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van Wel L, Huss A, Kromhout H, Momoli F, Krewski D, Langer CE, Castaño-Vinyals G, Kundi M, Maule M, Miligi L, Sadetzki S, Albert A, Alguacil J, Aragones N, Badia F, Bruchim R, Goedhart G, de Llobet P, Kiyohara K, Kojimahara N, Lacour B, Morales-Suarez-Varela M, Radon K, Remen T, Weinmann T, Vrijheid M, Cardis E, Vermeulen R. Validation of mobile phone use recall in the multinational MOBI-kids study. Bioelectromagnetics 2024. [PMID: 38778512 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Potential differential and non-differential recall error in mobile phone use (MPU) in the multinational MOBI-Kids case-control study were evaluated. We compared self-reported MPU with network operator billing record data up to 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years before the interview date from 702 subjects aged between 10 and 24 years in eight countries. Spearman rank correlations, Kappa coefficients and geometric mean ratios (GMRs) were used. No material differences in MPU recall estimates between cases and controls were observed. The Spearman rank correlation coefficients between self-reported and recorded MPU in the most recent 3 months were 0.57 and 0.59 for call number and for call duration, respectively. The number of calls was on average underestimated by the participants (GMR = 0.69), while the duration of calls was overestimated (GMR = 1.59). Country, years since start of using a mobile phone, age at time of interview, and sex did not appear to influence recall accuracy for either call number or call duration. A trend in recall error was seen with level of self-reported MPU, with underestimation of use at lower levels and overestimation of use at higher levels for both number and duration of calls. Although both systematic and random errors in self-reported MPU among participants were observed, there was no evidence of differential recall error between cases and controls. Nonetheless, these sources of exposure measurement error warrant consideration in interpretation of the MOBI-Kids case-control study results on the association between children's use of mobile phones and potential brain cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk van Wel
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franco Momoli
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chelsea E Langer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Kundi
- Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Milena Maule
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lucia Miligi
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Prevention and Research Institute (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Siegal Sadetzki
- Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Alex Albert
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Alguacil
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CYSMA), Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Nuria Aragones
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Epidemiology Section, Public Health Division, Department of Health of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Badia
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Revital Bruchim
- Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Geertje Goedhart
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia de Llobet
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Brigitte Lacour
- French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU, Nancy, France
- Inserm UMR1153, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Maria Morales-Suarez-Varela
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Unit of Public Health and Environmental Care, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Katja Radon
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Remen
- Inserm UMR1153, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Tobias Weinmann
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Chardon K, Delanaud S, Tourneux P, Stephan Blanchard E. How to Control Exposure to Fifth-Generation Radiofrequencies in Preterm Newborns in Incubator. Neonatology 2023; 120:666-669. [PMID: 37343536 DOI: 10.1159/000530658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Infant and family centered development care reduces infant distress and supports the parent and infant's individual abilities. However, a new environmental factor is daily encountered: the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMFs) with the most recent fifth-generation (5G) technology. Currently, the effects of RF EMF during development are discussed in animal models. The neonatal intensive care units are not spared from this stressor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a novel, electromagnetically insulating incubator cover to prevent the preterm infant from RF EMF exposure. A personal dosimeter was placed on the mattress of a closed incubator. Periods of exposure to low, medium, and high levels of 5G RF were delivered in the presence or absence of the incubator cover. The use of a silver-copper cover reduced the intensity of 5G radiofrequency levels from 52% to 57% (p < 0.0001), allowing to easily apply the precautionary principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chardon
- PeriTox Laboratory, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Picardie Jules Verne University, Amiens, France
| | - Stéphane Delanaud
- PeriTox Laboratory, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Picardie Jules Verne University, Amiens, France
| | - Pierre Tourneux
- PeriTox Laboratory, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Picardie Jules Verne University, Amiens, France
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
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3
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Calderón C, Castaño-Vinyals G, Maslanyj M, Wiart J, Lee AK, Taki M, Wake K, Abert A, Badia F, Hadjem A, Kromhout H, de Llobet P, Varsier N, Conil E, Choi HD, Sim MR, Cardis E. Estimation of RF and ELF dose by anatomical location in the brain from wireless phones in the MOBI-Kids study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107189. [PMID: 35447435 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wireless phones (both mobile and cordless) emit not only radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) but also extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields, both of which should be considered in epidemiological studies of the possible adverse health effects of use of such devices. This paper describes a unique algorithm, developed for the multinational case-control MOBI-Kids study, that estimates the cumulative specific energy (CSE) and the cumulative induced current density (CICD) in the brain from RF and ELF fields, respectively, for each subject in the study (aged 10-24 years old). Factors such as age, tumour location, self-reported phone models and usage patterns (laterality, call frequency/duration and hands-free use) were considered, as was the prevalence of different communication systems over time. Median CSE and CICD were substantially higher in GSM than 3G systems and varied considerably with location in the brain. Agreement between RF CSE and mobile phone use variables was moderate to null, depending on the communication system. Agreement between mobile phone use variables and ELF CICD was higher overall but also strongly dependent on communication system. Despite ELF dose distribution across the brain being more diffuse than that of RF, high correlation was observed between RF and ELF dose. The algorithm was used to systematically estimate the localised RF and ELF doses in the brain from wireless phones, which were found to be strongly dependent on location and communication system. Analysis of cartographies showed high correlation across phone models and across ages, however diagonal agreement between these cartographies suggest these factors do affect dose distribution to some level. Overall, duration and number of calls may not be adequate proxies of dose, particularly as communication systems available for voice calls tend to become more complex with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Calderón
- UK Health Security Agency, Chemical, Radiation and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Myron Maslanyj
- UK Health Security Agency, Chemical, Radiation and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Wiart
- WHIST Lab Common Lab of Orange Labs R&D and Institut Mines Telecom, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; LTCI, Telecom Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Ae-Kyoung Lee
- Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Masao Taki
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Kanako Wake
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory, Electromagnetic Standards Research Center, Radio Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - Alex Abert
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Badia
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; University Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abdelhamid Hadjem
- WHIST Lab Common Lab of Orange Labs R&D and Institut Mines Telecom, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia de Llobet
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadège Varsier
- WHIST Lab Common Lab of Orange Labs R&D and Institut Mines Telecom, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Emmanuelle Conil
- WHIST Lab Common Lab of Orange Labs R&D and Institut Mines Telecom, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; Agence Nationale des FRéquences (ANFR), Maisons-Alfort, France(1)
| | - Hyung-Do Choi
- Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Malcolm R Sim
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science. Monash University, Alfred Centre, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
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Regrain C, Caudeville J, de Seze R, Guedda M, Chobineh A, de Doncker P, Petrillo L, Chiaramello E, Parazzini M, Joseph W, Aerts S, Huss A, Wiart J. Design of an Integrated Platform for Mapping Residential Exposure to Rf-Emf Sources. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155339. [PMID: 32722208 PMCID: PMC7432236 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, information and communication technologies (mobile phones, connected objects) strongly occupy our daily life. The increasing use of these technologies and the complexity of network infrastructures raise issues about radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (Rf-Emf) exposure. Most previous studies have assessed individual exposure to Rf-Emf, and the next level is to assess populational exposure. In our study, we designed a statistical tool for Rf-Emf populational exposure assessment and mapping. This tool integrates geographic databases and surrogate models to characterize spatiotemporal exposure from outdoor sources, indoor sources, and mobile phones. A case study was conducted on a 100 × 100 m grid covering the 14th district of Paris to illustrate the functionalities of the tool. Whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) values are 2.7 times higher than those for the whole brain. The mapping of whole-body and whole-brain SAR values shows a dichotomy between built-up and non-built-up areas, with the former displaying higher values. Maximum SAR values do not exceed 3.5 and 3.9 mW/kg for the whole body and the whole brain, respectively, thus they are significantly below International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) recommendations. Indoor sources are the main contributor to populational exposure, followed by outdoor sources and mobile phones, which generally represents less than 1% of total exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Regrain
- Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France; (J.C.); (R.d.S.)
- LAMFA, UMR CNRS 7352, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens, France;
- PériTox, UMR_I 01, CURS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80025 Amiens, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33344556252
| | - Julien Caudeville
- Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France; (J.C.); (R.d.S.)
- PériTox, UMR_I 01, CURS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80025 Amiens, France
| | - René de Seze
- Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France; (J.C.); (R.d.S.)
- PériTox, UMR_I 01, CURS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80025 Amiens, France
| | - Mohammed Guedda
- LAMFA, UMR CNRS 7352, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens, France;
| | - Amirreza Chobineh
- LTCI Telecom Paris, Chaire C2m, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France; (A.C.); (J.W.)
| | - Philippe de Doncker
- OPERA—Wireless Communications Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.d.D.); (L.P.)
| | - Luca Petrillo
- OPERA—Wireless Communications Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.d.D.); (L.P.)
| | - Emma Chiaramello
- CNR IEIIT—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Marta Parazzini
- CNR IEIIT—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Wout Joseph
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (W.J.); (S.A.)
| | - Sam Aerts
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (W.J.); (S.A.)
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Joe Wiart
- LTCI Telecom Paris, Chaire C2m, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France; (A.C.); (J.W.)
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Bosquillon de Jenlis A, Del Vecchio F, Delanaud S, Bach V, Pelletier A. Effects of co-exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and high-level noise on sleep, weight, and food intake parameters in juvenile rats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113461. [PMID: 31706765 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrohypersensitive people attribute various symptoms to exposure of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF); sleep disturbance is the most frequently cited. However, laboratory experiments have yielded conflicting results regarding sleep alterations. Our hypothesis was that exposure to RF-EMF alone would lead to slight or non-significant effects but that co-exposure to RF-EMFs and other environmental constraints (such as noise) would lead to significant effects. METHODS 3-week-old male Wistar rats (4 groups, n = 12 per group) were exposed for 5 weeks to continuous RF-EMF (900 MHz, 1.8 V/m, SAR = 30 mW/kg) in the presence or absence of high-level noise (87.5 dB, 50-20000 Hz) during the rest period. After 5 weeks of exposure, sleep (24 h recording), food and water intakes, and body weight were recorded with or without RF-EMF and/or noise. At the end of this recording period, sleep was scored during the 1 h resttime in the absence of noise and of RF-EMF exposure. RESULTS Exposure to RF-EMF and/or noise was associated with body weight gain, with hyperphagia in the noise-only and RF-EMF + noise groups and hypophagia in the RF-EMF-only group. Sleep parameters recording over 24 h highlighted a higher frequency of active wakefulness in the RF-EMF-only group and a lower non-rapid eye movement/rapid eye movement sleep ratio during the active period in the noise-only group. There were no differences in sleep duration in either group. During the 1-h, constraint-free sleep recording, sleep rebound was observed in the noise-only group but not in the RF-EMF-only and RF-EMF + noise groups. CONCLUSION Our study showed effects of RF-EMF, regardless of whether or not the animals were also exposed to noise. However, the RF-EMF + noise group presented no exacerbation of those effects. Our results did not support the hypothesis whereby the effects of RF-EMF on physiological functions studied are only visible in animals exposed to both noise and RF-EMF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Del Vecchio
- PériTox Laboratory, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Stéphane Delanaud
- PériTox Laboratory, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Véronique Bach
- PériTox Laboratory, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Amandine Pelletier
- PériTox Laboratory, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025, Amiens, France.
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6
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Sudan M, Birks LE, Aurrekoetxea JJ, Ferrero A, Gallastegi M, Guxens M, Ha M, Lim H, Olsen J, González-Safont L, Vrijheid M, Kheifets L. Maternal cell phone use during pregnancy and child cognition at age 5 years in 3 birth cohorts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:155-162. [PMID: 30096609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been few studies of children's cognitive development in relation to mothers' cell phone use, and most were limited to outcomes at age 3 years or younger. We examined the relationship between maternal cell phone use during pregnancy and cognitive performance in 5-year old children. METHODS This study included data from 3 birth cohorts: the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) (n = 1209), Spanish Environment and Childhood Project (INMA) (n = 1383), and Korean Mothers and Children's Environment Health Study (MOCEH) (n = 497). All cohorts collected information about maternal cell phone use during pregnancy and cognitive performance in children at age 5. We performed linear regression to compute mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in children's general, verbal, and non-verbal cognition scores comparing frequency of maternal prenatal cell phone use with adjustments for numerous potential confounding factors. Models were computed separately for each cohort and using pooled data in meta-analysis. RESULTS No associations were detected between frequency of prenatal cell phone use and children's cognition scores. Scores tended to be lower in the highest frequency of use category; MD (95% CI) in general cognition scores were 0.78 (-0.76, 2.33) for none, 0.11 (-0.81, 1.03) for medium, and -0.41 (-1.54, 0.73) for high compared to low frequency of use. This pattern was seen across all cognitive dimensions, but the results were imprecise overall. CONCLUSION We observed patterns of lower mean cognition scores among children in relation to high frequency maternal prenatal cell phone use. The causal nature and mechanism of this relationship remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Sudan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, 650 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second St, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
| | - Laura Ellen Birks
- ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Carrer Ramon Trias Fargas, 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Aurrekoetxea
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain; BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, Dr. Begiristain Pasealekua, San Sebastian 20014, Spain; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Preventative Medicine and Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Leioa 48940, Spain; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, 4 Av. de Navarra, San Sebastian 20013, Spain
| | - Amparo Ferrero
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I, Universitat de València, Avinguda Catalunya, 21, 46020 València, Spain
| | - Mara Gallastegi
- BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, Dr. Begiristain Pasealekua, San Sebastian 20014, Spain
| | - Mònica Guxens
- ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Carrer Ramon Trias Fargas, 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, 3015, CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University, College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungryul Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University, College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jorn Olsen
- Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Llúcia González-Safont
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I, Universitat de València, Avinguda Catalunya, 21, 46020 València, Spain; Predepartamental unit of Medicine, Universitat Jaume I, Avinguda Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Carrer Ramon Trias Fargas, 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leeka Kheifets
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, 650 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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7
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Goedhart G, van Wel L, Langer CE, de Llobet Viladoms P, Wiart J, Hours M, Kromhout H, Benke G, Bouka E, Bruchim R, Choi KH, Eng A, Ha M, Huss A, Kiyohara K, Kojimahara N, Krewski D, Lacour B, 't Mannetje A, Maule M, Migliore E, Mohipp C, Momoli F, Petridou ET, Radon K, Remen T, Sadetzki S, Sim M, Weinmann T, Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Vermeulen R. Recall of mobile phone usage and laterality in young people: The multinational Mobi-Expo study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 165:150-157. [PMID: 29704776 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study recall of mobile phone usage, including laterality and hands-free use, in young people. METHODS Actual mobile phone use was recorded among volunteers aged between 10 and 24 years from 12 countries by the software application XMobiSense and was compared with self-reported mobile phone use at 6 and 18 months after using the application. The application recorded number and duration of voice calls, number of text messages, amount of data transfer, laterality (% of call time the phone was near the right or left side of the head, or neither), and hands-free usage. After data cleaning, 466 participants were available for the main analyses (recorded vs. self-reported phone use after 6 months). RESULTS Participants were on average 18.6 years old (IQR 15.2-21.8 years). The Spearman correlation coefficients between recorded and self-reported (after 6 months) number and duration of voice calls were 0.68 and 0.65, respectively. Number of calls was on average underestimated by the participants (adjusted geometric mean ratio (GMR) self-report/recorded = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.47-0.58), while duration of calls was overestimated (GMR=1.32, 95%, CI = 1.15-1.52). The ratios significantly differed by country, age, maternal educational level, and level of reported phone use, but not by time of the interview (6 vs. 18 months). Individuals who reported low mobile phone use underestimated their use, while individuals who reported the highest level of phone use were more likely to overestimate their use. Individuals who reported using the phone mainly on the right side of the head used it more on the right (71.1%) than the left (28.9%) side. Self-reported left side users, however, used the phone only slightly more on the left (53.3%) than the right (46.7%) side. Recorded percentage hands-free use (headset, speaker mode, Bluetooth) increased with increasing self-reported frequency of hands-free device usage. Frequent (≥50% of call time) reported headset or speaker mode use corresponded with 17.1% and 17.2% of total call time, respectively, that was recorded as hands-free use. DISCUSSION These results indicate that young people can recall phone use moderately well, with recall depending on the amount of phone use and participants' characteristics. The obtained information can be used to calibrate self-reported mobile use to improve estimation of radiofrequency exposure from mobile phones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geertje Goedhart
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luuk van Wel
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Chelsea E Langer
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia de Llobet Viladoms
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joe Wiart
- Chaire C2M, LTCI, Telecom ParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Martine Hours
- Epidemiological Research and Surveillance Unit in Transport, Occupation and Environment (UMRESTTE), Université de Lyon/The French Institute of science and technology for transport, development and networks (IFSTTAR), Lyon, France
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geza Benke
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Evdoxia Bouka
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Revital Bruchim
- Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Kyung-Hwa Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Amanda Eng
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kosuke Kiyohara
- Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Kojimahara
- Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Krewski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Brigitte Lacour
- French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumours, CHU, Nancy, Inserm UMRS-1153, CRESS-EPICEA, University of Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Andrea 't Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Milena Maule
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Enrica Migliore
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Charmaine Mohipp
- French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumours, CHU, Nancy, Inserm UMRS-1153, CRESS-EPICEA, University of Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Franco Momoli
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Canada; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada
| | - Eleni Th Petridou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katja Radon
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology & NetTeaching Unit, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Remen
- French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumours, CHU, Nancy, France
| | - Siegal Sadetzki
- Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Malcolm Sim
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tobias Weinmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology & NetTeaching Unit, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Chiaramello E, Parazzini M, Fiocchi S, Ravazzani P, Wiart J. Stochastic Dosimetry Based on Low Rank Tensor Approximations for the Assessment of Children Exposure to WLAN Source. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/jerm.2018.2825018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Langer CE, de Llobet P, Dalmau A, Wiart J, Goedhart G, Hours M, Benke GP, Bouka E, Bruchim R, Choi KH, Eng A, Ha M, Karalexi M, Kiyohara K, Kojimahara N, Krewski D, Kromhout H, Lacour B, 't Mannetje A, Maule M, Migliore E, Mohipp C, Momoli F, Petridou E, Radon K, Remen T, Sadetzki S, Sim MR, Weinmann T, Vermeulen R, Cardis E, Vrijheid M. Patterns of cellular phone use among young people in 12 countries: Implications for RF exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 107:65-74. [PMID: 28668725 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields from wireless telecommunications technologies during childhood and adolescence is a research priority in investigating the health effects of RF. The Mobi-Expo study aimed to describe characteristics and determinants of cellular phone use in 534 young people (10-24years) in 12 countries. The study used a specifically designed software application installed on smartphones to collect data on the use of wireless telecommunications devices within this age group. The role of gender, age, maternal education, calendar period, and country was evaluated through multivariate models mutually adjusting for all variables. Call number and duration were higher among females compared to males (geometric mean (GM) ratio 1.17 and 1.42, respectively), among 20-24year olds compared to 10-14year olds (GM ratio 2.09 and 4.40, respectively), and among lowest compared to highest social classes (GM ratio 1.52 and 1.58, respectively). The number of SMS was higher in females (GM ratio 1.46) and the middle age group (15-19year olds: GM ratio 2.21 compared to 10-14year olds) and decreased over time. Data use was highest in the oldest age group, whereas Wi-Fi use was highest in the middle age group. Both data and Wi-Fi use increased over time. Large differences in the number and duration of calls, SMS, and data/Wi-Fi use were seen by country, with country and age accounting for up to 50% of the variance. Hands-free and laterality of use did not show significant differences by sex, age, education, study period, or country. Although limited by a convenience sample, these results provide valuable insights to the design, analysis, and interpretation of future epidemiological studies concerning the health effects of exposure resulting from cellular phone use in young people. In addition, the information provided by this research may be used to design strategies to minimize RF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Langer
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Patricia de Llobet
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Dalmau
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joe Wiart
- Chaire C2M, LTCI, Telecom ParisTech, Universite Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Geertje Goedhart
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hours
- Epidemiological Research and Surveillance Unit in Transport, Occupation and Environment (UMRESTTE), Universite de Lyon/The French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), Lyon, France
| | - Geza P Benke
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Evdoxia Bouka
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Revital Bruchim
- Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Kyung-Hwa Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Amanda Eng
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Karalexi
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kosuke Kiyohara
- Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Kojimahara
- Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Krewski
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brigitte Lacour
- French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumours, CHU, Nancy, Inserm UMRS-1153, CRESS-EPICEA, University of Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Andrea 't Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Milena Maule
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Enrica Migliore
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Charmaine Mohipp
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Franco Momoli
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Eleni Petridou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katja Radon
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology & NetTeaching Unit, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Remen
- French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumours, CHU, Nancy, France
| | - Siegal Sadetzki
- Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Malcolm R Sim
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tobias Weinmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology & NetTeaching Unit, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Keshvari J, Kivento M, Christ A, Bit-Babik G. Large scale study on the variation of RF energy absorption in the head & brain regions of adults and children and evaluation of the SAM phantom conservativeness. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:2991-3008. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/8/2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Tell RA, Kavet R. A survey of the urban radiofrequency (RF) environment. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2014; 162:499-507. [PMID: 24567499 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1980, Tell and Mantiply published a study of radiofrequency (RF) fields measured across 15 major metropolitan areas in the USA. They required a van fully equipped with instrumentation and computing capability for their measurements. This study aimed to assess whether and how hand-held instrumentation available today would facilitate and enhance the efficiency of large-scale surveys of ambient RF fields. In addition, the data would provide a suggestion as to how the profile of ambient RF fields has changed with respect to frequency content and magnitude. Not unexpectedly, the relative power densities were orders of magnitude lower than the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) maximum permissible exposure (MPE) for the general public, with a maximum time-averaged value across the VHF-FM-UHF-cellular bands of 0.12 % of the MPE (AM's contribution was negligible). In both the 1980 and the present study, the power density in the FM band was a major contributor to overall power density, but over time, power densities in the VHF and UHF band decreased and increased, respectively. From the perspective of absolute power density, the wideband values in the 1980 study, this study and any number of assessments conducted in European nations are not generally different from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Tell
- Richard Tell Associates, Inc., 350 Falcon Ridge Parkway, Mesquite, NV 89027
| | - Robert Kavet
- Electric Power Research Institute, 3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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12
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Dürrenberger G, Fröhlich J, Röösli M, Mattsson MO. EMF monitoring-concepts, activities, gaps and options. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:9460-79. [PMID: 25216256 PMCID: PMC4199029 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110909460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) is a cause of concern for many people. The topic will likely remain for the foreseeable future on the scientific and political agenda, since emissions continue to change in characteristics and levels due to new infrastructure deployments, smart environments and novel wireless devices. Until now, systematic and coordinated efforts to monitor EMF exposure are rare. Furthermore, virtually nothing is known about personal exposure levels. This lack of knowledge is detrimental for any evidence-based risk, exposure and health policy, management and communication. The main objective of the paper is to review the current state of EMF exposure monitoring activities in Europe, to comment on the scientific challenges and deficiencies, and to describe appropriate strategies and tools for EMF exposure assessment and monitoring to be used to support epidemiological health research and to help policy makers, administrators, industry and consumer representatives to base their decisions and communication activities on facts and data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Dürrenberger
- Swiss Research Foundation for Electricity and Mobile Communication, c/o Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zürich), Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jürg Fröhlich
- Institute for Electromagnetic Fields, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zürich), Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 59, Postfach, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Mats-Olof Mattsson
- Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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Fiocchi S, Markakis IA, Ravazzani P, Samaras T. SAR exposure from UHF RFID reader in adult, child, pregnant woman, and fetus anatomical models. Bioelectromagnetics 2013; 34:443-52. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paolo Ravazzani
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Biomedical Engineering; Milan; Italy
| | - Theodoros Samaras
- Department of Physics; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki; Greece
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