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Geng Y, Xie C, Yan A, Yang X, Lai DN, Liu X, Zhou Y. A conserved GRAS-domain transcriptional regulator links meristem indeterminacy to sex determination in Ceratopteris gametophytes. Curr Biol 2024:S0960-9822(24)00848-0. [PMID: 39059395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Most land plants alternate between generations of sexual gametophytes and asexual sporophytes. Unlike seed plants, fern gametophytes are free living and grow independently of their sporophytes. In homosporous ferns such as Ceratopteris, gametophytes derived from genetically identical spores exhibit sexual dimorphism, developing as either males or hermaphrodites. Males lack meristems and promote cell differentiation into sperm-producing antheridia. In contrast, hermaphrodites initiate multicellular meristems that stay undifferentiated, sustain cell division and prothallus expansion, and drive the formation of egg-producing archegonia. Once initiating the meristem, hermaphrodites secrete the pheromone antheridiogen, which triggers neighboring slower-growing gametophytes to develop as males, while the hermaphrodites themselves remain insensitive to antheridiogen. This strategy promotes outcrossing and prevents all individuals in the colony from becoming males. This study reveals that an evolutionarily conserved GRAS-domain transcriptional regulator (CrHAM), directly repressed by Ceratopteris microRNA171 (CrmiR171), promotes meristem development in Ceratopteris gametophytes and determines the male-to-hermaphrodite ratio in the colony. CrHAM preferentially accumulates within the meristems of hermaphrodites but is excluded from differentiated antheridia. CrHAM sustains meristem proliferation and cell division through conserved hormone pathways. In the meantime, CrHAM inhibits the antheridiogen-induced conversion of hermaphrodites to males by suppressing the male program expression and preventing meristem cells from differentiating into sperm-producing antheridia. This finding establishes a connection between meristem indeterminacy and sex determination in ferns, suggesting both conserved and diversified roles of meristem regulators in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Geng
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - An Yan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dinh Nhan Lai
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xing Liu
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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2
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Lu S, Xiao F. Small Peptides: Orchestrators of Plant Growth and Developmental Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7627. [PMID: 39062870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Small peptides (SPs), ranging from 5 to 100 amino acids, play integral roles in plants due to their diverse functions. Despite their low abundance and small molecular weight, SPs intricately regulate critical aspects of plant life, including cell division, growth, differentiation, flowering, fruiting, maturation, and stress responses. As vital mediators of intercellular signaling, SPs have garnered significant attention in plant biology research. This comprehensive review delves into SPs' structure, classification, and identification, providing a detailed understanding of their significance. Additionally, we summarize recent findings on the biological functions and signaling pathways of prominent SPs that regulate plant growth and development. This review also offers a perspective on future research directions in peptide signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Lu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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3
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Kong S, Zhu M, Roeder AHK. Self-organization underlies developmental robustness in plants. Cells Dev 2024:203936. [PMID: 38960068 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Development is a self-organized process that builds on cells and their interactions. Cells are heterogeneous in gene expression, growth, and division; yet how development is robust despite such heterogeneity is a fascinating question. Here, we review recent progress on this topic, highlighting how developmental robustness is achieved through self-organization. We will first discuss sources of heterogeneity, including stochastic gene expression, heterogeneity in growth rate and direction, and heterogeneity in division rate and precision. We then discuss cellular mechanisms that buffer against such noise, including Paf1C- and miRNA-mediated denoising, spatiotemporal growth averaging and compensation, mechanisms to improve cell division precision, and coordination of growth rate and developmental timing between different parts of an organ. We also discuss cases where such heterogeneity is not buffered but utilized for development. Finally, we highlight potential directions for future studies of noise and developmental robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Kong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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4
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Uzair M, Urquidi Camacho RA, Liu Z, Overholt AM, DeGennaro D, Zhang L, Herron BS, Hong T, Shpak ED. An updated model of shoot apical meristem regulation by ERECTA family and CLAVATA3 signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Development 2024; 151:dev202870. [PMID: 38814747 PMCID: PMC11234387 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to the aboveground organs of plants. The size of the SAM is relatively constant due to the balance between stem cell replenishment and cell recruitment into new organs. In angiosperms, the transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS) promotes stem cell proliferation in the central zone of the SAM. WUS forms a negative feedback loop with a signaling pathway activated by CLAVATA3 (CLV3). In the periphery of the SAM, the ERECTA family receptors (ERfs) constrain WUS and CLV3 expression. Here, we show that four ligands of ERfs redundantly inhibit the expression of these two genes. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that WUS and CLV3 are the main targets of ERf signaling and uncovered new ones. Analysis of promoter reporters indicated that the WUS expression domain mostly overlaps with the CLV3 domain and does not shift along the apical-basal axis in clv3 mutants. Our three-dimensional mathematical model captured gene expression distributions at the single-cell level under various perturbed conditions. Based on our findings, CLV3 regulates cellular levels of WUS mostly through autocrine signaling, and ERfs regulate the spatial expression of WUS, preventing its encroachment into the peripheral zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Uzair
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | - Ziyi Liu
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Alex M. Overholt
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Daniel DeGennaro
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Brittani S. Herron
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Tian Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Elena D. Shpak
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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5
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Wu X, Yuan Y, Zhou S, Wang Z, Li H, Wu W, Lei Z, Liu S, Qi K, Yin H, Zhou Y, Zhang S. Plant Stem Cell Informatics Database (PSCIdb): A comprehensive computational platform for identifying and analyzing genes related to plant stem cells. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100818. [PMID: 38217287 PMCID: PMC11121164 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yubo Yuan
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Siyuan Zhou
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zewen Wang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wanping Wu
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhijie Lei
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Siyao Liu
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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6
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Sageman-Furnas K, Duarte GT, Laitinen RAE. Detailing Early Shoot Growth Arrest in Kro-0 x BG-5 Hybrids of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:420-427. [PMID: 38153761 PMCID: PMC11020215 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Shoot growth directly impacts plant productivity. Plants adjust their shoot growth in response to varying environments to maximize resource capture and stress resilience. While several factors controlling shoot growth are known, the complexity of the regulation and the input of the environment are not fully understood. We have investigated shoot growth repression induced by low ambient temperatures in hybrids of Arabidopsis thaliana Kro-0 and BG-5 accessions. To continue our previous studies, we confirmed that the Kro-0 allele of DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN 3B causes stunted shoot growth in the BG-5 background. We also found that shoot growth repression was most pronounced near the apex at a lower temperature and that the cells in the hybrid stem failed to elongate correctly. Furthermore, we observed that shoot growth repression in hybrids depended on light availability. Global gene expression analysis indicated the involvement of hormones, especially strigolactone, associated with the dwarf phenotype. Altogether, this study enhances our knowledge on the genetic, physiological and environmental factors associated with shoot growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Sageman-Furnas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27008, USA
| | - Gustavo T Duarte
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Unit for Biosphere Impact Studies, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Roosa A E Laitinen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Organismal and Evolutionary Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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7
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Thiaw MRN, Gantet P. The emerging functions of mini zinc finger (MIF) microproteins in seed plants: A minireview. Biochimie 2024; 218:69-75. [PMID: 37722501 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Mini zinc fingers constitute a class of microproteins that appeared early in evolution and expanded in seeds plants. In this review, the phylogenetic history, the functions and the mode of action of Mini zinc fingers in plants are reported and discussed. It appears that mini zinc fingers play an important role in the control of plant development. They are involved in the control of cell division and expansion, in the switch between the determinate/indeterminate state of the meristems and in the regulation of vegetative growth and floral organ development. Their biochemical mode of action seems to be diverse. In some studies, it has been reported that mini zinc fingers can directly bind to DNA and activate target gene expression, whereas other studies have shown that they can interact with and inhibit the activity of specific zinc finger homeodomain transcription factors or act as adaptor proteins necessary to aggregate polymeric protein complexes corresponding to chromatin remodelling factors negatively regulating the expression of specific genes. The diversity of mode of action for mini zinc finger microproteins suggests a wider range of biological functions than what has been that described in the literature thus far, and their involvement in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses should be further investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Rose Ndella Thiaw
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, cedex 5, Montpellier, France.
| | - Pascal Gantet
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, cedex 5, Montpellier, France.
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8
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Liu J, Li W, Wu G, Ali K. An update on evolutionary, structural, and functional studies of receptor-like kinases in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1305599. [PMID: 38362444 PMCID: PMC10868138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1305599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
All living organisms must develop mechanisms to cope with and adapt to new environments. The transition of plants from aquatic to terrestrial environment provided new opportunities for them to exploit additional resources but made them vulnerable to harsh and ever-changing conditions. As such, the transmembrane receptor-like kinases (RLKs) have been extensively duplicated and expanded in land plants, increasing the number of RLKs in the advanced angiosperms, thus becoming one of the largest protein families in eukaryotes. The basic structure of the RLKs consists of a variable extracellular domain (ECD), a transmembrane domain (TM), and a conserved kinase domain (KD). Their variable ECDs can perceive various kinds of ligands that activate the conserved KD through a series of auto- and trans-phosphorylation events, allowing the KDs to keep the conserved kinase activities as a molecular switch that stabilizes their intracellular signaling cascades, possibly maintaining cellular homeostasis as their advantages in different environmental conditions. The RLK signaling mechanisms may require a coreceptor and other interactors, which ultimately leads to the control of various functions of growth and development, fertilization, and immunity. Therefore, the identification of new signaling mechanisms might offer a unique insight into the regulatory mechanism of RLKs in plant development and adaptations. Here, we give an overview update of recent advances in RLKs and their signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Khawar Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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9
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Zhang H, Mu Y, Zhang H, Yu C. Maintenance of stem cell activity in plant development and stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1302046. [PMID: 38155857 PMCID: PMC10754534 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1302046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells residing in plant apical meristems play an important role during postembryonic development. These stem cells are the wellspring from which tissues and organs of the plant emerge. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) governs the aboveground portions of a plant, while the root apical meristem (RAM) orchestrates the subterranean root system. In their sessile existence, plants are inextricably bound to their environment and must adapt to various abiotic stresses, including osmotic stress, drought, temperature fluctuations, salinity, ultraviolet radiation, and exposure to heavy metal ions. These environmental challenges exert profound effects on stem cells, potentially causing severe DNA damage and disrupting the equilibrium of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ signaling in these vital cells, jeopardizing their integrity and survival. In response to these challenges, plants have evolved mechanisms to ensure the preservation, restoration, and adaptation of the meristematic stem cell niche. This enduring response allows plants to thrive in their habitats over extended periods. Here, we presented a comprehensive overview of the cellular and molecular intricacies surrounding the initiation and maintenance of the meristematic stem cell niche. We also delved into the mechanisms employed by stem cells to withstand and respond to abiotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huankai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Yangwei Mu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caiyu Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
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10
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Selby R, Jones DS. Complex peptide hormone signaling in plant stem cells. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 75:102442. [PMID: 37672866 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptide hormones influence diverse aspects of plant development through highly coordinated cell-cell signaling pathways. Many peptide hormone families play key roles in stem cell maintenance across land plants. In this review, we focus on recent work in two conserved peptide hormone families, CLAVATA3/EMBRYO-SURROUNDING REGION (CLEs) and ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR (RGFs), and their roles in regulating plant stem cells. We discuss recent work establishing downstream crosstalk between peptide hormones and other conserved signaling mechanisms in meristem maintenance as well as highlight advances in peptide hormone gene identification that provide important context for CLE/RGF family evolution across diverse plant lineages. CLE and RGF gene families have greatly expanded in angiosperms, contributing to the complex genetic regulation of stem cell homeostasis observed in model systems over the last 30 years. Peptide hormone duplications have resulted in genetic compensation mechanisms that ensure robust development through the function of paralogous genes. Broad conservation of genetic compensation across angiosperms highlights the importance of these mechanisms in developmental signaling and understanding their regulation could inform broader understanding of morphological diversity and evolutionary innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid Selby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Daniel S Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 36849, Auburn, AL, USA.
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Yang Q, Yuan C, Cong T, Zhang Q. The Secrets of Meristems Initiation: Axillary Meristem Initiation and Floral Meristem Initiation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091879. [PMID: 37176937 PMCID: PMC10181267 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The branching phenotype is an extremely important agronomic trait of plants, especially for horticultural crops. It is not only an important yield character of fruit trees, but also an exquisite ornamental trait of landscape trees and flowers. The branching characteristics of plants are determined by the periodic initiation and later development of meristems, especially the axillary meristem (AM) in the vegetative stage and the floral meristem (FM) in the reproductive stage, which jointly determine the above-ground plant architecture. The regulation of meristem initiation has made great progress in model plants in recent years. Meristem initiation is comprehensively regulated by a complex regulatory network composed of plant hormones and transcription factors. However, as it is an important trait, studies on meristem initiation in horticultural plants are very limited, and the mechanism of meristem initiation regulation in horticultural plants is largely unknown. This review summarizes recent research advances in axillary meristem regulation and mainly reviews the regulatory networks and mechanisms of AM and FM initiation regulated by transcription factors and hormones. Finally, considering the existing problems in meristem initiation studies and the need for branching trait improvement in horticulture plants, we prospect future studies to accelerate the genetic improvement of the branching trait in horticulture plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cunquan Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianci Cong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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12
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Tung CC, Kuo SC, Yang CL, Yu JH, Huang CE, Liou PC, Sun YH, Shuai P, Su JC, Ku C, Lin YCJ. Single-cell transcriptomics unveils xylem cell development and evolution. Genome Biol 2023; 24:3. [PMID: 36624504 PMCID: PMC9830878 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylem, the most abundant tissue on Earth, is responsible for lateral growth in plants. Typical xylem has a radial system composed of ray parenchyma cells and an axial system of fusiform cells. In most angiosperms, fusiform cells comprise vessel elements for water transportation and libriform fibers for mechanical support, while both functions are performed by tracheids in other vascular plants such as gymnosperms. Little is known about the developmental programs and evolutionary relationships of these xylem cell types. RESULTS Through both single-cell and laser capture microdissection transcriptomic profiling, we determine the developmental lineages of ray and fusiform cells in stem-differentiating xylem across four divergent woody angiosperms. Based on cross-species analyses of single-cell clusters and overlapping trajectories, we reveal highly conserved ray, yet variable fusiform, lineages across angiosperms. Core eudicots Populus trichocarpa and Eucalyptus grandis share nearly identical fusiform lineages, whereas the more basal angiosperm Liriodendron chinense has a fusiform lineage distinct from that in core eudicots. The tracheids in the basal eudicot Trochodendron aralioides, an evolutionarily reversed trait, exhibit strong transcriptomic similarity to vessel elements rather than libriform fibers. CONCLUSIONS This evo-devo framework provides a comprehensive understanding of the formation of xylem cell lineages across multiple plant species spanning over a hundred million years of evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Tung
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Che Kuo
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jhong-He Yu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-En Huang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chien Liou
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Sun
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Peng Shuai
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jung-Chen Su
- Department of Pharmacy, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Ku
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chung Jimmy Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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13
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Wu X, Liu X, Zhang S, Zhou Y. Cell Division and Meristem Dynamics in Fern Gametophytes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:209. [PMID: 36616337 PMCID: PMC9823664 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important questions in all multicellular organisms is how to define and maintain different cell fates during continuous cell division and proliferation. Plant meristems provide a unique research system to address this fundamental question because meristems dynamically maintain themselves and sustain organogenesis through balancing cell division and cell differentiation. Different from the gametophytes of seed plants that depend on their sporophytes and lack meristems, the gametophytes of seed-free ferns develop different types of meristems (including apical cell-based meristems and multicellular apical and marginal meristems) to promote independent growth and proliferation during the sexual gametophyte phase. Recent studies combining confocal time-lapse imaging and computational image analysis reveal the cellular basis of the initiation and proliferation of different types of meristems in fern gametophytes, providing new insights into the evolution of meristems in land plants. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the cell growth dynamics in fern gametophytes and discuss both conserved and diversified mechanisms underlying meristem cell proliferation in seed-free vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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14
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Song S, Huang B, Pan Z, Zhong Q, Yang Y, Chen D, Zhu L, Hu G, He M, Wu C, Zouine M, Chen R, Bouzayen M, Hao Y. The SlTPL3-SlWUS module regulates multi-locule formation in tomato by modulating auxin and gibberellin levels in the shoot apical meristem. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:2150-2167. [PMID: 35980297 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Malformed fruits depreciate a plant's market value. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), fruit malformation is associated with the multi-locule trait, which involves genes regulating shoot apical meristem (SAM) development. The expression pattern of TOPLESS3 (SlTPL3) throughout SAM development prompted us to investigate its functional significance via RNA interference (RNAi) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9)-mediated gene editing. Lower SlTPL3 transcript levels resulted in larger fruits with more locules and larger SAMs at the 5 d after germination (DAG5) stage. Differentially expressed genes in the SAM of wild-type (WT) and SlTPL3-RNAi plants, identified by transcriptome deep sequencing (RNA-seq), were enriched in the gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and plant hormone signaling pathways. Moreover, exogenous auxin and paclobutrazol treatments rescued the multi-locule phenotype, indicating that SlTPL3 affects SAM size by mediating auxin and GA levels in the SAM. Furthermore, SlTPL3 interacted with WUSCHEL (SlWUS), which plays an important role in SAM size maintenance. We conducted RNA-seq and DNA affinity purification followed by sequencing (DAP-seq) analyses to identify the genes regulated by SlTPL3 and SlWUS in the SAM and to determine how they regulate SAM size. We detected 24 overlapping genes regulated by SlTPL3 and SlWUS and harboring an SlWUS-binding motif in their promoters. Furthermore, functional annotation revealed a notable enrichment for functions in auxin transport, auxin signal transduction, and GA biosynthesis. Dual-luciferase assays also revealed that SlTPL3 enhances SlWUS-mediated regulation (repression and activation) of SlPIN3 and SlGA2ox4 transcription, indicating that the SlTPL3-SlWUS module regulates SAM size by mediating auxin distribution and GA levels, and perturbations of this module result in enlarged SAM. These results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism of SAM maintenance and locule formation in tomato and highlight the SlTPL3-SlWUS module as a key regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Binbin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zanlin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yinghua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Da Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lisha Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guojian Hu
- Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruits, INRA, Toulouse INP, University of Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Mi He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Caiyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mohammed Zouine
- Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruits, INRA, Toulouse INP, University of Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Riyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruits, INRA, Toulouse INP, University of Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Yanwei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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15
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Nguyen V, Gutzat R. Epigenetic regulation in the shoot apical meristem. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102267. [PMID: 35985107 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms form the basis of cellular memory, developmental decisions, and the cellular immune system that defends against transposons and viruses. Organs develop from the shoot apical meristem (SAM) to shape the plant's areal phenotype, and stem cells in the SAM serve as a functional germline. While many details on the regulation of stem cell pool size, organ initiation, and patterning at the meristem periphery are known, we know surprisingly little about the molecular characteristics of SAM cells, including their epigenome and how it changes during development. Here, we summarize information on epigenetic regulation of selected genes necessary for stem cell maintenance. As recent evidence suggests that SAM stem cells might be a hotspot of transposon activation, we discuss this aspect of epigenetic control in the meristem and speculate on mechanisms that maintain the flexibility of SAM stem cells in response to developmental or environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Nguyen
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Ruben Gutzat
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria.
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16
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Abiri N, Sinjushin A, Tekdal D, Cetiner S. Evaluation of the Possible Contribution of Various Regulatory Genes to Determination of Carpel Number as a Potential Mechanism for Optimal Agricultural Yield. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179723. [PMID: 36077121 PMCID: PMC9456115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various regulatory genes encoding transcription factors and miRNAs regulate carpel number. Multicarpelly is normally associated with increased size of the floral meristem, and several genetic factors have been discovered that influence this characteristic. A fundamental understanding of the regulatory genes affecting carpel number can facilitate strategies for agricultural yield improvement, which is crucial, given that the global population is growing rapidly. A multicarpellate plant may provide a significantly higher yield than a plant bearing fewer carpels. Higher yields can be achieved via various means; in this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the various regulatory factors that contribute to multicarpelly and the potential of increasing carpel number to achieve an increased yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Abiri
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-5457874622
| | - Andrey Sinjushin
- Department of Genetics, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dilek Tekdal
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biotechnology, Mersin University, 33343 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Selim Cetiner
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Hirakawa Y. Evolution of meristem zonation by CLE gene duplication in land plants. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:735-740. [PMID: 35854003 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, a negative feedback pathway involving CLAVATA3 (CLV3) peptide and WUSCHEL transcription factor maintains the stem-cell population in the shoot apical meristem and is central for continued shoot growth and organogenesis. An intriguing question is how this cell-signalling system was established during the evolution of land plants. On the basis of two recent studies on CLV3/ESR-related (CLE) genes, this paper proposes a model for the evolution of meristem zonation. The model suggests that a stem-cell-limiting CLV3 pathway is derived from stem-cell-promoting CLE pathways conserved in land pants by gene duplication in the angiosperm lineage. The model can be examined in the future by genomic and developmental studies on diverse plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirakawa
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan.
