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Zhang X, Wang Y, Liu M, Yan P, Niu F, Ma F, Hu J, He S, Cui J, Yuan X, Yang J, Cao L, Luo X. OsEXPA7 Encoding an Expansin Affects Grain Size and Quality Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 17:36. [PMID: 38780864 PMCID: PMC11116307 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-024-00715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yield and quality are the two most important traits in crop breeding. Exploring the regulatory mechanisms that affect both yield and quality traits is of great significance for understanding the molecular genetic networks controlling these key crop attributes. Expansins are cell wall loosening proteins that play important roles in regulating rice grain size. RESULTS We investigated the effect of OsEXPA7, encoding an expansin, on rice grain size and quality. OsEXPA7 overexpression resulted in increased plant height, panicle length, grain length, and thousand-grain weight in rice. OsEXPA7 overexpression also affected gel consistency and amylose content in rice grains, thus affecting rice quality. Subcellular localization and tissue expression analyses showed that OsEXPA7 is localized on the cell wall and is highly expressed in the panicle. Hormone treatment experiments revealed that OsEXPA7 expression mainly responds to methyl jasmonate, brassinolide, and gibberellin. Transcriptome analysis and RT-qPCR experiments showed that overexpression of OsEXPA7 affects the expression of OsJAZs in the jasmonic acid pathway and BZR1 and GE in the brassinosteroid pathway. In addition, OsEXPA7 regulates the expression of key quantitative trait loci related to yield traits, as well as regulates the expression levels of BIP1 and bZIP50 involved in the seed storage protein biosynthesis pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal that OsEXPA7 positively regulates rice yield traits and negatively regulates grain quality traits by involving plant hormone pathways and other trait-related pathway genes. These findings increase our understanding of the potential mechanism of expansins in regulating rice yield and quality traits and will be useful for breeding high-yielding and high-quality rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiwen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Crop Breeding and Cultivation, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicong He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Cao
- Institute of Crop Breeding and Cultivation, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.
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Zhang H, Liu M, Yin K, Liu H, Liu J, Yan Z. A novel OsHB5-OsAPL-OsMADS27/OsWRKY102 regulatory module regulates grain size in rice. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 295:154210. [PMID: 38460401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Grain size, a crucial trait that determines rice yield and quality, is typically regulated by multiple genes. Although numerous genes controlling grain size have been identified, the precise and dynamic regulatory network governing grain size is still not fully understood. In this study, we unveiled a novel regulatory module composed of OsHB5, OsAPL and OsMADS27/OsWRKY102, which plays a crucial role in modulating grain size in rice. As a positive regulator of grain size, OsAPL has been found to interact with OsHB5 both in vitro and in vivo. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing, we successfully mapped two potential targets of OsAPL, namely OsMADS27, a positive regulator in grain size and OsWRKY102, a negative regulator in lignification that is also associated with grain size control. Further evidence from EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR experiments has shown that OsAPL acts as an upstream transcription factor that directly binds to the promoters of OsMADS27 and OsWRKY102. Moreover, EMSA and dual-luciferase reporter assays have indicated that the interaction between OsAPL and OsHB5 enhances the repressive effect of OsAPL on OsMADS27 and OsWRKY102. Collectively, our findings discovered a novel regulatory module, OsHB5-OsAPL-OsMADS27/OsWRKY102, which plays a significant role in controlling grain size in rice. These discoveries provide potential targets for breeding high-yield and high-quality rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Kangqun Yin
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education (Sichuan University), Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems and College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education (Sichuan University), Chengdu, 610064, China.
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3
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Zhao Y, Zhang X, Cheng Y, Du X, Teotia S, Miao C, Sun H, Fan G, Tang G, Xue H, Zhao Q, Peng T. The miR167-OsARF12 module regulates rice grain filling and grain size downstream of miR159. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100604. [PMID: 37085993 PMCID: PMC10504563 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grain weight and quality are always determined by grain filling. Plant microRNAs have drawn attention as key targets for regulation of grain size and yield. However, the mechanisms that underlie grain size regulation remain largely unclear because of the complex networks that control this trait. Our earlier studies demonstrated that suppressed expression of miR167 (STTM/MIM167) substantially increased grain weight. In a field test, the yield increased up to 12.90%-21.94% because of a significantly enhanced grain filling rate. Here, biochemical and genetic analyses revealed the regulatory effects of miR159 on miR167 expression. Further analysis indicated that OsARF12 is the major mediator by which miR167 regulates rice grain filling. Overexpression of OsARF12 produced grain weight and grain filling phenotypes resembling those of STTM/MIM167 plants. Upon in-depth analysis, we found that OsARF12 activates OsCDKF;2 expression by directly binding to the TGTCGG motif in its promoter region. Flow cytometry analysis of young panicles from OsARF12-overexpressing plants and examination of cell number in cdkf;2 mutants verified that OsARF12 positively regulates grain filling and grain size by targeting OsCDKF;2. Moreover, RNA sequencing results suggested that the miR167-OsARF12 module is involved in the cell development process and hormone pathways. OsARF12-overexpressing plants and cdkf;2 mutants exhibited enhanced and reduced sensitivity to exogenous auxin and brassinosteroid (BR) treatment, confirming that targeting of OsCDKF;2 by OsARF12 mediates auxin and BR signaling. Our results reveal that the miR167-OsARF12 module works downstream of miR159 to regulate rice grain filling and grain size via OsCDKF;2 by controlling cell division and mediating auxin and BR signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafan Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiangxiang Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Sachin Teotia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201306, India
| | - Chunbo Miao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huwei Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guoqiang Fan
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guiliang Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Hongwei Xue
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Quanzhi Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Ting Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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4
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Zhou H, Deng XW, He H. Gene expression variations and allele-specific expression of two rice and their hybrid in caryopses at single-nucleus resolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1171474. [PMID: 37287712 PMCID: PMC10242081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1171474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are an indispensable part of the flowering plant life cycle and a critical determinant of agricultural production. Distinct differences in the anatomy and morphology of seeds separate monocots and dicots. Although some progress has been made with respect to understanding seed development in Arabidopsis, the transcriptomic features of monocotyledon seeds at the cellular level are much less understood. Since most important cereal crops, such as rice, maize, and wheat, are monocots, it is essential to study transcriptional differentiation and heterogeneity during seed development at a finer scale. Here, we present single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) results of over three thousand nuclei from caryopses of the rice cultivars Nipponbare and 9311 and their intersubspecies F1 hybrid. A transcriptomics atlas that covers most of the cell types present during the early developmental stage of rice caryopses was successfully constructed. Additionally, novel specific marker genes were identified for each nuclear cluster in the rice caryopsis. Moreover, with a focus on rice endosperm, the differentiation trajectory of endosperm subclusters was reconstructed to reveal the developmental process. Allele-specific expression (ASE) profiling in endosperm revealed 345 genes with ASE (ASEGs). Further pairwise comparisons of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each endosperm cluster among the three rice samples demonstrated transcriptional divergence. Our research reveals differentiation in rice caryopsis from the single-nucleus perspective and provides valuable resources to facilitate clarification of the molecular mechanism underlying caryopsis development in rice and other monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Hang He
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, Shandong, China
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5
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Tiozon RJN, Fettke J, Sreenivasulu N, Fernie AR. More than the main structural genes: Regulation of resistant starch formation in rice endosperm and its potential application. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 285:153980. [PMID: 37086697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, research on resistant starch has evoked interest due to the prevention and inhibition of chronic human diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and obesity. Increasing the amylose content (AC) and resistant starch (RS) has been pivotal in improving the nutritional benefit of rice. However, the exact mechanism of RS formation is complex due to interconnected genetic factors regulating amylose-amylopectin variation. In this review, we discussed the regulatory factors influencing the RS formation centered on the transcription, post-transcriptional, and post-translational processes. Furthermore, we described the developments in RS and AC levels in rice compared with other high RS cereals. Briefly, we enumerated potential applications of high RS mutants in health, medical, and other industries. We contest that the information captured herein can be deployed for marker-assisted breeding and precision breeding techniques through genome editing to improve rice varieties with enhanced RS content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhowell Jr N Tiozon
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, 4030, Philippines; Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, 4030, Philippines
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Hu Z, Tang Z, Yang J, Bao S, Zhang Y, Ma L, Zheng Q, Yang F, Zhang D, Sun S, Hu Y. Knockout of OsSWEET15 Impairs Rice Embryo Formation and Seed-Setting. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:258-268. [PMID: 36525532 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We show that the knockout of a sugar transporter gene OsSWEET15 led to a significant drop in rice fertility with around half of the knockout mutant's spikelets bearing blighted or empty grains. The rest of the spikelets bore fertile grains with a slightly reduced weight. Notably, the ovaries in the blighted grains of the ossweet15 mutants expanded after flowering but terminated their development before the endosperm cellularization stage and subsequently aborted. β- glucuronidase (GUS) and Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) reporter lines representing the OsSWEET15 expression showed that the gene was expressed in the endosperm tissues surrounding the embryo, which supposedly supplies nutrients to sustain embryo development. These results together with the protein's demonstrated sucrose transport capacity and plasma membrane localization suggest that OsSWEET15 plays a prominent role during the caryopsis formation stage, probably by releasing sucrose from the endosperm to support embryo development. By contrast, the empty grains were probably caused by the reduced pollen viability of the ossweet15 mutants. Investigation of ossweet11 mutant grains revealed similar phenotypes to those observed in the ossweet15 mutants. These results indicate that both OsSWEET15 and OsSWEET11 play important and similar roles in rice pollen development, caryopsis formation and seed-setting, in addition to their function in seed-filling that was demonstrated previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hu
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenjia Tang
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuhui Bao
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lai Ma
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qingsong Zheng
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dechun Zhang
- Bio-Technology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, No. 8 Daxue Road, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Shubin Sun
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yibing Hu
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
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Ying Y, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Tappiban P, Zhang Z, Dai G, Deng G, Bao J, Xu F. Identification of a new allele of soluble starch synthase IIIa involved in the elongation of amylopectin long chains in a chalky rice mutant. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 328:111567. [PMID: 36526029 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A chalky endosperm mutant (GM03) induced from an indica rice GLA4 was used to investigate the functional gene in starch biosynthesis. Bulked segregant analysis and sanger sequencing determined that a novel mutation in soluble starch synthase IIIa (SSIIIa) is responsible for the chalky phenotype in GM03. Complementary test by transforming the active SSIIIa gene driven by its native promoter to GM03 recovered the phenotype to its wildtype. The expression of SSIIIa was significantly decreased, while SSIIIa protein was not detected in GM03. The mutation of SSIIIa led to increased expression of most of starch synthesis related genes and elevated the levels of most of proteins in GM03. The CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used for targeted disruption of SSIIIa, and the mutant lines exhibited chalky endosperm which phenocopied the GM03. Additionally, the starch fine structure in the knockout mutant lines ss3a-1 and ss3a-2 was similar with the GM03, which showed increased amylose content, higher proportions of B1 and B2 chains, much lower proportions of B3 chains and decreased degree of crystallinity, leading to altered thermal properties with lower gelatinization temperature and enthalpy. Collectively, these results suggested that SSIIIa plays an important role in starch synthesis by elongating amylopectin long chains in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Ying
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Piengtawan Tappiban
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gaoxing Dai
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Guofu Deng
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Feifei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Molecular bases of rice grain size and quality for optimized productivity. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:314-350. [PMID: 36710151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The accomplishment of further optimization of crop productivity in grain yield and quality is a great challenge. Grain size is one of the crucial determinants of rice yield and quality; all of these traits are typical quantitative traits controlled by multiple genes. Research advances have revealed several molecular and developmental pathways that govern these traits of agronomical importance. This review provides a comprehensive summary of these pathways, including those mediated by G-protein, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phytohormone, transcriptional regulators, and storage product biosynthesis and accumulation. We also generalize the excellent precedents for rice variety improvement of grain size and quality, which utilize newly developed gene editing and conventional gene pyramiding capabilities. In addition, we discuss the rational and accurate breeding strategies, with the aim of better applying molecular design to breed high-yield and superior-quality varieties.
