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Soares ÉN, Costa ACDS, Ferrolho GDJ, Ureshino RP, Getachew B, Costa SL, da Silva VDA, Tizabi Y. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Glial Cells as Molecular Target for Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2024; 13:474. [PMID: 38534318 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability that also includes non-motor symptoms such as mood dysregulation. Dopamine (DA) is the primary neurotransmitter involved in this disease, but cholinergic imbalance has also been implicated. Current intervention in PD is focused on replenishing central DA, which provides remarkable temporary symptomatic relief but does not address neuronal loss and the progression of the disease. It has been well established that neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) can regulate DA release and that nicotine itself may have neuroprotective effects. Recent studies identified nAChRs in nonneuronal cell types, including glial cells, where they may regulate inflammatory responses. Given the crucial role of neuroinflammation in dopaminergic degeneration and the involvement of microglia and astrocytes in this response, glial nAChRs may provide a novel therapeutic target in the prevention and/or treatment of PD. In this review, following a brief discussion of PD, we focus on the role of glial cells and, specifically, their nAChRs in PD pathology and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Novaes Soares
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Dos Santos Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Jesus Ferrolho
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Portes Ureshino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 09961-400, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil
| | - Victor Diogenes Amaral da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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Wong TS, Li G, Li S, Gao W, Chen G, Gan S, Zhang M, Li H, Wu S, Du Y. G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:177. [PMID: 37137892 PMCID: PMC10154768 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are multifactorial disorders with diverse aetiological factors. Identifying treatment targets is challenging because the diseases are resulting from heterogeneous biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) opens a new possibility in drug discovery. Harnessing our knowledge of molecular mechanisms and structural information of GPCRs will be advantageous for developing effective drugs. This review provides an overview of the role of GPCRs in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Besides, we highlight the emerging opportunities of novel GPCR targets and address recent progress in GPCR drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian-Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Gan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Manzhan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China.
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Urology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 518116, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Ovejero-Benito MC, Ochoa D, Enrique-Benedito T, del Peso-Casado M, Zubiaur P, Navares M, Román M, Abad-Santos F. Pharmacogenetics of Donepezil and Memantine in Healthy Subjects. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050788. [PMID: 35629210 PMCID: PMC9145014 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Donepezil and memantine are the most common drugs used for Alzheimer’s disease. Their low effectiveness could partly be explained by genetic factors. Thus, we aim to identify Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and the safety of donepezil and memantine. For this regard, 25 volunteers enrolled in a bioequivalence clinical trial were genotyped for 67 SNPs in 21 genes with a ThermoFisher QuantStudio 12K Flex OpenArray. The statistical strategy included a univariate analysis that analyzed the association of these SNPs with pharmacokinetic parameters or the development of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) followed by a Bonferroni-corrected multivariate regression. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software v.21 and R commander (version v3.6.3). In the univariate analysis, fourteen and sixteen SNPs showed a significant association with memantine’s and donepezil’s pharmacokinetic parameters, respectively. Rs20417 (PTGS2) was associated with the development of at least one ADR. However, none of these associations reached the significance threshold in the Bonferroni-corrected multivariate analysis. In conclusion, we did not observe any significant association of the SNPs analyzed with memantine and donepezil pharmacokinetics or ADRs. Current evidence on memantine and donepezil pharmacogenetics does not justify their inclusion in pharmacogenetic guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C. Ovejero-Benito
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.); (T.E.-B.); (M.d.P.-C.); (P.Z.); (M.N.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.O.-B.); (F.A.-S.); Tel.: +34-913724752 (M.C.O.-B.); +34-915202425 (F.A.-S.)
| | - Dolores Ochoa
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.); (T.E.-B.); (M.d.P.-C.); (P.Z.); (M.N.); (M.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Clínica y Ensayos Clínicos (UICEC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Plataforma SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Enrique-Benedito
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.); (T.E.-B.); (M.d.P.-C.); (P.Z.); (M.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Miriam del Peso-Casado
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.); (T.E.-B.); (M.d.P.-C.); (P.Z.); (M.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Pablo Zubiaur
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.); (T.E.-B.); (M.d.P.-C.); (P.Z.); (M.N.); (M.R.)
- Unidad de Investigación Clínica y Ensayos Clínicos (UICEC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Plataforma SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Navares
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.); (T.E.-B.); (M.d.P.-C.); (P.Z.); (M.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Manuel Román
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.); (T.E.-B.); (M.d.P.-C.); (P.Z.); (M.N.); (M.R.)
- Unidad de Investigación Clínica y Ensayos Clínicos (UICEC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Plataforma SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Abad-Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.); (T.E.-B.); (M.d.P.-C.); (P.Z.); (M.N.); (M.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Clínica y Ensayos Clínicos (UICEC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Plataforma SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.C.O.-B.); (F.A.-S.); Tel.: +34-913724752 (M.C.O.-B.); +34-915202425 (F.A.-S.)