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18
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Geng Y, Yan A, Zhou Y. Positional cues and cell division dynamics drive meristem development and archegonium formation in Ceratopteris gametophytes. Commun Biol 2022; 5:650. [PMID: 35778477 PMCID: PMC9249879 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fern gametophytes are autotrophic and independent of sporophytes, and they develop pluripotent meristems that drive prothallus development and sexual reproduction. To reveal cellular dynamics during meristem development in fern gametophytes, we performed long-term time-lapse imaging and determined the real-time lineage, identity and division activity of each single cell from meristem initiation to establishment in gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris richardii. Our results demonstrate that in Ceratopteris gametophytes, only a few cell lineages originated from the marginal layer contribute to meristem initiation and proliferation, and the meristem lacks a distinguishable central zone or apical cell with low division activity. Within the meristem, cell division is independent of cell lineages and cells at the marginal layer are more actively dividing than inner cells. Furthermore, the meristem triggers differentiation of adjacent cells into egg-producing archegonia in a position-dependent manner. These findings advance the understanding of diversified meristem and gametophyte development in land plants. Time-lapse imaging of the fern Ceratopteris richardii during meristem initiation and proliferation provides insights into the lineage, identity and division activity of each cell throughout the growth of gametophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Geng
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - An Yan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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19
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Wu X, Yan A, Yang X, Banks JA, Zhang S, Zhou Y. Cell growth dynamics in two types of apical meristems in fern gametophytes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:149-163. [PMID: 35451138 PMCID: PMC9541313 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to seed plants, the gametophytes of seed-free plants develop pluripotent meristems, which promote and sustain their independent growth and development. To date, the cellular basis of meristem development in gametophytes of seed-free ferns remains largely unknown. In this study, we used Woodsia obtusa, the blunt-lobe cliff fern, to quantitatively determine cell growth dynamics in two different types of apical meristems - the apical initial centered meristem and the multicellular apical meristem in gametophytes. Through confocal time-lapse live imaging and computational image analysis and quantification, we determined unique patterns of cell division and growth that sustain or terminate apical initials, dictate the transition from apical initials to multicellular apical meristems, and drive proliferation of apical meristems in ferns. Quantitative results showed that small cells correlated to active cell division in fern gametophytes. The marginal cells of multicellular apical meristems in fern gametophytes undergo division in both anticlinal and periclinal orientations, not only increasing cell numbers but also playing a dominant role in increasing cell layers during gametophyte development. All these findings provide insights into the function and regulation of meristems in gametophytes of seed-free vascular plants, suggesting both conserved and diversified mechanisms underlying meristem cell proliferation across land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana47907USA
- Purdue Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana47907USA
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Center of Pear Engineering Technology ResearchNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu210095China
| | - An Yan
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCalifornia91125USA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCalifornia91125USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana47907USA
- Purdue Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana47907USA
| | - Jo Ann Banks
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana47907USA
- Purdue Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana47907USA
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Center of Pear Engineering Technology ResearchNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu210095China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana47907USA
- Purdue Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana47907USA
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20
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Long Y, Yang Y, Pan G, Shen Y. New Insights Into Tissue Culture Plant-Regeneration Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:926752. [PMID: 35845646 PMCID: PMC9280033 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.926752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant regeneration occurs when plants repair or replace damaged structures based on the totipotency and pluripotency of their cells. Tissue culture is one of the most widely used regenerative technologies. Recently, a series of breakthroughs were made in the study of plant regeneration. This review summarizes two regenerative pathways in tissue culture: somatic embryogenesis and de novo organogenesis. Furthermore, we review the environmental factors influencing plant regeneration from explant sources, basal culture medium, plant growth regulators, and light/dark treatment. Additionally, we analyse the molecular mechanisms underlying two pathways. This knowledge will promote an understanding of the fundamental principles of plant regeneration from precursor cells and lay a solid foundation for applying plant micropropagation and genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Long
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Nanchong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, China
| | - Guangtang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaou Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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21
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Xiao Y, Guo J, Dong Z, Richardson A, Patterson E, Mangrum S, Bybee S, Bertolini E, Bartlett M, Chuck G, Eveland AL, Scanlon MJ, Whipple C. Boundary domain genes were recruited to suppress bract growth and promote branching in maize. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm6835. [PMID: 35704576 PMCID: PMC9200273 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm6835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Grass inflorescence development is diverse and complex and involves sophisticated but poorly understood interactions of genes regulating branch determinacy and leaf growth. Here, we use a combination of transcript profiling and genetic and phylogenetic analyses to investigate tasselsheath1 (tsh1) and tsh4, two maize genes that simultaneously suppress inflorescence leaf growth and promote branching. We identify a regulatory network of inflorescence leaf suppression that involves the phase change gene tsh4 upstream of tsh1 and the ligule identity gene liguleless2 (lg2). We also find that a series of duplications in the tsh1 gene lineage facilitated its shift from boundary domain in nongrasses to suppressed inflorescence leaves of grasses. Collectively, these results suggest that the boundary domain genes tsh1 and lg2 were recruited to inflorescence leaves where they suppress growth and regulate a nonautonomous signaling center that promotes inflorescence branching, an important component of yield in cereal grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Xiao
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, 4102 LSB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Jinyan Guo
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, 4102 LSB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Zhaobin Dong
- Plant Gene Expression Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Annis Richardson
- Plant Gene Expression Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Erin Patterson
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sidney Mangrum
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, 4102 LSB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Seth Bybee
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, 4102 LSB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | | | - Madelaine Bartlett
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - George Chuck
- Plant Gene Expression Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Scanlon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Clinton Whipple
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, 4102 LSB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Corresponding author.
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22
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Zhao P, Wang F, Deng Y, Zhong F, Tian P, Lin D, Deng J, Zhang Y, Huang T. Sly-miR159 regulates fruit morphology by modulating GA biosynthesis in tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:833-845. [PMID: 34882929 PMCID: PMC9055814 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fruit morphology is an important agronomical trait of many crops. Here, we identify Sly-miR159 as an important regulator of fruit morphology in tomato, a model species of fleshy-fruit development. We show that Sly-miR159 functions through its target SlGAMYB2 to control fruit growth. Suppression of Sly-miR159 and overexpression of SlGAMYB2 result in larger fruits with a reduced length/width ratio, while loss of function of SlGAMYB2 leads to the formation of smaller and more elongated fruits. Gibberellin (GA) is a major phytohormone that regulates fruit development in tomato. We show the Sly-miR159-SlGAMYB2 pathway controls fruit morphology by modulating GA biosynthesis. In particular, we demonstrate that Sly-miR159 promotes GA biosynthesis largely through the direct repression of the GA biosynthetic gene SlGA3ox2 by SlGAMYB2. Together, our findings reveal the action of Sly-miR159 on GA biosynthesis as a previously unidentified mechanism that controls fruit morphology in tomato. Modulating this pathway may have potential applications in tomato breeding for manipulating fruit growth and facilitating the process of fruit improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and GuangdongCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Fengpan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and GuangdongCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yinjiao Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Fanjia Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Peng Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and GuangdongCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Dongbo Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and GuangdongCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Juhui Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yongxia Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Tengbo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
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23
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Dynamic Changes in Reactive Oxygen Species in the Shoot Apex Contribute to Stem Cell Death in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073864. [PMID: 35409227 PMCID: PMC8998593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In monocarpic plants, stem cells are fated to die. However, the potential mechanism of stem cell death has remained elusive. Here, we reveal that the levels of two forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion free radical (O2·−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), show dynamic changes in the shoot apex during the plant life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that the level of O2·− decreased and disappeared at four weeks after bolting (WAB), while H2O2 appeared at 3 WAB and showed a burst at 5 WAB. The timing of dynamic changes in O2·− and H2O2 was delayed for approximately three weeks in clv3-2, which has a longer lifespan. Moreover, exogenous application of H2O2 inhibited the expression of the stem cell determinant WUSCHEL (WUS) and promoted the expression of the developmentally programmed cell death (dPCD) marker gene ORESARA 1 (ORE1). These results indicate that H2O2 triggers an important signal inducing dPCD in stem cells. Given that O2·− plays roles in maintaining WUS expression and stem cell activity, we speculate that the dynamic shift from O2·− to H2O2 in the shoot apex results in stem cell death. Our findings provide novel insights for understanding ROS-mediated regulation during plant stem cell death.
