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Pezzotti G, Adachi T, Imamura H, Bristol DR, Adachi K, Yamamoto T, Kanamura N, Marin E, Zhu W, Kawai T, Mazda O, Kariu T, Waku T, Nichols FC, Riello P, Rizzolio F, Limongi T, Okuma K. In Situ Raman Study of Neurodegenerated Human Neuroblastoma Cells Exposed to Outer-Membrane Vesicles Isolated from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13351. [PMID: 37686157 PMCID: PMC10488263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the chemistry of cellular degeneration in human neuroblastoma cells upon exposure to outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) oral bacteria by monitoring their metabolomic evolution using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Pg-OMVs are a key factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, as they act as efficient vectors for the delivery of toxins promoting neuronal damage. However, the chemical mechanisms underlying the direct impact of Pg-OMVs on cell metabolites at the molecular scale still remain conspicuously unclear. A widely used in vitro model employing neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells (a sub-line of the SK-N-SH cell line) was spectroscopically analyzed in situ before and 6 h after Pg-OMV contamination. Concurrently, Raman characterizations were also performed on isolated Pg-OMVs, which included phosphorylated dihydroceramide (PDHC) lipids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the latter in turn being contaminated with a highly pathogenic class of cysteine proteases, a key factor in neuronal cell degradation. Raman characterizations located lipopolysaccharide fingerprints in the vesicle structure and unveiled so far unproved aspects of the chemistry behind protein degradation induced by Pg-OMV contamination of SH-SY5Y cells. The observed alterations of cells' Raman profiles were then discussed in view of key factors including the formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated Tau neurofibrillary tangles, and the formation of cholesterol agglomerates that exacerbate AD pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.A.); (O.M.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; (P.R.); (F.R.)
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.A.); (O.M.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hayata Imamura
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Davide Redolfi Bristol
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.A.); (O.M.)
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; (P.R.); (F.R.)
| | - Keiji Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Toshiro Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Narisato Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA;
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.A.); (O.M.)
| | - Toru Kariu
- Department of Life Science, Shokei University, Chuo-ku, Kuhonji, Kumamoto 862-8678, Japan;
| | - Tomonori Waku
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan;
| | - Frank C. Nichols
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, 263 Farmington Avenue, Storrs, CT 06030, USA;
| | - Pietro Riello
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; (P.R.); (F.R.)
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; (P.R.); (F.R.)
| | - Tania Limongi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
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Shu J, Yang L, Wei W, Zhang L. Identification of programmed cell death-related gene signature and associated regulatory axis in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Front Genet 2022; 13:934154. [PMID: 35991562 PMCID: PMC9385974 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.934154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Numerous studies have suggested that programmed cell death (PCD) pathways play vital roles in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the specific mechanisms underlying cell death during cerebral I/R injury have yet to be completely clarified. There is thus a need to identify the PCD-related gene signatures and the associated regulatory axes in cerebral I/R injury, which should provide novel therapeutic targets against cerebral I/R injury. Methods: We analyzed transcriptome signatures of brain tissue samples from mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and matched controls, and identified differentially expressed genes related to the three types of PCD(apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis). We next performed functional enrichment analysis and constructed PCD-related competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks. We also conducted hub gene analysis to identify hub nodes and key regulatory axes. Results: Fifteen PCD-related genes were identified. Functional enrichment analysis showed that they were particularly associated with corresponding PCD-related biological processes, inflammatory response, and reactive oxygen species metabolic processes. The apoptosis-related ceRNA regulatory network was constructed, which included 24 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), 41 microRNAs (miRNAs), and 4 messenger RNAs (mRNAs); the necroptosis-related ceRNA regulatory network included 16 lncRNAs, 20 miRNAs, and 6 mRNAs; and the pyroptosis-related ceRNA regulatory network included 15 lncRNAs, 18 miRNAs, and 6 mRNAs. Hub gene analysis identified hub nodes in each PCD-related ceRNA regulatory network and seven key regulatory axes in total, namely, lncRNA Malat1/miR-181a-5p/Mapt, lncRNA Malat1/miR-181b-5p/Mapt, lncRNA Neat1/miR-181a-5p/Mapt, and lncRNA Neat1/miR-181b-5p/Mapt for the apoptosis-related ceRNA regulatory network; lncRNA Neat1/miR-181a-5p/Tnf for the necroptosis-related ceRNA regulatory network; lncRNA Malat1/miR-181c-5p/Tnf for the pyroptosis-related ceRNA regulatory network; and lncRNAMalat1/miR-181a-5p for both necroptosis-related and pyroptosis-related ceRNA regulatory networks. Conclusion: The results of this study supported the hypothesis that these PCD pathways (apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and PANoptosis) and crosstalk among them might be involved in ischemic stroke and that the key nodes and regulatory axes identified in this study might play vital roles in regulating the above processes. This may offer new insights into the potential mechanisms underlying cell death during cerebral I/R injury and provide new therapeutic targets for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenshi Wei
- *Correspondence: Wenshi Wei, ; Li Zhang,
| | - Li Zhang
- *Correspondence: Wenshi Wei, ; Li Zhang,
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3
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Zhang H, Cao Y, Ma L, Wei Y, Li H. Possible Mechanisms of Tau Spread and Toxicity in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:707268. [PMID: 34395435 PMCID: PMC8355602 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.707268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is a protein that associates with microtubules (MTs) and promotes their assembly and stability. The protein loses its ability to bind MTs in tauopathies, and detached tau can misfold and induce the pathological changes that characterize Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A growing body of evidence indicates that tauopathies can spread between cells or connected regions. Pathological tau transmission in the brain of patients with AD and other tauopathies is due to the spread of various tau species along neuroanatomically connected regions in a “prion-like” manner. This complex process involves multiple steps of secretion, cellular uptake, transcellular transfer, and/or seeding, but the precise mechanisms of tau pathology propagation remain unclear. This review summarizes the current evidence on the nature of propagative tau species and the possible steps involved in the process of tau pathology spread, including detachment from MTs, degradations, and secretion, and discusses the different mechanisms underlying the spread of tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Zhang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wei
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Ceyzériat K, Zilli T, Millet P, Frisoni GB, Garibotto V, Tournier BB. Learning from the Past: A Review of Clinical Trials Targeting Amyloid, Tau and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:112-125. [PMID: 32129164 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200304085513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and cause of dementia. Characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated Tau, AD pathology has been intensively studied during the last century. After a long series of failed trials of drugs targeting amyloid or Tau deposits, currently, hope lies in the positive results of one Phase III trial, highly debated, and on other ongoing trials. In parallel, some approaches target neuroinflammation, another central feature of AD. Therapeutic strategies are initially evaluated on animal models, in which the various drugs have shown effects on the target (decreasing amyloid, Tau and neuroinflammation) and sometimes on cognitive impairment. However, it is important to keep in mind that rodent models have a less complex brain than humans and that the pathology is generally not fully represented. Although they are indispensable tools in the drug discovery process, results obtained from animal models must be viewed with caution. In this review, we focus on the current status of disease-modifying therapies targeting amyloid, Tau and neuroinflammation with particular attention on the discrepancy between positive preclinical results on animal models and failures in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Ceyzériat
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Zilli
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Millet
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin B Tournier
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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5
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Rani L, Mallajosyula SS. Phosphorylation-Induced Structural Reorganization in Tau-Paired Helical Filaments. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1621-1631. [PMID: 33877805 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Taupathies involve the deposition of abnormal tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the human brain. The abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau dissociates from microtubules and forms insoluble aggregates known as paired helical filaments (PHFs), highlighting the importance of post-translational modifications in taupathies. The present study examines the factors responsible for the structural stability of PHFs in native as well as in phosphorylated and O-GlcNAcylated tau. We carried out molecular dynamics simulations on the R3-R4 repeat domains of the human tau protein to gain atomic insights into the key noncovalent interactions responsible for their unique dimeric C-shaped structure. The structural effects upon post-translational modification were found to be prominent for phosphorylation when compared with O-GlcNAcylation. O-GlcNAcylated tau was found to retain the "C conformation" observed in the native tau PHF, whereas upon phosphorylation, we observed a conformational transition to a more opened "H conformation". We found that this conformational transition is brought about by the loss of a key salt bridge between Lys353 and Asp358 due to the phosphorylation at Ser356 that results in the reorganization of the dimeric interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Sairam S. Mallajosyula
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
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6
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Ebeid MA, Habib MZ, Mohamed AM, Faramawy YE, Saad SST, El-Kharashi OA, El Magdoub HM, Abd-Alkhalek HA, Aboul-Fotouh S, Abdel-Tawab AM. Cognitive effects of the GSK-3 inhibitor "lithium" in LPS/chronic mild stress rat model of depression: Hippocampal and cortical neuroinflammation and tauopathy. Neurotoxicology 2021; 83:77-88. [PMID: 33417987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-dose repeated lipopolysaccharide pre-challenge followed by chronic mild stress (LPS/CMS) protocol has been introduced as a rodent model of depression combining the roles of immune activation and chronic psychological stress. However, the impact of this paradigm on cognitive functioning has not been investigated hitherto. METHODS This study evaluated LPS/CMS-induced cognitive effects and the role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activation with subsequent neuroinflammation and pathological tau deposition in the pathogenesis of these effects using lithium (Li) as a tool for GSK-3 inhibition. RESULTS LPS pre-challenge reduced CMS-induced neuroinflammation, depressive-like behavior and cognitive inflexibility. It also improved spatial learning but increased GSK-3β expression and exaggerated hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Li ameliorated CMS and LPS/CMS-induced depressive and cognitive deficits, reduced GSK-3β over-expression and tau hyperphosphorylation, impeded neuroinflammation and enhanced neuronal survival. CONCLUSION This study draws attention to LPS/CMS-triggered cognitive changes and highlights how prior low-dose immune challenge could develop an adaptive capacity to buffer inflammatory damage and maintain the cognitive abilities necessary to withstand threats. This work also underscores the favorable effect of Li (as a GSK-3β inhibitor) in impeding exaggerated tauopathy and neuroinflammation, rescuing neuronal survival and preserving cognitive functions. Yet, further in-depth studies utilizing different low-dose LPS challenge schedules are needed to elucidate the complex interactions between immune activation and chronic stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai A Ebeid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z Habib
