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Teralı K, Ozbeyli D, Yiğit‐Hanoğlu D, Başer KHC, Şener G, Aykac A. A comprehensive assessment of the cholinergic-supporting and cognitive-enhancing effects of Rosa damascena Mill. (Damask rose) essential oil on scopolamine-induced amnestic rats. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3507. [PMID: 38688895 PMCID: PMC11061205 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by gradual loss of cognitive abilities (dementia) and is a major public health problem. Here, we aimed at investigating the effects of Rosa damascena essential oil (RDEO) on learning and memory functions in a rat model of amnesia induced by scopolamine, as well as on changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) expression, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the extracted brain tissues. METHODS The control, amnesia (scopolamine, 1 mg/kg/i.p.) and treatment (RDEO, 100 μL/kg/p.o. or galantamine, 1.5 mg/kg/i.p.) groups were subjected to Morris water maze and new object recognition tests. AChE activity was assayed by ELISA, and M1 mAChR and BDNF concentration changes were determined by western blotting. Also, using computational tools, human M1 mAChR was modeled in an active conformation, and the major components of RDEO were docked onto this receptor. RESULTS According to our behavioral tests, RDEO was able to mitigate the learning and memory impairments caused by scopolamine in vivo. Our in vitro assays showed that the observed positive effects correlated well with a decrease in AChE activity and an increase in M1 mAChR and BDNF levels in amnestic rat brains. We also demonstrated in an in silico setting that the major components of RDEO, specifically -citronellol, geraniol, and nerol, could be accommodated favorably within the allosteric binding pocket of active-state human M1 mAChR and anchored here chiefly by hydrogen-bonding and alkyl-π interactions. CONCLUSION Our findings offer a solid experimental foundation for future RDEO-based medicinal product development for patients suffering from AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Teralı
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of MedicineCyprus International UniversityNicosiaCyprus
| | - Dilek Ozbeyli
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health ServicesMarmara UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Duygu Yiğit‐Hanoğlu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of PharmacyNear East UniversityNicosiaCyprus
| | | | - Göksel Şener
- Department of PharmacologyFenerbahce UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Asli Aykac
- Department of BiophysicsNear East UniversityNicosiaCyprus
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Gernone F, Uva A, Cavalera MA, Zatelli A. Neurogenic Bladder in Dogs, Cats and Humans: A Comparative Review of Neurological Diseases. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3233. [PMID: 36496754 PMCID: PMC9739254 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) includes abnormalities in the structure and function of the bladder and the urethra. LUTD caused by neurological disease is defined neurogenic bladder (NB). The integrity of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) is required to explicate normal micturition, maintaining the proper function of bladder and urethra. The location and type of neurological lesions influence the pattern of clinical manifestations, potential treatment, and prognosis. Though, in dogs and cats, spinal cord injury is considered mainly responsible for bladder and/or urethra incompetence, other disorders, congenital or acquired, involving CNS or PNS, could play a role in NB. In veterinary medicine, the information about the epidemiology, prevalence, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of NB are scattered. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the epidemiology, prevalence, clinical findings, diagnosis and prognosis for NB in dogs and cats compared with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Gernone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
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Tynes VV, Landsberg GM. Nutritional Management of Behavior and Brain Disorders in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:711-727. [PMID: 33773649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There are several natural products and functional ingredients that, either alone or in combination with other ingredients, have shown evidence for decreasing signs associated with cognitive dysfunction and anxiety in dogs and cats, and in management of seizures in dogs with epilepsy. The evidence supporting the role that a healthy gastrointestinal tract plays in behavior is also growing as more is learned about the gut-brain axis. Nutritional support may play an important role in therapy for certain brain disorders and behavioral problems, in conjunction with other aspects of management. A multimodal approach provides the greatest likelihood of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valarie V Tynes
- Ceva Animal Health, LLC 8735 Rosehill Road, Suite 300 Lenexa, KS 66215, USA.
