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Graeff P, Ruscheweyh R, Flanagin VL. Longitudinal changes in human supraspinal processing after RIII-feedback training to improve descending pain inhibition. Neuroimage 2023; 283:120432. [PMID: 37914092 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body has the ability to influence its sensation of pain by modifying the transfer of nociceptive information at the spinal level. This modulation, known as descending pain inhibition, is known to originate supraspinally and can be activated by a variety of ways including positive mental imagery. However, its exact mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated, using a longitudinal fMRI design, the brain activity leading up and in response to painful electrical stimulation when applying positive mental imagery before and after undergoing a previously established RIII-feedback paradigm. Time course analysis of the time preceding painful stimulation shows increased haemodynamic activity during the application of the strategy in the PFC, ACC, insula, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Time course analysis of the reaction to painful stimulation shows decreased reaction post-training in brainstem and thalamus, as well as the insula and dorsolateral PFC. Our work suggests that feedback training increases activity in areas involved in pain inhibition, while simultaneously decreasing the reaction to painful stimuli in brain areas related to pain processing, which points to an activation of decreased spinal nociception. We further suggest that the insula and the thalamus may play a more important role in pain modulation than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Graeff
- Research Training Group (RTG) 2175 perception in Context and Its Neural Basis, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Ruth Ruscheweyh
- Research Training Group (RTG) 2175 perception in Context and Its Neural Basis, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Virginia L Flanagin
- Research Training Group (RTG) 2175 perception in Context and Its Neural Basis, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (DSGZ), University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Abbasi Z, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M, Susanabadi A, Farbin M, Mehrabi S. Acamprosate effect on neuropathic pain in rats: With emphasis on the role of ERK/MAPK pathway and SCN9A sodium channel. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 131:102282. [PMID: 37142001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain owing to nerve damage or diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). The expression of SCN9A, which encodes the Nav1.7 voltage-gated sodium channel and ERK have been found to change significantly in many cases of neuropathic pain. Here, we investigated effects of acamprosate on neuropathic pain, taking into account the crucial roles of SCN9A, the ERK signaling pathway, and inflammatory markers in a rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI). METHODS Acamprosate (300 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 14 days. The tail-immersion, acetone, and formalin tests were used to determine behavioral tests such as heat allodynia, cold allodynia, and chemical hyperalgesia, respectively. Lumbar spinal cord was extracted and processed for Nissl staining. The amount of spinal SCN9A expression and ERK phosphorylation were examined using ELISA assay. RESULTS The expression of SCN9A, ERK, inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), allodynia and hyperalgesia significantly increased on days 7 and 14 following CCI. The treatment not only reduced neuropathic pain but also blocked CCI's effects on SCN9A upregulation and ERK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION This research demonstrated that acamprosate reduces the neuropathic pain induced by CCI of the sciatic nerve in rats by preventing cell loss, inhibiting spinal SCN9A expression, ERK phosphorylation, and inflammatory cytokines, suggesting potential therapeutic implications of acamprosate administration for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Abbasi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tourandokht Baluchnejadmojarad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Susanabadi
- Department of Anesthesia and pain medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mitra Farbin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soraya Mehrabi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Water Drinking Behavior Associated with Aversive Arousal in Rats: An Integrative Approach. Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010060. [PMID: 36672042 PMCID: PMC9857118 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic muscarinic stimulation of vast areas of the limbic brain induced a well-documented polydipsia in laboratory rats. This excessive water-drinking behavior has not received any convincing biological and physiological interpretation for the last 50 years. This review offers such an interpretation and suggests that cholinergically induced drinking response, mostly by carbachol, is associated with activation of the ascending mesolimbic cholinergic system that serves for initiation of emotional aversive arousal of the organism. The ascending cholinergic system originates from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, has a diffuse nature, and affects numerous subcortical limbic structures. It is proposed that the carbachol-induced drinking response is related to the state of anxiety and does not serve the regulation of thirst. Instead, the response is anxiety-induced polydipsia that might occur as a soothing procedure that decreases the aversiveness of the negative emotional state induced by carbachol. It is concluded that carbachol-induced water-drinking behavior is a rewarding process that contributes to alleviating the feeling of anxiety by bringing some relief from the cholinergically induced aversive state, and it is a homologue to anxiety-driven polydipsia in humans.
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Kiratipaiboon C, Dasuni Wasana PW, Sukrong S, Ruangrungsri N, Towiwat P. Herbal root extracts in Ben-Cha-Moon-Yai remedy attenuated pain-like behaviors and inflammation through the opioid and prostaglandin systems. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 290:115088. [PMID: 35149131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ben-Cha-Moon-Yai (BMY) remedy used in Thai traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic agent compromises five herbal root extracts of equal weights: Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa (AM), Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz (OI), Dimocarpus longan Lour. (DL), Dolichandrone serrulata (Wall. ex DC.) Seem. (DS), and Walsura trichostemon Miq. (WT). AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the root extracts of all five species of BMY in experimental animal (mouse) models to ensure the rational use of herbal products in Thai traditional medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Root extracts prepared by ethanol and water extraction were used for the biological assays in animal models at five dose levels: 25, 50,100,200 & 400 mg/kg. The anti-nociceptive activity was evaluated based on hot-plate latency, duration of paw licking induced by formalin, and abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid. Carrageenan- and prostaglandin-induced paw oedema models were used to determine the anti-inflammatory activity. RESULTS The oral administration of AM, DS and WT root extracts displayed significant analgesic effects in the hot-plate test, both phases (early and late) of formalin test and acetic-acid induced writhing test at different dose levels. OI and DL only produced significant analgesia in the late phase of the formalin test and writhing test. The pretreatment of animals with the non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, reverse AM, DS and WT induced-antinociceptive activity. In both carrageenan and prostaglandin-induced paw oedema tests, all five herbal plant root extracts significantly reduced paw oedema at 3 h or more at different dose levels. Rotarod test results showed no effects of five herbal plant root extracts on the balance and the motor coordination at the highest dose level evaluated (400 mg/kg). CONCLUSION The root extracts of AM, DS, and WT possess both central and peripheral anti-nociceptive properties, while OI and DL possess only peripheral analgesic properties. All five root extracts own anti-inflammatory properties, which might be due to their activity on the prostaglandin system. Altogether these findings ensure the rational use of BMY remedy in Thai traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanin Kiratipaiboon
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Peththa Wadu Dasuni Wasana
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ruhuna, Galle, 80000, Sri Lanka
| | - Suchada Sukrong
- Center of Excellence in DNA Barcording of Thai Medicinal Plants, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 103300, Thailand
| | - Nijsiri Ruangrungsri
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pasarapa Towiwat
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Khaleghzadeh-Ahangar H, Khandan S, Khosravi S. Intraventricular insulin adjacent to the arcuate nucleus reduced the formalin-induced pain through dorsal raphe nucleus opioid receptors in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 418:113662. [PMID: 34774584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the diseases that affect nociception. In type 1 diabetes, the insulin release declines. One of the regions that respond to insulin and have insulin receptors is the hypothalamus, especially the arcuate nucleus. This hypothalamic nucleus has proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-containing neurons that affect the pain endogenous modulatory pathways such as dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) via releasing endorphins. So it was tried to investigate the influence of insulin within the arcuate nucleus with/without DR opioid receptors blockade on the nociception in the formalin test paradigm. In the present study, the role of different doses of insulin (2, 10, and 50 mIU/0.5 µl saline) within the arcuate nucleus was investigated via formalin test in type 1 (STZ-induced) diabetic rats. To perform the formalin test, 50 µl of formalin 2.5% was injected subcutaneously (s.c.) into the right palm. The behavior of the animal after the stimulation of pain receptors by s.c. formalin injection was scored from 0 (no distinguished pain) to 3 (the most nociception and highest pain score). Insulin within the arcuate nucleus diminished the nociception in formalin-induced paw in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. Intra-DR naloxone 0.2 µg/0.5 µl saline prevented this analgesia. A possible suggested mechanism for this observation is that insulin reinforces the POMC and endorphin release from the arcuate nucleus and decreases pain through DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Khaleghzadeh-Ahangar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Shaghayegh Khandan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Saeideh Khosravi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Torkamand F, Aghakhani-Lobnani AM, Khaleghzadeh-Ahangar H, Rashvand M, Rahban M, Haghparast A. The role of dentate gyrus dopaminergic receptors in the lateral hypothalamic-induced antinociception during persistent inflammatory pain in male rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 412:113434. [PMID: 34175356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is one of the key brain areas involved in pain modulation. Also, the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus expresses various receptors, including dopaminergic receptors. Dopaminergic receptors play a key role in pain transmission and modulation within the brain. The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of DG dopaminergic receptors in the LH-induced antinociception during the presence of inflammatory pain. Male Wistar rats were used in this study. Cannulae were unilaterally implanted in their skull for microinjections into the LH and DG. The LH was chemically stimulated by carbachol injection (250 nM/0.5 μl saline). In separate groups, different doses (0.25, 1, and 4 μg/0.5 μl vehicle) of the D1- and D2-like dopamine receptor antagonists (SCH23390 and Sulpiride, respectively) were microinjected into the DG, 5 min prior to intra-LH injection of carbachol. Five min after the second injection, formalin test as a persistent inflammatory pain model in animals was done in all rats. The results revealed that carbachol could induce antinociception following formalin injection into rat's hind paw. The 4 μg dose of both antagonists significantly reduced the LH stimulation-induced antinociception in both phases of formalin pain responses. Although the 1 μg dose of sulpiride significantly reduced antinociception during both phases, 1 μg SCH23390 could only reduce this antinociception during the late phase. These findings demonstrate the involvement of DG dopaminergic receptors in the LH-induced antinociception. The results also suggest that the effectiveness of DG dopaminergic receptors is more pronounced during the late phase of formalin-induced pain responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farbod Torkamand
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Khaleghzadeh-Ahangar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Mina Rashvand
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahban
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Siahposht-Khachaki A, Nazari-Serenjeh F, Rezaee L, Haghparast A, Rashvand M, Haghparast A. Dopaminergic receptors in the ventral tegmental area modulated the lateral hypothalamic stimulation-induced antinociception in an animal model of tonic pain. Neurosci Lett 2021; 751:135827. [PMID: 33727128 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in the modulation of formalin-induced nociception is well documented individually. The present study aimed to investigate the role of dopamine receptors of the VTA in the modulation of the LH stimulation-induced antinociception during both phases of the formalin test as an animal model of tonic pain. In this study, male Wistar rats were unilaterally implanted with two guide cannulae in the VTA and LH. In two separate groups, animals received different doses (0.25, 1, and 4 μg/rat) of D1- or D2-like dopamine receptor antagonists (SCH-23,390 or Sulpiride, respectively) into the VTA before intra-LH injection of carbachol (22.83 ng/rat) following formalin injection (50 μL; s.c.) into their contralateral hind paws. The blockade of these two receptors reduced intra-LH carbachol-induced antinociception during both phases of the formalin test. This reduction during the late phase of the formalin test was more than that of the early phase. The results indicated that LH stimulation-induced antinociception was mediated by D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors in the VTA, and so, the neural pathway projecting from the LH to the VTA contributes to the modulation of formalin-induced nociception in the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Siahposht-Khachaki
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Ramsar International Branch, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Laleh Rezaee
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Rashvand
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Khaleghzadeh-Ahangar H, Rashvand M, Haghparast A. Role of D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors within the dentate gyrus in antinociception induced by chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in an animal model of acute pain. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rasouli B, Rashvand M, Mousavi Z, Haghparast A. Role of orexin receptors within the dentate gyrus in antinociception induced by chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in an animal model of inflammatory pain. Peptides 2020; 134:170401. [PMID: 32891686 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a complex experience consisting of sensory, affective-motivational, and cognitive dimensions. Hence, identifying the multiple neural pathways subserving these functional aspects is a valuable task. The role of dentate gyrus (DG) as a relay station of neocortical afferents in the hippocampal formation (HF) in persistent pain is still controversial. The lateral hypothalamus (LH)-HF neural circuits are involved in numerous situations such as anxiety-like behavior, reward processing, feeding, orofacial as well as acute pain. Nonetheless, to our knowledge, the involvement of the LH-DG neural circuit in persistent pain has already remained unexplored. Adult male Wistar rats weighing 220-250 g were undergone stereotaxic surgery for unilateral implantation of two separate cannulae into the LH and DG. Intra-DG administration of the orexin-1 (OX1) and orexin-2 (OX2) receptor antagonists, SB334867 and TCS OX2 29, respectively, was performed 5 min before intra-LH microinjection of carbachol. Animals were then undergone the formalin test using 50 μl formalin injection (2.5%) into the plantar surface of the hind paw. Microinjection of SB334867 or TCS OX2 29 into the DG region attenuated the antinociceptive effect produced by carbachol microinjection into the LH. The preventive effect of SB334867 and TCS OX2 29 on intra-LH carbachol-induced antinociception was approximately equal in both early and late phases of formalin nociception. The results suggest a neural pathway from the LH to the DG, which contributes to the modulation of formalin-induced inflammatory pain through the recruitment of OX1 and OX2 receptors within the DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Rasouli
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Rashvand
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Mousavi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zakeri M, Soltanizadeh S, Karimi-Haghighi S, Haghparast A. Modulatory role of hippocampal dopamine receptors in antinociceptive responses induced by chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in an animal model of persistent inflammatory pain. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:253-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Matini T, Haghparast A, Rezaee L, Salehi S, Tehranchi A, Haghparast A. Role of Dopaminergic Receptors Within the Ventral Tegmental Area in Antinociception Induced by Chemical Stimulation of the Lateral Hypothalamus in an Animal Model of Orofacial Pain. J Pain Res 2020; 13:1449-1460. [PMID: 32606911 PMCID: PMC7304680 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s255250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ventral tegmental area (VTA), as one of the classical components of the brain reward circuitry, shares large neural networks with the pain processing system. We previously showed the role of VTA dopamine receptors in modulation of lateral hypothalamus (LH)-induced antinociception in acute pain conditions. However, considering the fact that the neural systems involved in the mediation of tonic pain are not the same as those that mediate phasic pain. In the present study, we aimed to examine the role of intra-VTA dopamine receptors in LH-induced antinociceptive responses during tonic orofacial pain conditions. Methods Male Wistar rats weighing 230-250 g were implanted with two separate cannulae into the LH and VTA on the same side. Different solutions of carbachol (62.5, 125 and 250 nM), as a non-selective cholinergic receptor agonist that activates the LH projecting neurons, were microinjected into the LH. In the other groups, D1-like dopamine receptor antagonist, SCH-23390 (0.25, 1 and 4 µg/03 µL saline) or D2-like dopamine receptor antagonist, Sulpiride (0.25, 1 and 4 µg/0.3 µL DMSO 12%) were microinjected into VTA, 5 min prior intra-LH carbachol (250 nM), then subjected to orofacial formalin test. Intra-LH carbachol microinjection dose-dependently attenuated biphasic orofacial pain. Results Intra-VTA administration of SCH-23390 or Sulpiride dose-dependently decreased intra-LH carbachol-induced antinociception during both phases of orofacial formalin test with further effects in the late phase. Discussion The findings suggest that chemical stimulation of the LH by carbachol possibly activates the orexin projecting neurons and subsequently, the VTA dopaminergic neurons involved in the orofacial pain modulation. Detecting such neural circuitry offers an alternative approach in the development of more efficient therapies for such debilitating pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Matini
- School of Dentistry, International Branch of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Haghparast
- School of Dentistry, International Branch of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laleh Rezaee
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Salehi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medicine, Ardabil Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Azita Tehranchi
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Role of hippocampal dopamine receptors in the antinociceptive responses induced by chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in animal model of acute pain. Brain Res 2020; 1734:146759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Haghparast A, Matini T, Rezaee L, Rahban M, Tehranchi A, Haghparast A. Involvement of Orexinergic System Within the Nucleus Accumbens in Pain Modulatory Role of the Lateral Hypothalamus in Orofacial Pain Model. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:851-859. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02957-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jeong Y, Wagner MA, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Holden JE. Pain condition and sex differences in the descending noradrenergic system following lateral hypothalamic stimulation. IBRO Rep 2020; 8:11-17. [PMID: 31890982 PMCID: PMC6931064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
LH stimulation produced pronociceptive and antinociceptive effects from alpha-adrenoceptors in naïve male and female rats. LH stimulation produced pronociceptive and antinociceptive effects from alpha-adrenoceptors in male CCI rats. LH stimulation produced alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated pronociception, but not antinociception in female CCI rats.