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Function and Regulation of microRNA171 in Plant Stem Cell Homeostasis and Developmental Programing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052544. [PMID: 35269685 PMCID: PMC8910752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA171 (miR171), a group of 21-nucleotide single-strand small RNAs, is one ancient and conserved microRNA family in land plants. This review focuses on the recent progress in understanding the role of miR171 in plant stem cell homeostasis and developmental patterning, and the regulation of miR171 by developmental cues and environmental signals. Specifically, miR171 regulates shoot meristem activity and phase transition through repressing the HAIRYMERISTEM (HAM) family genes. In the model species Arabidopsis, miR171 serves as a short-range mobile signal, which initiates in the epidermal layer of shoot meristems and moves downwards within a limited distance, to pattern the apical-basal polarity of gene expression and drive stem cell dynamics. miR171 levels are regulated by light and various abiotic stresses, suggesting miR171 may serve as a linkage between environmental factors and cell fate decisions. Furthermore, miR171 family members also demonstrate both conserved and lineage-specific functions in land plants, which are summarized and discussed here.
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Hawar A, Xiong S, Yang Z, Sun B. Histone Acetyltransferase SlGCN5 Regulates Shoot Meristem and Flower Development in Solanum lycopersicum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:805879. [PMID: 35126431 PMCID: PMC8814577 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.805879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The histone acetyltransferase (HAT) general control non-repressed protein 5 (GCN5) plays important roles in plant development via epigenetic regulation of its target genes. However, the role of GCN5 in tomato, especially in the regulation of tomato shoot meristem and flower development, has not been well-understood. In this study, we found that silencing of Solanum lycopersicum GCN5 (SlGCN5, Solyc10g045400.1.1) by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in the loss of shoot apical dominance, reduced shoot apical meristem (SAM) size, and dwarf and bushy plant phenotype. Besides, we occasionally observed extra carpelloid stamens and carpels fused with stamens at the late stages of flower development. Through gene expression analysis, we noticed that SlGCN5 could enhance SlWUS transcript levels in both SAM and floral meristem (FM). Similar to the known function of GCN5 in Arabidopsis, we demonstrated that SIGCN5 may form a HAT unit with S. lycopersicum alteration/deficiency in activation 2a (SlADA2a) and SlADA2b proteins in tomato. Therefore, our results provide insights in the SlGCN5-mediated regulation of SAM maintenance and floral development in tomato.
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Cui Y, Lu X, Gou X. Receptor-like protein kinases in plant reproduction: Current understanding and future perspectives. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100273. [PMID: 35059634 PMCID: PMC8760141 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction is a crucial process in the life span of flowering plants, and directly affects human basic requirements in agriculture, such as grain yield and quality. Typical receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are a large family of membrane proteins sensing extracellular signals to regulate plant growth, development, and stress responses. In Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant species, RLK-mediated signaling pathways play essential roles in regulating the reproductive process by sensing different ligand signals. Molecular understanding of the reproductive process is vital from the perspective of controlling male and female fertility. Here, we summarize the roles of RLKs during plant reproduction at the genetic and molecular levels, including RLK-mediated floral organ development, ovule and anther development, and embryogenesis. In addition, the possible molecular regulatory patterns of those RLKs with unrevealed mechanisms during reproductive development are discussed. We also point out the thought-provoking questions raised by the research on these plant RLKs during reproduction for future investigation.
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Wu X, Yan A, Liu X, Zhang S, Zhou Y. Quantitative live-imaging reveals the dynamics of apical cells during gametophyte development in ferns. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e25. [PMID: 37077984 PMCID: PMC10095955 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Meristems in land plants share conserved functions but develop highly variable structures. Meristems in seed-free plants, including ferns, usually contain one or a few pyramid-/wedge-shaped apical cells (ACs) as initials, which are lacking in seed plants. It remained unclear how ACs promote cell proliferation in fern gametophytes and whether any persistent AC exists to sustain fern gametophyte development continuously. Here, we uncovered previously undefined ACs maintained even at late developmental stages in fern gametophytes. Through quantitative live-imaging, we determined division patterns and growth dynamics that maintain the persistent AC in Sphenomeris chinensis, a representative fern. The AC and its immediate progenies form a conserved cell packet, driving cell proliferation and prothallus expansion. At the apical centre of gametophytes, the AC and its adjacent progenies display small dimensions resulting from active cell division instead of reduced cell expansion. These findings provide insight into diversified meristem development in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, USA
- Purdue Centre for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, USA
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - An Yan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, USA
| | - Xing Liu
- Purdue Centre for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, USA
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Authors for correspondence: S. Zhang, Y. Zhou, E-mail: ;
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, USA
- Purdue Centre for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, USA
- Authors for correspondence: S. Zhang, Y. Zhou, E-mail: ;
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Pernisová M, Vernoux T. Auxin Does the SAMba: Auxin Signaling in the Shoot Apical Meristem. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a039925. [PMID: 33903154 PMCID: PMC8634999 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants, in contrast to animals, are unique in their capacity to postembryonically develop new organs due to the activity of stem cell populations, located in specialized tissues called meristems. Above ground, the shoot apical meristem generates aerial organs and tissues throughout plant life. It is well established that auxin plays a central role in the functioning of the shoot apical meristem. Auxin distribution in the meristem is not uniform and depends on the interplay between biosynthesis, transport, and degradation. Auxin maxima and minima are created, and result in transcriptional outputs that drive the development of new organs and contribute to meristem maintenance. To uncover and understand complex signaling networks such as the one regulating auxin responses in the shoot apical meristem remains a challenge. Here, we will discuss our current understanding and point to important research directions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Pernisová
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, University at Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecula Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University and CEITEC MU, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, University at Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
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Thakur T, Gandass N, Mittal K, Jamwal P, Muthamilarasan M, Salvi P. A rapid, efficient, and low-cost BiFC protocol and its application in studying in vivo interaction of seed-specific transcription factors, RISBZ and RPBF. Funct Integr Genomics 2021; 21:593-603. [PMID: 34436705 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-021-00801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteins regulate cellular and biological processes in all living organisms. More than 80% of the proteins interact with one another to perform their respective functions; therefore, studying the protein-protein-interaction has gained attention in functional characterization studies. Bimolecular fluorescence complement (BiFC) assay is widely adopted to determine the physical interaction of two proteins in vivo. Here, we developed a simple, yet effective BiFC assay for protein-protein-interaction using transient Agrobacterium-mediated-transformation of onion epidermal cells by taking case study of Rice-P-box-Binding-Factor (RPBF) and rice-seed-specific-bZIP (RISBZ) in vivo interaction. Our result revealed that both the proteins, i.e., RISBZ and RPBF, interacted in the nucleus and cytosol. These two transcription factors are known for their coordinate/synergistic regulation of seed-protein content via concurrent binding to the promoter region of the seed storage protein (SSP) encoding genes. We further validated our results with BiFC assay in Nicotiana by agroinfiltration method, which exhibited similar results as Agrobacterium-mediated-transformation of onion epidermal cells. We also examined the subcellular localization of RISBZ and RPBF to assess the efficacy of the protocol. The subcellular localization and BiFC assay presented here is quite easy-to-follow, reliable, and reproducible, which can be completed within 2-3 days without using costly instruments and technologies that demand a high skill set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanika Thakur
- Agriculture Biotechnology Department, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, 140308, India
| | - Nishu Gandass
- Agriculture Biotechnology Department, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, 140308, India
| | - Kajal Mittal
- Agriculture Biotechnology Department, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, 140308, India
| | - Pallavi Jamwal
- Agriculture Biotechnology Department, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, 140308, India
| | - Mehanathan Muthamilarasan
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Prafull Salvi
- Agriculture Biotechnology Department, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, 140308, India.
- DST-INSPIRE Faculty, Agriculture Biotechnology Department, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India.