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasser El Faramawy
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherin S T Saad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omnyah A El-Kharashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hekmat M El Magdoub
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hadwa A Abd-Alkhalek
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sawsan Aboul-Fotouh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abdel-Tawab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Ng PY, Chang IS, Koh RY, Chye SM. Recent advances in tau-directed immunotherapy against Alzheimer's disease: an overview of pre-clinical and clinical development. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:1049-1066. [PMID: 32632666 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been a worldwide concern for many years now. This is due to the fact that AD is an irreversible and progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects quality of life. Failure of some Phase II/III clinical trials in AD targeting accumulation of β-amyloid in the brain has led to an increase in interest in studying alternative treatments against tubulin-associated unit (Tau) pathology. These alternative treatments include active and passive immunisation. Based on numerous studies, Tau is reported as a potential immunotherapeutic target for tauopathy-related diseases including AD. Accumulation and aggregation of hyperphosphorylated Tau as neuropil threads and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are pathological hallmarks of AD. Both active and passive immunisation targeting Tau protein have shown the capabilities to decrease or prevent Tau pathology and improve either motor or cognitive impairment in various animal models. In this review, we summarise recent advances in active and passive immunisation targeting pathological Tau protein, and will discuss with data obtained from both animal and human trials. Together, we give a brief overview about problems being encountered in these immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ying Ng
- School of Postgraduate, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I Shuen Chang
- School of Health Science, Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- School of Health Science, Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- School of Health Science, Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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8
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Michalicova A, Majerova P, Kovac A. Tau Protein and Its Role in Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:570045. [PMID: 33100967 PMCID: PMC7554615 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.570045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in maintaining the specialized microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS). In aging, the stability of the BBB declines and the permeability increases. The list of CNS pathologies involving BBB dysfunction is growing. The opening of the BBB and subsequent infiltration of serum components to the brain can lead to a host of processes resulting in progressive synaptic, neuronal dysfunction, and detrimental neuroinflammatory changes. Such processes have been implicated in different diseases, including vascular dementia, stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, hypoxia, ischemia, and diabetes mellitus. The BBB damage is also observed in tauopathies that lack amyloid-β overproduction, suggesting a role for tau in BBB damage. Tauopathies represent a heterogeneous group of around 20 different neurodegenerative diseases characterized by abnormal deposition of the MAPT in cells of the nervous system. Neuropathology of tauopathies is defined as intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of aggregated hyper- and abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein and neuroinflammation. Disruption of the BBB found in tauopathies is driven by chronic neuroinflammation. Production of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules by glial cells, neurons, and endothelial cells determine the integrity of the BBB and migration of immune cells into the brain. The inflammatory processes promote structural changes in capillaries such as fragmentation, thickening, atrophy of pericytes, accumulation of laminin in the basement membrane, and increased permeability of blood vessels to plasma proteins. Here, we summarize the knowledge about the role of tau protein in BBB structural and functional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Michalicova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
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9
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Wu X, Cai H, Pan L, Cui G, Qin F, Li Y, Cai Z. Small Molecule Natural Products and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:187-204. [PMID: 30714527 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190201153257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and deadly neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by memory loss, cognitive impairment and dementia. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the pathogenesis based on the pathological changes in the brain of AD patients during the last few decades. Unfortunately, there is no effective agents/therapies to prevent or control AD at present. Currently, only a few drugs, which function as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors or N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, are available to alleviate symptoms. Since many small molecule natural products have shown their functions as agonists or antagonists of receptors, as well as inhibitors of enzymes and proteins in the brain during the development of central nervous system (CNS) drugs, it is likely that natural products will play an important role in anti-AD drug development. We review recent papers on using small molecule natural products as drug candidates for the treatment of AD. These natural products possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, anti-amyloidogenic and neuroprotective activities. Moreover, bioactive natural products intended to be used for preventing AD, reducing the symptoms of AD and the new targets for treatment of AD are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoai Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huawei Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lili Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Cui
