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Ma B, Zhang L, He Z. Understanding the regulation of cereal grain filling: The way forward. J Integr Plant Biol 2023; 65:526-547. [PMID: 36648157 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
During grain filling, starch and other nutrients accumulate in the endosperm; this directly determines grain yield and grain quality in crops such as rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Grain filling is a complex trait affected by both intrinsic and environmental factors, making it difficult to explore the underlying genetics, molecular regulation, and the application of these genes for breeding. With the development of powerful genetic and molecular techniques, much has been learned about the genes and molecular networks related to grain filling over the past decades. In this review, we highlight the key factors affecting grain filling, including both biological and abiotic factors. We then summarize the key genes controlling grain filling and their roles in this event, including regulators of sugar translocation and starch biosynthesis, phytohormone-related regulators, and other factors. Finally, we discuss how the current knowledge of valuable grain filling genes could be integrated with strategies for breeding cereal varieties with improved grain yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Khan MA, Asaf S, Khan AL, Jan R, Kang SM, Kim KM, Lee IJ. Rhizobacteria AK1 remediates the toxic effects of salinity stress via regulation of endogenous phytohormones and gene expression in soybean. Biochem J 2019; 476:2393-2409. [PMID: 31375565 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salinity stress adversely affects the growth and productivity of different crops. In the present study, we isolated the rhizospheric bacteria Arthrobacter woluwensis AK1 from Pohang beach, South Korea and determined its plant growth-promoting potential under NaCl salt stress (0, 100, and 200 mM). AK1 has phosphate-solubilizing activity and produce siderophores, organic acids, and phytohormones such as gibberellic acid (GA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) that significantly alleviate sodium chloride (NaCl) stress and increase all plant growth attributes. Furthermore, inoculation of AK1 significantly decreased endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) content, extensively regulated the antioxidant activities and mitigated NaCl stress. Similarly, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry results showed that soybean plants inoculated with AK1 significantly decreased the amount of sodium (Na+) uptake during NaCl stress after 6 and 12 days. Four genes, auxin resistant 1 (GmLAX1), potassium channel AKT2 (GmAKT2), soybean salt tolerance 1 (GmST1), and salt tolerance-associated gene on chromosome 3 (GmSALT3) were up-regulated, while two genes chloride channel gene (GmNHX1) and Na+/H+ antiporter (GmCLC1) were down-regulated in soybean AK1treated plants. In conclusion, AK1 can mitigate salinity stress, increase plant growth and could be utilized as an eco-friendly bio-fertilizer under salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aaqil Khan
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Rahmatullah Jan
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mo Kang
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Wurms KV, Hardaker AJ, Ah Chee A, Bowen J, Phipps J, Taylor J, Jensen D, Cooney J, Wohlers M, Reglinski T. Corrigendum: Phytohormone and Putative Defense Gene Expression Differentiates the Response of 'Hayward' Kiwifruit to Psa and Pfm Infections. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:2012. [PMID: 29181018 PMCID: PMC5698695 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article on p. 1366 in vol. 8, PMID: 28824694.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin V. Wurms
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Allan J. Hardaker
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Annette Ah Chee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Judith Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janet Phipps
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Taylor
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Dwayne Jensen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Janine Cooney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Mark Wohlers
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tony Reglinski
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Wurms KV, Hardaker AJ, Ah Chee A, Bowen J, Phipps J, Taylor J, Jensen D, Cooney J, Wohlers M, Reglinski T. Phytohormone and Putative Defense Gene Expression Differentiates the Response of 'Hayward' Kiwifruit to Psa and Pfm Infections. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1366. [PMID: 28824694 PMCID: PMC5543098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum (Pfm) are closely related pathovars infecting kiwifruit, but Psa is considered one of the most important global pathogens, whereas Pfm is not. In this study of Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward' responses to the two pathovars, the objective was to test whether differences in plant defense responses mounted against the two pathovars correlated with the contrasting severity of the symptoms caused by them. Results showed that Psa infections were always more severe than Pfm infections, and were associated with highly localized, differential expression of phytohormones and putative defense gene transcripts in stem tissue closest to the inoculation site. Phytohormone concentrations of jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonate isoleucine (JA-Ile), salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid were always greater in stem tissue than in leaves, and leaf phytohormones were not affected by pathogen inoculation. Pfm inoculation induced a threefold increase in SA in stems relative to Psa inoculation, and a smaller 1.6-fold induction of JA. Transcript expression showed no effect of inoculation in leaves, but Pfm inoculation resulted in the greatest elevation of the SA marker genes, PR1 and glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase (β-1,3-glucosidase) (32- and 25-fold increases, respectively) in stem tissue surrounding the inoculation site. Pfm inoculation also produced a stronger response than Psa inoculation in localized stem tissue for the SA marker gene PR6, jasmonoyl-isoleucine-12-hydrolase (JIH1), which acts as a negative marker of the JA pathway, and APETALA2/Ethylene response factor 2 transcription factor (AP2 ERF2), which is involved in JA/SA crosstalk. WRKY40 transcription factor (a SA marker) was induced equally in stems by wounding (mock inoculation) and pathovar inoculation. Taken together, these results suggest that the host appears to mount a stronger, localized, SA-based defense response to Pfm than Psa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin V. Wurms