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Wu X, Yan A, McAdam SAM, Banks JA, Zhang S, Zhou Y. Timing of meristem initiation and maintenance determines the morphology of fern gametophytes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6990-7001. [PMID: 34181730 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The alternation of generations in land plants occurs between the sporophyte phase and the gametophyte phase. The sporophytes of seed plants develop self-maintained, multicellular meristems, and these meristems determine plant architecture. The gametophytes of seed plants lack meristems and are heterotrophic. In contrast, the gametophytes of seed-free vascular plants, including ferns, are autotrophic and free-living, developing meristems to sustain their independent growth and proliferation. Compared with meristems in the sporophytes of seed plants, the cellular mechanisms underlying meristem development in fern gametophytes remain largely unknown. Here, using confocal time-lapse live imaging and computational segmentation and quantification, we determined different patterns of cell divisions associated with the initiation and proliferation of two distinct types of meristems in gametophytes of two closely related Pteridaceae ferns, Pteris vittata and Ceratopteris richardii. Our results reveal how the simple timing of a switch between two meristems has considerable consequences for the divergent gametophyte morphologies of the two ferns. They further provide evolutionary insight into the function and regulation of gametophyte meristems in seed-free vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - An Yan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jo Ann Banks
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Geng Y, Zhou Y. N-terminal region is required for functions of the HAM family member. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1940001. [PMID: 34152254 PMCID: PMC8331016 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1940001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Shoot meristems contain stem cells, and they sustain growth and development of the above-ground tissues in land plants. The HAIRY MERISTEM (HAM) family genes, encoding GRAS-domain transcriptional regulators, play essential roles in the control of shoot meristem development and stem cell homeostasis in several flowering plants. Similar to other GRAS proteins, the C-terminal regions of HAM family proteins across land plants are conserved, containing signature motifs that define the GRAS domain. In contrast, the N-terminal regions of HAM family proteins display substantial divergence in sequence and length. Whether the variable and divergent N-termini are required for the conserved functions of HAM proteins is unknown. Our recent work showed that CrHAM - the HAM homolog in the fern Ceratopteris richardii was able to replace the role of type-II HAM genes in Arabidopsis, maintaining established shoot apical meristems and promoting the initiation of new stem cell niches. Here, we provide additional information and show that CrHAM contains a much longer N-terminal region compared to Arabidopsis HAM proteins, which is conserved among different fern HAM homologs. The deletion of this region largely compromises the ability of CrHAM to replace the function of Arabidopsis HAM proteins in shoot meristems. These new data together with previous results suggest that, although lacking the sequence conservation among HAM homologs from different plant lineages, the N-termini are important for the conserved functions of HAM family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Geng
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Willoughby AC, Nimchuk ZL. WOX going on: CLE peptides in plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102056. [PMID: 34077886 PMCID: PMC8545713 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of plant tissues requires cell-cell communication facilitated by chemical and peptide hormones, including small signaling peptides in the CLAVATA3/EMBRYO-SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) family. The paradigmatic CLE signaling peptide CLAVATA3 regulates the size of the shoot apical meristem and the expression of the stem cell-promoting WUSCHEL transcription factor through an unknown mechanism. This review discusses recent advances in CLE signaling, showing that CLE pathways are conserved in bryophytes, that CLE peptides in Arabidopsis thaliana regulate stem cell identity and cell division in root tissues, and connections to auxin biosynthesis in regulating flower and leaf development. These advances shed light on potential WUSCHEL family-independent aspects of CLE signaling and the overlap between CLE and auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Willoughby
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Robust control of floral meristem determinacy by position-specific multifunctions of KNUCKLES. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102826118. [PMID: 34462349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102826118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral organs are properly developed on the basis of timed floral meristem (FM) termination in Arabidopsis In this process, two known regulatory pathways are involved. The WUSCHEL (WUS)-CLAVATA3 (CLV3) feedback loop is vital for the spatial establishment and maintenance of the FM, while AGAMOUS (AG)-WUS transcriptional cascades temporally repress FM. At stage 6 of flower development, a C2H2-type zinc finger repressor that is a target of AG, KNUCKLES (KNU), directly represses the stem cell identity gene WUS in the organizing center for FM termination. However, how the robust FM activity is fully quenched within a limited time frame to secure carpel development is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that KNU directly binds to the CLV1 locus and the cis-regulatory element on CLV3 promoter and represses their expression during FM determinacy control. Furthermore, KNU physically interacts with WUS, and this interaction inhibits WUS from sustaining CLV3 in the central zone. The KNU-WUS interaction also interrupts the formation of WUS homodimers and WUS-HAIRYMERISTEM 1 heterodimers, both of which are required for FM maintenance. Overall, our findings describe a regulatory framework in which KNU plays a position-specific multifunctional role for the tightly controlled FM determinacy.
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Nidhi S, Preciado J, Tie L. Knox homologs shoot meristemless (STM) and KNAT6 are epistatic to CLAVATA3 (CLV3) during shoot meristem development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6291-6302. [PMID: 34417947 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Arabidopsis, the genes SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3) antagonistically regulate shoot meristem development. STM is essential for both development and maintenance of the meristem, as stm mutants fail to develop a shoot meristem. CLV3, on the other hand, negatively regulates meristem proliferation, and clv3 mutants possess an enlarged shoot meristem. Genetic interaction studies revealed that stm and clv3 dominantly suppress each other's phenotypes. STM works in conjunction with its closely related homologue KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX GENE 6 (KNAT6) to promote meristem development and organ separation, as stm knat6 double mutants fail to form shoot meristem and produce a fused cotyledon. RESULTS In this study, we show that clv3 fails to promote shoot meristem formation in stm-1 background if we also remove KNAT6. stm-1 knat6 clv3 triple mutants result in shoot meristem termination and produce fused cotyledons similar to stm knat6 double mutant. Notably, the stm-1 knat6 and stm-1 knat6 clv3 alleles lack tissue in the presumed region of SAM that is a novel phenotype reported in Arabidopsis mutants. stm-1 knat6 clv3 also showed reduced inflorescence size as compared to clv3 single or stm clv3 double mutants. CONCLUSION In contrast to previously published data, these data suggest that STM and KNAT6 are redundantly required for the vegetative SAM, but insufficient for the inflorescence meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharma Nidhi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Carnegie Institute of Science, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Jesus Preciado
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Liu Tie
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Carnegie Institute of Science, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Pathak PK, Zhang F, Peng S, Niu L, Chaturvedi J, Elliott J, Xiang Y, Tadege M, Deng J. Structure of the unique tetrameric STENOFOLIA homeodomain bound with target promoter DNA. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1050-1063. [PMID: 34342278 PMCID: PMC8329861 DOI: 10.1107/s205979832100632x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeobox transcription factors are key regulators of morphogenesis and development in both animals and plants. In plants, the WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) family of transcription factors function as central organizers of several developmental programs ranging from embryo patterning to meristematic stem-cell maintenance through transcriptional activation and repression mechanisms. The Medicago truncatula STENOFOLIA (STF) gene is a master regulator of leaf-blade lateral development. Here, the crystal structure of the homeodomain (HD) of STF (STF-HD) in complex with its promoter DNA is reported at 2.1 Å resolution. STF-HD binds DNA as a tetramer, enclosing nearly the entire bound DNA surface. The STF-HD tetramer is partially stabilized by docking of the C-terminal tail of one protomer onto a conserved hydrophobic surface on the head of another protomer in a head-to-tail manner. STF-HD specifically binds TGA motifs, although the promoter sequence also contains TAAT motifs. Helix α3 not only serves a canonical role as a base reader in the major groove, but also provides DNA binding in the minor groove through basic residues located at its C-terminus. The structural and functional data in planta reported here provide new insights into the DNA-binding mechanisms of plant-specific HDs from the WOX family of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Shuxia Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Lifang Niu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Juhi Chaturvedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Justin Elliott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Junpeng Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Nie WF, Wang J. Actin-Related Protein 4 Interacts with PIE1 and Regulates Gene Expression in Arabidopsis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040520. [PMID: 33918349 PMCID: PMC8066076 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As essential structural components of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex, the nucleolus-localized actin-related proteins (ARPs) play critical roles in many biological processes. Among them, ARP4 is identified as an integral subunit of chromatin remodeling complex SWR1, which is conserved in yeast, humans and plants. It was shown that RNAi mediated knock-down of Arabidopsisthaliana ARP4 (AtARP4) could affect plant development, specifically, leading to early flowering. However, so far, little is known about how ARP4 functions in the SWR1 complex in plant. Here, we identified a loss-of-function mutant of AtARP4 with a single nucleotide change from glycine to arginine, which had significantly smaller leaf size. The results from the split luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) and yeast two hybrid (Y2H) assays confirmed its physical interaction with the scaffold and catalytic subunit of SWR1 complex, photoperiod-independent early flowering 1 (PIE1). Furthermore, mutation of AtARP4 caused altered transcription response of hundreds of genes, in which the number of up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was much larger than those down-regulated. Although most DEGs in atarp4 are related to plant defense and response to hormones such as salicylic acid, overall, it has less overlapping with other swr1 mutants and the hta9 hta11 double-mutant. In conclusion, our results reveal that AtARP4 is important for plant growth and such an effect is likely attributed to its repression on gene expression, typically at defense-related loci, thus providing some evidence for the coordination of plant growth and defense, while the regulatory patterns and mechanisms are distinctive from other SWR1 complex components.