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Qiu M, Zhang C, Dai Y, Zhang L, Wang Y, Peng W, Chen Y, Wen C, Li H, Zhu T. mRNA Levels of MAOA and 5-HT 2 A Receptor in Patients With Pathological Internet Use: Correlations With Comorbid Symptoms. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:667699. [PMID: 34335325 PMCID: PMC8322446 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.667699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Uncontrolled internet use may lead to the emergence of pathological internet use (PIU). PIU has become a global public health concern that can cause a range of psychotic symptoms, including anxiety, depression, and impulse control disorder. To date, we know very little about the principal biological factors related to PIU. Monoamine oxidase type A (MAOA) and serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) play critical roles in the development of behavioural and drug addictions. Thus, the aim of this study was to measure the relative expression of mRNA of MAOA and 5-HT2AR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with PIU and to determine the correlations between these biological indicators and the comorbid symptoms of patients with PIU. Methods: In this study, the mRNA of MAOA and 5-HT2AR was detected using real-time PCR in PBMCs of the patients with PIU (n = 24) and healthy controls (HCs, n = 25). The relationship between the mRNA levels of MAOA and 5-HT2AR and clinical symptoms in patients with PIU was further investigated. Results: MAOA mRNA in PBMCs was significantly upregulated in patients with PIU compared with that in HCs. mRNA levels of 5-HT2AR were not found to differ significantly between HCs and patients with PIU. Correlation analyses further revealed a significant positive correlation between the relative expression of MAOA mRNA in PBMCs of patients with PIU and the Young's Internet Addiction Test and Self-Rating Depression Scale scores. Conclusion: The present study revealed upregulated expression of MAOA mRNA in patients with PIU and an association between the expression of MAOA mRNA and clinical symptoms of PIU, suggesting that the neurobiological changes may be similar between PIU and substance addiction. Additionally, this study demonstrated a potential association between comorbid symptoms and mRNA levels of MAOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Qiu
- College of Rehabilitation and Health Preservation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Longquanyi District, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Dai
- College of Rehabilitation and Health Preservation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingrui Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Leshan Vocational and Technical College, Leshan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Peng
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yalin Chen
- College of Rehabilitation and Health Preservation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zigong Fifth People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianmin Zhu
- College of Rehabilitation and Health Preservation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Ningdong Granule Upregulates the Striatal DA Transporter and Attenuates Stereotyped Behavior of Tourette Syndrome in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2980705. [PMID: 33005197 PMCID: PMC7509575 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2980705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the possible mechanism of Ningdong granule (NDG) for the treatment of Tourette syndrome (TS). The rats with stereotyped behavior were established by microinjection with TS patients' sera; then, the model rats were divided into NDG and haloperidol (Hal) group, and the nonmedication model rats were regarded as treatment control (TS group). The stereotyped behavior of the rats was recorded, the level of dopamine (DA) in striatum, and the content of homovanillic acid (HVA) in sera were tested, and dopamine transporter (DAT) expression was measured in the study. The experimental results showed that NDG effectively inhibited the stereotyped behavior (P < 0.01), decreased the levels of DA in the striatum (P < 0.05), increased the content of sera HVA (P < 0.01), and enhanced the protein and mRNA expression of DAT in the striatum (P < 0.01). Additionally, the results also revealed Hal could improve the stereotyped behavior as well but had no remarkable influence on DAT expression and DA metabolism. In conclusion, NDG attenuates stereotyped behavior, and its mechanism of action might be associated with the upregulation of DAT expression to regulate DA metabolism in the brain.
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Marek GJ. Interactions of Hallucinogens with the Glutamatergic System: Permissive Network Effects Mediated Through Cortical Layer V Pyramidal Neurons. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018; 36:107-135. [PMID: 28831734 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2017_480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recordings made from layer V (L5) pyramidal cells of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and neocortex in rodent slice preparations have shown that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and serotonergic hallucinogens induce an increase in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in the apical dendritic field by activating 5-HT2A receptors. Serotonergic hallucinogens induce late EPSCs and increase recurrent network activity when subcortical or mid-cortical regions are stimulated at low frequencies (e.g., 0.1 Hz). A range of agonists or positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for mostly Gi/o-coupled receptors, including metabotropic glutamate2 (mGlu2), adenosine A1, or μ-opioid receptors, suppress these effects of 5-HT2A receptor stimulation. Furthermore, a range of mostly Gq/11-coupled receptors (including orexin2 [OX2]; α1-adrenergic, and mGlu5 receptors) similarly induce glutamate (Glu) release onto L5 pyramidal cells. Evidence implicates a number of brain regions in mediating these effects of serotonergic hallucinogens and Gq/11-coupled receptors including the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, claustrum, and neurons in deep PFC. These effects on 5-HT2A receptors and related GPCRs appear to play a major role in the behavioral effects of serotonergic hallucinogens, such as head twitches in rodents and higher order behaviors such as rodent lever pressing on the differential-reinforcement-of-low rate 72-s (DRL 72-s) schedule. This implies that the effects of 5-HT2A receptor activation on the activity of L5 pyramidal cells may be responsible for mediating a range of behaviors linked to limbic circuitry with connectivity between the PFC, striatum, thalamus, claustrum, striatum, amygdala, and the hippocampal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Marek
- Global Medical Science, CNS and Pain, Astellas Pharma Global Development, 1 Astellas Way, Northbrook, IL, 60062, USA.