- Drug Clinical Trial Research Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feng Qin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - YunChun Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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10
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Mueed Z, Tandon P, Maurya SK, Deval R, Kamal MA, Poddar NK. Tau and mTOR: The Hotspots for Multifarious Diseases in Alzheimer's Development. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1017. [PMID: 30686983 PMCID: PMC6335350 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyperphosphorylation of tau protein and the overexpression of mTOR are considered to be the driving force behind Aβ plaques and Neurofibrillay Tangles (NFT's), hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is now evident that miscellaneous diseases such as Diabetes, Autoimmune diseases, Cancer, etc. are correlated with AD. Therefore, we reviewed the literature on the causes of AD and investigated the association of tau and mTOR with other diseases. We have discussed the role of insulin deficiency in diabetes, activated microglial cells, and dysfunction of blood-brain barrier (BBB) in Autoimmune diseases, Presenilin 1 in skin cancer, increased reactive species in mitochondrial dysfunction and deregulated Cyclins/CDKs in promoting AD pathogenesis. We have also discussed the possible therapeutics for AD such as GSK3 inactivation therapy, Rechaperoning therapy, Immunotherapy, Hormonal therapy, Metal chelators, Cell cycle therapy, γ-secretase modulators, and Cholinesterase and BACE 1-inhibitors which are thought to serve a major role in combating pathological changes coupled with AD. Recent research about the relationship between mTOR and aging and hepatic Aβ degradation offers possible targets to effectively target AD. Future prospects of AD aims at developing novel drugs and modulators that can potentially improve cell to cell signaling, prevent Aβ plaques formation, promote better release of neurotransmitters and prevent hyperphosphorylation of tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Mueed
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, India
| | - Pallavi Tandon
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Ravi Deval
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, India
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics, Hebersham, NSW, Australia.,Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
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11
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Kurtishi A, Rosen B, Patil KS, Alves GW, Møller SG. Cellular Proteostasis in Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3676-3689. [PMID: 30182337 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The term proteostasis reflects the fine-tuned balance of cellular protein levels, mediated through a vast network of biochemical pathways. This requires the regulated control of protein folding, post-translational modification, and protein degradation. Due to the complex interactions and intersection of proteostasis pathways, exposure to stress conditions may lead to a disruption of the entire network. Incorrect protein folding and/or modifications during protein synthesis results in inactive or toxic proteins, which may overload degradation mechanisms. Further, a disruption of autophagy and the endoplasmic reticulum degradation pathway may result in additional cellular stress which could ultimately lead to cell death. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis all share common risk factors such as oxidative stress, aging, environmental stress, and protein dysfunction; all of which alter cellular proteostasis. The differing pathologies observed in neurodegenerative diseases are determined by factors such as location-specific neuronal death, source of protein dysfunction, and the cell's ability to counter proteotoxicity. In this review, we discuss how the disruption in cellular proteostasis contributes to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberim Kurtishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Benjamin Rosen
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Ketan S Patil
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Guido W Alves
- Norwegian Center for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Simon G Møller
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, New York, 11439, USA. .,Norwegian Center for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
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12
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Perea JR, Llorens-Martín M, Ávila J, Bolós M. The Role of Microglia in the Spread of Tau: Relevance for Tauopathies. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:172. [PMID: 30042659 PMCID: PMC6048186 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases which course with the accumulation of Tau, mainly in neurons. In addition, Tau accumulates in a hyperphosphorylated and aggregated form. This protein is released into the extracellular space and spreads following a stereotypical pattern, inducing the development of the disease through connected regions of the brain. Microglia-the macrophages of the brain-are involved in maintaining brain homeostasis. They perform a variety of functions related to the surveillance and clearance of pathological proteins, among other dead cells and debris, from the extracellular space that could compromise brain equilibrium. This review focuses on the role played by microglia in tauopathies, specifically in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and how the uncoupling of activation/phagocytosis functions can have fatal consequences leading to the development of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Perea
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CBMSO, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Llorens-Martín