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Geng Y, Guo L, Han H, Liu X, Banks JA, Wisecaver JH, Zhou Y. Conservation and diversification of HAIRY MERISTEM gene family in land plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:366-378. [PMID: 33484592 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of land plants are crucial for plant growth and organ formation. In several angiosperms, the HAIRY MERISTEM (HAM) genes function as key regulators that control meristem development and stem cell homeostasis. To date, the origin and evolutionary history of the HAM family in land plants remains unclear. Potentially shared and divergent functions of HAM family members from angiosperms and non-angiosperms are also not known. In constructing a comprehensive phylogeny of the HAM family, we show that HAM proteins are widely present in land plants and that HAM proteins originated prior to the divergence of bryophytes. The HAM family was duplicated in a common ancestor of angiosperms, leading to two distinct groups: type I and type II. Type-II HAM members are widely present in angiosperms, whereas type-I HAM members were independently lost in different orders of monocots. Furthermore, HAM members from angiosperms and non-angiosperms (including bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns and gymnosperms) are able to replace the role of the type-II HAM genes in Arabidopsis, maintaining established SAMs and promoting the initiation of new stem cell niches. Our results uncover the conserved functions of HAM family members and reveal the conserved regulatory mechanisms underlying HAM expression patterning in meristems, providing insight into the evolution of key stem cell regulators in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Geng
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Han Han
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xing Liu
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jo Ann Banks
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jennifer H Wisecaver
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Umeda M, Ikeuchi M, Ishikawa M, Ito T, Nishihama R, Kyozuka J, Torii KU, Satake A, Goshima G, Sakakibara H. Plant stem cell research is uncovering the secrets of longevity and persistent growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:326-335. [PMID: 33533118 PMCID: PMC8252613 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant stem cells have several extraordinary features: they are generated de novo during development and regeneration, maintain their pluripotency, and produce another stem cell niche in an orderly manner. This enables plants to survive for an extended period and to continuously make new organs, representing a clear difference in their developmental program from animals. To uncover regulatory principles governing plant stem cell characteristics, our research project 'Principles of pluripotent stem cells underlying plant vitality' was launched in 2017, supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas from the Japanese government. Through a collaboration involving 28 research groups, we aim to identify key factors that trigger epigenetic reprogramming and global changes in gene networks, and thereby contribute to stem cell generation. Pluripotent stem cells in the shoot apical meristem are controlled by cytokinin and auxin, which also play a crucial role in terminating stem cell activity in the floral meristem; therefore, we are focusing on biosynthesis, metabolism, transport, perception, and signaling of these hormones. Besides, we are uncovering the mechanisms of asymmetric cell division and of stem cell death and replenishment under DNA stress, which will illuminate plant-specific features in preserving stemness. Our technology support groups expand single-cell omics to describe stem cell behavior in a spatiotemporal context, and provide correlative light and electron microscopic technology to enable live imaging of cell and subcellular dynamics at high spatiotemporal resolution. In this perspective, we discuss future directions of our ongoing projects and related research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyNara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma630‐0192Japan
| | - Momoko Ikeuchi
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceNiigata UniversityNiigata950‐2181Japan
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- National Institute for Basic BiologyOkazaki444‐8585Japan
- Department of Basic BiologyThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)Okazaki444‐8585Japan
| | - Toshiro Ito
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyNara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma630‐0192Japan
| | | | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendai980‐8577Japan
| | - Keiko U. Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
- Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (WPI‐ITbM)Nagoya UniversityNagoya464‐8601Japan
| | - Akiko Satake
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuoka819‐0395Japan
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Division of Biological ScienceGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoya464‐8602Japan
- Sugashima Marine Biological LaboratoryGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityToba517‐0004Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityNagoya464‐8601Japan
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39
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Geng Y, Cai C, McAdam SAM, Banks JA, Wisecaver JH, Zhou Y. A De Novo Transcriptome Assembly of Ceratopteris richardii Provides Insights into the Evolutionary Dynamics of Complex Gene Families in Land Plants. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6157829. [PMID: 33681974 PMCID: PMC7975763 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As the closest extant sister group to seed plants, ferns are an important reference point to study the origin and evolution of plant genes and traits. One bottleneck to the use of ferns in phylogenetic and genetic studies is the fact that genome-level sequence information of this group is limited, due to the extreme genome sizes of most ferns. Ceratopteris richardii (hereafter Ceratopteris) has been widely used as a model system for ferns. In this study, we generated a transcriptome of Ceratopteris, through the de novo assembly of the RNA-seq data from 17 sequencing libraries that are derived from two sexual types of gametophytes and five different sporophyte tissues. The Ceratopteris transcriptome, together with 38 genomes and transcriptomes from other species across the Viridiplantae, were used to uncover the evolutionary dynamics of orthogroups (predicted gene families using OrthoFinder) within the euphyllophytes and identify proteins associated with the major shifts in plant morphology and physiology that occurred in the last common ancestors of euphyllophytes, ferns, and seed plants. Furthermore, this resource was used to identify and classify the GRAS domain transcriptional regulators of many developmental processes in plants. Through the phylogenetic analysis within each of the 15 GRAS orthogroups, we uncovered which GRAS family members are conserved or have diversified in ferns and seed plants. Taken together, the transcriptome database and analyses reported here provide an important platform for exploring the evolution of gene families in land plants and for studying gene function in seed-free vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Geng
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chao Cai
- Purdue University Libraries and School of Information Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jo Ann Banks
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jennifer H Wisecaver
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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40
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Wan K, Lu K, Gao M, Zhao T, He Y, Yang DL, Tao X, Xiong G, Guan X. Functional analysis of the cotton CLE polypeptide signaling gene family in plant growth and development. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5060. [PMID: 33658526 PMCID: PMC7930028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)–RELATED (CLE) gene family encodes a large number of polypeptide signaling molecules involved in the regulation of shoot apical meristem division and root and vascular bundle development in a variety of plants. CLE family genes encode important short peptide hormones; however, the functions of these signaling polypeptides in cotton remain largely unknown. In the current work, we studied the effects of the CLE family genes on growth and development in cotton. Based on the presence of a conserved CLE motif of 13 amino acids, 93 genes were characterized as GhCLE gene family members, and these were subcategorized into 7 groups. A preliminary analysis of the cotton CLE gene family indicated that the activity of its members tends to be conserved in terms of both the 13-residue conserved domain at the C-terminus and their subcellular localization pattern. Among the 14 tested genes, the ectopic overexpression of GhCLE5::GFP partially mimicked the phenotype of the clv3 mutant in Arabidopsis. GhCLE5 could affect the endogenous CLV3 in binding to the receptor complex, comprised of CLV1, CLV2, and CRN, in the yeast two-hybrid assay and split-luciferase assay. Silencing GhCLE5 in cotton caused a short seedling phenotype. Therefore, we concluded that the cotton GhCLE gene family is functionally conserved in apical shoot development regulation. These results indicate that CLE also plays roles in cotton development as a short peptide hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kening Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengtao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.,College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 210058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxin He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong-Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Tao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 210058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guosheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueying Guan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 210058, Zhejiang, China.
