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Dashti A, Alonso H, Escolar-Miñana C, Köster PC, Bailo B, Carmena D, González-Barrio D. Evaluation of the Use of Singleplex and Duplex CerTest VIASURE Real-Time PCR Assays to Detect Common Intestinal Protist Parasites. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:319. [PMID: 38337835 PMCID: PMC10855428 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14030319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica are species of protozoa- causing diarrhoea that are common worldwide, while Entamoeba dispar, Dientamoeba fragilis and Blastocystis sp. appear to be commensal parasites whose role in pathogenicity remains controversial. We conducted the clinical evaluation of five singleplex and one duplex CerTest VIASURE Real-Time PCR Assays against a large panel of positive DNA samples (n = 358), and specifically to Cryptosporidium spp. (n = 96), G. duodenalis (n = 115), E. histolytica (n = 25) E. dispar (n = 11), Blastocystis sp. (n = 42), D. fragilis (n = 37), and related parasitic phylum species such as Apicomplexa, Euglenozoa, Microsporidia and Nematoda. DNA samples were obtained from clinical stool specimens or cultured isolates in a national reference centre. Estimated diagnostic sensitivity and specificity values were 0.94-1 for Cryptosporidium spp., 0.96-0.99 for G. duodenalis, 0.96-1 for E. histolytica, 1-1 for E. dispar, and 1-0.99 for D. fragilis in the evaluated singleplex assays. In the duplex assay for the simultaneous detection of Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis these values were 1-0.98 and 1-0.99, respectively. Measures of diagnostic precision for repeatability and reproducibility were found to be under acceptable ranges. The assays identified six Cryptosporidium species (C. hominis, C. parvum, C. canis, C. felis, C. scrofarum, and C. ryanae), four G. duodenalis assemblages (A, B, C, and F), and six Blastocystis subtypes (ST1-ST5, and ST8). The evaluated singleplex and duplex VIASURE Real-Time PCR assays provide sensitive, practical, and cost-effective choices to the molecular diagnosis of the main diarrhoea-causing intestinal protists in clinical microbiology and research laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (A.D.); (P.C.K.); (B.B.); (D.G.-B.)
| | - Henar Alonso
- Department of Microbiology, Paediatrics, Radiology, and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Saragossa, Spain
| | - Cristina Escolar-Miñana
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Saragossa, Spain
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (A.D.); (P.C.K.); (B.B.); (D.G.-B.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (A.D.); (P.C.K.); (B.B.); (D.G.-B.)
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (A.D.); (P.C.K.); (B.B.); (D.G.-B.)
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, 28008 Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (A.D.); (P.C.K.); (B.B.); (D.G.-B.)
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Matas-Méndez P, Ávalos G, Caballero-Gómez J, Dashti A, Castro-Scholten S, Jiménez-Martín D, González-Barrio D, Muñoz-de-Mier GJ, Bailo B, Cano-Terriza D, Mateo M, Nájera F, Xiao L, Köster PC, García-Bocanegra I, Carmena D. Detection and Molecular Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in the Endangered Iberian Lynx ( Lynx pardinus), Spain. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:340. [PMID: 38275800 PMCID: PMC10812403 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are the main non-viral causes of diarrhoea in humans and domestic animals globally. Comparatively, much less information is currently available in free-ranging carnivore species in general and in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) in particular. Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were investigated with molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) methods in individual faecal DNA samples of free-ranging and captive Iberian lynxes from the main population nuclei in Spain. Overall, Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were detected in 2.4% (6/251) and 27.9% (70/251) of the animals examined, respectively. Positive animals to at least one of them were detected in each of the analysed population nuclei. The analysis of partial ssu rRNA gene sequences revealed the presence of rodent-adapted C. alticolis (n = 1) and C. occultus (n = 1), leporid-adapted C. cuniculus (n = 2), and zoonotic C. parvum (n = 2) within Cryptosporidium, and zoonotic assemblages A (n = 5) and B (n = 3) within G. duodenalis. Subgenotyping analyses allowed for the identification of genotype VaA19 in C. cuniculus (gp60 locus) and sub-assemblages AI and BIII/BIV in G. duodenalis (gdh, bg, and tpi loci). This study represents the first molecular description of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in the Iberian lynx in Spain. The presence of rodent/leporid-adapted Cryptosporidium species in the surveyed animals suggests spurious infections associated to the Iberian lynx's diet. The Iberian lynx seems a suitable host for zoonotic genetic variants of Cryptosporidium (C. parvum) and G. duodenalis (assemblages A and B), although the potential risk of human transmission is regarded as limited due to light parasite burdens and suspected low excretion of infective (oo)cysts to the environment by infected animals. More research should be conducted to ascertain the true impact of these protozoan parasites in the health status of the endangered Iberian lynx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Matas-Méndez
- Faculty of Veterinary, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain;
| | - Gabriel Ávalos
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (G.Á.); (A.D.); (D.G.-B.); (B.B.); (D.C.)
| | - Javier Caballero-Gómez
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (D.J.-M.); (D.C.-T.); (I.G.-B.)