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CBMSO, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CBMSO, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bolós
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CBMSO, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Zhu L, Li C, Du G, Pan M, Liu G, Pan W, Li X. High glucose upregulates myosin light chain kinase to induce microfilament cytoskeleton rearrangement in hippocampal neurons. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:216-222. [PMID: 29749555 PMCID: PMC6059672 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia leads to myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) upregulation and induces neuronal damage. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of neuronal damage in hyperglycemia has not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, hippocampal neuronal cells were cultured and treated with a high glucose concentration (45 mmol/l). The results demonstrated that high glucose induced shrinking of the synapses, nuclear shape irregularity and microfilament damage. Filamentous actin (F‑actin) filaments were rearranged, cell apoptosis rate was increased and the protein expression of MLCK and phosphorylated (p)‑MLC was upregulated. The MLCK inhibitor ML‑7 largely reversed the alterations in the microfilament cytoskeleton, inhibited F‑actin depolymerization, reduced apoptosis and downregulated MLCK and p‑MLC protein expression. Overall, these results indicated that high glucose upregulated MLCK to promote F‑actin depolymerization, which induced microfilament cytoskeleton rearrangement in hippocampal neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Zhu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Guiqin Du
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Meixiu Pan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Guoqi Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
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14
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Pérez M, Medina M, Hernández F, Avila J. Secretion of full-length Tau or Tau fragments in cell culture models. Propagation of Tau in vivo and in vitro. Biomol Concepts 2018; 9:1-11. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2018-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe microtubule-associated protein Tau plays a crucial role in stabilizing neuronal microtubules. In Tauopathies, Tau loses its ability to bind microtubules, detach from them and forms intracellular aggregates. Increasing evidence in recent years supports the notion that Tau pathology spreading throughout the brain in AD and other Tauopathies is the consequence of the propagation of specific Tau species along neuroanatomically connected brain regions in a so-called “prion-like” manner. A number of steps are assumed to be involved in this process, including secretion, cellular uptake, transcellular transfer and/or seeding, although the precise mechanisms underlying propagation of Tau pathology are not fully understood yet. This review summarizes recent evidence on the nature of the specific Tau species that are propagated and the different mechanisms of Tau pathology spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Pérez
- Departamento de Anatomía Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina UAM, 28029Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Medina
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031Madrid, Spain
- CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28031Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSICUAM), 28049Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Avila
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSICUAM), 28049Madrid, Spain
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15
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Ovariectomy increases the age-induced hyperphosphorylation of Tau at hippocampal CA1. Cogn Process 2016; 17:443-449. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-016-0768-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Krishnan VS, White Z, McMahon CD, Hodgetts SI, Fitzgerald M, Shavlakadze T, Harvey AR, Grounds MD. A Neurogenic Perspective of Sarcopenia: Time Course Study of Sciatic Nerves From Aging Mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:464-78. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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17
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Tasi YC, Chin TY, Chen YJ, Huang CC, Lee SL, Wu TY. Potential natural products for Alzheimer's disease: targeted search using the internal ribosome entry site of tau and amyloid-β precursor protein. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8789-810. [PMID: 25903151 PMCID: PMC4425109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein are vital in the understanding of the cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). As a consequence, regulation of the expression of both APP and tau proteins is one important approach in combating AD. The APP and tau proteins can be targeted at the levels of transcription, translation and protein structural integrity. This paper reports the utilization of a bi-cistronic vector containing either APP or tau internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements flanked by β-galactosidase gene (cap-dependent) and secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) (cap-independent) to discern the mechanism of action of memantine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Results indicate that memantine could reduce the activity of both the APP and tau IRES at a concentration of ~10 μM (monitored by SEAP activity) without interfering with the cap-dependent translation as monitored by the β-galactosidase assay. Western blot analysis of the tau protein in neuroblastoma (N2A) and rat hippocampal cells confirmed the halting of the expression of the tau proteins. We also employed this approach to identify a preparation named NB34, extracts of Boussingaultia baselloides (madeira-vine) fermented with Lactobacillus spp., which can function similarly to memantine in both IRES of APP and Tau. The water maze test demonstrated that NB34 could improve the spatial memory of a high fat diet induced neurodegeneration in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE−/−) mice. These results revealed that the bi-cistronic vector provided a simple, and effective platform in screening and establishing the mechanistic action of potential compounds for the treatment and management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chieh Tasi
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Yu Chin
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32032, Taiwan.