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41
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Geng Y, Zhou Y. HAM Gene Family and Shoot Meristem Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:800332. [PMID: 34987539 PMCID: PMC8720772 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.800332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Land plants develop highly diversified shoot architectures, all of which are derived from the pluripotent stem cells in shoot apical meristems (SAMs). As sustainable resources for continuous organ formation in the aboveground tissues, SAMs play an important role in determining plant yield and biomass production. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding one group of key regulators - the HAIRY MERISTEM (HAM) family GRAS domain proteins - in shoot meristems. We highlight the functions of HAM family members in dictating shoot stem cell initiation and proliferation, the signaling cascade that shapes HAM expression domains in shoot meristems, and the conservation and diversification of HAM family members in land plants. We also discuss future directions that potentially lead to a more comprehensive view of the HAM gene family and stem cell homeostasis in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Geng
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Yun Zhou,
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42
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Fouracre JP, Poethig RS. Lonely at the top? Regulation of shoot apical meristem activity by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 58:17-24. [PMID: 33099210 PMCID: PMC7752823 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
All the above-ground organs of a plant are derived from stem cells that reside in shoot apical meristems (SAM). Over the past 25 years, the genetic pathways that control the proliferation of stem cells within the SAM, and the differentiation of their progenitors into lateral organs, have been described in great detail. However, longstanding questions regarding the importance of communication between cells within the SAM and lateral organs have, until recently, remained unanswered. In this review, we describe recent investigations into the extent, nature and significance of signaling both to and from the SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim P Fouracre
- Biology Department, University of Pennsylvania, 433 S. University Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Richard Scott Poethig
- Biology Department, University of Pennsylvania, 433 S. University Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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43
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Liu Z, Shpak ED, Hong T. A mathematical model for understanding synergistic regulations and paradoxical feedbacks in the shoot apical meristem. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3877-3889. [PMID: 33335685 PMCID: PMC7720093 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is the primary stem cell niche in plant shoots. Stem cells in the SAM are controlled by an intricate regulatory network, including negative feedback between WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3). Recently, we identified a group of signals, Epidermal Patterning Factor-Like (EPFL) proteins, that are produced at the peripheral region and are important for SAM homeostasis. Here, we present a mathematical model for the SAM regulatory network. The model revealed that the SAM uses EPFL and signals such as HAIRY MERISTEM from the middle in a synergistic manner to constrain both WUS and CLV3. We found that interconnected negative and positive feedbacks between WUS and CLV3 ensure stable WUS expression in the SAM when facing perturbations, and the positive feedback loop also maintains distinct cell populations containing WUS on and CLV3 on cells in the apical-basal direction. Furthermore, systematic perturbations of the parameters revealed a tradeoff between optimizations of multiple patterning features. Our results provide a holistic view of the regulation of SAM patterning in multiple dimensions. They give insights into how Arabidopsis integrates signals from lateral and apical-basal axes to control the SAM patterning, and they shed light into design principles that may be widely useful for understanding regulatory networks of stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Liu
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Elena D. Shpak
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Tian Hong
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, Knoxville, TN, United States
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44
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Regulation of Shoot Apical Meristem and Axillary Meristem Development in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082917. [PMID: 32326368 PMCID: PMC7216077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants retain the ability to produce new organs throughout their life cycles. Continuous aboveground organogenesis is achieved by meristems, which are mainly organized, established, and maintained in the shoot apex and leaf axils. This paper will focus on reviewing the recent progress in understanding the regulation of shoot apical meristem and axillary meristem development. We discuss the genetics of plant meristems, the role of plant hormones and environmental factors in meristem development, and the impact of epigenetic factors on meristem organization and function.
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45
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A signal cascade originated from epidermis defines apical-basal patterning of Arabidopsis shoot apical meristems. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1214. [PMID: 32139673 PMCID: PMC7058014 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, a long-standing question is how spatial patterns of distinct cell types are initiated and maintained during continuous cell division and proliferation. Along the vertical axis of plant shoot apical meristems (SAMs), stem cells are located at the top while cells specifying the stem cells are located more basally, forming a robust apical-basal pattern. We previously found that in Arabidopsis SAMs, the HAIRY MERISTEM (HAM) family transcription factors form a concentration gradient from the epidermis to the interior cell layers, and this gradient is essential for the stem cell specification and the apical-basal patterning of the SAMs. Here, we uncover that epidermis specific transcription factors, ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA MERISTEM LAYER 1 (ATML1) and its close homolog, define the concentration gradient of HAM in the SAM through activating a group of microRNAs. This study provides a molecular framework linking the epidermis-derived signal to the stem cell homeostasis in plants. A concentration gradient of HAM transcription factors specifies apical-basal patterning in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem. Here, the authors show that epidermal expression of the ATML1 transcription factor defines this concentration gradient via activation of mobile micro RNA.
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Han H, Geng Y, Guo L, Yan A, Meyerowitz EM, Liu X, Zhou Y. The Overlapping and Distinct Roles of HAM Family Genes in Arabidopsis Shoot Meristems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:541968. [PMID: 33013964 PMCID: PMC7498855 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.541968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis shoot apical meristems (SAMs), a well-characterized regulatory loop between WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3) maintains stem cell homeostasis by regulating the balance between cell proliferation and cell differentiation. WUS proteins, translated in deep cell layers, move into the overlaying stem cells to activate CLV3. The secreted peptide CLV3 then regulates WUS levels through a ligand-receptor mediated signaling cascade. CLV3 is specifically expressed in the stem cells and repressed in the deep cell layers despite presence of the WUS activator, forming an apical-basal polarity along the axis of the SAM. Previously, we proposed and validated a hypothesis that the HAIRY MERISTEM (HAM) family genes regulate this polarity, keeping the expression of CLV3 off in interior cells of the SAM. However, the specific role of each individual member of the HAM family in this process remains to be elucidated. Combining live imaging and molecular genetics, we have dissected the conserved and distinct functions of different HAM family members in control of CLV3 patterning in the SAMs and in the de novo shoot stem cell niches as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yuan Geng
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - An Yan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Elliot M. Meyerowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Xing Liu
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Yun Zhou,
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