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedHamilton, New Zealand
| | - Allan J. Hardaker
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedHamilton, New Zealand
| | - Annette Ah Chee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedHamilton, New Zealand
| | - Judith Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Janet Phipps
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedHamilton, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Taylor
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedHamilton, New Zealand
| | - Dwayne Jensen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedHamilton, New Zealand
| | - Janine Cooney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedHamilton, New Zealand
| | - Mark Wohlers
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Tony Reglinski
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedHamilton, New Zealand
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Rubio MB, Hermosa R, Vicente R, Gómez-Acosta FA, Morcuende R, Monte E, Bettiol W. The Combination of Trichoderma harzianum and Chemical Fertilization Leads to the Deregulation of Phytohormone Networking, Preventing the Adaptive Responses of Tomato Plants to Salt Stress. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:294. [PMID: 28303151 PMCID: PMC5332374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved effective mechanisms to avoid or reduce the potential damage caused by abiotic stresses. In addition to biocontrol abilities, Trichoderma genus fungi promote growth and alleviate the adverse effects caused by saline stress in plants. Morphological, physiological, and molecular changes were analyzed in salt-stressed tomato plants grown under greenhouse conditions in order to investigate the effects of chemical and biological fertilizations. The application of Trichoderma harzianum T34 to tomato seeds had very positive effects on plant growth, independently of chemical fertilization. The application of salt stress significantly changed the parameters related to growth and gas-exchange rates in tomato plants subject to chemical fertilization. However, the gas-exchange parameters were not affected in unfertilized plants under the same moderate saline stress. The combined application of T34 and salt significantly reduced the fresh and dry weights of NPK-fertilized plants, while the opposite effects were detected when no chemical fertilization was applied. Decaying symptoms were observed in salt-stressed and chemically fertilized plants previously treated with T34. This damaged phenotype was linked to significantly higher intercellular CO2 and slight increases in stomatal conductance and transpiration, and to the deregulation of phytohormone networking in terms of significantly lower expression levels of the salt overlay sensitivity 1 (SOS1) gene, and the genes involved in signaling abscisic acid-, ethylene-, and salicylic acid-dependent pathways and ROS production, in comparison with those observed in salt-challenged NPK-fertilized plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Rubio
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Abiotic Stress Department, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasSalamanca, Spain
| | - Fabio A. Gómez-Acosta
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Morcuende
- Abiotic Stress Department, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasSalamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique Monte
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Wagner Bettiol
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
- Embrapa EnvironmentJaguariúna, Brazil
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Pandey SP, Shahi P, Gase K, Baldwin IT. Herbivory-induced changes in the small-RNA transcriptome and phytohormone signaling in Nicotiana attenuata. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:4559-64. [PMID: 18339806 PMCID: PMC2290812 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711363105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytohormones mediate the perception of insect-specific signals and the elicitation of defenses during insect attack. Large-scale changes in a plant's transcriptome ensue, but how these changes are regulated remains unknown. Silencing of RNA-directed RNA polymerase 1 (RdR1) makes Nicotiana attenuata highly susceptible to insect herbivores, suggesting that defense elicitation is under the direct control of small-RNAs (smRNAs). Using 454-sequencing, we characterized N. attenuata's smRNA transcriptome before and after insect-specific elicitation in wild-type (WT) and RdR1-silenced (irRdR1) plants. We predicted the targets of N. attenuata smRNAs in the genes related to phytohormone signaling (jasmonic acid, JA-Ile, and ethylene) known to mediate resistance responses, and we measured the elicited dynamics of phytohormone biosynthetic transcripts and phytohormone levels in time-course experiments with field- and glasshouse-grown plants. RdR1 silencing severely altered the induced transcript accumulation of 8 of the 10 genes, reduced JA, and enhanced ethylene levels after elicitation. Adding JA completely restored the insect resistance of irRdR1 plants. irRdR1 plants had photosynthetic rates, growth, and reproductive output indistinguishable from that of WT plants, suggesting unaltered primary metabolism. We conclude that the susceptibility of irRdR1 plants to herbivores is due to altered phytohormone signaling and that smRNAs play a central role in coordinating the large-scale transcriptional changes that occur after herbivore attack. Given the diversity of smRNAs that are elicited after insect attack and the recent demonstration of the ability of ingested smRNAs to silence transcript accumulation in lepidopteran larvae midguts, the smRNA responses of plants may also function as direct defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree P. Pandey
- *Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; and
| | - Priyanka Shahi
- Medical Research Center, University Hospital Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Klaus Gase
- *Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; and
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- *Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; and
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