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7
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Feng M, Sparkman NL, Sui N, Li M. A drug-drug conditioning paradigm reveals multiple antipsychotic-nicotine interactions. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:474-486. [PMID: 28347260 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116681471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate a reciprocal impact between nicotine use and antipsychotic medications in patients with schizophrenia. The present study used a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test (a behavioral test of antipsychotic effect) and examined the specific drug-drug interactions between nicotine and haloperidol or clozapine. Following acquisition of the avoidance response, rats were first tested under either vehicle, nicotine (0.2, 0.4 mg/kg, sc), haloperidol (0.025, 0.05 mg/kg, sc), clozapine (5.0, 10.0 mg/kg, sc), or a combination of nicotine and haloperidol or nicotine and clozapine for seven consecutive days. Afterward, they were challenged with nicotine (0.2 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.025 mg/kg), or clozapine (5.0 mg/kg) in the CAR to assess if haloperidol or clozapine affected the behavioral effect of nicotine on avoidance response and if nicotine altered the avoidance suppressive effect of haloperidol and clozapine. During the seven avoidance drug test days, nicotine did not alter the avoidance suppressive effect of haloperidol or clozapine. However, in the challenge test, prior nicotine treatment (0.2 mg/kg) attenuated haloperidol's (0.05 mg/kg) sensitized effect on avoidance response. On the other hand, prior haloperidol treatment increased nicotine's (0.2 mg/kg) avoidance disruptive effect, and even engendered nicotine 0.4 mg/kg to exhibit an "acquired" avoidance suppressive effect. The combined nicotine and clozapine treatment did not produce any detectable interactive effects on avoidance response and motor activity. These findings suggest that nicotine is capable of altering the long-term antipsychotic efficacy of haloperidol, while haloperidol can alter the behavioral effects of nicotine. Clozapine and nicotine are less likely to influence each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Feng
- 1 Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,4 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,5 Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Nathan L Sparkman
- 3 Department of Psychology, Stephen F Austin State University, Nacogdoches, USA.,5 Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Nan Sui
- 2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- 5 Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
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Malik M, Rangel-Barajas C, Mach RH, Luedtke RR. The effect of the sigma-1 receptor selective compound LS-1-137 on the DOI-induced head twitch response in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 148:136-44. [PMID: 27397487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several receptor mediated pathways have been shown to modulate the murine head twitch response (HTR). However, the role of sigma receptors in the murine (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI)-induced HTR has not been previously investigated. We examined the ability of LS-1-137, a novel sigma-1 vs. sigma-2 receptor selective phenylacetamide, to modulate the DOI-induced HTR in DBA/2J mice. We also assessed the in vivo efficacy of reference sigma-1 receptor antagonists and agonists PRE-084 and PPCC. The effect of the sigma-2 receptor selective antagonist RHM-1-86 was also examined. Rotarod analysis was performed to monitor motor coordination after LS-1-137 administration. Radioligand binding techniques were used to determine the affinity of LS-1-137 at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. LS-1-137 and the sigma-1 receptor antagonists haloperidol and BD 1047 were able to attenuate a DOI-induced HTR, indicating that LS-1-137 was acting in vivo as a sigma-1 receptor antagonist. LS-1-137 did not compromise rotarod performance within a dose range capable of attenuating the effects of DOI. Radioligand binding studies indicate that LS-1-137 exhibits low affinity binding at both 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. Based upon the results from these and our previous studies, LS-1-137 is a neuroprotective agent that attenuates the murine DOI-induced HTR independent of activity at 5-HT2 receptor subtypes, D2-like dopamine receptors, sigma-2 receptors and NMDA receptors. LS-1-137 appears to act as a sigma-1 receptor antagonist to inhibit the DOI-induced HTR. Therefore, the DOI-induced HTR can be used to assess the in vivo efficacy of sigma-1 receptor selective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maninder Malik
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, The Center for Neuroscience Discovery, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Claudia Rangel-Barajas
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, The Center for Neuroscience Discovery, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Robert H Mach
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Robert R Luedtke
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, The Center for Neuroscience Discovery, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
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9
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Macrì S, Ceci C, Proietti Onori M, Invernizzi RW, Bartolini E, Altabella L, Canese R, Imperi M, Orefici G, Creti R, Margarit I, Magliozzi R, Laviola G. Mice repeatedly exposed to Group-A β-Haemolytic Streptococcus show perseverative behaviors, impaired sensorimotor gating, and immune activation in rostral diencephalon. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13257. [PMID: 26304458 PMCID: PMC4548234 DOI: 10.1038/srep13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to Group-A β-Haemolytic Streptococcus (GAS) may constitute a vulnerability factor in the onset and course of pediatric motor disturbances. GAS infections/colonization can stimulate the production of antibodies, which may cross the blood brain barrier, target selected brain areas (e.g. basal ganglia), and exacerbate motor alterations. Here, we exposed developing SJL male mice to four injections with a GAS homogenate and evaluated the following domains: motor coordination; general locomotion; repetitive behaviors; perseverative responses; and sensorimotor gating (pre-pulse inhibition, PPI). To demonstrate that behavioral changes were associated with immune-mediated brain alterations, we analyzed, in selected brain areas, the presence of infiltrates and microglial activation (immunohistochemistry), monoamines (HPLC), and brain metabolites (in vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy). GAS-exposed mice showed increased repetitive and perseverative behaviors, impaired PPI, and reduced concentrations of serotonin in prefrontal cortex, a brain area linked to the behavioral domains investigated, wherein they also showed remarkable elevations in lactate. Active inflammatory processes were substantiated by the observation of infiltrates and microglial activation in the white matter of the anterior diencephalon. These data support the hypothesis that repeated GAS exposure may elicit inflammatory responses in brain areas involved in motor control and perseverative behavior, and result in phenotypic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Macrì
- Sect. Behavioural Neuroscience, Dept. Cell Biology &Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Ceci
- Sect. Behavioural Neuroscience, Dept. Cell Biology &Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Martina Proietti Onori
- Sect. Behavioural Neuroscience, Dept. Cell Biology &Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Erika Bartolini
- Research Centre, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luisa Altabella
- Sect. Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Dept. Cell Biology &Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Rossella Canese
- Sect. Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Dept. Cell Biology &Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Monica Imperi
- Sect. Respiratory and Systemic Bacterial Diseases, Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Graziella Orefici
- Sect. Respiratory and Systemic Bacterial Diseases, Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberta Creti
- Sect. Respiratory and Systemic Bacterial Diseases, Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Immaculada Margarit
- Research Centre, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Roberta Magliozzi
- Sect. Demyelinating and Inflammatory Diseases of the CNS, Dept. Cell Biology &Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Sect. Behavioural Neuroscience, Dept. Cell Biology &Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy
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Zaniewska M, Alenina N, Wydra K, Fröhler S, Kuśmider M, McCreary AC, Chen W, Bader M, Filip M. Discovering the mechanisms underlying serotonin (5-HT)2A and 5-HT2C receptor regulation following nicotine withdrawal in rats. J Neurochem 2015; 134:704-16. [PMID: 26031442 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that nicotine withdrawal produces depression-like behavior and that serotonin (5-HT)2A/2C receptor ligands modulate that mood-like state. In the present study we aimed to identify the mechanisms (changes in radioligand binding, transcription or RNA-editing) related to such a behavioral outcome. Rats received vehicle or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) for 5 days in home cages. Brain 5-HT2A/2C receptors were analyzed on day 3 of nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine withdrawal increased [(3)H]ketanserin binding to 5-HT2A receptors in the ventral tegmental area and ventral dentate gyrus, yet decreased binding in the nucleus accumbens shell. Reduction in [(3)H]mesulergine binding to 5-HT2C receptors was seen in the ventral dentate gyrus. Profound decrease in the 5-HT2A receptor transcript level was noted in the hippocampus and ventral tegmental area. Out of five 5-HT2C receptor mRNA editing sites, deep sequencing data showed a reduction in editing at the E site and a trend toward reduction at the C site in the hippocampus. In the ventral tegmental area, a reduction for the frequency of CD 5-HT2C receptor transcript was seen. These results show that the reduction in the 5-HT2A receptor transcript level may be an auto-regulatory response to the increased receptor density in the hippocampus and ventral tegmental area during nicotine withdrawal, while decreased 5-HT2C receptor mRNA editing may explain the reduction in receptor labeling in the hippocampus. Serotonin (5-HT)2A/2C receptor ligands alleviate depression-like state in nicotine-withdrawn rats. Here, we show that the reduction in 5-HT2A receptor transcript level may be an auto-regulatory response to the increased receptor number in the hippocampus and ventral tegmental area during nicotine withdrawal, while attenuated 5-HT2C receptor mRNA editing in the hippocampus might explain reduced inverse agonist binding to 5-HT2C receptor and suggest a shift toward a population of more active receptors. 5-HT, serotonin; 5-HT2A R, 5-HT2A receptor; 5-HT2C R, 5-HT2C receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zaniewska
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.,Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Department of Cardiovascular Research, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Department of Cardiovascular Research, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karolina Wydra
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sebastian Fröhler
- Laboratory for New Sequencing Technology, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maciej Kuśmider
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory for New Sequencing Technology, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Department of Cardiovascular Research, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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11
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Zaniewska M, McCreary AC, Wydra K, Faron-Górecka A, Filip M. Context-controlled nicotine-induced changes in the labeling of serotonin (5-HT)2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the rat brain. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 67:451-9. [PMID: 25933953 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that serotonin (5-HT)2A and 5-HT2C receptor ligands modulate the sensitizing effects of nicotine. In the present study we used male rats to verify the hypothesis that the binding pattern of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the brain is altered by chronic nicotine treatment in different environments. METHODS Rats were given repeatedly vehicle or nicotine in different sensitizing regimens (home or experimental cages). On day 10, animals were challenged with nicotine (expression of nicotine sensitization) or vehicle in either home or experimental cages, and were sacrificed immediately after the experiment. RESULTS Repeated treatment with nicotine in home cages evoked significant increases in [(3)H]ketanserin binding to 5-HT2A receptors in the prefrontal cortex, striatal subregions and ventral tegmental area as well as reductions in [(3)H]mesulergine binding to 5-HT2C receptors in subregions of the prefrontal cortex. In contrast, nicotine paired with environmental context produced robust increases in 5-HT2A receptor labeling in the infralimbic cortex and decreased [(3)H]ketanserin binding in striatal subregions and ventral tegmental area; 5-HT2C receptor labeling in the prefrontal cortex fell. CONCLUSIONS The present data indicate that chronic nicotine administration in home cages induces bi-directional neuroplastic changes within 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the prefrontal cortex. Pairing the nicotine with environmental context potentiates the neuroplastic response in the latter region and evokes opposite changes in 5-HT2A receptor binding in striatal and tegmental regions compared with nicotine administered in the absence of the context, indicating a modulatory role of environmental context in the expression of nicotine-induced sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zaniewska
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
| | | | - Karolina Wydra
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Faron-Górecka
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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12
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Lau CGY, Marikawa Y. Morphology-based mammalian stem cell tests reveal potential developmental toxicity of donepezil. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 81:994-1008. [PMID: 25269881 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Various compounds, including therapeutic drugs, can adversely impact the survival and development of embryos in the uterus. Identification of such development-interfering agents is a challenging task, although multi-angle approaches--including the use of in vitro toxicology studies involving embryonic stem cells--should alleviate some of the current difficulties. In the present study, we utilized the in vitro elongation of embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from mouse embryonal carcinoma stem cell line P19C5 as a model of early embryological events, specifically that of gastrulation and axial patterning. From our study, we identified donepezil, a medication indicated for the management of Alzheimer's disease, as a potential developmental toxicant. The extent of P19C5 EB axial elongation was diminished by donepezil in a dose-dependent manner. Although donepezil is a known inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, interference of elongation was not mediated through this enzyme. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR revealed that donepezil altered the expression pattern of a specific set of developmental regulator genes involved in patterning along the anterior-posterior body axis. When tested in mouse whole embryo culture, donepezil caused morphological abnormalities including impaired somitogenesis. Donepezil also diminished elongation morphogenesis of EBs generated from human embryonic stem cells. These results suggest that donepezil interferes with axial elongation morphogenesis of early embryos by altering the expression pattern of regulators of axial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline G Y Lau
- University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii
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13
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The role of serotonin in drug use and addiction. Behav Brain Res 2014; 277:146-92. [PMID: 24769172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated behaviours which need to be learned and controlled. However, controlled drug use may develop into compulsive drug use and addiction, a major psychiatric disorder with severe consequences for the individual and society. Here we review the role of the serotonergic (5-HT) system in the establishment of drug use-associated behaviours on the one hand and the transition and maintenance of addiction on the other hand for the drugs: cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), morphine/heroin, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine. Results show a crucial, but distinct involvement of the 5-HT system in both processes with considerable overlap between psychostimulant and opioidergic drugs and alcohol. A new functional model suggests specific adaptations in the 5-HT system, which coincide with the establishment of controlled drug use-associated behaviours. These serotonergic adaptations render the nervous system susceptible to the transition to compulsive drug use behaviours and often overlap with genetic risk factors for addiction. Altogether we suggest a new trajectory by which serotonergic neuroadaptations induced by first drug exposure pave the way for the establishment of addiction.