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Ma B, Zhang L, He Z. Understanding the regulation of cereal grain filling: The way forward. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:526-547. [PMID: 36648157 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
During grain filling, starch and other nutrients accumulate in the endosperm; this directly determines grain yield and grain quality in crops such as rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Grain filling is a complex trait affected by both intrinsic and environmental factors, making it difficult to explore the underlying genetics, molecular regulation, and the application of these genes for breeding. With the development of powerful genetic and molecular techniques, much has been learned about the genes and molecular networks related to grain filling over the past decades. In this review, we highlight the key factors affecting grain filling, including both biological and abiotic factors. We then summarize the key genes controlling grain filling and their roles in this event, including regulators of sugar translocation and starch biosynthesis, phytohormone-related regulators, and other factors. Finally, we discuss how the current knowledge of valuable grain filling genes could be integrated with strategies for breeding cereal varieties with improved grain yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Chen Z, Du H, Tao Y, Xu Y, Wang F, Li B, Zhu QH, Niu H, Yang J. Efficient breeding of low glutelin content rice germplasm by simultaneous editing multiple glutelin genes via CRISPR/Cas9. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 324:111449. [PMID: 36058302 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and phenylketonuria (PKU) patients need to eat rice with low glutelin content. Therefore, breeding low glutelin content rice varieties with high yield and delicious taste is one of the major goals of rice breeders due to the high demand for the product. In this study, we designed three sgRNAs targeting nine glutelin genes and generated nine T-DNA-free homozygous editing lines with reduced glutelin content compared with the wild-type due to simultaneous mutation(s) in 5-7 glutelin genes. The glutelin content of two lines is even significantly lower than that of the low glutelin content cultivar, LGC-1. Compared to the wild-type, these low glutelin lines showed similar agronomic traits, including yield components and viscosity properties, and can be used as new varieties or parental materials for further breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Chen
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxu Du
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Yajun Tao
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangquan Wang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Hongbin Niu
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
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11
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Ishimaru T, Parween S, Saito Y, Masumura T, Kondo M, Sreenivasulu N. Laser microdissection transcriptome data derived gene regulatory networks of developing rice endosperm revealed tissue- and stage-specific regulators modulating starch metabolism. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:443-467. [PMID: 35098404 PMCID: PMC8894313 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Laser microdissection applied on the developing rice endosperm revealed tissue- and stage-specific regulators modulating programmed cell death and desiccation tolerance mechanisms in the central starchy endosperm following starch metabolism. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) filial seed tissues are heterozygous in its function, which accumulate distinct storage compounds spatially in starchy endosperm and aleurone. In this study, we identified the 18 tissue- and stage-specific gene co-regulons in the developing endosperm by isolating four fine tissues dorsal aleurone layer (AL), central starchy endosperm (CSE), dorsal starchy endosperm (DSE), and lateral starchy endosperm (LSE) at two developmental stages (7 days after flowering, DAF and 12DAF) using laser microdissection (LM) coupled with gene expression analysis of a 44 K microarray. The derived co-expression regulatory networks depict that distinct set of starch biosynthesis genes expressed preferentially at first in CSE at 7 DAF and extend its spatial expression to LSE and DSE by 12 DAF. Interestingly, along with the peak of starch metabolism we noticed accumulation of transcripts related to phospholipid and glycolipid metabolism in CSE during 12 DAF. The spatial distribution of starch accumulation in distinct zones of starchy endosperm contains specific transcriptional factors and hormonal-regulated genes. Genes related to programmed cell death (PCD) were specifically expressed in CSE at 12DAF, when starch accumulation was already completed in that tissue. The aleurone layer present in the outermost endosperm accumulates transcripts of lipid, tricarboxylic acid metabolism, several transporters, while starch metabolism and PCD is not pronounced. These regulatory cascades are likely to play a critical role in determining the positional fate of cells and offer novel insights into the molecular physiological mechanisms of endosperm development from early to middle storage phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Ishimaru
- NARO Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
- Hokuriku Research Station, Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (CARC/NARO), 1-2-1 Inada, Joetsu, Niigata 941-0193 Japan
| | - Sabiha Parween
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines
| | - Yuhi Saito
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522 Japan
| | - Takehiro Masumura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522 Japan
| | - Motohiko Kondo
- NARO Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines
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12
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Song H, Wang T, Li L, Xing L, Xie HF, Feng BL, Liu JR. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides insights into grain filling commonalities and differences between foxtail millet [ Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] varieties with different panicle types. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12968. [PMID: 35198264 PMCID: PMC8860066 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain filling affects grain weight and quality and is among the most critical factors in determining the yield and quality of cereal crops. Though hybrids have larger panicles and numerous spikelets with a larger sink capacity than conventional varieties, data on the grain filling commonalities and differences between foxtail millet varieties with different panicle types remain sparse. In this study, we found that "Zhang Gu 13" (ZG, large panicle) exhibits a significantly higher panicle weight than "Yu Gu 18" (YG, conventional panicle) at the early stage of grain filling, but the weight of YG increased rapidly and gradually overtook ZG during the middle stages. A temporal expression pattern analysis demonstrated that the genes involved in photosynthesis, metabolic pathways, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were downregulated, while those related to peroxisome function, purine metabolism, and zeatin biosynthesis were upregulated during grain filling in both varieties. A total of 6,832 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in both varieties, with the majority identified at the early and late stages. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis further revealed that the upregulated DEGs in YG were associated with gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and plant hormone signal transduction. Photosynthesis-related DEGs, such as photosystem and antenna proteins, were significantly upregulated in ZG. This study provides preliminary insights into the differences in gene expression and molecular mechanisms of grain filling between ZG and YG in the North China summer-sowing region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song
- Anyang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan, China,Innovation and Practice Base for Postdoctors, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Long Li
- Anyang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Lu Xing
- Anyang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Hui fang Xie
- Anyang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Bai li Feng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin rong Liu
- Anyang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
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13
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Wang W, Xiong H, Sun K, Zhang B, Sun MX. New insights into cell-cell communications during seed development in flowering plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:215-229. [PMID: 34473416 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of seeds is a major reason why flowering plants are a dominant life form on Earth. The developing seed is composed of two fertilization products, the embryo and endosperm, which are surrounded by a maternally derived seed coat. Accumulating evidence indicates that efficient communication among all three seed components is required to ensure coordinated seed development. Cell communication within plant seeds has drawn much attention in recent years. In this study, we review current knowledge of cross-talk among the endosperm, embryo, and seed coat during seed development, and highlight recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hanxian Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kaiting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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14
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Ding X, Jia X, Xiang Y, Jiang W. Histone Modification and Chromatin Remodeling During the Seed Life Cycle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:865361. [PMID: 35548305 PMCID: PMC9083068 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.865361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are essential for the reproduction and dispersion of spermatophytes. The seed life cycle from seed development to seedling establishment proceeds through a series of defined stages regulated by distinctive physiological and biochemical mechanisms. The role of histone modification and chromatin remodeling in seed behavior has been intensively studied in recent years. In this review, we summarize progress in elucidating the regulatory network of these two kinds of epigenetic regulation during the seed life cycle, especially in two model plants, rice and Arabidopsis. Particular emphasis is placed on epigenetic effects on primary tissue formation (e.g., the organized development of embryo and endosperm), pivotal downstream gene expression (e.g., transcription of DOG1 in seed dormancy and repression of seed maturation genes in seed-to-seedling transition), and environmental responses (e.g., seed germination in response to different environmental cues). Future prospects for understanding of intricate interplay of epigenetic pathways and the epigenetic mechanisms in other commercial species are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Ding
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuhui Jia
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yong Xiang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenhui Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhui Jiang,
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15