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is known to modulate nociception via the descending noradrenergic system in acute nociception, but less is known about its role in neuropathic pain states. In naïve females, LH stimulation produces opposing effects of α-adrenoceptors, with α2-adrenoceptors mediating antinociception, while pronociceptive α1-adrenoceptors attenuate the effect. Whether this opposing response is seen in neuropathic conditions or in naïve males is unknown. We used a mixed factorial design to compare male and female rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) to naïve rats, measured by Total Paw Withdrawal (TPW) responses to a thermal stimulus. Rats received one of three doses of carbachol to stimulate the LH followed by intrathecal injection of either an α1- or an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist (WB4101 or yohimbine, resp.) or saline for control. Overall, naïve rats showed a more pronounced opposing alpha-adrenergic response than CCI rats (p < 0.04). Naïve male and female rats demonstrated antinociception following α1-adrenoceptor blockade and hyperalgesia following α2-adrenoceptor blockade. Male CCI rats also showed dose dependent effects from either WB4101 or yohimbine (p < 0.05), while female CCI rats had significant antinociception from WB4101 (p < 0.05), but no effect from yohimbine. These results support the idea that peripheral nerve damage differentially alters the descending noradrenergic modulatory system in male and female rats, and notably, that female CCI rats do not show antinociception from descending noradrenergic input. These findings are suggestive that clinical therapies that recruit the descending noradrenergic system may require a different approach based on patient gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younhee Jeong
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Monica A Wagner
- The University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, 3500 Victoria Street, Victoria Bldg, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Robert J Ploutz-Snyder
- The University of Michigan School of Nursing, 400 N. Ingalls Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5482, United States
| | - Janean E Holden
- The University of Michigan School of Nursing, 400 N. Ingalls Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5482, United States
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15
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The contribution of orexin receptors within the ventral tegmental area to modulation of antinociception induced by chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in the animal model of orofacial pain in the rats. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 31:500-509. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Bechara A, Berridge KC, Bickel WK, Morón JA, Williams SB, Stein JS. A Neurobehavioral Approach to Addiction: Implications for the Opioid Epidemic and the Psychology of Addiction. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2019; 20:96-127. [PMID: 31591935 PMCID: PMC7001788 DOI: 10.1177/1529100619860513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two major questions about addictive behaviors need to be explained by any worthwhile neurobiological theory. First, why do people seek drugs in the first place? Second, why do some people who use drugs seem to eventually become unable to resist drug temptation and so become "addicted"? We will review the theories of addiction that address negative-reinforcement views of drug use (i.e., taking opioids to alleviate distress or withdrawal), positive-reinforcement views (i.e., taking drugs for euphoria), habit views (i.e., growth of automatic drug-use routines), incentive-sensitization views (i.e., growth of excessive "wanting" to take drugs as a result of dopamine-related sensitization), and cognitive-dysfunction views (i.e., impaired prefrontal top-down control), including those involving competing neurobehavioral decision systems (CNDS), and the role of the insula in modulating addictive drug craving. In the special case of opioids, particular attention is paid to whether their analgesic effects overlap with their reinforcing effects and whether the perceived low risk of taking legal medicinal opioids, which are often prescribed by a health professional, could play a role in the decision to use. Specifically, we will address the issue of predisposition or vulnerability to becoming addicted to drugs (i.e., the question of why some people who experiment with drugs develop an addiction, while others do not). Finally, we review attempts to develop novel therapeutic strategies and policy ideas that could help prevent opioid and other substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bechara
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California
| | | | - Warren K. Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center & Center for Transformational Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Jose A. Morón
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Sidney B. Williams
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Jeffrey S. Stein
- Addiction Recovery Research Center & Center for Transformational Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia
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17
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Shafiei I, Vatankhah M, Zarepour L, Ezzatpanah S, Haghparast A. Role of D1- and D2-like dopaminergic receptors in the nucleus accumbens in modulation of formalin-induced orofacial pain: Involvement of lateral hypothalamus. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Pourreza P, Babapour V, Haghparast A. Role of dorsal hippocampal orexin-1 receptors in modulation of antinociception induced by chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Physiol Behav 2018; 185:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Nazemi S, Shamsizadeh A, Haidari-Oranji N, Soleimani N, Azhdari Zarmehri H. The effect of microinjection of dimethyl sulfoxide into the rostral ventromedial medulla on swim stress-induced analgesia. THE JOURNAL OF QAZVIN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/qums.21.6.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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20
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Haghparast A, Shafiei I, Alizadeh AM, Ezzatpanah S, Haghparast A. Blockade of the orexin receptors in the CA1 region of hippocampus decreased the lateral hypothalamic-induced antinociceptive responses in the model of orofacial formalin test in the rats. Peptides 2018; 99:217-222. [PMID: 29042271 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of hippocampus and lateral hypothalamus (LH) in modulation of formalin-induced nociception has been established. The present study aims to examine the role of orexin receptors in the Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) region of hippocampus in modulation of the LH-induced antinociception in the orofacial formalin test. Male Wistar rats were unilaterally implanted with two cannulae into the LH and CA1. Intra-LH microinjection of carbachol was done 5min after intra-CA1 administration of SB-334867 (OX1R antagonist) or TCS OX2 29 (OX2R antagonist). After 5min, 50μl of 1% formalin was subcutaneously injected into the upper lip for inducing the nociceptive behaviors. Solely intra-LH administration of carbachol reduced early and late phases of formalin-induced orofacial nociception in a dose-dependent manner. The antinociception evoked by intra-LH injection of carbachol (0.5μl of 250nM carbachol) was antagonized by intra-CA1 administration of 0.5μl of 3, 10 and 30nM solutions of SB-334867 or TCS OX2 29 during the early and late phases of orofacial formalin test. This effect was more remarkable during the late phase in comparison to the early phase. In addition, anti-analgesic effect of SB-334867 was more than TCS OX2 29 during the early and late phases. The results suggest the interpretation that a neural pathway from the LH to the CA1 probably contributes to the modulation of formalin-induced orofacial nociception through recruitment of both CA1 orexin receptors. Clinical studies are recommended to study the probable effectiveness of orexinergic system in modulation of the orofacial nociceptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Haghparast
- School of Dentistry, International Branch of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Shafiei
- Prosthetic Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Neurophysiology, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Somayeh Ezzatpanah
- Department of Work Psychology and Physiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Role of orexin-2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens in antinociception induced by carbachol stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in formalin test. Behav Pharmacol 2017; 27:431-8. [PMID: 26871404 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Orexins, which are mainly produced by orexin-expressing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), play an important role in pain modulation. Previously, it has been established that the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is involved in the modulation of formalin-induced nociceptive responses, a model of tonic pain. In this study, the role of intra-accumbal orexin-2 receptors (OX2rs) in the mediation of formalin-induced pain was investigated. A volume of 0.5 μl of 10, 20, and 40 nmol/l solutions of TCS OX2 29, an OX2r antagonist, were unilaterally microinjected into the NAc 5 min before an intra-LH carbachol microinjection (0.5 μl of 250 nmol/l solution). After 5 min, animals received a subcutaneous injection of formalin 2.5% (50 μl) into the hind paw. Pain-related behaviors were assessed at 5 min intervals during a 60-min test period. The findings showed that TCS OX2 29 administration dose dependently blocked carbachol-induced antinociception during both phases of formalin-induced pain. The antianalgesic effect of TCS OX2 29 was greater during the late phase compared with the early phase. These observations suggest that the NAc, as a part of a descending pain-modulatory circuitry, partially mediates LH-induced analgesia in the formalin test through recruitment of OX2rs. This makes the orexinergic system a good potential therapeutic target in the control of persistent inflammatory pain.
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22
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Siahposht-Khachaki A, Pourreza P, Ezzatpanah S, Haghparast A. Nucleus accumbens dopamine receptors mediate hypothalamus-induced antinociception in the rat formalin test. Eur J Pain 2017; 21:1285-1294. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Siahposht-Khachaki
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Ramsar International Branch; Sari Iran
| | - P. Pourreza
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - S. Ezzatpanah
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - A. Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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23
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Role of orexin-2 and CB1 receptors within the periaqueductal gray matter in lateral hypothalamic-induced antinociception in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2017; 28:83-89. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Massaly N, Morón JA, Al-Hasani R. A Trigger for Opioid Misuse: Chronic Pain and Stress Dysregulate the Mesolimbic Pathway and Kappa Opioid System. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:480. [PMID: 27872581 PMCID: PMC5097922 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain and stress are protective mechanisms essential in avoiding harmful or threatening stimuli and ensuring survival. Despite these beneficial roles, chronic exposure to either pain or stress can lead to maladaptive hormonal and neuronal modulations that can result in chronic pain and a wide spectrum of stress-related disorders including anxiety and depression. By inducing allostatic changes in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, both chronic pain and stress disorders affect the rewarding values of both natural reinforcers, such as food or social interaction, and drugs of abuse. Despite opioids representing the best therapeutic strategy in pain conditions, they are often misused as a result of these allostatic changes induced by chronic pain and stress. The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system is critically involved in these neuronal adaptations in part through its control of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Therefore, it is likely that changes in the kappa opioid system following chronic exposure to pain and stress play a key role in increasing the misuse liability observed in pain patients treated with opioids. In this review, we will discuss how chronic pain and stress-induced pathologies can affect mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission, leading to increased abuse liability. We will also assess how the kappa opioid system may underlie these pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Massaly
- Basic Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jose A Morón
- Basic Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ream Al-Hasani
- Basic Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
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25
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Esmaeili M, Reisi Z, Ezzatpanah S, Haghparast A. Functional interaction between orexin-1 and CB1 receptors in the periaqueductal gray matter during antinociception induced by chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in rats. Eur J Pain 2016; 20:1753-1762. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.H. Esmaeili
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Physiology; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences; Qazvin Iran
| | - Z. Reisi
- Neuroscience Research Center; School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - S. Ezzatpanah
- Neuroscience Research Center; School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - A. Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center; School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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26
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Göktalay G, Millington WR. Hypovolemic hemorrhage induces Fos expression in the rat hypothalamus: Evidence for involvement of the lateral hypothalamus in the decompensatory phase of hemorrhage. Neuroscience 2016; 322:464-78. [PMID: 26947128 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that the hypothalamus participates in the decompensatory phase of hemorrhage by measuring Fos immunoreactivity and by inhibiting neuronal activity in selected hypothalamic nuclei with lidocaine or cobalt chloride. Previously, we reported that inactivation of the arcuate nucleus inhibited, but did not fully prevent, the fall in arterial pressure evoked by hypotensive hemorrhage. Here, we report that hemorrhage (2.2 ml/100g body weight over 20 min) induced Fos expression in a high percentage of cells in the paraventricular, supraoptic and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus as shown previously. Lower densities of Fos immunoreactive cells were also found in the medial preoptic area (mPOA), anterior hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamus (LH), dorsomedial hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and posterior hypothalamus. Bilateral injection of lidocaine (2%; 0.1 μl or 0.3 μl) or cobalt chloride (5mM; 0.3 μl) into the tuberal portion of the LH immediately before hemorrhage was initiated reduced the magnitude of hemorrhagic hypotension and bradycardia significantly. Lidocaine injection into the VMH also attenuated the fall in arterial pressure and heart rate evoked by hemorrhage although inactivation of the mPOA or rostral LH was ineffective. These findings indicate that hemorrhage activates neurons throughout much of the hypothalamus and that a relatively broad area of the hypothalamus, extending from the arcuate nucleus laterally through the caudal VMH and tuberal LH, plays an important role in the decompensatory phase of hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Göktalay
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - W R Millington
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States.
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27
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Ezzatpanah S, Babapour V, Haghparast A. Differential contribution of orexin receptors within the ventral tegmental area to modulation of persistent inflammatory pain. Eur J Pain 2016; 20:1090-101. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ezzatpanah
- Department of Basic Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tehran; Iran
| | - V. Babapour
- Department of Basic Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tehran; Iran
| | - A. Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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28
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Amirmohseni S, Segelcke D, Reichl S, Wachsmuth L, Görlich D, Faber C, Pogatzki-Zahn E. Characterization of incisional and inflammatory pain in rats using functional tools of MRI. Neuroimage 2016; 127:110-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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30
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Moradi M, Yazdanian M, Haghparast A. Role of dopamine D2-like receptors within the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens in antinociception induced by lateral hypothalamus stimulation. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:508-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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