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII—CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (G.Á.); (A.D.); (D.G.-B.); (B.B.); (D.C.)
| | - Sabrina Castro-Scholten
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (D.J.-M.); (D.C.-T.); (I.G.-B.)
| | - Débora Jiménez-Martín
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (D.J.-M.); (D.C.-T.); (I.G.-B.)
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (G.Á.); (A.D.); (D.G.-B.); (B.B.); (D.C.)
| | - Gemma J. Muñoz-de-Mier
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain;
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (G.Á.); (A.D.); (D.G.-B.); (B.B.); (D.C.)
| | - David Cano-Terriza
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (D.J.-M.); (D.C.-T.); (I.G.-B.)
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII—CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Mateo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Fernando Nájera
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (G.Á.); (A.D.); (D.G.-B.); (B.B.); (D.C.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain;
- Faculty of Medicine, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (D.J.-M.); (D.C.-T.); (I.G.-B.)
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII—CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (G.Á.); (A.D.); (D.G.-B.); (B.B.); (D.C.)
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII—CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Bitilinyu-Bangoh JEV, Riesebosch S, Rebel M, Chiwaya P, Verschoor SP, Voskuijl WP, Schallig HDFH. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in under-five children with diarrhoea in Blantyre, Malawi. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:68. [PMID: 38195415 PMCID: PMC10777657 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-08979-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoeal diseases are common among children in low- and middle-income countries and are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Cryptosporidium and Giardia are considered to be the main parasitic causes of diarrhoea in children. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection in children under five years of age presenting at two health centres (Ndirande and Limbe) in Blantyre, Malawi. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed from February to July 2019 and included 972 children under 5 years of age with diarrhoea. Stool samples were immediately tested after collection at enrolment with a rapid diagnostic test for Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the prevalence of these protozoan parasitic infections, and differences in the basic demographic and anthroponotic variables (between children with diarrhoea and parasite infection, being either Cryptosporidium and Giardia or both versus children with diarrhoea but no RDT confirmed parasite infection) were assessed. Their association with Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection was analysed using simple logistic regressions. RESULTS Of the children recruited, 88 (9.1%) tested positive for Cryptosporidium and 184 (18.9%) for Giardia. Children with only a Giardia infection or a coinfection (of both parasites) were significantly older (mean age 24-26 months) compared to children with only a Cryptosporidium infection (mean age 13 months) or no parasitic infection (mean age 14 months). No significant differences were found with respect to gender, body temperature, stunting or wasting between the different groups of children with moderate to severe diarrhoea. Children attending the Ndirande health centre had almost two times higher odds of testing positive for both infections than those attending Limbe health centre. CONCLUSION Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections are highly prevalent in children < 5 years with moderate to severe diarrhoea attending the Limbe and Ndirande health centres in Blantyre, Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E V Bitilinyu-Bangoh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University for Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Public Health Institute of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Samra Riesebosch
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Rebel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Chiwaya
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University for Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Sjoerd P Verschoor
- Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Institute for Global Child Health, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Training Institute Global Health and Tropical Medicine (OIGT), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wieger P Voskuijl
- Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Institute for Global Child Health, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Henk D F H Schallig
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory for Experimental Parasitology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Nemati S, Shalileh F, Mirjalali H, Omidfar K. Toward waterborne protozoa detection using sensing technologies. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1118164. [PMID: 36910193 PMCID: PMC9999019 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1118164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought and limited sufficient water resources will be the main challenges for humankind during the coming years. The lack of water resources for washing, bathing, and drinking increases the use of contaminated water and the risk of waterborne diseases. A considerable number of waterborne outbreaks are due to protozoan parasites that may remain active/alive in harsh environmental conditions. Therefore, a regular monitoring program of water resources using sensitive techniques is needed to decrease the risk of waterborne outbreaks. Wellorganized point-of-care (POC) systems with enough sensitivity and specificity is the holy grail of research for monitoring platforms. In this review, we comprehensively gathered and discussed rapid, selective, and easy-to-use biosensor and nanobiosensor technologies, developed for the early detection of common waterborne protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nemati