- Program and Center of Nanoscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32032, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Ju Chen
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32032, Taiwan.
| | | | - Shou-Lun Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Yuan Wu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32032, Taiwan.
- Program and Center of Nanoscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32032, Taiwan.
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18
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Flores-Rodríguez P, Ontiveros-Torres MA, Cárdenas-Aguayo MC, Luna-Arias JP, Meraz-Ríos MA, Viramontes-Pintos A, Harrington CR, Wischik CM, Mena R, Florán-Garduño B, Luna-Muñoz J. The relationship between truncation and phosphorylation at the C-terminus of tau protein in the paired helical filaments of Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:33. [PMID: 25717290 PMCID: PMC4324067 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that, in the early stages of tau processing in Alzheimer's disease, the N-terminal part of the molecule undergoes a characteristic cascade of phosphorylation and progressive misfolding of the proteins resulting in a structural conformation detected by Alz-50. In this immunohistochemical study of AD brain tissue, we have found that C-terminal truncation of tau at Asp-421 was an early event in tau aggregation and analyzed the relationship between phospho-dependent tau epitopes located at the C-terminus with truncation at Glu-391. The aim of this study was to determine whether C-terminal truncation may trigger events leading to the assembly of insoluble PHFs from soluble tau aggregates present in pre-tangle cells. Our findings suggest that there is a complex interaction between phosphorylated and truncated tau species. A model is presented here in which truncated tau protein represents an early neurotoxic species while phosphorylated tau species may provide a neuroprotective role in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Flores-Rodríguez
- Departments of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Instituto Politecnico Nacional) Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Ontiveros-Torres
- Departments of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Instituto Politecnico Nacional) Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico
| | - María C Cárdenas-Aguayo
- Departments of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Instituto Politecnico Nacional) Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico
| | - Juan P Luna-Arias
- Departments of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Instituto Politecnico Nacional) Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico
| | - Marco A Meraz-Ríos
- Departments of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Instituto Politecnico Nacional) Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico
| | - Amparo Viramontes-Pintos
- Brain Bank-Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Experimentales, Department of National Laboratories of Experimental Services, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico
| | | | - Claude M Wischik
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - Raúl Mena
- Departments of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Instituto Politecnico Nacional) Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Florán-Garduño
- Departments of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Instituto Politecnico Nacional) Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico
| | - José Luna-Muñoz
- Brain Bank-Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Experimentales, Department of National Laboratories of Experimental Services, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico
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19
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment in clinical presentation, and by β-amyloid (Aβ) production and the hyper-phosphorylation of tau in basic research. More highlights demonstrate that the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) enhances Aβ generation and deposition by modulating amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism and upregulating β- and γ-secretases. mTOR, an inhibitor of autophagy, decreases Aβ clearance by scissoring autophagy function. mTOR regulates Aβ generation or Aβ clearance by regulating several key signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K)/protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase 3 [GSK-3], AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The activation of mTOR is also a contributor to aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau. Rapamycin, the inhibitor of mTOR, may mitigate cognitive impairment and inhibit the pathologies associated with amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles by promoting autophagy. Furthermore, the upstream and downstream components of mTOR signaling are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. Hence, inhibiting the activation of mTOR may be an important therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo He
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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20
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Mitochondrial dysfunction driven by the LRRK2-mediated pathway is associated with loss of Purkinje cells and motor coordination deficits in diabetic rat model. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1217. [PMID: 24810053 PMCID: PMC4047887 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy develops on a background of hyperglycemia and an entangled metabolic imbalance. There is increasing evidence of central nervous system involvement in diabetic neuropathy and no satisfactory treatment except maintenance of good glycemic control, thereby highlighting the importance of identifying novel therapeutic targets. Purkinje cells are a class of metabolically specialized active neurons, and degeneration of Purkinje cells is a common feature of inherited ataxias in humans and mice. However, whether Purkinje cells are implicated in diabetic neuropathy development under metabolic stress remains poorly defined. Here, we revealed a novel leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)-mediated pathway in Purkinje cells that is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy from a 24-week long study of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. We found that hyperglycemia, cerebellum proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines increased markedly in 24-week STZ-diabetic rats. Furthermore, we demonstrated that degeneration of Purkinje cells is characterized by progressive swellings of axon terminals, no autophagosome formation, the reduction of LC3II/LC3I and Lamp2, and accumulation of p62 puncta in 24-week STZ-diabetic rats. Importantly, a higher expression level of LRRK2-mediated hyperphosphorylation of tau along with increased mitochondrial dynamin-like protein (mito-DLP1) was demonstrated in 24-week STZ-diabetic rats. This effect of LRRK2 overexpression induced mitochondrial fragmentation, and reduced mitochondrial protein degradation rates were confirmed in vitro. As a consequence, 24-week STZ-diabetic rats showed mitochondrial dysfunction in cerebellar Purkinje neurons and coordinated motor deficits evaluated by rotarod test. Our findings are to our knowledge the first to suggest that the LRRK2-mediated pathway induces mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of cerebellar Purkinje neurons and, subsequently, may be associated with motor coordination deficits in STZ-diabetic rats. These data may indicate a novel cellular therapeutic target for diabetic neuropathy.
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21
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Proteomic profiling of brain cortex tissues in a Tau transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 430:670-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Maintenance of synaptic stability requires calcium-independent phospholipase A₂ activity. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:569149. [PMID: 22685677 PMCID: PMC3364014 DOI: 10.1155/2012/569149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂s) represent one of the largest groups of lipid-modifying enzymes. Over the years, significant advances have been made in understanding their potential physiological and pathological functions. Depending on their calcium requirement for activation, PLA₂s are classified into calcium dependent and independent. This paper mainly focuses on brain calcium-independent PLA₂ (iPLA₂) and on the mechanisms by which they influence neuronal function and regulate synaptic plasticity. Particular attention will be given to the iPLA₂γ isoform and its role in the regulation of synaptic glutamate receptors. In particular, the paper discusses the possibility that brain iPLA₂γ deficiencies could destabilise normal synaptic operation and might contribute to the aetiology of some brain disorders. In this line, the paper presents new data indicating that iPLA₂γ deficiencies accentuate AMPA receptor destabilization and tau phosphorylation, which suggests that this iPLA₂ isoform should be considered as a potential target for the treatment of Tau-related disorders.
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23
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García-Sierra F, Jarero-Basulto JJ, Kristofikova Z, Majer E, Binder LI, Ripova D. Ubiquitin is associated with early truncation of tau protein at aspartic acid(421) during the maturation of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2011; 22:240-50. [PMID: 21919991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological processing of tau protein during the formation and maturation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) includes abnormal phosphorylation, conformational changes and truncation of the C-terminus at aspartic-acid(421) (apoptotic product) and glutamic-acid(391) residues. Abnormal phosphorylation and misfolding may serve as recognition signals for ubiquitin-targeting and proteosomal processing. For this reason, we sought to determine whether ubiquitin-targeting of tau is associated with particular tau modifications that herald specific stages of NFTs maturation in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease cases. Using multiple tau antibodies, we found that 30% of the total load of NFTs is ubiquitin-associated. As reported previously ubiquitin immunoreactivity was associated with markers of phosphorylated tau in certain NFTs; however, a strong association was also found between ubiquitin and the earliest known truncation event at aspartic-acid(421) . These findings indicate that tau protein in the NFTs may be dually subjected to both apoptotic and proteosomal processing. By contrast ubiquitin immunoreactivity was poorly associated with truncation of tau at glutamic-acid(391) , suggesting that this proteolytic event may be independent of proteosomal activity. It would appear, therefore, that ubiquitin targeting of tau protein occurs at NFTs in the early and intermediate stages of the maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco García-Sierra
- Department of Cell Biology, Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico.
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24
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Tillement L, Lecanu L, Papadopoulos V. Alzheimer's disease: effects of β-amyloid on mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2010; 11:13-21. [PMID: 20817045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The impairment of the respiratory chain or defects in the detoxification system can decrease electron transfer efficiency, reduce ATP production, and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by mitochondria. Accumulation of ROS results in oxidative stress, a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). β-amyloid has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD, and its accumulation may lead to degeneration of neuronal or non-neuronal cells. There is evidence that β-amyloid interacts with mitochondria but little is known concerning the significance of this interaction in the physiopathology of AD. This review explores possible mechanisms of β-amyloid-induced mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Tillement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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25
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Park SA, Park HW, Kim NH, Kim YH, Kwak MJ, Shin JS, Kim CW. Effects of Tau on the activity of triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) in brain cells. Neurochem Int 2010; 56:886-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Allyson J, Dontigny E, Auberson Y, Cyr M, Massicotte G. Blockade of NR2A-containing NMDA receptors induces Tau phosphorylation in rat hippocampal slices. Neural Plast 2010; 2010:340168. [PMID: 20508838 PMCID: PMC2874924 DOI: 10.1155/2010/340168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors has been proposed to play a key role in both neuronal cell function and dysfunction. In the present study, we used selective NMDA receptor antagonists to investigate the involvement of NR2A and NR2B subunits in the modulatory effect of basal NMDA receptor activity on the phosphorylation of Tau proteins. We observed, in acute hippocampal slice preparations, that blockade of NR2A-containing NMDA receptors by the NR2A antagonist NVP-AAM077 provoked the hyperphosphorylation of a residue located in the proline-rich domain of Tau (i.e., Ser199). This effect seemed to be Ser199 specific as there was no increase in phosphorylation at Ser262 and Ser409 residues located in the microtubule-binding and C-terminal domains of Tau proteins, respectively. From a mechanistic perspective, our study revealed that blockade of NR2A-containing receptors influences Tau phosphorylation probably by increasing calcium influx into neurons, which seems to rely on accumulation of new NR1/NR2B receptors in neuronal membranes and could involve the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Allyson
- Département de chimie-biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Eve Dontigny
- Département de chimie-biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Yves Auberson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michel Cyr
- Département de chimie-biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Guy Massicotte
- Département de chimie-biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
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Bheda A, Gullapalli A, Caplow M, Pagano JS, Shackelford J. Ubiquitin editing enzyme UCH L1 and microtubule dynamics: implication in mitosis. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:980-94. [PMID: 20160478 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.5.10934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are essential components of the cytoskeleton and are involved in many aspects of cell responses including cell division, migration, and intracellular signal transduction. Among other factors, post-translational modifications play a significant role in the regulation of microtubule dynamics. Here, we demonstrate that the ubiquitin-editing enzyme UCH L1, abundant expression of which is normally restricted to brain tissue, is also a part of the microtubule network in a variety of transformed cells. Moreover, during mitosis, endogenous UCH L1 is expressed and tightly associated with the mitotic spindle through all stages of M phase, suggesting that UCH L1 is involved in regulation of microtubule dynamics. Indeed, addition of recombinant UCH L1 to the reaction of tubulin polymerization in vitro had an inhibitory effect on microtubule formation. Unexpectedly, western blot analysis of tubulin fractions after polymerization revealed the presence of a specific approximately 50 kDa band of UCH L1 (not the normal approximately 25 kDa) in association with microtubules, but not with free tubulin. In addition, we show that along with 25 kDa UCH L1, endogenous high molecular weight UCH L1 complexes exist in cells, and that levels of 50 kDa UCH L1 complexes are increasing in cells during mitosis. Finally, we provide evidence that ubiquitination is involved in tubulin polymerization: the presence of ubiquitin during polymerization in vitro by itself inhibited microtubule formation and enhanced the inhibitory effect of added UCH L1. The inhibitory effects of UCH L1 correlate with an increase in ubiquitination of microtubule components. Since besides being a deubiquitinating enzyme, UCH L1 as a dimer has also been shown to exhibit ubiquitin ligase activity, we discuss the possibility that the approximately 50 kDa UCH L1 observed is a dimer which prevents microtubule formation through ubiquitination of tubulins and/or microtubule-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Bheda
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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