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14
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Proietti Onori M, Ceci C, Laviola G, Macrì S. A behavioural test battery to investigate tic-like symptoms, stereotypies, attentional capabilities, and spontaneous locomotion in different mouse strains. Behav Brain Res 2014; 267:95-105. [PMID: 24675156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The preclinical study of human disorders associated with comorbidities and for which the aetiology is still unclear may substantially benefit from multi-strain studies conducted in mice. The latter can help isolating experimental populations (strains) exhibiting distinct facets in the parameters isomorphic to the symptoms of a given disorder. Through a reverse-translation approach, multi-strain studies can inform both natural predisposing factors and environmental modulators. Thus, mouse strains selected for a particular trait may be leveraged to generate hypothesis-driven studies aimed at clarifying the potential role played by the environment in modulating the exhibition of the symptoms of interest. Tourette's syndrome (TS) constitutes a paradigmatic example whereby: it is characterized by a core symptom (tics) often associated with comorbidities (attention-deficit-hyperactivity and obsessive-compulsive symptoms); it has a clear genetic origin though specific genes are, as yet, unidentified; its course (exacerbations and remissions) is under the influence of environmental factors. Based on these considerations, we tested four mouse strains (ABH, C57, CD1, and SJL) - varying along a plethora of behavioural, neurochemical, and immunological parameters - on a test battery tailored to address the following domains: tics (through the i.p. administration of the selective 5-HT2 receptor agonist DOI, 5mg/kg); locomotion (spontaneous locomotion in the home-cage); perseverative responding in an attentional set shifting task; and behavioural stereotypies in response to a single amphetamine (10mg/kg, i.p.) injection. Present data demonstrate that while ABH and SJL mice respectively exhibit selective increments in amphetamine-induced sniffing behaviour and DOI-induced tic-like behaviours, C57 and CD1 mice show a distinct phenotype, compared to other strains, in several parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Proietti Onori
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Ceci
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Macrì
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Moya PR, Wendland JR, Rubenstein LM, Timpano KR, Heiman GA, Tischfield JA, King RA, Andrews AM, Ramamoorthy S, McMahon FJ, Murphy DL. Common and rare alleles of the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4, associated with Tourette's disorder. Mov Disord 2013; 28:1263-70. [PMID: 23630162 PMCID: PMC3766488 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the hypothesis that functionally over-expressing alleles of the serotonin transporter (SERT) gene (solute carrier family 6, member 4, SLC6A4) are present in Tourette's disorder (TD), just as we previously observed in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), we evaluated TD probands (N = 151) and controls (N = 858). We genotyped the refined SERT-linked polymorphic region 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 and the associated rs25532 variant in the SLC6A4 promoter plus the rare coding variant SERT isoleucine-to-valine at position 425 (I425V). The higher expressing 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 LA allele was more prevalent in TD probands than in controls (χ(2) = 5.75; P = 0.017; odds ratio [OR], 1.35); and, in a secondary analysis, surprisingly, it was significantly more frequent in probands who had TD alone than in those who had TD plus OCD (Fisher's exact test; P = 0.0006; OR, 2.29). Likewise, the higher expressing LAC haplotype (5-HTTLPR/rs25531/rs25532) was more frequent in TD probands than in controls (P = 0.024; OR, 1.33) and also in the TD alone group versus the TD plus OCD group (P = 0.0013; OR, 2.14). Furthermore, the rare gain-of-function SERT I425V variant was observed in 3 male siblings with TD and/or OCD and in their father. Thus, the cumulative count of SERT I425V becomes 1.57% in OCD/TD spectrum conditions versus 0.15% in controls, with a recalculated, family-adjusted significance of χ(2) = 15.03 (P < 0.0001; OR, 9.0; total worldwide genotyped, 2914). This report provides a unique combination of common and rare variants in one gene in TD, all of which are associated with SERT gain of function. Thus, altered SERT activity represents a potential contributor to serotonergic abnormalities in TD. The present results call for replication in a similarly intensively evaluated sample. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R Moya
- National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Fox MA, Panessiti MG, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Murphy DL. An evaluation of the serotonin system and perseverative, compulsive, stereotypical, and hyperactive behaviors in dopamine transporter (DAT) knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227:685-95. [PMID: 23417514 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-2988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mice lacking the dopamine transporter (DAT) display major behavioral alterations that include hyperactivity, perseverative locomotor patterns, and reduced prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate perseverative, compulsive, stereotypical, and hyperactive behaviors, as well as serotonin and its involvement with these behaviors, in DAT gene-altered mice. RESULTS In the open field, mean turn angle and meandering were decreased in DAT knockout (DAT-KO) mice. DAT-KO mice displayed increased hyperactivity, increased velocity, less time immobile, and a failure to habituate over time in the open field unlike their DAT wildtype (DAT-WT) and heterozygous (DAT-HET) littermates. DAT-KO mice buried fewer marbles than DAT-WT and -HET mice in an assessment of compulsive-like behaviors, likely due to extreme hyperactivity and related inattention. Stereotypical head weaving was increased in untreated DAT-KO mice. Following administration of the 5-HT1A/7 agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), stereotypical head weaving and forepaw treading were increased more in DAT-KO mice than in DAT-WT or -HET mice. By contrast, head twitches induced by treatment with the 5-HT2A/2C agonist (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane (DOI) were similar in mice of all three DAT genotypes. 5-HT1A autoreceptor function was intact in DAT-KO mice. Compared to DAT-WT mice, serotonin levels were increased in DAT-HET and -KO mice in frontal cortex and hippocampus, respectively, and serotonin turnover rates were increased ∼30 % in the striatum of DAT-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings extend and confirm prior behavioral and biochemical characterization of DAT-KO mice. Hyperactivity, stereotypy, and perseverative behaviors are increased in these mice, with brain-area specific increases in serotonin levels and serotonin turnover, and marked increases in postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor-mediated stereotypic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Fox
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10-3D41, MSC 1264, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Serotonin-glutamate and serotonin-dopamine reciprocal interactions as putative molecular targets for novel antipsychotic treatments: from receptor heterodimers to postsynaptic scaffolding and effector proteins. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013. [PMID: 23179966 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2921-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The physical and functional interactions between serotonin-glutamate and serotonin-dopamine signaling have been suggested to be involved in psychosis pathophysiology and are supposed to be relevant for antipsychotic treatment. Type II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors have been reported to form heterodimers that modulate G-protein-mediated intracellular signaling differentially compared to mGluR2 and 5-HT(2A) homomers. Additionally, direct evidence has been provided that D(2) and 5-HT(2A) receptors form physical heterocomplexes which exert a functional cross-talk, as demonstrated by studies on hallucinogen-induced signaling. Moving from receptors to postsynaptic density (PSD) scenario, the scaffolding protein PSD-95 is known to interact with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), D(2) and 5-HT(2) receptors, regulating their activation state. Homer1a, the inducible member of the Homer family of PSD proteins that is implicated in glutamatergic signal transduction, is induced in striatum by antipsychotics with high dopamine receptor affinity and in the cortex by antipsychotics with mixed serotonergic/dopaminergic profile. Signaling molecules, such as Akt and glycogen-synthase-kinase-3 (GSK-3), could be involved in the mechanism of action of antipsychotics, targeting dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate neurotransmission. Altogether, these proteins stand at the crossroad of glutamate-dopamine-serotonin signaling pathways and may be considered as valuable molecular targets for current and new antipsychotics. The aim of this review is to provide a critical appraisal on serotonin-glutamate and serotonin-dopamine interplay to support the idea that next generation schizophrenia pharmacotherapy should not exclusively rely on receptor targeting strategies.
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19
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Canal CE, Morgan D. Head-twitch response in rodents induced by the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine: a comprehensive history, a re-evaluation of mechanisms, and its utility as a model. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:556-76. [PMID: 22517680 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two primary animal models persist for assessing hallucinogenic potential of novel compounds and for examining the pharmacological and neurobiological substrates underlying the actions of classical hallucinogens, the two-lever drug discrimination procedure and the drug-induced head-twitch response (HTR) in rodents. The substituted amphetamine hallucinogen, serotonin 2 (5-HT(2) ) receptor agonist, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) has emerged as the most popular pharmacological tool used in HTR studies of hallucinogens. Synthesizing classic, recent, and relatively overlooked findings, addressing ostensibly conflicting observations, and considering contemporary theories in receptor and behavioural pharmacology, this review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive synopsis of DOI and the HTR model, from neural mechanisms to utility for understanding psychiatric diseases. Also presented is support for the argument that, although both the two-lever drug discrimination and the HTR models in rodents are useful for uncovering receptors, interacting proteins, intracellular signalling pathways, and neurochemical processes affected by DOI and related classical hallucinogens, results from both models suggest they are not reporting hallucinogenic experiences in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint E Canal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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20
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Dougherty JP, Aloyo VJ. Pharmacological and behavioral characterization of the 5-HT2A receptor in C57BL/6N mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 215:581-93. [PMID: 21340474 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptor is implicated in numerous psychiatric disorders, making it an important, clinically relevant target. Despite the availability of transgenic mouse lines, the native mouse 5-HT(2A) receptor is not well-characterized. OBJECTIVES The goals of the current study were to determine 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptor densities in mouse cortex, establish a pharmacological profile of the mouse 5-HT(2A) receptor, and determine the effects of chronic drug treatment on 5-HT(2A) receptor density and 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated behavior. METHODS Receptor densities were determined in cortex and frontal cortex via saturation binding assays using [(3)H]ketanserin or [(3)H]mesulergine. A pharmacological profile was established by displacing [(3)H]ketanserin binding with several ligands. Chronic treatment with 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor agonist, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist, MDL 11939, or vehicle was followed by 5-HT(2A) receptor density determination. Head twitch responses (HTRs) were counted on select days. RESULTS Mice had high 5-HT(2A), but low 5-HT(2C) receptor densities. Ligand binding affinities for mouse 5-HT(2A) receptors correlated with rat, but not rabbit or human, affinities. Chronically DOI-treated mice displayed reduced HTRs and 5-HT(2A) receptor density compared to saline-treated mice. Receptor density was unchanged following chronic treatment with MDL 11939. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides some basic information about mouse 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors and provides comparisons to rats, rabbits, and humans. The current chronic agonist treatment study demonstrated an important similarity between the 5-HT(2A) receptor in mice, rats, and rabbits, while antagonist treatment revealed an interesting difference from previous studies in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Dougherty
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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Egashira N, Shirakawa A, Okuno R, Mishima K, Iwasaki K, Oishi R, Fujiwara M. Role of endocannabinoid and glutamatergic systems in DOI-induced head-twitch response in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:52-8. [PMID: 21504759 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that systemic administration of the endocannabinoid anandamide inhibited the head-twitches induced by the hallucinogenic drug 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) in mice, which is mediated via the activation of 5-HT(2A) receptors. Endocannabinoid and glutamatergic systems have been suggested to modulate the function of 5-HT(2A) receptors. In the present study, we further investigated the role of endocannabinoid and glutamatergic systems in DOI-induced head-twitch response in mice. An anandamide transport inhibitor AM404 (0.3-3mg/kg, i.p.), a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 (0.1-10mg/kg, i.p.), a glutamate release inhibitor riluzole (0.3 and 1mg/kg, i.p.), a natural glutamate analog l-glutamylethylamide (theanine, 1 and 3mg/kg, p.o.) and an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor antagonist NBQX (0.01-0.3mg/kg, i.p.) significantly inhibited DOI-induced head-twitch response. The AMPA receptor positive modulator aniracetam (30 or 100mg/kg, p.o.) reversed inhibition of head-twitch response by NBQX and URB597. These findings indicated that endocannabinoid and glutamatergic systems participate in the mechanism of action of DOI to induce head-twitch response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Egashira
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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Open-label study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of aripiprazole and haloperidol in the treatment of pediatric tic disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 20:127-35. [PMID: 21188439 PMCID: PMC3046348 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-010-0154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Due to its unique pharmacodynamic properties of dopamine partial agonist activity, and its association with few and mild side effects, aripiprazole is a candidate atypical antipsychotic for patients with tic disorders. This open-label study compared the efficacy and tolerability of aripiprazole with haloperidol, a typical antipsychotic widely used to treat patients with tic disorders. Forty-eight children and adolescents with tic disorders were recruited from the outpatient clinic at South Korea and treated with aripiprazole (initial dose, 5.0 mg/d; maximum dose 20 mg/d) or haloperidol (initial dose, 0.75 mg/d; maximum dose, 4.5 mg/d) for 8 weeks. Treatment efficacy was measured using the yale global tic severity scale (YGTSS), and tolerability was measured using the extrapyramidal symptom rating scale (ESRS) and an adverse effects checklist. Total tic scores as measured by the YGTSS decreased over time in both groups (p < 0.001) without any significant differences between groups. ESRS scores were significantly higher in the haloperidol group during the 4 weeks after commencement of medication (p < 0.05). These results indicate that aripiprazole may be a promising drug in the treatment of children and adolescents with tic disorders. Further controlled studies are needed to determine the efficacy and tolerability of aripiprazole in these patients.
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Knight S, Coon H, Johnson M, Leppert MF, Camp NJ, McMahon WM. Linkage analysis of Tourette syndrome in a large Utah pedigree. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:656-662. [PMID: 19777563 PMCID: PMC2923637 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multiple motor and phonic tics. The heritability of TS has been well established, yet there is a lack of consensus in genome-wide linkage studies. The purpose of this study was to conduct a genome-wide linkage analysis on a unique, large, high-risk TS Utah pedigree. We examined a qualitative trait (TS1) where cases had a definitive diagnosis of TS as observed by a clinical interviewer (n = 66) and a quantitative phenotype based on the total Yale global motor and phonic tic severity scores (n = 102). Both parametric and non-parametric multipoint linkage analyses based on MCMC methods were performed using a 10 cM spaced micro-satellite autosomal marker set. Two regions of interest were identified under affecteds-only recessive models; a LOD score of 3.3 on chromosome 1p for Yale tic severity and a LOD score of 3.1 on chromosome 3p for the TS1 phenotype. Twenty-seven individuals shared linked segregating haplotypes for the 1p region. They had significantly higher Yale tic phonic scores than non-sharers (P = 0.01). There were 46 haplotype sharers on chromosome 3p with significantly higher percentage of females among these individuals compared to the non-sharers (P = 0.03). The significant linkage peaks on chromosomes 1p and 3p are in new areas of the genome for TS, and replication of these findings is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Knight
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michael Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mark F Leppert
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Nicola J Camp
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Müller CP, Pum ME, Schumann G, Huston JP. The Role of Serotonin in Drug Addiction. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(10)70099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Cubo E, Fernández Jaén A, Moreno C, Anaya B, González M, Kompoliti K. Donepezil use in children and adolescents with tics and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an 18-week, single-center, dose-escalating, prospective, open-label study. Clin Ther 2009; 30:182-9. [PMID: 18343255 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Striatal cholinergic dysfunction may be important in tics and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the safety profile of donepezil and whether it improves chronic tics in young patients with comorbid ADHD. METHODS This 18-week (14 weeks of open treatment followed by a 4-week washout period), single-center, dose-escalating, prospective, open-label trial was conducted in patients aged 7 to 17 years with tics, including chronic motor or vocal tics and Tourette's syndrome, and ADHD. Patients were treated with once-daily oral donepezil doses of 2.5 mg for 2 weeks, 5 mg for the next 6 weeks, and 10 mg for the last 6 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout period. Patients were evaluated using the Children's Global Assessment Scale; the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS); the Revised Conners' Parent Rating Scale; the Symbol and Digit Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; the Stroop black/white, color, and interference tests; the Rey Complex Figure Test; and the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale at 4 visits: baseline, week 8 (5-mg dose), week 14 (10-mg dose), and week 18 (washout). RESULTS Seventeen males and 3 females (mean [SD] age, 11.3 [1.9] years [range, 8-14 years]; tic duration, 5.3 [1.9] years; ADHD duration, 6.5 [1.7] years) were included in this study. Tics were significantly reduced at the 10-mg (week-14) donepezil visit compared with the baseline and washout visits based on the total mean (SD) tic score of the YGTSS (18.6 [9.3] vs 12.2 [11.0]; P = 0.006). Fifty percent of patients withdrew and 65% experienced adverse events. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results suggest that donepezil significantly reduced tics in these children and adolescents with comorbid ADHD who completed the study. No significant improvement in the symptoms of comorbid ADHD was found with the use of donepezil 10 mg. Donepezil 5 and 10 mg were not well tolerated in these children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Cubo
- Neurology Department, Clínica Nuestra Señnora del Rosario, Madrid, Spain.