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shalileh
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kobra Omidfar
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular–Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Klotz C, Sannella AR, Weisz F, Chaudhry U, Sroka J, Tůmová P, Nohýnková E, Ignatius R, Aebischer T, Betson M, Troell K, Cacciò SM. Extensive testing of a multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Giardia duodenalis assemblage A confirms its good discriminatory power. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:489. [PMID: 36572928 PMCID: PMC9791779 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flagellated parasite Giardia duodenalis is a major and global cause of diarrhoeal disease. Eight genetically very distinct groups, known as assemblages A to H, have been recognized in the G. duodenalis species complex, two of which (assemblages A and B) infect humans and other mammalian hosts. Informative typing schemes are essential to understand transmission pathways, characterize outbreaks and trace zoonotic transmission. In this study, we evaluated a published multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for G. duodenalis assemblage A, which is based on six polymorphic markers. METHODS We genotyped 60 human-derived and 11 animal-derived G. duodenalis isolates collected in Europe and on other continents based on the published protocol. After retrieving previously published genotyping data and excluding isolates whose sequences showed allelic sequence heterozygosity, we analysed a dataset comprising 146 isolates. RESULTS We identified novel variants at five of the six markers and identified 78 distinct MLST types in the overall dataset. Phylogenetic interpretation of typing data confirmed that sub-assemblage AII only comprises human-derived isolates, whereas sub-assemblage AI comprises all animal-derived isolates and a few human-derived isolates, suggesting limited zoonotic transmission. Within sub-assemblage AII, isolates from two outbreaks, which occurred in Sweden and Italy, respectively, had unique and distinct MLST types. Population genetic analysis showed a lack of clustering by geographical origin of the isolates. CONCLUSION The MLST scheme evaluated provides sufficient discriminatory power for epidemiological studies of G. duodenalis assemblage A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klotz
- grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Rosa Sannella
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Filip Weisz
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XInstitute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- grid.5475.30000 0004 0407 4824Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Jacek Sroka
- grid.419811.4Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Pavla Tůmová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XInstitute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Nohýnková
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XInstitute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ralf Ignatius
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor 28 GmbH (MVZ Labor 28 GmbH), Mecklenburgische Str. 28, 14197 Berlin, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Aebischer
- grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martha Betson
- grid.5475.30000 0004 0407 4824Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Karin Troell
- grid.419788.b0000 0001 2166 9211National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simone M. Cacciò
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Jeske ST, Macedo MRP, Bianchi T, Leon ÍF, Pinheiro NB, Borsuk S, Villela M. Molecular characterization of Giardia lamblia and risk factors for giardiasis among immunocompromised patients in southern Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e265055. [PMID: 36515297 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.265055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Giardia infections often cause diarrhea and stomach upset. Chronic infections can lead to malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, malabsorption and weight loss. This study assessed the prevalence of G. lambia infection and assessed associated risk factors among immunocompomised patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment in southern Brazil. A total of 110 immunocompromised patients in Pelotas, RS, Brazil, consented to participate in this study and were recruited. Socioeconomic and epidemiological profile of patients was collected by questionnaire. The prevalence for Giardia were determined through microscopy by the centrifugation-flotation technique using stool samples of every patient. In addition, the genetic characterization of the parasite was carried out by amplifying and sequencing the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene. By microscopy, the prevalence of giardiasis was 17.3% (19/110). Furthermore, the DNA sequences revealed that 7 (36.8%) out of 19 isolates belonged to assemblage B, while 6 of them (31.6%) belonged to assemblage C, 5 (26.3%) to assemblage A and 1 (5.3%) to assemblage D. Risk factors (p ≤ 0.05) for giardiasis were schooling level (OR=8.0 (1.02 - 62.91) sharing a house with more than three people (OR=14.1 (3.77 - 52.51), water sources (OR=38.9 (10.4 - 145.7), sewage treatment (OR=14.2 (3.1 - 65.5), waste destination (OR=7.44 (2.0 - 27.3), owning pets (OR=4.6 (1.0 - 21.2) and cultivating a vegetable garden (OR=4.2 (1.3 - 13.6). The prevalence of G. lamblia in immunocompromised patients was considered elevate with the identification of four assemblage of the parasite (A, B, C and D).
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Jeske
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - M R P Macedo
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - T Bianchi
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Í F Leon
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - N B Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - S Borsuk
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Infecto-parasitária, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - M Villela
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
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7
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Desta BN, Gobena T, Macuamule C, Fayemi OE, Ayolabi CI, Mmbaga BT, Thomas KM, Dodd W, Pires SM, Majowicz SE, Hald T. Practicalities of implementing burden of disease research in Africa: lessons from a population survey component of our multi-partner FOCAL research project. Emerg Themes Epidemiol 2022; 19:4. [PMID: 35672710 PMCID: PMC9171481 DOI: 10.1186/s12982-022-00113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Collaborative research is being increasingly implemented in Africa to study health-related issues, for example, the lack of evidence on disease burden, in particular for the presumptive high load of foodborne diseases. The FOCAL (Foodborne disease epidemiology, surveillance, and control in African LMIC) Project is a multi-partner study that includes a population survey to estimate the foodborne disease burden in four African low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Our multi-partner study team had members from seven countries, all of whom contributed to the project from the grant application stage, and who play(ed) specific roles in designing and implementing the population survey. Main text In this paper, we applied Larkan et al.’s framework for successful research partnerships in global health to self-evaluate our project’s collaboration, management, and implementation process. Our partnership formation considered the interplay and balance between operations and relations. Using Larkan et al.’s seven core concepts (i.e., focus, values, equity, benefit, communication, leadership, and resolution), we reviewed the process stated above in an African context. Conclusion Through our current partnership and research implementing a population survey to study disease burden in four African LMICs, we observed that successful partnerships need to consider these core concepts explicitly, apply the essential leadership attributes, perform assessment of external contexts before designing the research, and expect differences in work culture. While some of these experiences are common to research projects in general, the other best practices and challenges we discussed can help inform future foodborne disease burden work in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyam N Desta
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Tesfaye Gobena
- College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
| | | | - Olanrewaju E Fayemi
- Centre for Research, Innovation, and Collaboration/Department of Biological Sciences, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Nigeria
| | - Christianah I Ayolabi
- Centre for Research, Innovation, and Collaboration/Department of Biological Sciences, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Nigeria.,Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Kate M Thomas
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warren Dodd
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sara M Pires
- Risk-Benefit Research Group, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shannon E Majowicz
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tine Hald
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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8
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Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. Infection in Humans in Latvia: Evidence of Underdiagnosed and Underreported Cases. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58040471. [PMID: 35454310 PMCID: PMC9025664 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Protozoan parasites—Cryptosporidium and Giardia—are important causes of diarrhea with an underestimated short-term burden on childhood growth and wellbeing in children under five years of age. The main transmission routes for both parasites are food and drinking water; transmission from person to person; and, due to their zoonotic nature, from domestic or wild animals to humans. The aims of the present study were to summarize the officially reported human cases of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in Latvia and to assess the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in children within a prospective prevalence study. Materials and Methods: The number of officially reported cases of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in the time period of 2000–2020 was collected from the Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of Latvia. Data from a clinical diagnostic laboratory were included in the study in the period from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2018. Additionally, a prospective study was performed, and fecal samples were collected from unique 0–17-year-old patients from January to February 2021 and tested using fluorescent microscopy. Results: Overall, during the 20-year period, 71 cases (mean per year = 9) of cryptosporidiosis and 1020 (mean per year = 34) cases of giardiasis were officially reported in Latvia. Meanwhile, within the prospective study, we found 35 (6.0%; 95%CI 4.3–8.1) Cryptosporidium and 42 (7.2%; 95%CI 5.3–9.6) Giardia cases. Conclusions: Here, we provide clear proof that both Cryptosporidium and Giardia are underdiagnosed in Latvia, which could also be true for neighboring Baltic and European countries, where a low number of cases are officially reported. Therefore, we highlight the hypothesis that the actual number of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis human cases in the Baltic states is higher than that officially reported, including in Latvia.
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9
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Menu E, Mosnier E, Cotrel A, Favennec L, Razakandrainibe R, Valot S, Blanchet D, Dalle F, Costa D, Gaillet M, Demar M, de Laval F. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Amazonia, French Guiana, 2018. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010068. [PMID: 35100286 PMCID: PMC8803148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in South America are poorly documented. In March 2018, 51 cases of cryptosporidiosis were reported in Maripasoula, a village located in a remote forest area along the border between Surinam and French Guiana. METHOD To identify the origin of the epidemic, we performed epidemiological, microbiological, and environmental investigations. Only the cases involving diarrhoea and Cryptosporidium-positive stool were considered as bona fide, while cases involving diarrhoea and close contact with a confirmed case were classified as "possible". RESULTS We identified 16 confirmed cases and 35 possible ones. Confirmed cases comprised nine children (median age of 18 months, range: 6-21), one immunocompromised adult and six soldiers. One child required a hospitalisation for rehydration. All 16 Cryptosporidium stools were PCR positive, and sequencing of the gp60 gene confirmed only one Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IbA10G2. Tap water consumption was the only common risk factor identified. Contamination of the water network with Cryptosporidium parvum subtype IIdA19G2 was found. CONCLUSION Water quality is a major public health issue in Amazonian French Guiana, especially for population at risk (children, people with comorbidity, travelers). For them, alternative water supply or treatment should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Menu
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Andrée-Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, UMR Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Mosnier
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales (UMIT), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Aix Marseille University, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Cotrel
- French Armed Forces Health Service in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Loic Favennec
- CNR-LE Cryptosporidioses, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
- University of Medicine Pharmacy Rouen EA ESCAPE 7510, Rouen, France
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- CNR-LE Cryptosporidioses, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
- University of Medicine Pharmacy Rouen EA ESCAPE 7510, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Valot
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Laboratoire Collaborateur du CNR-LE Cryptosporidioses, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Denis Blanchet
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Andrée-Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Laboratoire Collaborateur du CNR-LE Cryptosporidioses, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
- UMR PAM, Equipe VAlMiS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Damien Costa
- CNR-LE Cryptosporidioses, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
- University of Medicine Pharmacy Rouen EA ESCAPE 7510, Rouen, France
| | - Mélanie Gaillet
- Pôle des Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Andrée-Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Ecosystèmes amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Franck de Laval
- Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Aix Marseille University, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Marseille, France
- French Armed Forces Health Service in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
- SSA, Service de Santé des Armées, CESPA, Centre d’épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, Marseille, France
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10
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Roegner A, Orozco MN, Jarquin C, Boegel W, Secaira C, Caballeros ME, Al-Saleh L, Rejmánková E. Childhood parasitic infections and gastrointestinal illness in indigenous communities at Lake Atitlán, Guatemala. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12331. [PMID: 34820168 PMCID: PMC8605761 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lake Atitlán has experienced a decline in water quality resulting from cultural eutrophication. Indigenous Mayans who already face disproportionate health challenges rely directly on the lake water. Our objectives were to: (1) estimate prevalence of shedding of water-borne fecal parasites among children 5 years of age and younger, (2) assess household-reported incidence of gastrointestinal illness in children, and (3) characterize water sources, treatment, and sanitation conditions in households. We hypothesized that household use of untreated lake water results in increased risk of shedding of parasites and gastrointestinal symptoms. A cross-sectional fecal sampling and physical exam of 401 children were conducted along with WASH surveys in partnership with healthcare providers in seven communities. Fecal samples were screened for Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum, using a rapid ELISA, with a portion examined by microscope. The prevalence of parasite shedding was 12.2% (9.7% for Giardia; 2.5% for Cryptosporidium). Risk factors for Giardia shedding included age 3 years or older (3.4 odds ratio, z-stat = 2.781 p = 0.0054), low height-for-age z-score (2.3 odds ratio, z-stat = 2.225, p = 0.0216), lack of any household water treatment (2.5 odds ratio, z-stat = 2.492, p < 0.0012), and open access to household latrine (2.04 odds ratio, z-stat = 1.992, p = 0.0464). The majority (77.3%) of households reported water treatment, boiling and gravity fed filters as the most widespread practices. The vast majority of households (92%) reported usage of a latrine, while 40% reported open and shared access beyond their household. An overwhelming majority of households reported diarrhea and fever several times per year or greater, with approximately half reporting vomiting at that frequency. Lake water use was identified as a risk factor for households reporting frequent gastrointestinal symptoms (odds ratio of 2.5, 4.4, and 2.6; z-stat of 3.10, 3.65, and 3.0; p-values of 0.0021, 0.0003, and 0.0028, for diarrhea, vomiting, and fever, respectively) in children 5 years of age and younger. The frequency of gastrointestinal illness with a strong link to lake drinking water cannot be explained by the prevalence of protozoa, and risk from other enteropathogens must be explored. Improving access to water treatment and sanitation practices could substantially reduce the parasite burden faced by developing children in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Roegner
- Center For Global Health, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America.,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Mónica N Orozco
- Center for Atitlán Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Sololá, Sololá, Guatemala
| | - Claudia Jarquin
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | | | | | - Lujain Al-Saleh
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Eliška Rejmánková
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
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11
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Wang W, Wan M, Yang F, Li N, Xiao L, Feng Y, Guo Y. Development and Application of a gp60-Based Subtyping Tool for Cryptosporidium bovis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102067. [PMID: 34683387 PMCID: PMC8539439 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium bovis is a common enteric pathogen in bovine animals. The research on transmission characteristics of the pathogen is hampered by the lack of subtyping tools. In this study, we retrieve the nucleotide sequence of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (GP60) from the whole genome sequences of C. bovis we obtained previously and analyze its sequence characteristics. Despite a typical structure of the GP60 protein, the GP60 of C. bovis had only 19.3–45.3% sequence identity to those of other Cryptosporidium species. On the basis of the gene sequence, a subtype typing tool was developed for C. bovis and used in the analysis of 486 C. bovis samples from dairy cattle, yaks, beef cattle, and water buffalos from China. Sixty-eight sequence types were identified from 260 subtyped samples, forming six subtype families, namely XXVIa to XXVIf. The mosaic sequence patterns among subtype families and the 121 potential recombination events identified among the sequences both suggest the occurrence of genetic recombination at the locus. No obvious host adaptation and geographic differences in the distribution of subtype families were observed. Most farms with more extensive sampling had more than one subtype family, and the dominant subtype families on a farm appeared to differ between pre- and post-weaned calves, indicating the likely occurrence of multiple episodes of C. bovis infections. There was an association between XXVId infection and occurrence of moderate diarrhea in dairy cattle. The subtyping tool developed and the data generated in the study might improve our knowledge of the genetic diversity and transmission of C. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Wang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (M.W.); (F.Y.); (N.L.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Muchun Wan
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (M.W.); (F.Y.); (N.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Fang Yang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (M.W.); (F.Y.); (N.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (M.W.); (F.Y.); (N.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (M.W.); (F.Y.); (N.L.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (M.W.); (F.Y.); (N.L.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (M.W.); (F.Y.); (N.L.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (Y.G.)
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12
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Kantzanou M, Karalexi MA, Vrioni G, Tsakris A. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Children in Europe over the Last Five Years. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:160. [PMID: 34564544 PMCID: PMC8482161 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) has been most commonly studied in African and Asian populations, less is known about the prevalence rates of IPI in European children, as well as the potential risk factors that favor the spread of parasites. We aimed to review published evidence on the prevalence rates of IPI in children residing in Europe, and to quantitatively synthesize the results of published studies. We searched Medline from 1 January 2015 to 1 April 2021 to address the most recently published prevalence patterns of IPI in European children. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed by type of IPI infection, age group and sex, depending on data availability. Of the 967 potentially relevant articles, eight eligible cross-sectional studies were included in this analysis, yielding a sample of 3376 children (0-19 years). The overall prevalence rate was 5.9% for any IPI in children residing in European countries. Blastocystis hominis was the most commonly detected parasite yielding a prevalence rate of 10.7%. Other parasites included Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, and Blastocystis hominis. Studies focusing on specific types of parasites showed prevalence rates ranging from 1.3% for Cryptosporidium to 68.3% for Dientamoeba fragilis. Despite the scarce literature, the present review showed relatively low prevalence rates of IPI in Europe. Future studies accounting for proper diagnostic methods used for the detection of parasites and including information on potential sociodemographic factors, such as travelling history and history of immigration, are needed to guide clinicians about which children to test, as well as when and how to test children for IPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kantzanou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology & Medical Statistics Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria A. Karalexi
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology & Medical Statistics Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgia Vrioni
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (A.T.)
| | - Athanasios Tsakris
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (A.T.)
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13
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Climate Change and Enteric Infections in the Canadian Arctic: Do We Know What’s on the Horizon? GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord3030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Canadian Arctic has a long history with diarrheal disease, including outbreaks of campylobacteriosis, giardiasis, and salmonellosis. Due to climate change, the Canadian Arctic is experiencing rapid environmental transformation, which not only threatens the livelihood of local Indigenous Peoples, but also supports the spread, frequency, and intensity of enteric pathogen outbreaks. Advances in diagnostic testing and detection have brought to attention the current burden of disease due to Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter pylori. As climate change is known to influence pathogen transmission (e.g., food and water), Arctic communities need support in developing prevention and surveillance strategies that are culturally appropriate. This review aims to provide an overview of how climate change is currently and is expected to impact enteric pathogens in the Canadian Arctic.
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14
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Sutthikornchai C, