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Plant stem cells: what we know and what is anticipated. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:2897-2905. [PMID: 30196455 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant stem cell research is of interest due to stem cells ability of unlimited division, therapeutic potential and steady supply to provide precursor cells. Their isolation and culture provides the important source for the production of homogenous lines of active constituents that allow large-scale production of various metabolites. The process of dedifferentiation and reversal to pluripotent cells involves the various pathways genes related to the stem cells and are associated to each other for maintaining a specific niche. Domains such as niche dynamics and maintenance signaling can be used for the identification of genes for stem cell niche. Significant findings have been achieved in the past on plant stem cells however our understanding towards mechanisms underlying some specific phenomenon like dedifferentiation, regulation, niche dynamics is still in infancy. The present review is based on the past research efforts and also pave a way forward for the future anticipation in the field of development of cell cultures for the production of active metabolites on large scale and undertanding transcriptional regulation of stem cell genes involved in niche signaling.
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Wang Z, Yin Y, Hua J, Fan W, Yu C, Xuan L, Yu F. Cloning and Characterization of ThSHRs and ThSCR Transcription Factors in Taxodium Hybrid 'Zhongshanshan 406'. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8070185. [PMID: 28726763 PMCID: PMC5541318 DOI: 10.3390/genes8070185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the GRAS family of transcription factors, SHORT ROOT (SHR) and SCARECROW (SCR) are key regulators of the formation of root tissues. In this study, we isolated and characterized two genes encoding SHR proteins and one gene encoding an SCR protein: ThSHR1 (Accession Number MF045148), ThSHR2 (Accession Number MF045149) and ThSCR (Accession Number MF045152) in the adventitious roots of Taxodium hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan’. Gene structure analysis indicated that ThSHR1, ThSHR2 and ThSCR are all intron free. Multiple protein sequence alignments showed that each of the corresponding proteins, ThSHR1, ThSHR2 and ThSCR, contained five well-conserved domains: leucine heptad repeat I (LHRI), the VHIID motif, leucine heptad repeat II (LHR II), the PFYRE motif, and the SAW motif. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that ThSCR was positioned in the SCR clade with the SCR proteins from eight other species, while ThSHR1 and ThSHR2 were positioned in the SHR clade with the SHR proteins from six other species. Temporal expression patterns of these genes were profiled during the process of adventitious root development on stem cuttings. Whereas expression of both ThSHR2 and ThSCR increased up to primary root formation before declining, that of ThSHR1 increased steadily throughout adventitious root formation. Subcellular localization studies in transgenic poplar protoplasts revealed that ThSHR1, ThSHR2 and ThSCR were localized in the nucleus. Collectively, these results suggest that the three genes encode Taxodium GRAS family transcription factors, and the findings contribute to improving our understanding of the expression and function of SHR and SCR during adventitious root production, which may then be manipulated to achieve high rates of asexual propagation of valuable tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Yunlong Yin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Jianfeng Hua
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Wencai Fan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Chaoguang Yu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Lei Xuan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Fangyuan Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Li G, Ma J, Tan M, Mao J, An N, Sha G, Zhang D, Zhao C, Han M. Transcriptome analysis reveals the effects of sugar metabolism and auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways on root growth and development of grafted apple. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:150. [PMID: 26923909 PMCID: PMC4770530 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The root architecture of grafted apple (Malus spp.) is affected by various characteristics of the scions. To provide information on the molecular mechanisms underlying this influence, we examined root transcriptomes of M. robusta rootstock grafted with scions of wild-type (WT) apple (M. spectabilis) and a more-branching (MB) mutant at the branching stage. RESULTS The growth rate of rootstock grafted MB was repressed significantly, especially the primary root length and diameter, and root weight. Biological function categories of differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in processes associated with hormone signal transduction and intracellular activity, with processes related to the cell cycle especially down-regulated. Roots of rootstock grafted with MB scions displayed elevated auxin and cytokinin contents and reduced expression of MrPIN1, MrARF, MrAHP, most MrCRE1 genes, and cell growth-related genes MrGH3, MrSAUR and MrTCH4. Although auxin accumulation and transcription of MrPIN3, MrALF1 and MrALF4 tended to induce lateral root formation in MB-grafted rootstock, the number of lateral roots was not significantly changed. Sucrose, fructose and glucose contents were not decreased in MB-grafted roots compared with those bearing WT scions, but glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolic activities were repressed. Root resistance and nitrogen metabolism were reduced in MB-grafted roots as well. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that root growth and development of rootstock are mainly influenced by sugar metabolism and auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways. This study provides a basis that the characteristics of scions are related to root growth and development, resistance and activity of rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Juanjuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Ming Tan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Jiangping Mao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Na An
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Guangli Sha
- Institute of agricultural science, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Mingyu Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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4
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Zhang B, Wang Q. MicroRNA-based biotechnology for plant improvement. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1-15. [PMID: 24909308 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an extensive class of newly discovered endogenous small RNAs, which negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcription levels. As the application of next-generation deep sequencing and advanced bioinformatics, the miRNA-related study has been expended to non-model plant species and the number of identified miRNAs has dramatically increased in the past years. miRNAs play a critical role in almost all biological and metabolic processes, and provide a unique strategy for plant improvement. Here, we first briefly review the discovery, history, and biogenesis of miRNAs, then focus more on the application of miRNAs on plant breeding and the future directions. Increased plant biomass through controlling plant development and phase change has been one achievement for miRNA-based biotechnology; plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress was also significantly enhanced by regulating the expression of an individual miRNA. Both endogenous and artificial miRNAs may serve as important tools for plant improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina; Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:186. [PMID: 23785372 PMCID: PMC3685011 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan McCouch
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
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Peng Y, Chen L, Lu Y, Ma W, Tong Y, Li Y. DAR2 acts as an important node connecting cytokinin, auxin, SHY2 and PLT1/2 in root meristem size control. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24226. [PMID: 23518585 PMCID: PMC3907457 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin and auxin antagonistically affect cell proliferation and differentiation and thus regulate root meristem size by influencing the abundance of SHORT HYPOCOTYL2 (SHY2/IAA3). SHY2 affects auxin distribution in the root meristem by repressing the auxin-inducible expression of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transport genes. The PLETHORA (PLT1/2) genes influence root meristem growth by promoting stem cells and transit-amplifying cells. However, the factors connecting cytokinin, auxin, SHY2 and PLT1/2 are largely unknown. In a recent study, we have shown that the DA1-related protein 2 (DAR2) acts downstream of cytokinin and SHY2 but upstream of PLT1/2 to affect root meristem size. Here, we discuss the possible molecular mechanisms by which Arabidopsis DAR2 controls root meristem size.
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7
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Zamioudis C, Mastranesti P, Dhonukshe P, Blilou I, Pieterse CM. Unraveling root developmental programs initiated by beneficial Pseudomonas spp. bacteria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:304-18. [PMID: 23542149 PMCID: PMC3641211 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.212597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots are colonized by an immense number of microbes, referred to as the root microbiome. Selected strains of beneficial soil-borne bacteria can protect against abiotic stress and prime the plant immune system against a broad range of pathogens. Pseudomonas spp. rhizobacteria represent one of the most abundant genera of the root microbiome. Here, by employing a germ-free experimental system, we demonstrate the ability of selected Pseudomonas spp. strains to promote plant growth and drive developmental plasticity in the roots of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by inhibiting primary root elongation and promoting lateral root and root hair formation. By studying cell type-specific developmental markers and employing genetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrate the crucial role of auxin signaling and transport in rhizobacteria-stimulated changes in the root system architecture of Arabidopsis. We further show that Pseudomonas spp.-elicited alterations in root morphology and rhizobacteria-mediated systemic immunity are mediated by distinct signaling pathways. This study sheds new light on the ability of soil-borne beneficial bacteria to interfere with postembryonic root developmental programs.
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23785372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle K H Jung
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23785372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00186/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle K H Jung
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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10
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Khan GA, Declerck M, Sorin C, Hartmann C, Crespi M, Lelandais-Brière C. MicroRNAs as regulators of root development and architecture. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:47-58. [PMID: 21607657 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of growth and development in both plants and animals. In plants, roots play essential roles in their anchorage to the soil as well as in nutrient and water uptake. In this review, we present recent advances made in the identification of miRNAs involved in embryonic root development, radial patterning, vascular tissue differentiation and formation of lateral organs (i.e., lateral and adventitious roots and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodules in legumes). Certain mi/siRNAs target members of the Auxin Response Factors family involved in auxin homeostasis and signalling and participate in complex regulatory loops at several crucial stages of root development. Other miRNAs target and restrict the action of various transcription factors that control root-related processes in several species. Finally, because abiotic stresses, which include nutrient or water deficiencies, generally modulate root growth and branching, we summarise the action of certain miRNAs in response to these stresses that may be involved in the adaptation of the root system architecture to the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazanfar A Khan
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Hassan H, Scheres B, Blilou I. JACKDAW controls epidermal patterning in the Arabidopsis root meristem through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism. Development 2010; 137:1523-9. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.048777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, specification of the hair and non-hair epidermal cell types is position dependent, in that hair cells arise over clefts in the underlying cortical cell layer. Epidermal patterning is determined by a network of transcriptional regulators that respond to an as yet unknown cue from underlying tissues. Previously, we showed that JACKDAW (JKD), a zinc finger protein, localizes in the quiescent centre and the ground tissue, and regulates tissue boundaries and asymmetric cell division by delimiting SHORT-ROOT movement. Here, we provide evidence that JKD controls position-dependent signals that regulate epidermal-cell-type patterning. JKD is required for appropriately patterned expression of the epidermal cell fate regulators GLABRA2, CAPRICE and WEREWOLF. Genetic interaction studies indicate that JKD operates upstream of the epidermal patterning network in a SCRAMBLED (SCM)-dependent fashion after embryogenesis, but acts independent of SCM in embryogenesis. Tissue-specific induction experiments indicate non-cell-autonomous action of JKD from the underlying cortex cell layer to specify epidermal cell fate. Our findings are consistent with a model where JKD induces a signal in every cortex cell that is more abundant in the hair cell position owing to the larger surface contact of cells located over a cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Hassan
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mudgil Y, Uhrig JF, Zhou J, Temple B, Jiang K, Jones AM. Arabidopsis N-MYC DOWNREGULATED-LIKE1, a positive regulator of auxin transport in a G protein-mediated pathway. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:3591-609. [PMID: 19948787 PMCID: PMC2798320 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.065557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root architecture results from coordinated cell division and expansion in spatially distinct cells of the root and is established and maintained by gradients of auxin and nutrients such as sugars. Auxin is transported acropetally through the root within the central stele and then, upon reaching the root apex, auxin is transported basipetally through the outer cortical and epidermal cells. The two Gbetagamma dimers of the Arabidopsis thaliana heterotrimeric G protein complex are differentially localized to the central and cortical tissues of the Arabidopsis roots. A null mutation in either the single beta (AGB1) or the two gamma (AGG1 and AGG2) subunits confers phenotypes that disrupt the proper architecture of Arabidopsis roots and are consistent with altered auxin transport. Here, we describe an evolutionarily conserved interaction between AGB1/AGG dimers and a protein designated N-MYC DOWNREGULATED-LIKE1 (NDL1). The Arabidopsis genome encodes two homologs of NDL1 (NDL2 and NDL3), which also interact with AGB1/AGG1 and AGB1/AGG2 dimers. We show that NDL proteins act in a signaling pathway that modulates root auxin transport and auxin gradients in part by affecting the levels of at least two auxin transport facilitators. Reduction of NDL family gene expression and overexpression of NDL1 alter root architecture, auxin transport, and auxin maxima. AGB1, auxin, and sugars are required for NDL1 protein stability in regions of the root where auxin gradients are established; thus, the signaling mechanism contains feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashwanti Mudgil
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Joachm F. Uhrig
- Botanical Institute III, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jiping Zhou
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Brenda Temple
- The R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kun Jiang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Alan M. Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Schiefelbein J, Kwak SH, Wieckowski Y, Barron C, Bruex A. The gene regulatory network for root epidermal cell-type pattern formation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:1515-21. [PMID: 19174459 PMCID: PMC10941335 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental aspect of multicellular development is the patterning of distinct cell types in appropriate locations. In this review, the molecular genetic control of cell-type pattern formation in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana is summarized. This developmental system represents a simple and genetically tractable example of plant cell patterning. The distribution of the two epidermal cell types, root-hair cells and non-hair cells, are generated by a combination of positional signalling and lateral inhibition mechanisms. In addition, recent evidence suggests that reinforcing mechanisms are used to ensure that the initial cell fate choice is adopted in a robust manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
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15
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Nawy T, Lukowitz W, Bayer M. Talk global, act local-patterning the Arabidopsis embryo. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 11:28-33. [PMID: 18060828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The primary axis and main tissue types of Arabidopsis are laid down in the early embryo. Apical-to-basal auxin flux functions as a global organizer of the axis, and recent reports are clarifying our mechanistic understanding of how a graded auxin distribution is generated and interpreted. Polar targeting of PIN transporters in the cells of the embryo is dynamic and linked to their phosphorylation status, suggesting a flexible mechanism for regulating auxin flux in space and time. PLETHORA transcription factors then interpret the graded auxin distribution to provide positional values along the axis in a dose-dependent manner. A comparable framework for tissue patterning in the radial dimension is still lacking, although cell surface signaling probably plays a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Nawy
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, United States.
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16
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Heimsch C, Seago JL. Organization of the root apical meristem in angiosperms. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2008; 95:1-21. [PMID: 21632311 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.95.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Although flowers, leaves, and stems of the angiosperms have understandably received more attention than roots, the growing root tips, or root apical meristems (RAMs), are organs that could provide insight into angiosperm evolution. We studied RAM organization across a broad spectrum of angiosperms (45 orders and 132 families of basal angiosperms, monocots, and eudicots) to characterize angiosperm RAMs and cortex development related to RAMs. Types of RAM organization in root tips of flowering plants include open RAMs without boundaries between some tissues in the growing tip and closed RAMs with distinct boundaries between apical regions. Epidermis origin is associated with the cortex in some basal angiosperms and monocots and with the lateral rootcap in eudicots and other basal angiosperms. In most angiosperm RAMs, initials for the central region of the rootcap, or columella, are distinct from the lateral rootcap and its initials. Slightly more angiosperm families have exclusively closed RAMs than exclusively open RAMs, but many families have representatives with both open and closed RAMs. Root tips with open RAMs are generally found in angiosperm families considered sister to other families; certain open RAMs may be ancestral in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Heimsch
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Oswego, New York 13126 USA
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Song X, Ni Z, Yao Y, Xie C, Li Z, Wu H, Zhang Y, Sun Q. Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) root proteome and differentially expressed root proteins between hybrid and parents. Proteomics 2007; 7:3538-57. [PMID: 17722204 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the development of wheat roots, a reference map of the major soluble proteins of wheat roots was established using a combination of 2-DE and MALDI TOF MS and MS/MS, and a total of 450 protein spots were detected with silver staining in a pH ranges of 4-7, of which 282 spots corresponding to 240 proteins were identified. These identified proteins were grouped into diverse functional categories. In comparison with a wheat leave proteome, in root, proteins involved in metabolism and transport were over-represented, whereas proteins involved in energy, disease and defense, transcription, and signal transduction were under-represented. To further get an insight into the molecular basis of wheat heterosis, differential proteome analysis between hybrid and parents were performed. A total of 45 differentially expressed protein spots were detected, and both quantitative and qualitative differences could be observed. Moreover, 25 of the 45 differentially expressed protein spots were identified, which were involved in metabolism, signal transduction, energy, cell growth and division, disease and defense, secondary metabolism. These results indicated that hybridization between two parental lines can cause expression differences between wheat hybrid and its parents not only at mRNA levels but also at protein abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Song
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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18
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Uren N. Types, Amounts, and Possible Functions of Compounds Released into the Rhizosphere by Soil-Grown Plants. THE RHIZOSPHERE 2007. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420005585.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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19
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Linke B, Schmidt W. Nutrients as Regulators of Root Morphology and Architecture. THE RHIZOSPHERE 2007. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420005585.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Perez-Perez JM. Hormone signalling and root development: an update on the latest Arabidopsis thaliana research. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:163-171. [PMID: 32689342 DOI: 10.1071/fp06341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms whose developmental programs depend mainly on environmental cues that are sensed and interpreted through hormonal signalling pathways. Roots are specialised plant organs that are instrumental during water and nutrient uptake, biotic interactions, stress responses and for mechanical support. Our knowledge about the basic molecular events shaping root patterning and growth has advanced significantly in the past few years thanks to the use of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. as a model system. In this review, I will discuss recent findings that indicate crosstalk between growth regulators and hormone signalling pathways during primary root development. Further comparative research using non-model species will shed light on the conserved developmental modules among distant lineages involved in root architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Perez-Perez
- Division de Genetica and Instituto de Bioingenieria, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Edificio Vinalopo, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain. Email
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21
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Lamont LB, Kimble J. Developmental expression of FOG-1/CPEB protein and its control in the Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite germ line. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:871-9. [PMID: 17279572 PMCID: PMC1852432 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The specification of a germ cell as sperm or oocyte and determination of cell number remain unsolved questions in developmental biology. This paper examines Caenorhabditis elegans FOG-1, a CPEB-related RNA-binding protein that controls the sperm fate. We find that abundant FOG-1 protein is observed transiently in germ cells just prior to their expression of an early sperm-differentiation marker. As the germline tissue elongates, abundant FOG-1 appears more and more distally as sperm become specified, but disappears when the germ line switches to oogenesis. This dynamic pattern is controlled by both globally acting and germline-specific sex-determining regulators. Importantly, the extent of FOG-1 expression corresponds roughly to sperm number in wild-type and mutants, altering sperm number. By contrast, three other key regulators of the sperm/oocyte decision do not similarly correspond to sperm number. We suggest that FOG-1 is precisely modulated in both time and space to specify sperm fate and control sperm number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana B. Lamont
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Judith Kimble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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22
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Kwak SH, Schiefelbein J. The role of the SCRAMBLED receptor-like kinase in patterning the Arabidopsis root epidermis. Dev Biol 2007; 302:118-31. [PMID: 17027738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell-type patterning in the Arabidopsis root epidermis is achieved by a network of transcription factors and influenced by a position-dependent mechanism. The SCRAMBLED receptor-like kinase is required for the normal pattern to arise, but its precise role is not understood. Here we describe genetic and molecular studies to define the spatial and temporal role of SCM in epidermal patterning and its relationship to the transcriptional network. Our results suggest that SCM helps unspecified epidermal cells interpret their position in relation to the underlying cortical cells and establish distinct cell identities. Furthermore, SCM loss-of-function and overexpression analyses suggest that SCM influences cell fate through its negative transcriptional regulation of the WEREWOLF MYB gene in epidermal cells at the H position. We also find that SCM function is specifically required for patterning the post-embryonic root epidermis and not for the analogous epidermal cell-type patterning during embryogenesis or hypocotyl development. In addition, we show that two closely related SCM-like genes in Arabidopsis (SRF1 and SRF3) are not required alone or together with SCM for proper epidermal patterning. These findings help define the developmental and mechanistic role of SCM and suggest a new model for its action in root epidermal cell patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwan Kwak
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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23
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Costa S, Shaw P. 'Open minded' cells: how cells can change fate. Trends Cell Biol 2006; 17:101-6. [PMID: 17194589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has long intrigued researchers why some but not all organisms can regenerate missing body parts. Plants are remarkable in that they can regenerate the entire organism from a small piece of tissue, or even a single cell. Epigenetic mechanisms that control chromatin organization are now known to regulate the cellular plasticity and reprogramming necessary for regeneration. Interestingly, although animals and plants have evolved different strategies and mechanisms to control developmental processes, they have maintained many similarities in the way they regulate chromatin organization. Given that plants can rapidly switch fate, we propose that an understanding of the mechanisms regulating this process in plant cells could provide a new perspective on cellular dedifferentiation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Costa
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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24
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Zhu Y, Dong A, Meyer D, Pichon O, Renou JP, Cao K, Shen WH. Arabidopsis NRP1 and NRP2 encode histone chaperones and are required for maintaining postembryonic root growth. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:2879-92. [PMID: 17122067 PMCID: PMC1693930 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.046490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
NUCLEOSOME ASSEMBLY PROTEIN1 (NAP1) is conserved from yeast to human and was proposed to act as a histone chaperone. While budding yeast contains a single NAP1 gene, multicellular organisms, including plants and animals, contain several NAP1 and NAP1-RELATED PROTEIN (NRP) genes. However, the biological role of these genes has been largely unexamined. Here, we show that, in Arabidopsis thaliana, simultaneous knockout of the two NRP genes, NRP1 and NRP2, impaired postembryonic root growth. In the nrp1-1 nrp2-1 double mutant, arrest of cell cycle progression at G2/M and disordered cellular organization occurred in root tips. The mutant seedlings exhibit perturbed expression of approximately 100 genes, including some genes involved in root proliferation and patterning. The mutant plants are highly sensitive to genotoxic stress and show increased levels of DNA damage and the release of transcriptional gene silencing. NRP1 and NRP2 are localized in the nucleus and can form homomeric and heteromeric protein complexes. Both proteins specifically bind histones H2A and H2B and associate with chromatin in vivo. We propose that NRP1 and NRP2 act as H2A/H2B chaperones in the maintenance of dynamic chromatin in epigenetic inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Laboratoire Propre du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventioné avec l'Université Louis Pasteur, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
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25
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Alatzas A, Foundouli A. Distribution of ubiquitinated histone H2A during plant cell differentiation in maize root and dedifferentiation in callus culture. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 171:481-7. [PMID: 25193645 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 05/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although histone ubiquitination is known to associate with various chromatin functions, the precise role and mechanism of this modification remains still unknown. In this study, we identified the ubiquitinated form of H2A and estimated its ratio to total H2A in each of the three developmental zones of maize (Zea mays L.) root and in callus cultures derived from them, in order to define possible alterations, either during plant cell differentiation or during their dedifferentiation. Immunohistochemical detection was used to identify the root tissues that contain ubiquitinated H2A and correlate this histone modification with the physiological status of the plant cells. According to the results presented in this study, H2A ubiquitination level is increased in meristematic and elongation zone when compared to differentiation zone, where it is observed only in pericycle and epidermis cells. In contrast, an increase of the ubiquitinated fraction of H2A was found in callus culture derived from differentiation zone compared to cultures derived from the other two zones. We propose that these results support the correlation between histone ubiquitination and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Alatzas
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Athina Foundouli
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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26
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Serralbo O, Pérez-Pérez JM, Heidstra R, Scheres B. Non-cell-autonomous rescue of anaphase-promoting complex function revealed by mosaic analysis of HOBBIT, an Arabidopsis CDC27 homolog. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13250-5. [PMID: 16938844 PMCID: PMC1559785 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602410103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis HOBBIT (HBT) gene encodes a homolog of the CDC27 anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome subunit and is essential for postembryonic development. We induced loss-of-function clones by Cre/lox-mediated recombination of a single complementing HBT transgene in a background homozygous for the strong mutant allele hbt(2311). Defects in cell division and cell expansion are the primary consequences of ubiquitous postembryonic HBT excision. In roots, both cell division and cell expansion are rapidly affected. In contrast, in leaf primordia, cell division and cell expansion halt after a lag phase, which results in different severities of defects in the proximodistal and mediolateral axes. Surprisingly, small clones reveal non-cell-autonomous rescue of hbt mutant cells, indicating a previously unrecognized compensation mechanism for reduced activity of an anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome component critical for cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Serralbo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José Manuel Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renze Heidstra
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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27
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Hardtke CS. Root development--branching into novel spheres. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:66-71. [PMID: 16324881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in deciphering the genetics of Arabidopsis root development has been driven by the availability of novel molecular tools. For instance, combining enhancer trap lines and microarray analyses enabled the creation of an expression map for over 22000 genes at cellular resolution. Such expression profiles often suggest redundant action of homologous genes, which has indeed been observed for several pivotal factors that are required for the organization and maintenance of root meristems. Additional regulators of root development are also being identified by analysis of natural genetic variation. Moreover, microRNA control of gene expression has recently been implicated in root development, and progress has been made in understanding the interplay between environmental and genetic factors in root branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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28
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Ivashuta S, Liu J, Liu J, Lohar DP, Haridas S, Bucciarelli B, VandenBosch KA, Vance CP, Harrison MJ, Gantt JS. RNA interference identifies a calcium-dependent protein kinase involved in Medicago truncatula root development. THE PLANT CELL 2005; 17:2911-21. [PMID: 16199614 PMCID: PMC1276019 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.035394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 08/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cellular or subcellular Ca2+ concentrations play essential roles in plant development and in the responses of plants to their environment. However, the mechanisms through which Ca2+ acts, the downstream signaling components, as well as the relationships among the various Ca2+-dependent processes remain largely unknown. Using an RNA interference-based screen for gene function in Medicago truncatula, we identified a gene that is involved in root development. Silencing Ca2+-dependent protein kinase1 (CDPK1), which is predicted to encode a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase, resulted in significantly reduced root hair and root cell lengths. Inactivation of CDPK1 is also associated with significant diminution of both rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiotic colonization. Additionally, microarray analysis revealed that silencing CDPK1 alters cell wall and defense-related gene expression. We propose that M. truncatula CDPK1 is a key component of one or more signaling pathways that directly or indirectly modulates cell expansion or cell wall synthesis, possibly altering defense gene expression and symbiotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ivashuta
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minesota, St. Paul, Minesota 55108, USA
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