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Yoon J, Cho L, Kim S, Tun W, Peng X, Pasriga R, Moon S, Hong W, Ji H, Jung K, Jeon J, An G. CTP synthase is essential for early endosperm development by regulating nuclei spacing. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:2177-2191. [PMID: 34058048 PMCID: PMC8541778 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grain endosperms are an important source of human nutrition. Nuclear division in early endosperm development plays a major role in determining seed size; however, this development is not well understood. We identified the rice mutant endospermless 2 (enl2), which shows defects in the early stages of endosperm development. These phenotypes arise from mutations in OsCTPS1 that encodes a cytidine triphosphate synthase (CTPS). Both wild-type and mutant endosperms were normal at 8 h after pollination (HAP). In contrast, at 24 HAP, enl2 endosperm had approximately 10-16 clumped nuclei while wild-type nuclei had increased in number and migrated to the endosperm periphery. Staining of microtubules in endosperm at 24 HAP revealed that wild-type nuclei were evenly distributed by microtubules while the enl2-2 nuclei were tightly packed due to their reduction in microtubule association. In addition, OsCTPS1 interacts with tubulins; thus, these observations suggest that OsCTPS1 may be involved in microtubule formation. OsCTPS1 transiently formed macromolecular structures in the endosperm during early developmental stages, further supporting the idea that OsCTPS1 may function as a structural component during endosperm development. Finally, overexpression of OsCTPS1 increased seed weight by promoting endosperm nuclear division, suggesting that this trait could be used to increase grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmi Yoon
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of BiotechnologyKyung Hee UniversityYonginRepublic of Korea
- Department of Plant BioscienceCollege of Natural Resources and Life SciencePusan National UniversityMiryangRepublic of Korea
| | - Lae‐Hyeon Cho
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of BiotechnologyKyung Hee UniversityYonginRepublic of Korea
- Department of Plant BioscienceCollege of Natural Resources and Life SciencePusan National UniversityMiryangRepublic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Ryul Kim
- Gene Identification and Validation GroupGenetic Design and Validation UnitInternational Rice Research Institute (IRRI)Metro ManilaPhilippines
| | - Win Tun
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of BiotechnologyKyung Hee UniversityYonginRepublic of Korea
| | - Xin Peng
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of BiotechnologyKyung Hee UniversityYonginRepublic of Korea
- Institution of Genomics and BioinformaticsSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Richa Pasriga
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of BiotechnologyKyung Hee UniversityYonginRepublic of Korea
| | - Sunok Moon
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of BiotechnologyKyung Hee UniversityYonginRepublic of Korea
| | - Woo‐Jong Hong
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of BiotechnologyKyung Hee UniversityYonginRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyeonso Ji
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development AdministrationJeonjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Ki‐Hong Jung
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of BiotechnologyKyung Hee UniversityYonginRepublic of Korea
| | - Jong‐Seong Jeon
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of BiotechnologyKyung Hee UniversityYonginRepublic of Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of BiotechnologyKyung Hee UniversityYonginRepublic of Korea
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16
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Li DQ, Wu XB, Wang HF, Feng X, Yan SJ, Wu SY, Liu JX, Yao XF, Bai AN, Zhao H, Song XF, Guo L, Zhang SY, Liu CM. Defective mitochondrial function by mutation in THICK ALEURONE 1 encoding a mitochondrion-targeted single-stranded DNA-binding protein leads to increased aleurone cell layers and improved nutrition in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1343-1361. [PMID: 34015460 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cereal endosperm comprises an outer aleurone and an inner starchy endosperm. Although these two tissues have the same developmental origin, they differ in morphology, cell fate, and storage product accumulation, with the mechanism largely unknown. Here, we report the identification and characterization of rice thick aleurone 1 (ta1) mutant that shows an increased number of aleurone cell layers and increased contents of nutritional factors including proteins, lipids, vitamins, dietary fibers, and micronutrients. We identified that the TA1 gene, which is expressed in embryo, aleurone, and subaleurone in caryopses, encodes a mitochondrion-targeted protein with single-stranded DNA-binding activity named OsmtSSB1. Cytological analyses revealed that the increased aleurone cell layers in ta1 originate from a developmental switch of subaleurone toward aleurone instead of starchy endosperm in the wild type. We found that TA1/OsmtSSB1 interacts with mitochondrial DNA recombinase RECA3 and DNA helicase TWINKLE, and downregulation of RECA3 or TWINKLE also leads to ta1-like phenotypes. We further showed that mutation in TA1/OsmtSSB1 causes elevated illegitimate recombinations in the mitochondrial genome, altered mitochondrial morphology, and compromised energy supply, suggesting that the OsmtSSB1-mediated mitochondrial function plays a critical role in subaleurone cell-fate determination in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Xiao-Ba Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Hai-Feng Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shi-Juan Yan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Sheng-Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Jin-Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Xue-Feng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Ai-Ning Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiu-Fen Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shi-Yong Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chun-Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China; Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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17
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Xian L, Long Y, Yang M, Chen Z, Wu J, Liu X, Wang L. iTRAQ-based quantitative glutelin proteomic analysis reveals differentially expressed proteins in the physiological metabolism process during endosperm development and their impacts on yield and quality in autotetraploid rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 306:110859. [PMID: 33775365 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Autotetraploid rice, which is developed through chromosome set doubling using diploid rice, produces high-quality kernels that are rich in storage proteins. However, little information is available about the content of different proteins in autotetraploid rice and their proteomic analysis. The dynamic changes in four storage proteins, namely, albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin, were analyzed in the endosperm of autotetraploid rice (AJNT-4x) and in that of its diploid counterpart (AJNT-2x) for comparison. The contents of the four proteins were all higher during endosperm development in AJNT-4x than in AJNT-2x, but their change and composition were almost the same in the two materials. Then, iTRAQ was employed to analyze the glutelin profiles of AJNT-4x and AJNT-2x at 10 DAF, 15 DAF, and 20 DAF. A total of 1326 proteins were identified in AJNT-4x and AJNT-2x using high-throughput LC-MS/MS. Among the 1326 identified proteins, there were 362 DEPs in AJNT-4x compared with AJNT-2x and 372 DEPs between different developmental stages in AJNT-4x. Eight important upregulated proteins were identified by qRT-PCR, including B8AM24, B8ARJ0, B8AQM6, A2ZCE6, and P37833. Among them, B8AM24 and B8ARJ0 were related to the lysine biosynthesis process. GO enrichment analysis revealed that the critical functions of DEPs exhibited little overlap between the 10, 15, and 20 DAF groups. Endosperm glutelin accumulation was regulated mainly by different DEPs during the early stage, and 15 DAF was a critical regulating point for glutelin accumulation. KEGG pathway analysis showed that ribosomal proteins were significantly higher in AJNT-4x than in AJNT-2x at 10 DAF, and protein processing, biosynthesis, and metabolism of amino acids were higher and more active in AJNT-4x at 15 DAF, while the peroxisome was richer in AJNT-4x at 20 DAF. The PPI network showed that ribosomal proteins gradually decreased with increasing endosperm development. These results provide new insights into dynamic glutelin expression differences during endosperm development in autotetraploid rice, which will aid in the development of rice cultivars with increased yield and improved grain nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanxi Long
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Meng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhixiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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18
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Yao S, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhao C, Zhou L, Chen T, Zhao QY, Pillay B, Wang C. Effects of soluble starch synthase genes on eating and cooking quality in semi waxy japonica rice with Wxmp. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-020-00036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe purpose of this study is to reveal the genetic mechanism of the variation of amylose content among different semi waxy or glutinous japonica rice in the background of Wxmp gene. Sixty-four semi waxy lines derived from the hybrid progenies of Wujing 13 and Milky Princess (Kantou 194) with polymorphism in soluble starch synthase gene SSIIa (SSII-3) and SSIIIa (SSIII-2) but no polymorphism in other starch synthase related genes were used as test materials. The genotypes of SSIIa and SSIIIa allele were identified by molecular markers, and the allelic effects of SSIIa and SSIIIa gene on amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC), gelatinization temperature (GT) and rapid visco analyzer (RVA) profile characteristics were analyzed. The significant effects of SSIIa and SSIIIa alleles and the interactive effects between two genes on AC, GT, GC and RVA profile characteristics were found. The SSIIa and SSIIIa alleles from Wujing13 shown positive effects on AC with an average increase of 1.87 and 1.23% in 2 years respectively. There was no significant effect on GT for SSIIa or SSIIIa allele but remarkable influence on GT when the co-existence of the two genes. The genotype SSIIampSSIIIamp shown 1.34 °C higher GT than genotype SSIIawjSSIIIawj (mp and wj indicated that the gene was derived from Milky Princess and Wujing 13 respectively, the same as in the below). Different genes and alleles resulted in significant different GC. The genetic effect of SSIIawj and SSIIIamp on GC was 8.74 and 9.62 mm respectively. The GC of SSIIawjSSIIIamp was 10.64 and 16.95 mm higher than that of SSIIampSSIIIawj and SSIIawjSSIIIawj, respectively. The allele SSIIawj could increase the peak viscosity (PKV), hot paste viscosity (HPV), cool paste viscosity (CPV) and breakdown viscosity (BDV), while decrease the consistency viscosity (CSV) and setback viscosity (SBV). However for the allele SSIIIawj the opposite was true. The genotype SSIIawjSSIIIamp had the largest PKV, HPV and CPV, the genotype SSIIawjSSIIIawj had the largest BDV and CSV, but the genotype SSIIawjSSIIIamp had the least SBV. According to the comprehensive effect of each trait, the genotype SSIIawjSSIIIamp was the best. The allelic variation and interaction effect of SSIIa and SSIIIa genes have important reference value for improving cooking and eating quality of semi waxy japonica rice.
