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A Genome-Wide Association study in Arabidopsis thaliana to decipher the adaptive genetics of quantitative disease resistance in a native heterogeneous environment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274561. [PMID: 36190949 PMCID: PMC9529085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens are often the main selective agents acting in plant communities, thereby influencing the distribution of polymorphism at loci affecting resistance within and among natural plant populations. In addition, the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions can be drastically affected by abiotic and biotic factors at different spatial and temporal grains. The characterization of the adaptive genetic architecture of disease resistance in native heterogeneous environments is however still missing. In this study, we conducted an in situ Genome-Wide Association study in the spatially heterogeneous native habitat of a highly genetically polymorphic local mapping population of Arabidopsis thaliana, to unravel the adaptive genetic architecture of quantitative disease resistance. Disease resistance largely differed among three native soils and was affected by the presence of the grass Poa annua. The observation of strong crossing reactions norms among the 195 A. thaliana genotypes for disease resistance among micro-habitats, combined with a negative fecundity-disease resistance relationship in each micro-habitat, suggest that alternative local genotypes of A. thaliana are favored under contrasting environmental conditions at the scale of few meters. A complex genetic architecture was detected for disease resistance and fecundity. However, only few QTLs were common between these two traits. Heterogeneous selection in this local population should therefore promote the maintenance of polymorphism at only few candidate resistance genes.
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Li J, Zhang Y, Gao Z, Xu X, Wang Y, Lin Y, Ye P, Huang T. Plant U-box E3 ligases PUB25 and PUB26 control organ growth in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:403-413. [PMID: 32810874 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant organs often grow into a genetically determined size and shape. How organ growth is finely regulated to achieve a well defined pattern is a fascinating, but largely unresolved, question in plant research. We utilised the Arabidopsis petal to study the genetic control of plant organ growth, and identify two closely related U-box E3 ligases PUB25 and PUB26 as important growth regulators by screening the targets of the petal-specific growth-promoting transcription factor RABBIT EARS (RBE). We showed that PUB25 is directly controlled by RBE in petal development in a spatial- and temporal-specific manner and acts as a major target to mediate RBE's function in petal growth. We also showed that PUB25 and PUB26 repress petal growth by restricting the period of cell proliferation, and their regulation appears to be independent of other plant E3 ligase genes implicated in growth control. PUB25 and PUB26 are among the first U-box E3 ligases shown to function in plant growth control. Furthermore, as they were also found to play a vital role in plant stress responses, PUB25 and PUB26 may act as a key hub to integrate developmental and environmental signals for balancing growth and defence in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Yongxia Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Zhong Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yanzhi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Yaoxi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Peiming Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Tengbo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
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Abstract
Stomatal cell fate and patterning, which are regulated by key transcriptional factors and intercellular communications, are critical for plant growth and survival. The known regulators of stomatal development do not appear to have microRNAs (miRNAs) regulating them. Thus, it remains elusive as to whether and how miRNAs are involved in stomatal development. This study identifies stomatal lineage miRNAs including developmental stage-specific miRNAs. Genetic analysis shows that stomatal lineage miRNAs positively or negatively regulate stomatal formation and patterning. Moreover, biological processes modulated by stomatal lineage miRNAs reveal previously unknown regulatory pathways in stomatal development, indicating that miRNAs function as a critical element of stomatal development. These results provide a resource for guiding the study of stomatal development. Stomata in the plant epidermis play a critical role in growth and survival by controlling gas exchange, transpiration, and immunity to pathogens. Plants modulate stomatal cell fate and patterning through key transcriptional factors and signaling pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to contribute to developmental plasticity in multicellular organisms; however, no miRNAs appear to target the known regulators of stomatal development. It remains unclear as to whether miRNAs are involved in stomatal development. Here, we report highly dynamic, developmentally stage-specific miRNA expression profiles from stomatal lineage cells. We demonstrate that stomatal lineage miRNAs positively and negatively regulate stomatal formation and patterning to avoid clustered stomata. Target prediction of stomatal lineage miRNAs implicates potential cellular processes in stomatal development. We show that miR399-mediated PHO2 regulation, involved in phosphate homeostasis, contributes to the control of stomatal development. Our study demonstrates that miRNAs constitute a critical component in the regulatory mechanisms controlling stomatal development.
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van Buer J, Prescher A, Baier M. Cold-priming of chloroplast ROS signalling is developmentally regulated and is locally controlled at the thylakoid membrane. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3022. [PMID: 30816299 PMCID: PMC6395587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
24 h exposure to 4 °C primes Arabidopsis thaliana in the pre-bolting rosette stage for several days against full cold activation of the ROS responsive genes ZAT10 and BAP1 and causes stronger cold-induction of pleiotropically stress-regulated genes. Transient over-expression of thylakoid ascorbate peroxidase (tAPX) at 20 °C mimicked and tAPX transcript silencing antagonized cold-priming of ZAT10 expression. The tAPX effect could not be replaced by over-expression of stromal ascorbate peroxidase (sAPX) demonstrating that priming is specific to regulation of tAPX availability and, consequently, regulated locally at the thylakoid membrane. Arabidopsis acquired cold primability in the early rosette stage between 2 and 4 weeks. During further rosette development, primability was widely maintained in the oldest leaves. Later formed and later maturing leaves were not primable demonstrating that priming is stronger regulated with plant age than with leaf age. In 4-week-old plants, which were strongest primable, the memory was fully erasable and lost seven days after priming. In summary, we conclude that cold-priming of chloroplast-to-nucleus ROS signalling by transient post-stress induction of tAPX transcription is a strategy to modify cell signalling for some time without affecting the alertness for activation of cold acclimation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn van Buer
- Plant Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Prescher
- Plant Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Margarete Baier
- Plant Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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Glander S, He F, Schmitz G, Witten A, Telschow A, de Meaux J. Assortment of Flowering Time and Immunity Alleles in Natural Arabidopsis thaliana Populations Suggests Immunity and Vegetative Lifespan Strategies Coevolve. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2278-2291. [PMID: 30215800 PMCID: PMC6133262 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective impact of pathogen epidemics on host defenses can be strong but remains transient. By contrast, life-history shifts can durably and continuously modify the balance between costs and benefits of immunity, which arbitrates the evolution of host defenses. Their impact on the evolutionary dynamics of host immunity, however, has seldom been documented. Optimal investment into immunity is expected to decrease with shortening lifespan, because a shorter life decreases the probability to encounter pathogens or enemies. Here, we document that in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana, the expression levels of immunity genes correlate positively with flowering time, which in annual species is a proxy for lifespan. Using a novel genetic strategy based on bulk-segregants, we partitioned flowering time-dependent from -independent immunity genes and could demonstrate that this positive covariation can be genetically separated. It is therefore not explained by the pleiotropic action of some major regulatory genes controlling both immunity and lifespan. Moreover, we find that immunity genes containing variants reported to impact fitness in natural field conditions are among the genes whose expression covaries most strongly with flowering time. Taken together, these analyses reveal that natural selection has likely assorted alleles promoting lower expression of immunity genes with alleles that decrease the duration of vegetative lifespan in A. thaliana and vice versa. This is the first study documenting a pattern of variation consistent with the impact that selection on flowering time is predicted to have on diversity in host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Glander
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Fei He
- Institute of Botany, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Anika Witten
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Arndt Telschow
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Germany
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6
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Nobori T, Mine A, Tsuda K. Molecular networks in plant-pathogen holobiont. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:1937-1953. [PMID: 29714033 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plant immune receptors enable detection of a multitude of microbes including pathogens. The recognition of microbes activates various plant signaling pathways, such as those mediated by phytohormones. Over the course of coevolution with microbes, plants have expanded their repertoire of immune receptors and signaling components, resulting in highly interconnected plant immune networks. These immune networks enable plants to appropriately respond to different types of microbes and to coordinate immune responses with developmental programs and environmental stress responses. However, the interconnectivity in plant immune networks is exploited by microbial pathogens to promote pathogen fitness in plants. Analogous to plant immune networks, virulence-related pathways in bacterial pathogens are also interconnected. Accumulating evidence implies that some plant-derived compounds target bacterial virulence networks. Thus, the plant immune and bacterial virulence networks intimately interact with each other. Here, we highlight recent insights into the structures of the plant immune and bacterial virulence networks and the interactions between them. We propose that small molecules derived from plants and/or bacterial pathogens connect the two molecular networks, forming supernetworks in the plant-bacterial pathogen holobiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nobori
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Akira Mine
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi-shi, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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7