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Tramadol and another atypical opioid meperidine have exaggerated serotonin syndrome behavioural effects, but decreased analgesic effects, in genetically deficient serotonin transporter (SERT) mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12:1055-65. [PMID: 19275775 PMCID: PMC2750095 DOI: 10.1017/s146114570900011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin syndrome is a potential side-effect of serotonin-enhancing drugs, including antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). We recently reported a genetic mouse model for the serotonin syndrome, as serotonin transporter (SERT)-deficient mice have exaggerated serotonin syndrome behavioural responses to the MAOI tranylcypromine and the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan (5-HTP). As numerous case reports implicate the atypical opioids tramadol and meperidine in the development of the human serotonin syndrome, we examined tramadol and meperidine as possible causative drugs in the rodent model of the serotonin syndrome in SERT wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/-) and knockout (-/-) mice. Comparisons were made with SERT mice treated with either vehicle or morphine, an opioid not implicated in the serotonin syndrome in humans. Here we show that tramadol and meperidine, but not morphine, induce serotonin syndrome-like behaviours in mice, and we show that this response is exaggerated in mice lacking one or two copies of SERT. The exaggerated response to tramadol in SERT-/- mice was blocked by pretreatment with the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY 100635. Further, we show that morphine-, meperidine- and tramadol-induced analgesia is markedly decreased in SERT-/- mice. These studies suggest that caution seems warranted in prescribing or not warning patients receiving SSRIs or MAOIs that dangerous side-effects may occur during concurrent use of tramadol and similar agents. These findings suggest that it is conceivable that there might be increased vulnerability in individuals with SERT polymorphisms that may reduce SERT by more than 50%, the level in SERT+/- mice.
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Clinical observation on treatment of Tourette syndrome by integrative medicine. Chin J Integr Med 2009; 15:261-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-009-0261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rojas-Corrales MO, Gibert-Rahola J, Mico JA. Role of atypical opiates in OCD. Experimental approach through the study of 5-HT(2A/C) receptor-mediated behavior. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 190:221-31. [PMID: 17102981 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) represent the first-line pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and atypical antipsychotic drugs, which block 5-HT2A receptors, are used in augmentation strategies. Opiate drugs are also effective in treatment-refractory OCD and Tourette syndrome. The 5-HT2A-related behavior (i.e., head twitch) has been related with tics, stereotypes, and compulsive symptoms observed in Tourette syndrome and OCD. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore whether 5-HT2A-related behavior is affected by atypical opiate drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Head-twitch response was induced in mice by administration of either 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) or the 5-HT2A/C agonist (+/-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI). Dose-effect curves of atypical opiate drugs [(+/-)-tramadol, (-)-methadone and levorphanol], morphine, and other psychoactive drugs (fluvoxamine, desipramine, nefazodone, and clozapine) were performed. Opioid mechanisms were investigated by administration of naloxone. RESULTS All the opiates tested reduced both 5-HTP and DOI-induced behavior in a naloxone-reversible fashion, atypical opiates being more effective. The effects of the other drugs depended on the protocol, clozapine being the most effective. CONCLUSIONS Combined 5-HT and opioid properties result in a greater efficacy in antagonizing 5-HT2A-related behavior. These results provide behavioral evidence to support convergent effects of the 5-HT and opioid systems in discrete brain areas, offering the potential for therapeutic advances in the management of refractory stereotypes and compulsive behaviors.
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MESH Headings
- 5-Hydroxytryptophan
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Clozapine/pharmacology
- Desipramine/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fluvoxamine/pharmacology
- Indophenol/analogs & derivatives
- Levorphanol/pharmacology
- Male
- Methadone/pharmacology
- Mice
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/physiopathology
- Piperazines
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/physiology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/physiology
- Stereotyped Behavior/drug effects
- Stereotyped Behavior/physiology
- Tics/physiopathology
- Tourette Syndrome/physiopathology
- Tramadol/pharmacology
- Triazoles/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Olga Rojas-Corrales
- Group of Research and Development in Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Plz Falla 9, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
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Bowers BJ, Miyamoto-Ditmon J, Wehner JM. Regulation of 5-HT2A/C receptors and DOI-induced behaviors by protein kinase Cgamma. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 85:441-7. [PMID: 17109939 PMCID: PMC1868423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase Cgamma (PKCgamma) null mutant mice demonstrate increased behavioral impulsivity and ethanol consumption. Pharmacological studies have shown that 5-HT(2A/C) receptors modulate impulsivity and ethanol consumption in rodents and that PKC can regulate 5-HT(2A/C) receptors. To determine whether PKCgamma plays a selective role in 5-HT(2A/C) receptor regulation, biochemical and behavioral experiments were performed in PKCgamma mutant and wild-type mice. DOI-stimulated phosphoinositol hydrolysis and [(125)I]-DOI saturation binding in the PFC, and quantitative autoradiography of [(125)I]-DOI binding sites in 15 brain regions were analyzed. DOI-induced head twitch responses (HTR) were measured in naive mice after an acute 2.5 mg/kg injection of DOI. Results indicated that DOI-induced HTR was significantly greater in mutant mice compared to wild-type mice. Results of the phosphoinositol hydrolysis, membrane binding, and autoradiography experiments indicated that in mutant mice, increased HTR was associated with increased 5-HT(2A/C) receptor function in the PFC, but not increased receptor number or affinity suggesting that PKCgamma regulates receptor function but not receptor number. These data support a role for 5-HT(2A/C) receptors in the PFC in mediating some of the behavioral differences observed between PKCgamma mutant and wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Bowers
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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