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Prpar Mihevc S, Majdič G. Canine Cognitive Dysfunction and Alzheimer's Disease - Two Facets of the Same Disease? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:604. [PMID: 31249505 PMCID: PMC6582309 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases present a major and increasing burden in the societies worldwide. With aging populations, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing, yet there are no effective cures and very few treatment options are available. Alzheimer's disease is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative conditions and although the pathology is well studied, the pathogenesis of this debilitating illness is still poorly understood. This is, among other reasons, also due to the lack of good animal models as laboratory rodents do not develop spontaneous neurodegenerative diseases and human Alzheimer's disease is only partially mimicked by transgenic rodent models. On the other hand, older dogs commonly develop canine cognitive dysfunction, a disease that is similar to Alzheimer's disease in many aspects. Dogs show cognitive deficits that could be paralleled to human symptoms such as disorientation, memory loss, changes in behavior, and in their brains, beta amyloid plaques are commonly detected both in extracellular space as senile plaques and around the blood vessels. Dogs could be therefore potentially a very good model for studying pathological process and novel treatment options for Alzheimer's disease. In the present article, we will review the current knowledge about the pathogenesis of canine cognitive dysfunction, its similarities and dissimilarities with Alzheimer's disease, and developments of novel treatments for these two diseases with a focus on canine cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Prpar Mihevc
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Majdič
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Physiology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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Ji M, Su X, Liu J, Zhao Y, Li Z, Xu X, Li H, Nashun B. Comparison of naturally aging and D-galactose induced aging model in beagle dogs. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5881-5888. [PMID: 29285136 PMCID: PMC5740571 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been used to study aging for decades. In numerous aging studies, beagles are the most commonly used breed of dog. However, few studies have compared between naturally aging models and experimentally induced aging models in beagle dogs. In the present study, a D-galactose induced aging model was compared with a naturally aging model, and young adult dogs were considered as the young control group. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in serum, and brain tissue were measured. Histopathological comparisons of the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs and spleen were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, in addition, the brain was evaluated by H&E staining, and Nissl staining. The expression levels of aging-associated factors in the hippocampus, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), P16 and P21 were also determined through reverse transcription quantitative-polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analysis. The results indicated that D-galactose induced aging significantly increased the MDA level, while the levels of SOD and GSH-Px were diminished when compared with the young control group, which was similar to the naturally aging group. Parallel histopathological features were observed in the D-galactose induced aging and naturally aging groups compared with the young control group. However, a reduced expression level of PCNA, and increased expression levels of P16 and P21 were observed in the naturally ageing and induced aging groups compared with the young control group. The results of the current study demonstrated that the beagle dogs in D-galactose induced aging model exhibited significant similarities with the naturally aging model, providing evidence to support that the D-galactose induced aging model may be applied to aging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musi Ji
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Liaobu Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523400, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Su
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Jizhen Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Zhidong Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Xun Xu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Huawen Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Bayaer Nashun
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
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Roth TC, Krochmal AR. Pharmacological evidence is consistent with a prominent role of spatial memory in complex navigation. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2015.2548. [PMID: 26865305 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to learn about the spatial environment plays an important role in navigation, migration, dispersal, and foraging. However, our understanding of both the role of cognition in the development of navigation strategies and the mechanisms underlying these strategies is limited. We tested the hypothesis that complex navigation is facilitated by spatial memory in a population of Chrysemys picta that navigate with extreme precision (±3.5 m) using specific routes that must be learned prior to age three. We used scopolamine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, to manipulate the cognitive spatial abilities of free-living turtles during naturally occurring overland movements. Experienced adults treated with scopolamine diverted markedly from their precise navigation routes. Naive juveniles lacking experience (and memory) were not affected by scopolamine, and thereby served as controls for perceptual or non-spatial cognitive processes associated with navigation. Further, neither adult nor juvenile movement was affected by methylscopolamine, a form of scopolamine that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, a control for the peripheral effects of scopolamine. Together, these results are consistent with a role of spatial cognition in complex navigation and highlight a cellular mechanism that might underlie spatial cognition. Overall, our findings expand our understanding of the development of complex cognitive abilities of vertebrates and the neurological mechanisms of navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Roth