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Ning Y, Liu W, Wang GL. Balancing Immunity and Yield in Crop Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:1069-1079. [PMID: 29037452 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Crop diseases cause enormous yield losses and threaten global food[ED1] security. The use of highly resistant cultivars can effectively control plant diseases, but in crops, genetic immunity to disease often comes with an unintended reduction in growth and yield. Here, we review recent advances in understanding how nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors and cell wall-associated kinase (WAK) proteins function in balancing immunity and yield. We also discuss the role of plant hormones and transcription factors in regulating the trade-offs between plant growth and immunity. Finally, we describe how a novel mechanism of translational control of defense proteins can enhance immunity without the reduction in fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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8
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Farber DH, Mundt CC. Effect of Plant Age and Leaf Position on Susceptibility to Wheat Stripe Rust. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:412-417. [PMID: 27898264 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-16-0284-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In addition to pathogen propagule dispersal, disease spread requires successful infection of host tissue. In plant disease epidemiology, susceptibility of host tissue is often assumed to be constant. This assumption ignores changes in host phenology due to developmental stage. To examine this assumption, 3-, 4-, and 5-week-old wheat plants were inoculated with equal quantities of urediniospores of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of wheat stripe rust (WSR). Disease severity on each leaf was assessed and fit by mixed-effect linear model as a function of leaf position and plant age. Younger plants had significantly greater disease severity than older plants, with mean severities of 50.4, 30.1, and 12.9% on plants that were 3, 4, and 5 weeks old, respectively, at time of inoculation. This effect was greater on leaves higher on the plant. Within same-aged plants, younger leaves had significantly greater disease severity than older leaves, with mean severities of 40.2, 34.8, and 17.7% on the uppermost, second, and third leaf, respectively. These results suggest that the vertical distribution of WSR lesions in agricultural fields could be driven by differences in host susceptibility more so than propagule dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Farber
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis 97331-2902
| | - C C Mundt
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis 97331-2902
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9
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Mine A, Nobori T, Salazar-Rondon MC, Winkelmüller TM, Anver S, Becker D, Tsuda K. An incoherent feed-forward loop mediates robustness and tunability in a plant immune network. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:464-476. [PMID: 28069610 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune signaling networks must be tunable to alleviate fitness costs associated with immunity and, at the same time, robust against pathogen interferences. How these properties mechanistically emerge in plant immune signaling networks is poorly understood. Here, we discovered a molecular mechanism by which the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana achieves robust and tunable immunity triggered by the microbe-associated molecular pattern, flg22. Salicylic acid (SA) is a major plant immune signal molecule. Another signal molecule jasmonate (JA) induced expression of a gene essential for SA accumulation, EDS5 Paradoxically, JA inhibited expression of PAD4, a positive regulator of EDS5 expression. This incoherent type-4 feed-forward loop (I4-FFL) enabled JA to mitigate SA accumulation in the intact network but to support it under perturbation of PAD4, thereby minimizing the negative impact of SA on fitness as well as conferring robust SA-mediated immunity. We also present evidence for evolutionary conservation of these gene regulations in the family Brassicaceae Our results highlight an I4-FFL that simultaneously provides the immune network with robustness and tunability in A. thaliana and possibly in its relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mine
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nobori
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria C Salazar-Rondon
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas M Winkelmüller
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shajahan Anver
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dieter Becker
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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10
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Kao CW, Bakshi M, Sherameti I, Dong S, Reichelt M, Oelmüller R, Yeh KW. A Chinese cabbage (Brassica campetris subsp. Chinensis) τ-type glutathione-S-transferase stimulates Arabidopsis development and primes against abiotic and biotic stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:643-659. [PMID: 27796720 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial root-colonizing fungus Piriformospora indica stimulates root development of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. Chinensis) and this is accompanied by the up-regulation of a τ-class glutathione (GSH)-S-transferase gene (BcGSTU) (Lee et al. 2011) in the roots. BcGSTU expression is further promoted by osmotic (salt and PEG) and heat stress. Ectopic expression of BcGSTU in Arabidopsis under the control of the 35S promoter results in the promotion of root and shoot growth as well as better performance of the plants under abiotic (150 mM NaCl, PEG, 42 °C) and biotic (Alternaria brassicae infection) stresses. Higher levels of glutathione, auxin and stress-related (salicylic and jasmonic acid) phytohormones as well as changes in the gene expression profile result in better performance of the BcGSTU expressors upon exposure to stress. Simultaneously the plants are primed against upcoming stresses. We propose that BcGSTU is a target of P. indica in Chinese cabbage roots because the enzyme participates in balancing growth and stress responses, depending on the equilibrium of the symbiotic interaction. A comparable function of BcGST in transgenic Arabidopsis makes the enzyme a valuable tool for agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Kao
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Madhunita Bakshi
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Irena Sherameti
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Michael Reichelt
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Kai-Wun Yeh
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Reimer-Michalski EM, Conrath U. Innate immune memory in plants. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:319-27. [PMID: 27264335 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The plant innate immune system comprises local and systemic immune responses. Systemic plant immunity develops after foliar infection by microbial pathogens, upon root colonization by certain microbes, or in response to physical injury. The systemic plant immune response to localized foliar infection is associated with elevated levels of pattern-recognition receptors, accumulation of dormant signaling enzymes, and alterations in chromatin state. Together, these systemic responses provide a memory to the initial infection by priming the remote leaves for enhanced defense and immunity to reinfection. The plant innate immune system thus builds immunological memory by utilizing mechanisms and components that are similar to those employed in the trained innate immune response of jawed vertebrates. Therefore, there seems to be conservation, or convergence, in the evolution of innate immune memory in plants and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany.
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12
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Ando K, Carr KM, Colle M, Mansfeld BN, Grumet R. Exocarp Properties and Transcriptomic Analysis of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Fruit Expressing Age-Related Resistance to Phytophthora capsici. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142133. [PMID: 26528543 PMCID: PMC4631441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Very young cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit are highly susceptible to infection by the oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora capsici. As the fruit complete exponential growth, at approximately 10-12 days post pollination (dpp), they transition to resistance. The development of age-related resistance (ARR) is increasingly recognized as an important defense against pathogens, however, underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Peel sections from cucumber fruit harvested at 8 dpp (susceptible) and 16 dpp (resistant) showed equivalent responses to inoculation as did whole fruit, indicating that the fruit surface plays an important role in defense against P. capsici. Exocarp from 16 dpp fruit had thicker cuticles, and methanolic extracts of peel tissue inhibited growth of P. capsici in vitro, suggesting physical or chemical components to the ARR. Transcripts specifically expressed in the peel vs. pericarp showed functional differentiation. Transcripts predominantly expressed in the peel were consistent with fruit surface associated functions including photosynthesis, cuticle production, response to the environment, and defense. Peel-specific transcripts that exhibited increased expression in 16 dpp fruit relative to 8 dpp fruit, were highly enriched (P<0.0001) for response to stress, signal transduction, and extracellular and transport functions. Specific transcripts included genes associated with potential physical barriers (i.e., cuticle), chemical defenses (flavonoid biosynthesis), oxidative stress, penetration defense, and molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered or effector-triggered (R-gene mediated) pathways. The developmentally regulated changes in gene expression between peels from susceptible- and resistant- age fruits suggest programming for increased defense as the organ reaches full size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ando
- Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Carr
- Research Technology Support Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Marivi Colle
- Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
| | - Ben N. Mansfeld
- Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Grumet
- Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
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Terrasson E, Darrasse A, Righetti K, Buitink J, Lalanne D, Ly Vu B, Pelletier S, Bolingue W, Jacques MA, Leprince O. Identification of a molecular dialogue between developing seeds of Medicago truncatula and seedborne xanthomonads. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3737-52. [PMID: 25922487 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria disseminate and survive mainly in association with seeds. This study addresses whether seeds are passive carriers or engage a molecular dialogue with pathogens during their development. We developed two pathosystems using Medicago truncatula with Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. alfalfae (Xaa), the natural Medicago sp. pathogen and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), a Brassicaceae pathogen. Three days after flower inoculation, the transcriptome of Xcc-infected pods showed activation of an innate immune response that was strongly limited in Xcc mutated in the type three secretion system, demonstrating an incompatible interaction of Xcc with the reproductive structures. In contrast, the presence of Xaa did not result in an activation of defence genes. Transcriptome profiling during development of infected seeds exhibited time-dependent and differential responses to Xcc and Xaa. Gene network analysis revealed that the transcriptome of Xcc-infected seeds was mainly affected during seed filling whereas that of Xaa-infected seeds responded during late maturation. The Xcc-infected seed transcriptome exhibited an activation of defence response and a repression of targeted seed maturation pathways. Fifty-one percent of putative ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 targets were deregulated by Xcc, including oleosin, cupin, legumin and chlorophyll degradation genes. At maturity, these seeds displayed decreased weight and increased chlorophyll content. In contrast, these traits were not affected by Xaa infection. These findings demonstrate the existence of a complex molecular dialogue between xanthomonads and developing seeds and provides insights into a previously unexplored trade-off between seed development and pathogen defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Terrasson
- Université d'Angers, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 16 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Armelle Darrasse
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Karima Righetti
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 16 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers
| | - Julia Buitink
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 16 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers
| | - David Lalanne
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 16 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers
| | - Benoit Ly Vu
- Agrocampus Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 16 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers
| | - William Bolingue
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 16 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers
| | - Marie-Agnès Jacques
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Olivier Leprince
- Agrocampus Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 49045 Angers, France
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Li C, He X, Luo X, Xu L, Liu L, Min L, Jin L, Zhu L, Zhang X. Cotton WRKY1 mediates the plant defense-to-development transition during infection of cotton by Verticillium dahliae by activating JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN1 expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:2179-94. [PMID: 25301887 PMCID: PMC4256851 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.246694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved an elaborate signaling network to ensure an appropriate level of immune response to meet the differing demands of developmental processes. Previous research has demonstrated that DELLA proteins physically interact with JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN1 (JAZ1) and dynamically regulate the interaction of the gibberellin (GA) and jasmonate (JA) signaling pathways. However, whether and how the JAZ1-DELLA regulatory node is regulated at the transcriptional level in plants under normal growth conditions or during pathogen infection is not known. Here, we demonstrate multiple functions of cotton (Gossypium barbadense) GbWRKY1 in the plant defense response and during development. Although GbWRKY1 expression is induced rapidly by methyl jasmonate and infection by Verticillium dahliae, our results show that GbWRKY1 is a negative regulator of the JA-mediated defense response and plant resistance to the pathogens Botrytis cinerea and V. dahliae. Under normal growth conditions, GbWRKY1-overexpressing lines displayed GA-associated phenotypes, including organ elongation and early flowering, coupled with the down-regulation of the putative targets of DELLA. We show that the GA-related phenotypes of GbWRKY1-overexpressing plants depend on the constitutive expression of Gossypium hirsutum GhJAZ1. We also show that GhJAZ1 can be transactivated by GbWRKY1 through TGAC core sequences, and the adjacent sequences of this binding site are essential for binding specificity and affinity to GbWRKY1, as revealed by dual-luciferase reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In summary, our data suggest that GbWRKY1 is a critical regulator mediating the plant defense-to-development transition during V. dahliae infection by activating JAZ1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xin He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiangyin Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Li Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ling Min
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Li Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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15
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Mine A, Sato M, Tsuda K. Toward a systems understanding of plant-microbe interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:423. [PMID: 25202320 PMCID: PMC4142988 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants are closely associated with microorganisms including pathogens and mutualists that influence plant fitness. Molecular genetic approaches have uncovered a number of signaling components from both plants and microbes and their mode of actions. However, signaling pathways are highly interconnected and influenced by diverse sets of environmental factors. Therefore, it is important to have systems views in order to understand the true nature of plant-microbe interactions. Indeed, systems biology approaches have revealed previously overlooked or misinterpreted properties of the plant immune signaling network. Experimental reconstruction of biological networks using exhaustive combinatorial perturbations is particularly powerful to elucidate network structure and properties and relationships among network components. Recent advances in metagenomics of microbial communities associated with plants further point to the importance of systems approaches and open a research area of microbial community reconstruction. In this review, we highlight the importance of a systems understanding of plant-microbe interactions, with a special emphasis on reconstruction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mine
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Masanao Sato
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural SciencesOkazaki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
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16
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Le Roux C, Del Prete S, Boutet-Mercey S, Perreau F, Balagué C, Roby D, Fagard M, Gaudin V. The hnRNP-Q protein LIF2 participates in the plant immune response. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99343. [PMID: 24914891 PMCID: PMC4051675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes have evolved complex defense pathways to combat invading pathogens. Here, we investigated the role of the Arabidopsis thaliana heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP-Q) LIF2 in the plant innate immune response. We show that LIF2 loss-of-function in A. thaliana leads to changes in the basal expression of the salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)- dependent defense marker genes PR1 and PDF1.2, respectively. Whereas the expression of genes involved in SA and JA biosynthesis and signaling was also affected in the lif2-1 mutant, no change in SA and JA hormonal contents was detected. In addition, the composition of glucosinolates, a class of defense-related secondary metabolites, was altered in the lif2-1 mutant in the absence of pathogen challenge. The lif2-1 mutant exhibited reduced susceptibility to the hemi-biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and the necrotrophic ascomycete Botrytis cinerea. Furthermore, the lif2-1 sid2-2 double mutant was less susceptible than the wild type to P. syringae infection, suggesting that the lif2 response to pathogens was independent of SA accumulation. Together, our data suggest that lif2-1 exhibits a basal primed defense state, resulting from complex deregulation of gene expression, which leads to increased resistance to pathogens with various infection strategies. Therefore, LIF2 may function as a suppressor of cell-autonomous immunity. Similar to its human homolog, NSAP1/SYNCRIP, a trans-acting factor involved in both cellular processes and the viral life cycle, LIF2 may regulate the conflicting aspects of development and defense programs, suggesting that a conserved evolutionary trade-off between growth and defense pathways exists in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Le Roux
- INRA-AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Institut J.-P. Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Versailles, France
| | - Stefania Del Prete
- INRA-AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Institut J.-P. Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Versailles, France
| | - Stéphanie Boutet-Mercey
- INRA-AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Institut J.-P. Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Versailles, France
| | - François Perreau
- INRA-AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Institut J.-P. Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Versailles, France
| | - Claudine Balagué
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dominique Roby
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Mathilde Fagard
- INRA-AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Institut J.-P. Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Versailles, France
| | - Valérie Gaudin
- INRA-AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Institut J.-P. Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Versailles, France
- * E-mail:
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17
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Cheng X, Wu Y, Guo J, Du B, Chen R, Zhu L, He G. A rice lectin receptor-like kinase that is involved in innate immune responses also contributes to seed germination. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:687-98. [PMID: 24033867 PMCID: PMC4285754 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination and innate immunity both have significant effects on plant life spans because they control the plant's entry into the ecosystem and provide defenses against various external stresses, respectively. Much ecological evidence has shown that seeds with high vigor are generally more tolerant of various environmental stimuli in the field than those with low vigor. However, there is little genetic evidence linking germination and immunity in plants. Here, we show that the rice lectin receptor-like kinase OslecRK contributes to both seed germination and plant innate immunity. We demonstrate that knocking down the OslecRK gene depresses the expression of α-amylase genes, reducing seed viability and thereby decreasing the rate of seed germination. Moreover, it also inhibits the expression of defense genes, and so reduces the resistance of rice plants to fungal and bacterial pathogens as well as herbivorous insects. Yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that OslecRK interacts with an actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) in vivo via its kinase domain. Moreover, the rice adf mutant exhibited a reduced seed germination rate due to the suppression of α-amylase gene expression. This mutant also exhibited depressed immune responses and reduced resistance to biotic stresses. Our results thus provide direct genetic evidence for a common physiological pathway connecting germination and immunity in plants. They also partially explain the common observation that high-vigor seeds often perform well in the field. The dual effects of OslecRK may be indicative of progressive adaptive evolution in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
- For correspondence (e-mail )
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18
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Lyons R, Iwase A, Gänsewig T, Sherstnev A, Duc C, Barton GJ, Hanada K, Higuchi-Takeuchi M, Matsui M, Sugimoto K, Kazan K, Simpson GG, Shirasu K. The RNA-binding protein FPA regulates flg22-triggered defense responses and transcription factor activity by alternative polyadenylation. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2866. [PMID: 24104185 PMCID: PMC3793224 DOI: 10.1038/srep02866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play an important role in plant host-microbe interactions. In this study, we show that the plant RBP known as FPA, which regulates 3′-end mRNA polyadenylation, negatively regulates basal resistance to bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. A custom microarray analysis reveals that flg22, a peptide derived from bacterial flagellins, induces expression of alternatively polyadenylated isoforms of mRNA encoding the defence-related transcriptional repressor ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 4 (ERF4), which is regulated by FPA. Flg22 induces expression of a novel isoform of ERF4 that lacks the ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif, while FPA inhibits this induction. The EAR-lacking isoform of ERF4 acts as a transcriptional activator in vivo and suppresses the flg22-dependent reactive oxygen species burst. We propose that FPA controls use of proximal polyadenylation sites of ERF4, which quantitatively limit the defence response output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lyons
- 1] RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan [2] Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
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19
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Bhattacharjee S, Garner CM, Gassmann W. New clues in the nucleus: transcriptional reprogramming in effector-triggered immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:364. [PMID: 24062762 PMCID: PMC3772313 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The robustness of plant effector-triggered immunity is correlated with massive alterations of the host transcriptome. Yet the molecular mechanisms that cause and underlie this reprogramming remain obscure. Here we will review recent advances in deciphering nuclear functions of plant immune receptors and of associated proteins. Important open questions remain, such as the identities of the primary transcription factors involved in control of effector-triggered immune responses, and indeed whether this can be generalized or whether particular effector-resistance protein interactions impinge on distinct sectors in the transcriptional response web. Multiple lines of evidence have implicated WRKY transcription factors at the core of responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns and in intersections with effector-triggered immunity. Recent findings from yeast two-hybrid studies suggest that members of the TCP transcription factor family are targets of several effectors from diverse pathogens. Additional transcription factor families that are directly or indirectly involved in effector-triggered immunity are likely to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: Saikat Bhattacharjee, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, 314, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA e-mail:
| | - Christopher M. Garner
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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20
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Vetter MM, Kronholm I, He F, Häweker H, Reymond M, Bergelson J, Robatzek S, de Meaux J. Flagellin perception varies quantitatively in Arabidopsis thaliana and its relatives. Mol Biol Evol 2012; 29:1655-67. [PMID: 22319159 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Much is known about the evolution of plant immunity components directed against specific pathogen strains: They show pervasive functional variation and have the potential to coevolve with pathogen populations. However, plants are effectively protected against most microbes by generalist immunity components that detect conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and control the onset of PAMP-triggered immunity. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the receptor kinase flagellin sensing 2 (FLS2) confers recognition of bacterial flagellin (flg22) and activates a manifold defense response. To decipher the evolution of this system, we performed functional assays across a large set of A. thaliana genotypes and Brassicaceae relatives. We reveal extensive variation in flg22 perception, most of which results from changes in protein abundance. The observed variation correlates with both the severity of elicited defense responses and bacterial proliferation. We analyzed nucleotide variation segregating at FLS2 in A. thaliana and detected a pattern of variation suggestive of the rapid fixation of a novel adaptive allele. However, our study also shows that evolution at the receptor locus alone does not explain the evolution of flagellin perception; instead, components common to pathways downstream of PAMP perception likely contribute to the observed quantitative variation. Within and among close relatives, PAMP perception evolves quantitatively, which contrasts with the changes in recognition typically associated with the evolution of R genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Madlen Vetter
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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21
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Schwessinger B, Ronald PC. Plant innate immunity: perception of conserved microbial signatures. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:451-82. [PMID: 22404464 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants and animals sense conserved microbial signatures through receptors localized to the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. These receptors typically carry or associate with non-arginine-aspartate (non-RD) kinases that initiate complex signaling networks cumulating in robust defense responses. In plants, coregulatory receptor kinases have been identified that not only are critical for the innate immune response but also serve an essential function in other regulatory signaling pathways.
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22
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Alcázar R, Parker JE. The impact of temperature on balancing immune responsiveness and growth in Arabidopsis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:666-75. [PMID: 21963982 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved polymorphic immune receptors to recognize pathogens causing disease. However, triggering of resistance needs to be tuned to the local environment to maintain a balance between defense and growth. We consider here the impact of temperature as a key environmental factor influencing immune pathway activation in Arabidopsis. Genetic compensatory and molecular buffering mechanisms affecting the diversification, functionality and subcellular dynamics of immune receptors, reveal multiple points at which temperature intersects with host resistance signaling systems, including a role of at least one receptor in sensing temperature change. Analysis of temperature-dependent autoimmunity caused by allelic mismatches in hybrids of evolutionary diverged Arabidopsis accessions is illuminating processes by which plants maintain 'poise' between immune responsiveness and fitness in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Alcázar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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