whether it has prognostic value is still controversial. Although meta-analysis on PD-L1 expression versus head and neck cancer prognosis has been performed, the conclusions are controversial. Since PD-L1 and PD-L2 are two receptors for PD-1, here we summarize and analyze the different prognostic values of PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in head and neck cancer in the context of different cell types, tissue localization and protein forms. We propose that for head and neck cancer, the risk warning value of PD-1/PD-L1 expression in precancerous lesions is worthy of attention, and the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression at different subcellular levels as well as the judgment convenience of prognostic value of PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2 should be fully considered. The PD-L1 evaluation systems established based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are not fully suitable for the evaluation of PD-L1 prognosis in head and neck cancer. It is necessary to establish a new PD-L1 evaluation system based on the prognosis for further explorations. The prognostic value of PD-L1, PD-L2 expression in head and neck cancer may be different for early-stage and late-stage samples, and further stratification is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Jiang
- Department of Comprehensive Chemotherapy/Head and Neck Cancer, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhensheng Xu
- Department of Oncologic Chemotheraphy, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhensheng Xu, ; Jinguan Lin,
| | - Jinguan Lin
- Department of Comprehensive Chemotherapy/Head and Neck Cancer, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhensheng Xu, ; Jinguan Lin,
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18
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Microenvironment in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: Multi-Dimensional Characteristics and Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168940. [PMID: 36012205 PMCID: PMC9409092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of diseases involving the oral mucosa and that have a risk of carcinogenesis. The microenvironment is closely related to carcinogenesis and cancer progression by regulating the immune response, cell metabolic activities, and mechanical characteristics. Meanwhile, there are extensive interactions between the microenvironments that remodel and provide favorable conditions for cancer initiation. However, the changes, exact roles, and interactions of microenvironments during the carcinogenesis of OPMDs have not been fully elucidated. Here, we present an updated landscape of the microenvironments in OPMDs, emphasizing the changes in the immune microenvironment, metabolic microenvironment, mechanical microenvironment, and neural microenvironment during carcinogenesis and their carcinogenic mechanisms. We then propose an immuno–metabolic–mechanical–neural interaction network to describe their close relationships. Lastly, we summarize the therapeutic strategies for targeting microenvironments, and provide an outlook on future research directions and clinical applications. This review depicts a vivid microenvironment landscape and sheds light on new strategies to prevent the carcinogenesis of OPMDs.
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19
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Zhou WH, Wang Y, Yan C, Du WD, Al-Aroomi MA, Zheng L, Lin SF, Gao JX, Jiang S, Wang ZX, Sun CF, Liu FY. CC chemokine receptor 7 promotes macrophage recruitment and induces M2-polarization through CC chemokine ligand 19&21 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:67. [PMID: 35904690 PMCID: PMC9338204 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the impact of CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) on the recruitment and polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS We analyzed CCR7 expression pattern, clinicopathological significance, and its association with M2 macrophage infiltration in OSCC by bioinformatic methods. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was utilized to silence CCR7 in OSCC cells. Conditioned media (CM) was harvested from transfected OSCC cells to establish a co-culture model of THP-1 derived macrophages and OSCC cells. Transwell assay and cell adhesion assay were performed to examine the effect of CCR7 on macrophages recruitment and adhesion. Cytoskeleton was labelled by phalloidin to observe macrophage morphological changes. Moreover, phenotypic alteration of macrophages was measured using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Ultimately, recombinant human CCL19 and CCL21 were added into the medium of THP-1 derived macrophages to explore their effects on polarization in vitro. RESULTS In OSCC patients, the overexpression of CCR7 positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and M2 macrophage infiltration. Macrophage not only exhibited enhanced migration, invasion and adhesion abilities, but also appeared more spindle and branched in vitro when treated with CM from OSCC cells. However, these phenomena were abrogated with knockdown of CCR7. We also discovered that inhibition of CCR7 in OSCC cells suppressed TAMs polarization to an M2 phenotype. In addition, recombinant human CCL19 and CCL21 promoted macrophage M2-polarization in vitro. CONCLUSION CCR7 in OSCC cells promoted recruitment and M2-polarization of THP-1 derived macrophages in vitro by regulating production of CCL19 and CCL21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hang Zhou
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Oral Diseases Laboratory of Liaoning, 117 Nanjing North Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Oral Diseases Laboratory of Liaoning, 117 Nanjing North Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, China
| | - Cong Yan
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Oral Diseases Laboratory of Liaoning, 117 Nanjing North Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei-Dong Du
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Oral Diseases Laboratory of Liaoning, 117 Nanjing North Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, China
| | - Maged Ali Al-Aroomi
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Oral Diseases Laboratory of Liaoning, 117 Nanjing North Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Oral Diseases Laboratory of Liaoning, 117 Nanjing North Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, China
| | - Shan-Feng Lin
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Oral Diseases Laboratory of Liaoning, 117 Nanjing North Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, China
| | - Jia-Xing Gao
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Oral Diseases Laboratory of Liaoning, 117 Nanjing North Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Oral Diseases Laboratory of Liaoning, 117 Nanjing North Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, China
| | - Zeng-Xu Wang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Oral Diseases Laboratory of Liaoning, 117 Nanjing North Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, China
| | - Chang-Fu Sun
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Oral Diseases Laboratory of Liaoning, 117 Nanjing North Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, China
| | - Fa-Yu Liu
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Oral Diseases Laboratory of Liaoning, 117 Nanjing North Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, China.
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20
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Rangel R, Pickering CR, Sikora AG, Spiotto MT. Genetic Changes Driving Immunosuppressive Microenvironments in Oral Premalignancy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840923. [PMID: 35154165 PMCID: PMC8829003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral premalignant lesions (OPLs) are the precursors to oral cavity cancers, and have variable rates of progression to invasive disease. As an intermediate state, OPLs have acquired a subset of the genomic alterations while arising in an oral inflammatory environment. These specific genomic changes may facilitate the transition to an immune microenvironment that permits malignant transformation. Here, we will discuss mechanisms by which OPLs develop an immunosuppressive microenvironment that facilitates progression to invasive cancer. We will describe how genomic alterations and immune microenvironmental changes co-evolve and cooperate to promote OSCC progression. Finally, we will describe how these immune microenvironmental changes provide specific and unique evolutionary vulnerabilities for targeted therapies. Therefore, understanding the genomic changes that drive immunosuppressive microenvironments may eventually translate into novel biomarker and/or therapeutic approaches to limit the progression of OPLs to potential lethal oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rangel
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Curtis R Pickering
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael T Spiotto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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21
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Wang C, Chen Z, Yang X, Zhang W, Zhou J, Zhang H, Ding X, Ye J, Wu H, Wu Y, Zheng Y, Song X. Identification of Biomarkers Related to Regulatory T Cell Infiltration in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Based on Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:2361-2376. [PMID: 35264874 PMCID: PMC8900811 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s349379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. More recently, the administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors has opened up more possibilities for cancer treatment. Methods We utilized a weighted gene co-expression network and the single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm in the TCGA database and identified a module highly correlated with regulatory T cell (Treg) abundance in OSCC. Subsequently, we verified the results by tissue microarrays and utilized immunohistochemical staining (IHC) to test the relationship between the expression level and clinicopathological staging. CCK-8, transwell, and wound healing assays were utilized to detect the functions of OSCC cells. Results LCK, IL10RA, and TNFRSF1B were selected as biomarkers related to regulatory T cell infiltration. IHC staining showed significantly increased expression of LCK, IL10RA or TNFRSF1B in OSCC patients, and the expression levels were associated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, pathological stage, clinical status and the overall survival. In vitro experiments showed that LCK, IL10RA or TNFRSF1B knockdown efficiently impaired the proliferative, migrative, and invasive capacity in OSCC cell lines. Conclusion We performed a series of bioinformatics analyses in OSCC and identified three oncogenic indicators: LCK, IL10RA, TNFRSF1B. These findings uncovered the potential prognostic values of hub genes, thus laying foundations for in-depth research in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueming Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junbo Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongchuang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Xuzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhai Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heming Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Yang Zheng, Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, No.639, Zhizaoju Road, 200011, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-21-23271699, Email
| | - Xiaomeng Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaomeng Song, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing medical University, No.1, Shanghai Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-25-69593100, Email
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