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA
| | - Aaron R Krochmal
- Department of Biology, Washington College, 300 Washington Ave., Chestertown, MD 21620, USA
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Roth TC, Krochmal AR, Gerwig WB, Rush S, Simmons NT, Sullivan JD, Wachter K. Using Pharmacological Manipulation and High-precision Radio Telemetry to Study the Spatial Cognition in Free-ranging Animals. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27842346 DOI: 10.3791/54790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An animal's ability to perceive and learn about its environment plays a key role in many behavioral processes, including navigation, migration, dispersal and foraging. However, the understanding of the role of cognition in the development of navigation strategies and the mechanisms underlying these strategies is limited by the methodological difficulties involved in monitoring, manipulating the cognition of, and tracking wild animals. This study describes a protocol for addressing the role of cognition in navigation that combines pharmacological manipulation of behavior with high-precision radio telemetry. The approach uses scopolamine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, to manipulate cognitive spatial abilities. Treated animals are then monitored with high frequency and high spatial resolution via remote triangulation. This protocol was applied within a population of Eastern painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) that has inhabited seasonally ephemeral water sources for ~100 years, moving between far-off sources using precise (± 3.5 m), complex (i.e., non-linear with high tortuosity that traverse multiple habitats), and predictable routes learned before 4 years of age. This study showed that the processes used by these turtles are consistent with spatial memory formation and recall. Together, these results are consistent with a role of spatial cognition in complex navigation and highlight the integration of ecological and pharmacological techniques in the study of cognition and navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Roth
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College;
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Newman LA, Gold PE. Attenuation in rats of impairments of memory by scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, by mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor antagonist. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:925-32. [PMID: 26660295 PMCID: PMC4752895 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist, impairs learning and memory for many tasks, supporting an important role for the cholinergic system in these cognitive functions. The findings are most often interpreted to indicate that a decrease in postsynaptic muscarinic receptor activation mediates the memory impairments. However, scopolamine also results in increased release of acetylcholine in the brain as a result of blocking presynaptic muscarinic receptors. OBJECTIVES The present experiments assess whether scopolamine-induced increases in acetylcholine release may impair memory by overstimulating postsynaptic cholinergic nicotinic receptors, i.e., by reaching the high end of a nicotinic receptor activation inverted-U dose-response function. RESULTS Rats tested in a spontaneous alternation task showed dose-dependent working memory deficits with systemic injections of mecamylamine and scopolamine. When an amnestic dose of scopolamine (0.15 mg/kg) was co-administered with a subamnestic dose of mecamylamine (0.25 mg/kg), this dose of mecamylamine significantly attenuated the scopolamine-induced memory impairments. We next assessed the levels of acetylcholine release in the hippocampus in the presence of scopolamine and mecamylamine. Mecamylamine injections resulted in decreased release of acetylcholine, while scopolamine administration caused a large increase in acetylcholine release. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that a nicotinic antagonist can attenuate impairments in memory produced by a muscarinic antagonist. The nicotinic antagonist may block excessive activation of nicotinic receptors postsynaptically or attenuate increases in acetylcholine release presynaptically. Either effect of a nicotinic antagonist-to decrease scopolamine-induced increases in acetylcholine output or to decrease postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor activation-may mediate the negative effects on memory of muscarinic antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Newman
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 114 Life Sciences Complex, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - P E Gold
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 114 Life Sciences Complex, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
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Bellows J, Colitz CMH, Daristotle L, Ingram DK, Lepine A, Marks SL, Sanderson SL, Tomlinson J, Zhang J. Common physical and functional changes associated with aging in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 246:67-75. [PMID: 25517328 DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bellows
- Pets Dental, 17100 Royal Palm Blvd, Weston, FL 33326
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Bennett BC, Alarcón R. Hunting and hallucinogens: The use psychoactive and other plants to improve the hunting ability of dogs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 171:171-83. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Snyder PJ, Lim YY, Schindler R, Ott BR, Salloway S, Daiello L, Getter C, Gordon CM, Maruff P. Microdosing of scopolamine as a "cognitive stress test": rationale and test of a very low dose in an at-risk cohort of older adults. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:262-7. [PMID: 24698030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal β-amyloid (Aβ) is associated with deleterious changes in central acetylcholinergic tone in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which may be unmasked by a cholinergic antagonist. We aimed to establish an optimal "microdose" of scopolamine for the development of a "cognitive stress test." METHODS Healthy older adults (n = 26, aged 55-75 years) with two risk factors for AD, but with low cortical Aβ burden, completed the Groton Maze Learning Test (GMLT) at baseline and then received scopolamine (0.20 mg subcutaneously). Participants were reassessed at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 8 hours postinjection. RESULTS There were significant differences, of a moderate magnitude, in performance between baseline and 3 hours postinjection for total errors, rule break errors, and the GMLT composite (d ≈ 0.50) that were all unrelated to body mass. CONCLUSIONS A very low dose of scopolamine leads to reliable cognitive impairment at 3 hours postdose (Tmax) and full cognitive recovery within 5 hours, supporting its use as a prognostic test paradigm to identify individuals with potential preclinical AD. This paradigm is being implemented in a larger cohort of healthy adults, with high or low Aβ, to identify pharmacodynamic differences between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Yen Ying Lim
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Brian R Ott
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stephen Salloway
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Neurology, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lori Daiello
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Christine Getter
- Lifespan Clinical Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Catherine M Gordon
- Lifespan Clinical Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Paul Maruff
- CogState, Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Identification and management of cognitive decline in companion animals and the comparisons with Alzheimer disease: A review. J Vet Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kaushal A, Wani WY, Anand R, Gill KD. Spontaneous and induced nontransgenic animal models of AD: modeling AD using combinatorial approach. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:318-26. [PMID: 23687185 PMCID: PMC10852793 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513488914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative and dementing disorder, is characterized by extracellular amyloid deposition, intracellular neurofibrillary tangle formation, and neuronal loss. We are still behind in AD research in terms of knowledge regarding understanding its pathophysiology and designing therapeutics because of the lack of an accurate animal model for AD. A complete animal model of AD should imitate all the cognitive, behavioral, and neuropathological features of the disease. Partial models are currently in use, which only mimic specific and not all of the components of AD pathology. Currently the transgenic animals are the popular models for AD research, but different genetic backgrounds of these transgenic animals remain a major confounding factor. This review attempts to summarize the current literature on nontransgenic animal models of AD and to highlight the potential of exploiting spontaneous and induced animal models for neuropathological, neurochemical, neurobehavioral, and neuroprotective studies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry,Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Willayat Yousuf Wani
- Department of Biochemistry,Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - R. Anand
- Department of Biochemistry,Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kiran Dip Gill
- Department of Biochemistry,Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Concentrations of platelet α2-adrenoceptors, lymphocyte muscarinic receptors, and blood monoamines in dogs (Canis familiaris) affected by canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome. J Vet Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Landsberg GM, Nichol J, Araujo JA. Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:749-68, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Araujo JA, Greig NH, Ingram DK, Sandin J, de Rivera C, Milgram NW. Cholinesterase inhibitors improve both memory and complex learning in aged beagle dogs. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 26:143-55. [PMID: 21593569 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-110005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Similar to patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), dogs exhibit age-dependent cognitive decline, amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, and evidence of cholinergic hypofunction. The present study sought to further investigate the role of cholinergic hypofunction in the canine model by examining the effect of the cholinesterase inhibitors phenserine and donepezil on performance of two tasks, a delayed non-matching-to-position task (DNMP) designed to assess working memory, and an oddity discrimination learning task designed to assess complex learning, in aged dogs. Phenserine (0.5 mg/kg; PO) significantly improved performance on the DNMP at the longest delay compared to wash-out and partially attenuated scopolamine-induced deficits (15 μg/kg; SC). Phenserine also improved learning on a difficult version of an oddity discrimination task compared to placebo, but had no effect on an easier version. We also examined the effects of three doses of donepezil (0.75, 1.5, and 6 mg/kg; PO) on performance of the DNMP. Similar to the results with phenserine, 1.5 mg/kg of donepezil improved performance at the longest delay compared to baseline and wash-out, indicative of memory enhancement. These results further extend the findings of cholinergic hypofunction in aged dogs and provide pharmacological validation of the canine model with a cholinesterase inhibitor approved for use in AD. Collectively, these studies support utilizing the aged dog in future screening of therapeutics for AD, as well as for investigating the links among cholinergic function, Aβ pathology, and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Araujo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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