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19
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Wang X, Yan X, Tian X, Zhang Z, Wu W, Shang J, Ouyang J, Yao W, Li S. Glycine- and Proline-Rich Protein OsGPRP3 Regulates Grain Size and Quality in Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7581-7590. [PMID: 32579349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The grain size and shape of rice are limited by the growth of the spikelet hulls and are important selective target during domestication and breeding. In this study, we identified a glycine- and proline-rich protein (OsGPRP3), which belongs to a conserved family rarely studied. We found that OsGPRP3 was highly expressed in the seed at 10 days after pollination (DAP) using qRT-PCR, pOsGPRP3::GUS and in situ hybridization. Knockout and knockdown of OsGPRP3 led to significant decrease of 1000-grain weight, grain width, and grain thickness. We further found that the content of storage protein and total lipid were decreased in osgprp3 lines. In particular, the contents of C14:0 (myristic acid), C16:0 (palmitic acid), C18:1 (oleic acid), and C18:2 (linoleic acid) were reduced in osgprp3 lines. Cytological experiments revealed that the cell width of spikelet hull in osgprp3 lines was significantly reduced than that in WT. Taken together, our results reveal that OsGPRP3 regulates the grain size and shape of rice by influencing the cell width of spikelet hulls and the accumulation of storage protein and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of life sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of life sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of life sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zongfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of life sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of life sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Junjun Shang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of life sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jiexiu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of life sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Wen Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of life sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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20
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Kodamatani H, Daiba Y, Morisaki S, Ichitani K, Kanzaki R, Tomiyasu T. Detailed investigation of methylmercury accumulation in rice grain from Hg 2+-spiked non-contaminated paddy field soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125827. [PMID: 31955040 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Total-Hg (T-Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in rice grains were measured to understand the MeHg accumulation process. Rice plants were cultivated in Hg2+-spiked non-contaminated soils in experimental pots at three different places. Although soil MeHg concentrations in the pots changed significantly and individually during the rice-growing season, T-Hg concentration of brown rice grain was high at high soil MeHg concentration. In addition, there was no significant variation in T-Hg concentration in brown rice grains from individual panicles or among panicles obtained from the same pot, although the period of growth for each panicle was different. The highest T-Hg concentration of brown rice grains recorded for a panicle was 1.4 ± 0.1 mg kg-1 (n = 8), and the corresponding MeHg ratio was 76%. In addition, the T-Hg and MeHg concentrations in various parts of the brown rice grain-white rice (endosperm), bran, and embryo-were measured. Among the parts of the brown rice grain, the embryo had the highest Hg concentration. Furthermore, Hg concentration in the grain was constant during grain filling. These findings suggest that MeHg formed in soil accumulates in the rice plant during growth and is supplied to the rice grains continuously for the entire duration of the grain development period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kodamatani
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Yuri Daiba
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shintarou Morisaki
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Ichitani
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ryo Kanzaki
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Takashi Tomiyasu
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
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21
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Suzuki R, Imamura T, Nonaga Y, Kusano H, Teramura H, Sekine KT, Yamashita T, Shimada H. A novel FLOURY ENDOSPERM2 (FLO2)-interacting protein, is involved in maintaining fertility and seed quality in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:47-55. [PMID: 32362748 PMCID: PMC7193828 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.1212b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crop plants accumulate a large amount of storage starch and storage proteins in the endosperm. Genes involved in the biosynthesis of these substances work in concert during development of the rice endosperm. The rice flo2 mutant produces aberrant seeds with reduced grain quality. FLOURRY ENDOSPERM 2 (FLO2), the causative gene of the flo2 mutant, is considered to be a regulatory protein that controls the biosynthesis of seed storage substances. FLO2 contains tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs that may mediate protein-protein interactions. In this study, we identified the protein that interacts with the TPR motif of FLO2. We generated a transformant that produced the FLAG-tagged fusion FLO2 protein in the flo2 mutant and used this in the shotgun proteomic analysis. A protein, which we named FLOC1, interacted with FLO2. In vitro pull-down assays indicated that the TPR motif was involved in this interaction. A knock-down transformant of FLOC1 showed significantly reducted fertility and generation of seeds with abnormal features. These findings suggest that FLOC1 is involved not only in seed fertility but also in seed quality. These phenotypes were also observed on the RNAi transformants of the flo2 mutant although the effect of the flo2 mutation remained. these findings imply that there is a difference in the functions of FLO2 and FLOC1 although both of appear to be involved in the control of seed quality during seed formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Imamura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yoko Nonaga
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kusano
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Teramura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Ken-Taro Sekine
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yamashita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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22
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An L, Tao Y, Chen H, He M, Xiao F, Li G, Ding Y, Liu Z. Embryo-Endosperm Interaction and Its Agronomic Relevance to Rice Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:587641. [PMID: 33424883 PMCID: PMC7793959 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.587641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Embryo-endosperm interaction is the dominant process controlling grain filling, thus being crucial for yield and quality formation of the three most important cereals worldwide, rice, wheat, and maize. Fundamental science of functional genomics has uncovered several key genetic programs for embryo and endosperm development, but the interaction or communication between the two tissues is largely elusive. Further, the significance of this interaction for grain filling remains open. This review starts with the morphological and developmental aspects of rice grain, providing a spatial and temporal context. Then, it offers a comprehensive and integrative view of this intercompartmental interaction, focusing on (i) apoplastic nutrient flow from endosperm to the developing embryo, (ii) dependence of embryo development on endosperm, (iii) regulation of endosperm development by embryo, and (iv) bidirectional dialogues between embryo and endosperm. From perspective of embryo-endosperm interaction, the mechanisms underlying the complex quality traits are explored, with grain chalkiness as an example. The review ends with three open questions with scientific and agronomic importance that should be addressed in the future. Notably, current knowledge and future prospects of this hot research topic are reviewed from a viewpoint of crop physiology, which should be helpful for bridging the knowledge gap between the fundamental plant sciences and the practical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu An
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Tao
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingjie He
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ganghua Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenghui Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenghui Liu,
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23
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Yang J, Tian R, Gao Z, Yang H. Characterization of AtWRI1 in fatty acids and starch synthesis in rice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1807-1814. [PMID: 31179846 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1621150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
WRINKLED1 (WRI1) belongs to AP2/EREBP transcription factor. Its function in dicots for fatty acids synthesis has been deeply studied, but its role in monocot, especially in rice, is still poorly understood. Here, with the overexpression of AtWRI1 in rice, we found its overexpression increased fatty acids content in vegetative organs and seed coat including aleurone layer (SCAL) but decreased fatty acids content in endosperm. Meanwhile, the overexpression of AtWRI1 increased starch content in endosperm. These results provide a new insight into the function of AtWRI1in monocot and make a previous basement for the study of the connection of fatty acids and starch synthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxing Yang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , China
| | - Rongcai Tian
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , China
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , China
| | - Huibing Yang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , China
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24
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Xiong Y, Ren Y, Li W, Wu F, Yang W, Huang X, Yao J. NF-YC12 is a key multi-functional regulator of accumulation of seed storage substances in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3765-3780. [PMID: 31211389 PMCID: PMC6685661 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Starch and storage proteins, the primary storage substances of cereal endosperm, are a major source of food for humans. However, the transcriptional regulatory networks of the synthesis and accumulation of storage substances remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a rice endosperm-specific gene, NF-YC12, that encodes a putative nuclear factor-Y transcription factor subunit C. NF-YC12 is expressed in the aleurone layer and starchy endosperm during grain development. Knockout of NF-YC12 significantly decreased grain weight as well as altering starch and protein accumulation and starch granule formation. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that in the nf-yc12 mutant genes related to starch biosynthesis and the metabolism of energy reserves were enriched in the down-regulated category. In addition, starch and protein contents in seeds differed between NF-YC12-overexpression lines and the wild-type. NF-YC12 was found to interact with NF-YB1. ChIP-qPCR and yeast one-hybrid assays showed that NF-YC12 regulated the rice sucrose transporter OsSUT1 in coordination with NF-YB1 in the aleurone layer. In addition, NF-YC12 was directly bound to the promoters of FLO6 (FLOURY ENDOSPERM6) and OsGS1;3 (glutamine synthetase1) in developing endosperm. This study demonstrates a transcriptional regulatory network involving NF-YC12, which coordinates multiple pathways to regulate endosperm development and the accumulation of storage substances in rice seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xiong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Ren
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengsheng Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jialing Yao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Correspondence:
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25
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Probing early wheat grain development via transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 20:63-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Azizi P, Osman M, Hanafi MM, Sahebi M, Rafii MY, Taheri S, Harikrishna JA, Tarinejad AR, Mat Sharani S, Yusuf MN. Molecular insights into the regulation of rice kernel elongation. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:904-923. [PMID: 31303070 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1632257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A large number of rice agronomic traits are complex, multi factorial and polygenic. As the mechanisms and genes determining grain size and yield are largely unknown, the identification of regulatory genes related to grain development remains a preeminent approach in rice genetic studies and breeding programs. Genes regulating cell proliferation and expansion in spikelet hulls and participating in endosperm development are the main controllers of rice kernel elongation and grain size. We review here and discuss recent findings on genes controlling rice grain size and the mechanisms, epialleles, epigenomic variation, and assessment of controlling genes using genome-editing tools relating to kernel elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Azizi
- a Laboratory of Plantation Science and Technology, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.,b Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - M Osman
- c Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - M M Hanafi
- a Laboratory of Plantation Science and Technology, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.,b Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.,d Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - M Sahebi
- b Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - M Y Rafii
- b Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.,c Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - S Taheri
- e Centre of Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - J A Harikrishna
- e Centre of Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - A R Tarinejad
- f Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University , Tabriz , Iran
| | - S Mat Sharani
- g Malaysia Genome Institute , Jalan Bangi , Malaysia
| | - M N Yusuf
- g Malaysia Genome Institute , Jalan Bangi , Malaysia
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27
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Takahashi K, Kohno H, Kanabayashi T, Okuda M. Glutelin subtype-dependent protein localization in rice grain evidenced by immunodetection analyses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:231-246. [PMID: 30911876 PMCID: PMC6542783 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00855-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
GluA and GluB-4/5 glutelin subfamilies are mainly localized to outer region of the endosperm, particularly in its ventral side, in rice grain, but GluC is localized to throughout the endosperm. The major seed storage protein in rice (Oryza sativa) is glutelin, which forms a vacuole-derived protein body type-II. Glutelins are encoded by multiple genes, and generally comprise four protein subfamilies, namely, GluA, GluB, GluC, and GluD: however, the localization pattern of glutelin in rice grains remains obscure. In this study, we investigated the localization pattern of five subtypes of the glutelin protein in rice grains using glutelin-subtype specific antibodies. Immunoblot analysis against sequentially polished rice flour fractions from three crop years and seven japonica rice varieties revealed that GluA was strongly localized in the outer region of the endosperm, including the subaleurone layer, whereas GluC was distributed throughout the endosperm. Among the glutelin subtypes, GluA was mostly found in the outer region of the rice grain, followed by GluB-4/5, GluB-1, GluD, and GluC. Immunofluorescence labeling microscopy analysis using immature rice seeds clearly revealed that the localization pattern of GluC and GluD was completely different from that of GluA and GluB. Expression levels of all glutelins, particularly GluA, GluB-1, and GluB-4/5, were stronger on the ventral than dorsal side in rice grains. These results provide strong and consistent evidence that glutelins localize to the rice grain in a subfamily-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Takahashi
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Kohno
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Kanabayashi
- Biopathology Institute Co., Ltd, 1200-2, Ohara Kunisakicho, Kunisaki-city, Oita, 873-0511, Japan
| | - Masaki Okuda
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
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28
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Zhao Y, Peng T, Sun H, Teotia S, Wen H, Du Y, Zhang J, Li J, Tang G, Xue H, Zhao Q. miR1432-OsACOT (Acyl-CoA thioesterase) module determines grain yield via enhancing grain filling rate in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:712-723. [PMID: 30183128 PMCID: PMC6419572 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice grain filling rate contributes largely to grain productivity and accumulation of nutrients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of development and physiology in plants and become a novel key target for engineering grain size and crop yield. However, there is little studies, so far, showing the miRNA regulation of grain filling and rice yield, in consequence. Here, we show that suppressed expression of rice miR1432 (STTM1432) significantly improves grain weight by enhancing grain filling rate and leads to an increase in overall grain yield up to 17.14% in a field trial. Molecular analysis identified rice Acyl-CoA thioesterase (OsACOT), which is conserved with ACOT13 in other species, as a major target of miR1432 by cleavage. Moreover, overexpression of miR1432-resistant form of OsACOT (OXmACOT) resembled the STTM1432 plants, that is, a large margin of an increase in grain weight up to 46.69% through improving the grain filling rate. Further study indicated that OsACOT was involved in biosynthesis of medium-chain fatty acids. In addition, RNA-seq based transcriptomic analyses of transgenic plants with altered expression of miR1432 demonstrated that downstream genes of miR1432-regulated network are involved in fatty acid metabolism and phytohormones biosynthesis and also overlap with the enrichment analysis of co-expressed genes of OsACOT, which is consistent with the increased levels of auxin and abscisic acid in STTM1432 and OXmACOT plants. Overall, miR1432-OsACOT module plays an important role in grain filling in rice, illustrating its capacity for engineering yield improvement in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Fan Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan ProvinceHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Ting Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan ProvinceHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Hong‐Zheng Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan ProvinceHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Sachin Teotia
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Research Center (BRC)Michigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
| | - Hui‐Li Wen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan ProvinceHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yan‐Xiu Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan ProvinceHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jing Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan ProvinceHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jun‐Zhou Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan ProvinceHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Gui‐Liang Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Research Center (BRC)Michigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
| | - Hong‐Wei Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ShanghaiChina
| | - Quan‐Zhi Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan ProvinceHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
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29
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Apriana A, Sisharmini A, Aswidinnoor H, Trijatmiko KR, Sudarsono S. Promoter deletion analysis reveals root-specific expression of the alkenal reductase gene (OsAER1) in Oryza sativa. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:376-391. [PMID: 32172746 DOI: 10.1071/fp18237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Root-specific promoters are useful in plant genetic engineering, primarily to improve water and nutrient absorption. The aim of this study was to clone and characterise the promoter of the Oryza sativa L. alkenal reductase (OsAER1) gene encoding 2-alkenal reductase, an NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase. Expression analysis using quantitative real-time PCR confirmed the root-specific expression of the OsAER1 gene. Subsequently, a 3082-bp fragment of the OsAER1 promoter was isolated from a local Indonesian rice cultivar, Awan Kuning. Sequencing and further nucleotide sequence analysis of the 3082-bp promoter fragment (PA-5) revealed the presence of at least 10 root-specific cis-regulatory elements putatively responsible for OsAER1 root-specific expression. Using the 3082-bp promoter fragment to drive the expression of the GUS reporter transgene confirmed that the OsAER1 promoter is root-specific. Further, the analysis indicated that OsAER1 promoter activity was absent in leaves, petioles and shoots during sprouting, vegetative, booting and generative stages of rice development. In contrast, the promoter activity was present in anthers and aleurone layers of immature seeds 7-20 days after anthesis. Moreover, there was no promoter activity observed in the aleurone layers of mature seeds. The OsAER1 promoter activity is induced by Al-toxicity, NaCl and submergence stresses, indicating the OsAER1 promoter activity is induced by those stresses. Exogenous treatments of transgenic plants carrying the PA-5 promoter construct with abscisic acid and indoleacetic acid also induced expression of the GUS reporter transgene, indicating the role of plant growth regulators in controlling OsAER1 promoter activity. Promoter deletion analysis was conducted to identify the cis-acting elements of the promoter responsible for controlling root-specific expression. The GUS reporter gene was fused with various deletion fragments of the OsAER1 promoter and the resulting constructs were transformed in rice plants to generate transgenic plants. The results of this analysis indicated that cis-acting elements controlling root-specific expression are located between -1562 to -1026bp of the OsAER1 CDS. Here we discusses the results of the conducted analyses, the possible role of OsAER1 in rice growth and development, possible contributions and the potential usage of these findings in future plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniversari Apriana
- PMB Lab, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Raya Ciampea, Bogor, Indonesia; and Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Jalan Tentara Pelajar 3A, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Atmitri Sisharmini
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Jalan Tentara Pelajar 3A, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hajrial Aswidinnoor
- PMB Lab, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Raya Ciampea, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Kurniawan R Trijatmiko
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Jalan Tentara Pelajar 3A, Bogor, Indonesia; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
| | - Sudarsono Sudarsono
- PMB Lab, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Raya Ciampea, Bogor, Indonesia; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
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Tong X, Wang Y, Sun A, Bello BK, Ni S, Zhang J. Notched Belly Grain 4, a Novel Allele of Dwarf 11, Regulates Grain Shape and Seed Germination in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124069. [PMID: 30558382 PMCID: PMC6321642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Notched belly grain (NBG) is a type of deformed grain shape that has been associated with inferior appearance and tastes in rice. NBG is coordinated by both environments and genetics. In this study, we report on the first map-based cloning of an NBG gene on chromosome 4, denoted NBG4, which is a novel allele of Dwarf 11 encoding a cytochrome P450 (CYP724B1) involved in brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis. A 10-bp deletion in the 7th exon knocked down the level of the NBG4 transcript and shifted the reading frame of the resulting protein. In addition to the dwarf and clustered panicle as previously reported in the allelic mutants, nbg4 grains also displayed retarded germination and NBG due to the physical constraint of deformed hulls caused by abnormal hull elongation. NBG4 is constitutively expressed with the highest level of expression in immature inflorescences. In all, 2294 genes were differentially expressed in nbg4 and wild-type (WT), and evidence is presented that NBG4 regulates OsPPS-2, OsPRA2, OsYUCCA1, sped1-D, and Dwarf that play critical roles in determining plant architecture, panicle development, and seed germination. This study demonstrated that NBG4 is a key node in the brassinosteroid-mediated regulation of rice grain shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Tong
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| | - Yifeng Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| | - Aiqun Sun
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| | - Babatunde Kazeem Bello
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| | - Shen Ni
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
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Xiu Y, Wu G, Tang W, Peng Z, Bu X, Chao L, Yin X, Xiong J, Zhang H, Zhao X, Ding J, Ma L, Wang H, van Staden J. Oil biosynthesis and transcriptome profiles in developing endosperm and oil characteristic analyses in Paeonia ostii var. lishizhenii. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 228:121-133. [PMID: 29902680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Paeonia ostii var. lishizhenii, a well-known medicinal and horticultural plant, is indigenous to China. Recent studies have shown that its seed has a high oil content, and it was approved as a novel resource of edible oil with a high level of α-linolenic acid by the Chinese Government. This study measured the seed oil contents and fatty acid components of P. ostii var. lishizhenii and six other peonies, P. suffruticosa, P. ludlowii, P. decomposita, P. rockii, and P. lactiflora Pall. 'Heze' and 'Gansu'. The results show that P. ostii var. lishizhenii exhibits the average oil characteristics of tested peonies, with an oil content of 21.3%, α-linolenic acid 43.8%, and unsaturated fatty acids around 92.1%. Hygiene indicators for the seven peony seed oils met the Chinese national food standards. P. ostii var. lishizhenii seeds were used to analyze transcriptome gene regulation networks on endosperm development and oil biosynthesis. In total, 124,117 transcripts were obtained from six endosperm developing stages (S0-S5). The significant changes in differential expression genes (DEGs) clarify three peony endosperm developmental phases: the endosperm cell mitotic phase (S0-S1), the TAG biosynthesis phase (S1-S4), and the mature phase (S5). The DEGs in plant hormone signal transduction, DNA replication, cell division, differentiation, transcription factors, and seed dormancy pathways regulate the endosperm development process. Another 199 functional DEGs participate in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, citrate cycle, FA biosynthesis, TAG assembly, and other pathways. A key transcription factor (WRI1) and some important target genes (ACCase, FATA, LPCAT, FADs, and DGAT etc.) were found in the comprehensive genetic networks of oil biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Guodong Wu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wensi Tang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | | | - Xiangpan Bu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Longjun Chao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Peonature Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 101301, China.
| | - Xue Yin
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jiannan Xiong
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Haiwu Zhang
- Forestry Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China.
| | | | - Jing Ding
- Jiangsu Guosetianxiang Oil Peony Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213000, China.
| | - Lvyi Ma
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Huafang Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.
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E Z, Li T, Zhang H, Liu Z, Deng H, Sharma S, Wei X, Wang L, Niu B, Chen C. A group of nuclear factor Y transcription factors are sub-functionalized during endosperm development in monocots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2495-2510. [PMID: 29514259 PMCID: PMC5920288 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) is a heterotrimeric transcription factor that consists of three subunits, NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC. Gene functions of NF-Ys during endosperm development are not well understood. In this study, we identified eight rice NF-Y-encoding genes, namely OsNF-YA8, OsNF-YB1,9, and OsNF-YC8,9,10,11,12, that are predominantly expressed in the endosperm. Interestingly, the close homologs of these OsNF-Ys are present only in monocot species and are also preferentially expressed in the endosperm, suggesting that they have roles in the regulation of endosperm development. A systemic analysis of interactions between rice endosperm-preferential NF-Ys in yeast revealed that OsNF-YBs and OsNF-YCs could interact with each other. We also found that the endosperm-preferential OsNF-YBs and OsNF-YCs could interact with some ethylene response factors (ERFs) of rice. Unlike OsNF-YC8,9,10, the members of OsNF-YB1,9 or OsNF-YC 11,12 showed no transcriptional activation when present alone. However, they displayed functional activity while in dimer form. In addition, OsNF-YB1-knockout lines showed significant changes in seed morphology, further confirming its role in endosperm development. Our findings provide evidence that a group of phylogenetically conserved NF-Ys is probably differentiated in monocots to regulate endosperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo E
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huaya Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zehou Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Xuefeng Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baixiao Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Correspondence:
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Nan J, Feng X, Wang C, Zhang X, Wang R, Liu J, Yuan Q, Jiang G, Lin S. Improving rice grain length through updating the GS3 locus of an elite variety Kongyu 131. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 11:21. [PMID: 29637380 PMCID: PMC5893511 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-018-0217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional crop breeding has made significant achievement meet food needs worldwide. However, the way has some inevitable problems including time-consuming, laborious, low predictability and reproducibility. In this study, we updated the GRAIN SIZE 3 (GS3) locus to improve the grain length of a major cultivate variety of Kongyu 131 at Heilongjiang Province, the northernmost region of China. High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis is used for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. RESULTS The improved line introgressed about 117 kb segment including gs3 allele from donor GKBR by using five SNP markers designed within and without GS3 locus, and the background recovery ratio of the recurrent parent genome is about 99.55% that are detected by 219 SNP markers evenly distributed on the 12 chromosomes. The field trial indicates that grain length, 100-grain weight and total grain weight per plant of the improved line raised by 12.05%, 16.30% and 4.47%, respectively, compared with Kongyu 131. CONCLUSIONS This result demonstrates that update the GS3 locus is a feasible and efficient and accurate way can be applied to improve grain size of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzong Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaomin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Rongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qingbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guoqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shaoyang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
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Jiao W, Yuan J, Jiang S, Liu Y, Wang L, Liu M, Zheng D, Ye W, Wang X, Chen ZJ. Asymmetrical changes of gene expression, small RNAs and chromatin in two resynthesized wheat allotetraploids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:828-842. [PMID: 29265531 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy occurs in some animals and all flowering plants, including important crops such as wheat. The consequences of polyploidy in crops remain elusive, partly because their progenitors are unknown. Using two resynthesized wheat allotetraploids Sl Sl AA and AADD with known diploid progenitors, we analyzed mRNA and small RNA transcriptomes in the endosperm, compared transcriptomes between endosperm and root in AADD, and examined chromatin changes in the allotetraploids. In the endosperm, there were more non-additively expressed genes in Sl Sl AA than in AADD. In AADD, non-additively expressed genes were developmentally regulated, and the majority (62-70%) were repressed. The repressed genes in AADD included a group of histone methyltransferase gene homologs, which correlated with reduced histone H3K9me2 levels and activation of various transposable elements in AADD. In Sl Sl AA, there was a tendency for expression dominance of Sl over A homoeologs, but the histone methyltransferase gene homologs were additively expressed, correlating with insignificant changes in histone H3K9me2 levels. Moreover, more 24-nucleotide small inferring RNAs (siRNAs) in the A subgenome were disrupted in AADD than in Sl Sl AA, which were associated with expression changes of siRNA-associated genes. Our results indicate that asymmetrical changes in siRNAs, chromatin modifications, transposons and gene expression coincide with unstable AADD genomes and stable Sl Sl AA genomes, which could help explain the evolutionary trajectories of wheat allotetraploids formed by different progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jingya Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dewei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenxue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Z Jeffrey Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Wang L, Yuan J, Ma Y, Jiao W, Ye W, Yang DL, Yi C, Chen ZJ. Rice Interploidy Crosses Disrupt Epigenetic Regulation, Gene Expression, and Seed Development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:300-314. [PMID: 29269023 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seed development in angiosperms requires a 2:1 maternal-to-paternal genome ratio (2m:1p) in the endosperm. When the ratio is disrupted, the seed development is impaired. Rice interploidy crosses result in endosperm failures, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report that the defective endosperm in rice interploidy crosses was associated with nonadditive expression of small RNAs and protein-coding genes. Interestingly, 24-nt small interfering RNAs were enriched in the 5' and 3' flanking sequences of nonadditively expressed genes in the interploidy crosses and were negatively associated with the expression of imprinted genes. Furthermore, some PRC2 family genes and DNA methylation-related genes including OsMET1b and OsCMT3a were upregulated in the 2×4 cross (pollinating a diploid "mother" with a tetraploid "father") but repressed in the reciprocal cross. These different epigenetic effects could lead to precocious or delayed cellularization during endosperm development. Notably, many endosperm-preferred genes, including starch metabolic and storage protein genes during grain filling, were found to be associated with DNA methylation or H3K27me3, which are repressed in both 2×4 and 4×2 crosses. WUSCHEL homeobox2 (WOX2)-like (WOX2L), an endosperm-preferred gene, was expressed specifically in the rice endosperm, in contrast to WOX2 expression in the Arabidopsis embryo. Disruption of WOX2L in transgenic rice by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing blocked starch and protein accumulation, resulting in seed abortion. In addition to gene repression, disrupting epigenetic process in the interploidy crosses also induced expression of stress-responsive genes. Thus, maintaining the 2m:1p genome ratio in the endosperm is essential for normal grain development in rice and other cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingya Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yujie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenxue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dong-Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chuandeng Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Z Jeffrey Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Wang X, Pang Y, Zhang J, Wu Z, Chen K, Ali J, Ye G, Xu J, Li Z. Genome-wide and gene-based association mapping for rice eating and cooking characteristics and protein content. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17203. [PMID: 29222496 PMCID: PMC5722854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice eating and cooking quality and protein content (PC) are important properties affecting consumers' preferences, nutrition and health. Linkage QTL mapping and association studies are usually applied to genetically dissect related traits, which could be further facilitated by high density SNP markers and gene annotation based on reference genome to rapid identify candidate genes associated with interested traits. Here, we carried out an association study for apparent amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC), gelatinization temperature (GT) and PC evaluated in two environments using a diverse panel of 258 accessions from 3 K Rice Genome Project. Wide phenotypic variations were observed in this panel. Genome-wide association study using 22,488 high quality SNPs identified 19 QTL affecting the four traits. Combining gene-based association study and haplotype analyses plus functional annotation allowed us to shortlist nine candidate genes for four important QTL regions affecting AC, GC and GT, including two cloned genes (Wx and ALK), and seven novels. The research suggested that GWAS and gene-based association analysis followed by haplotype analysis is an effective way to detect candidate genes. The identified genes and QTL provided valuable sources for future functional characterization and genetic improvement of rice eating and cooking quality and PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunlong Pang
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhichao Wu
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Jauhar Ali
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Guoyou Ye
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Breeding and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
| | - Zhikang Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Breeding and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
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Chen H, Luo J, Zheng P, Zhang X, Zhang C, Li X, Wang M, Huang Y, Liu X, Jan M, Liu Y, Hu P, Tu J. Application of Cre-lox gene switch to limit the Cry expression in rice green tissues. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14505. [PMID: 29109405 PMCID: PMC5673937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of genetically modified (GM) protein in the endosperm is important information for the public when considering the biological safety of transgenic rice. To limit the expression of GM proteins to rice green tissues, we developed a modified Cre-lox gene switch using two cassettes named KEY and LOCK. KEY contains a nuclear-localized Cre recombinase driven by the green-tissue-specific promoter rbcS. LOCK contains a Nos terminator (NosT), which is used to block the expression of the gene of interest (GOI), bounded by two loxP sites. When KEY and LOCK are pyramided into hybrid rice, a complete gene switch system is formed. The Cre recombinase from KEY excises loxP-NosT in LOCK and unlocks the GOI in green tissues but keeps it locked in the endosperm. This regulatory effect was demonstrated by eYFP and Bt expression assays. The presence of eYFP and Cre were confirmed in the leaf, sheath, stem, and glume but not in the root, anther or seed of the gene-switch-controlled eYFP hybrids. Meanwhile, gene switch-controlled Bt hybrid rice not only confined the expression of Bt protein to the green tissues but also showed high resistance to striped stem borers and leaffolders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ju Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute. Ti-Yu-Chang Road No 359, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Cuicui Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mugui Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mehmood Jan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute. Ti-Yu-Chang Road No 359, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Jumin Tu
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Yuan J, Chen S, Jiao W, Wang L, Wang L, Ye W, Lu J, Hong D, You S, Cheng Z, Yang DL, Chen ZJ. Both maternally and paternally imprinted genes regulate seed development in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:373-387. [PMID: 28295376 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genetic imprinting refers to the unequal expression of paternal and maternal alleles of a gene in sexually reproducing organisms, including mammals and flowering plants. Although many imprinted genes have been identified in plants, the functions of these imprinted genes have remained largely uninvestigated. We report genome-wide analysis of gene expression, DNA methylation and small RNAs in the rice endosperm and functional tests of five imprinted genes during seed development using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated gene9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing technology. In the rice endosperm, we identified 162 maternally expressed genes (MEGs) and 95 paternally expressed genes (PEGs), which were associated with miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements, imprinted differentially methylated loci and some 21-22 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Remarkably, one-third of MEGs and nearly one-half of PEGs were associated with grain yield quantitative trait loci. Most MEGs and some PEGs were expressed specifically in the endosperm. Disruption of two MEGs increased the amount of small starch granules and reduced grain and embryo size, whereas mutation of three PEGs reduced starch content and seed fertility. Our data indicate that both MEGs and PEGs in rice regulate nutrient metabolism and endosperm development, which optimize seed development and offspring fitness to facilitate parental-offspring coadaptation. These imprinted genes and mechanisms could be used to improve the grain yield of rice and other cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sushu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Longfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Limei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenxue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Delin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Siliang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhukuan Cheng
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dong-Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Z Jeffrey Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Wang GQ, Hao SS, Gao B, Chen MX, Liu YG, Yang JC, Ye NH, Zhang JH. Regulation of Gene Expression in the Remobilization of Carbon Reserves in Rice Stems During Grain Filling. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1391-1404. [PMID: 28575477 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon reserves in rice straw (stem and sheath) before flowering contribute to a significant portion of grain filling. However, the molecular mechanism of carbon reserve remobilization from straw to grains remains unclear. In this study, super rice LYP9 and conventional rice 9311 showed different carbon reserve remobilization behaviors. The transcriptomic profiles of straws of LYP9 and 9311 were analyzed at three stages of grain filling. Among the differentially expressed genes (DGs), 5,733 genes were uniquely up- or down-regulated at 30 days after anthesis (DAA) between LYP9 and 9311 in comparison with 681 at 10 DAA and 495 at 20 DAA, suggesting that the gene expression profile of LYP9 was very different from that of 9311 at the late stage of grain filling. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis and Gene Ontology (GO) classification of DGs both showed that the carbohydrate catabolic pathway, plant hormone signal transduction and photosynthesis pathway were enriched in DGs, suggesting their roles in carbon reserve remobilization, which explains to a certain extent the difference in non-structural carbohydrate content, photosynthesis and ABA content between the two cultivars during grain filling. Further comparative analysis and confirmation by quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme assays suggest that genes involved in trehalose synthesis (trehalose-phosphate phosphatase and trehalose 6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase), starch degradation (β-amylase) and sucrose synthesis (sucrose-phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase) were important for carbon reserve remobilization, whereas ABA content was determined by the counteraction of NCED1 and ABA8ox1 genes. The higher expression level of all these genes and ABA content in 9311 resulted in better efficiency of carbon reserve remobilization in 9311 than in LYP9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Qun Wang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Shuai-Shuai Hao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bei Gao
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ying-Gao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jian-Chang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Neng-Hui Ye
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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40
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Chen Z, Kong L, Zhou Y, Chen Z, Tian D, Lin Y, Wang F, Chen S. Endosperm-specific OsPYL8 and OsPYL9 act as positive regulators of the ABA signaling pathway in rice seed germination. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:635-645. [PMID: 32480594 DOI: 10.1071/fp16314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pyrabactin resistance-like (PYL) proteins were identified as receptors of the plant hormone ABA. The PYL family consists of multiple members that are differently expressed in various tissues, exhibit distinct biochemical properties and have diverse biological functions. In the present study, we explored the expression patterns of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) OsPYL family genes and determined that OsPYL8 and OsPYL9 are specifically expressed in the endosperms. Sequence analysis and deletion experiments revealed that the OsPYL8 and OsPYL9 promoters contain multiple motifs involved in endosperm-specific expression. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsPYL8 or OsPYL9 showed hypersensitivity to ABA during seed germination, suggesting that both OsPYL8 and OsPYL9 act as positive regulators of the ABA signalling pathway in the seed. OsPYL8 and OsPYL9 interact with OsPP2C51 and OsPP2C68, whose expression is induced in the endosperms by ABA. Our results provided a foundation for future studies on OsPYL8- and OsPYL9-mediated ABA signalling in the rice endosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Lan Kong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Zaijie Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Dagang Tian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
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41
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Wei X, Jiao G, Lin H, Sheng Z, Shao G, Xie L, Tang S, Xu Q, Hu P. GRAIN INCOMPLETE FILLING 2 regulates grain filling and starch synthesis during rice caryopsis development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:134-153. [PMID: 27957808 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rice grain filling determines grain weight, final yield and grain quality. Here, a rice defective grain filling mutant, gif2, was identified. Grains of gif2 showed a slower filling rate and a significant lower final grain weight and yield compared to wild-type. The starch content in gif2 was noticeably decreased and its physicochemical properties were also altered. Moreover, gif2 endosperm cells showed obvious defects in compound granule formation. Positional cloning identified GIF2 to encode an ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) large subunit, AGPL2; consequently, AGP enzyme activity in gif2 endosperms was remarkably decreased. GIF2 is mainly expressed in developing grains and the coded protein localizes in the cytosol. Yeast two hybrid assay showed that GIF2 interacted with AGP small subunits OsAGPS1, OsAGPS2a and OsAGPS2b. Transcript levels for granule-bound starch synthase, starch synthase, starch branching enzyme and starch debranching enzyme were distinctly elevated in gif2 grains. In addition, the level of nucleotide diversity of the GIF2 locus was extremely low in both cultivated and wild rice. All of these results suggest that GIF2 plays important roles in the regulation of grain filling and starch biosynthesis during caryopsis development, and that it has been preserved during selection throughout domestication of modern rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Agricultural Genomes Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Zhonghua Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lihong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Qingguo Xu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
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42
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Zhu FY, Chen MX, Su YW, Xu X, Ye NH, Cao YY, Lin S, Liu TY, Li HX, Wang GQ, Jin Y, Gu YH, Chan WL, Lo C, Peng X, Zhu G, Zhang J. SWATH-MS Quantitative Analysis of Proteins in the Rice Inferior and Superior Spikelets during Grain Filling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1926. [PMID: 28066479 PMCID: PMC5169098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Modern rice cultivars have large panicle but their yield potential is often not fully achieved due to poor grain-filling of late-flowering inferior spikelets (IS). Our earlier work suggested a broad transcriptional reprogramming during grain filling and showed a difference in gene expression between IS and earlier-flowering superior spikelets (SS). However, the links between the abundances of transcripts and their corresponding proteins are unclear. In this study, a SWATH-MS (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical spectra-mass spectrometry) -based quantitative proteomic analysis has been applied to investigate SS and IS proteomes. A total of 304 proteins of widely differing functionality were observed to be differentially expressed between IS and SS. Detailed gene ontology analysis indicated that several biological processes including photosynthesis, protein metabolism, and energy metabolism are differentially regulated. Further correlation analysis revealed that abundances of most of the differentially expressed proteins are not correlated to the respective transcript levels, indicating that an extra layer of gene regulation which may exist during rice grain filling. Our findings raised an intriguing possibility that these candidate proteins may be crucial in determining the poor grain-filling of IS. Therefore, we hypothesize that the regulation of proteome changes not only occurs at the transcriptional, but also at the post-transcriptional level, during grain filling in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yuan Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yu-Wen Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xuezhong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Neng-Hui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
| | - Yun-Ying Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Tie-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hao-Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Guan-Qun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yong-Hai Gu
- The Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Wai-Lung Chan
- School of Biological Science, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Science, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Xinxiang Peng
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Guohui Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
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43
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Xing S, Meng X, Zhou L, Mujahid H, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Wang C, Peng Z. Proteome Profile of Starch Granules Purified from Rice (Oryza sativa) Endosperm. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168467. [PMID: 27992503 PMCID: PMC5167393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch is the most important food energy source in cereals. Many of the known enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis are partially or entirely granule-associated in the endosperm. Studying the proteome of rice starch granules is critical for us to further understand the mechanisms underlying starch biosynthesis and packaging of starch granules in rice amyloplasts, consequently for the improvement of rice grain quality. In this article, we developed a protocol to purify starch granules from mature rice endosperm and verified the quality of purified starch granules by microscopy observations, I2 staining, and Western blot analyses. In addition, we found the phenol extraction method was superior to Tris-HCl buffer extraction method with respect to the efficiency in recovery of starch granule associated proteins. LC-MS/MS analysis showed identification of already known starch granule associated proteins with high confidence. Several proteins reported to be involved in starch synthesis in prior genetic studies in plants were also shown to be enriched with starch granules, either directly or indirectly, in our studies. In addition, our results suggested that a few additional candidate proteins may also be involved in starch synthesis. Furthermore, our results indicated that some starch synthesis pathway proteins are subject to protein acetylation modification. GO analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the identified proteins were mainly located in plastids and involved in carbohydrate metabolism. This study substantially advances the understanding of the starch granule associated proteome in rice and post translational regulation of some starch granule associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Xing
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxi Meng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Lihui Zhou
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hana Mujahid
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Chunfang Zhao
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Cailin Wang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaohua Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
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Song L, Wang R, Zhang L, Wang Y, Yao S. CRR1 encoding callose synthase functions in ovary expansion by affecting vascular cell patterning in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:620-632. [PMID: 27464824 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ovary of rice undergoes rapid expansion immediately after fertilization, and this process determines the final sink strength potential of caryopses. To date, work on rice grain development has mainly focused on endosperm filling, whereas information on the essential elements for ovary expansion remains limited. We report here a functional analysis of the ovary expansion retarded mutant crr1 in rice. Map-based cloning revealed that CRR1 encodes a protein homologous to the Arabidopsis callose synthases AtGSL8 and AtGSL10. Point mutation in crr1 resulted in alternative splicing, which led to the formation of the truncated crr1 protein without the β-glucan synthase domain. Iodine staining showed that there were few starch granules and these were unevenly distributed in the pericarp of crr1, and a 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate transport assay revealed that carbohydrates were less efficiently unloaded from the lateral vasculature into the developing caryopsis. CRR1 transcripts were detected in all plant organs, with the highest level found in receptacles, which are mainly composed of vascular tissues. Analysis of pCRR1::GUS transgenic plants showed that CRR1 was specifically expressed in vascular bundle cells. Consistently, loss of function of CRR1 led to disordered patterns of vascular cells in the ovaries and receptacles of the mutant. Furthermore, a small portion of cells in the vascular bundles of crr1 showed defective cell wall formation, and callose deposition was specifically reduced at the plasmodesmata (PD) of cells with aberrant walls. Our results suggest that CRR1 performs a pivotal role in determining initial ovary expansion in rice, possibly via the PD-mediated permeability of cell fate determinants for vascular cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longzhen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruci Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanguo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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45
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Song JH, Wei W, Lv B, Lin Y, Yin WX, Peng YL, Schnabel G, Huang JB, Jiang DH, Luo CX. Rice false smut fungus hijacks the rice nutrients supply by blocking and mimicking the fertilization of rice ovary. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3840-3849. [PMID: 27129414 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rice false smut disease is an increasing threat to rice production in the world. Despite of best efforts, research for the infection of the fungus has yielded equivocal and conflicting results about where and how the infection is initiated and developed. Here we show a stepwise infection pattern and sophisticated regulation during this process. Initial infection occurred on the filaments, which prevented the production of mature pollen thus blocked the pollination. In the following days, the pathogen invaded the stigmas and styles, occasionally the ovaries. Expression analysis indicated that the fungus mimicked a successful fertilization process and enabled the continuous supply of nutrients for fungus to produce false smut balls. The stepwise infection of flower organs and mimicry of ovary fertilization unveiled in this study guided the rice plant into supplying nutrients for false smut ball development and represents a new and unique biological process of host pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Hui Song
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bo Lv
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Yin
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Jun-Bin Huang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dao-Hong Jiang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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46
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Itoh JI, Sato Y, Sato Y, Hibara KI, Shimizu-Sato S, Kobayashi H, Takehisa H, Sanguinet KA, Namiki N, Nagamura Y. Genome-wide analysis of spatiotemporal gene expression patterns during early embryogenesis in rice. Development 2016; 143:1217-27. [PMID: 26903508 DOI: 10.1242/dev.123661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis in rice is different from that of most dicotolydonous plants in that it shows a non-stereotypic cell division pattern, formation of dorsal-ventral polarity, and endogenous initiation of the radicle. To reveal the transcriptional features associated with developmental events during rice early embryogenesis, we used microarray analysis coupled with laser microdissection to obtain both spatial and temporal transcription profiles. Our results allowed us to determine spatial expression foci for each expressed gene in the globular embryo, which revealed the importance of phytohormone-related genes and a suite of transcription factors to early embryogenesis. Our analysis showed the polarized expression of a small number of genes along the apical-basal and dorsal-ventral axes in the globular embryo, which tended to fluctuate in later developmental stages. We also analyzed gene expression patterns in the early globular embryo and how this relates to expression in embryonic organs at later stages. We confirmed the accuracy of the expression patterns found by microarray analysis of embryo subdomains using in situ hybridization. Our study identified homologous genes from Arabidopsis thaliana with known functions in embryogenesis in addition to unique and uncharacterized genes that show polarized expression patterns during embryogenesis. The results of this study are presented in a database to provide a framework for spatiotemporal gene expression during rice embryogenesis, to serve as a resource for future functional analysis of genes, and as a basis for comparative studies of plant embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Itoh
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sato
- Genome Resource Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sato
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hibara
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Sae Shimizu-Sato
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kobayashi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hinako Takehisa
- Genome Resource Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Karen A Sanguinet
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Nobukazu Namiki
- Genome Informatics Department, Mitsubishi Space Software Co., Ltd., Takezono 1-6-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nagamura
- Genome Resource Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Sui Z, Wang T, Li H, Zhang M, Li Y, Xu R, Xing G, Ni Z, Xin M. Overexpression of Peptide-Encoding OsCEP6.1 Results in Pleiotropic Effects on Growth in Rice (O. sativa). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:228. [PMID: 26973672 PMCID: PMC4773640 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant peptide hormones play an important role in regulating plant developmental programs via cell-to-cell communication in a non-cell autonomous manner. To characterize the biological relevance of C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP) genes in rice, we performed a genome-wide search against public databases using a bioinformatics approach and identified six additional CEP members. Expression analysis revealed a spatial-temporal pattern of OsCEP6.1 gene in different tissues and at different developmental stages of panicle. Interestingly, the expression level of the OsCEP6.1 was also significantly up-regulated by exogenous cytokinin. Application of a chemically synthesized 15-amino acid OsCEP6.1 peptide showed that OsCEP6.1 had a negative role in regulating root and seedling growth, which was further confirmed by transgenic lines. Furthermore, the constitutive expression of OsCEP6.1 was sufficient to lead to panicle architecture and grain size variations. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the phenotypic variation of OsCEP6.1 overexpression lines resulted from decreased cell size but not reduced cell number. Moreover, starch accumulation was not significantly affected. Taken together, these data suggest that the OsCEP6.1 peptide might be involved in regulating the development of panicles and grains in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Sui
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research–BeijingBeijing, China
| | - Tianya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research–BeijingBeijing, China
| | - Hongjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research–BeijingBeijing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research–BeijingBeijing, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research–BeijingBeijing, China
| | - Ruibin Xu
- Qingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdao, China
| | | | - Zhongfu Ni
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research–BeijingBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongfu Ni
| | - Mingming Xin
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research–BeijingBeijing, China
- Mingming Xin
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48
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Butardo VM, Sreenivasulu N. Tailoring Grain Storage Reserves for a Healthier Rice Diet and its Comparative Status with Other Cereals. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 323:31-70. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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49
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Li T, Ma L, Geng Y, Hao C, Chen X, Zhang X. Small RNA and Degradome Sequencing Reveal Complex Roles of miRNAs and Their Targets in Developing Wheat Grains. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139658. [PMID: 26426440 PMCID: PMC4591353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play critical roles in plant development. In this study, we employed small RNA combined with degradome sequencing to survey development-related miRNAs and their validated targets during wheat grain development. A total of 186 known miRNAs and 37 novel miRNAs were identified in four small RNA libraries. Moreover, a miRNA-like long hairpin locus was first identified to produce 21~22-nt phased siRNAs that act in trans to cleave target mRNAs. A comparison of the miRNAomes revealed that 55 miRNA families were differentially expressed during the grain development. Predicted and validated targets of these development-related miRNAs are involved in different cellular responses and metabolic processes including cell proliferation, auxin signaling, nutrient metabolism and gene expression. This study provides insight into the complex roles of miRNAs and their targets in regulating wheat grain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering for Plant Breeding, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuke Geng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering for Plant Breeding, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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50
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Danzer J, Mellott E, Bui AQ, Le BH, Martin P, Hashimoto M, Perez-Lesher J, Chen M, Pelletier JM, Somers DA, Goldberg RB, Harada JJ. Down-Regulating the Expression of 53 Soybean Transcription Factor Genes Uncovers a Role for SPEECHLESS in Initiating Stomatal Cell Lineages during Embryo Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1025-35. [PMID: 25963149 PMCID: PMC4741349 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We used an RNA interference screen to assay the function of 53 transcription factor messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that accumulate specifically within soybean (Glycine max) seed regions, subregions, and tissues during development. We show that basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor genes represented by Glyma04g41710 and its paralogs are required for the formation of stoma in leaves and stomatal precursor complexes in mature embryo cotyledons. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these bHLH transcription factor genes are orthologous to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SPEECHLESS (SPCH) that initiate asymmetric cell divisions in the leaf protoderm layer and establish stomatal cell lineages. Soybean SPCH (GmSPCH) mRNAs accumulate primarily in embryo, seedling, and leaf epidermal layers. Expression of Glyma04g41710 under the control of the SPCH promoter rescues the Arabidopsis spch mutant, indicating that Glyma04g41710 is a functional ortholog of SPCH. Developing soybean embryos do not form mature stoma, and stomatal differentiation is arrested at the guard mother cell stage. We analyzed the accumulation of GmSPCH mRNAs during soybean seed development and mRNAs orthologous to MUTE, FAMA, and inducer of C-repeat/dehydration responsive element-binding factor expression1/scream2 that are required for stoma formation in Arabidopsis. The mRNA accumulation patterns provide a potential explanation for guard mother cell dormancy in soybean embryos. Our results suggest that variation in the timing of bHLH transcription factor gene expression can explain the diversity of stomatal forms observed during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Danzer
- Monsanto Company, Agracetus Campus, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562 (J.D., E.M., P.M., J.P.-L., D.A.S);Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (A.Q.B., B.H.L., M.C., R.B.G.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.H., J.M.P., J.J.H.)
| | - Eric Mellott
- Monsanto Company, Agracetus Campus, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562 (J.D., E.M., P.M., J.P.-L., D.A.S);Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (A.Q.B., B.H.L., M.C., R.B.G.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.H., J.M.P., J.J.H.)
| | - Anhthu Q Bui
- Monsanto Company, Agracetus Campus, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562 (J.D., E.M., P.M., J.P.-L., D.A.S);Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (A.Q.B., B.H.L., M.C., R.B.G.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.H., J.M.P., J.J.H.)
| | - Brandon H Le
- Monsanto Company, Agracetus Campus, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562 (J.D., E.M., P.M., J.P.-L., D.A.S);Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (A.Q.B., B.H.L., M.C., R.B.G.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.H., J.M.P., J.J.H.)
| | - Patrick Martin
- Monsanto Company, Agracetus Campus, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562 (J.D., E.M., P.M., J.P.-L., D.A.S);Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (A.Q.B., B.H.L., M.C., R.B.G.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.H., J.M.P., J.J.H.)
| | - Meryl Hashimoto
- Monsanto Company, Agracetus Campus, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562 (J.D., E.M., P.M., J.P.-L., D.A.S);Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (A.Q.B., B.H.L., M.C., R.B.G.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.H., J.M.P., J.J.H.)
| | - Jeanett Perez-Lesher
- Monsanto Company, Agracetus Campus, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562 (J.D., E.M., P.M., J.P.-L., D.A.S);Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (A.Q.B., B.H.L., M.C., R.B.G.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.H., J.M.P., J.J.H.)
| | - Min Chen
- Monsanto Company, Agracetus Campus, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562 (J.D., E.M., P.M., J.P.-L., D.A.S);Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (A.Q.B., B.H.L., M.C., R.B.G.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.H., J.M.P., J.J.H.)
| | - Julie M Pelletier
- Monsanto Company, Agracetus Campus, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562 (J.D., E.M., P.M., J.P.-L., D.A.S);Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (A.Q.B., B.H.L., M.C., R.B.G.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.H., J.M.P., J.J.H.)
| | - David A Somers
- Monsanto Company, Agracetus Campus, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562 (J.D., E.M., P.M., J.P.-L., D.A.S);Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (A.Q.B., B.H.L., M.C., R.B.G.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.H., J.M.P., J.J.H.)
| | - Robert B Goldberg
- Monsanto Company, Agracetus Campus, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562 (J.D., E.M., P.M., J.P.-L., D.A.S);Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (A.Q.B., B.H.L., M.C., R.B.G.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.H., J.M.P., J.J.H.)
| | - John J Harada
- Monsanto Company, Agracetus Campus, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562 (J.D., E.M., P.M., J.P.-L., D.A.S);Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 (A.Q.B., B.H.L., M.C., R.B.G.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.H., J.M.P., J.J.H.)
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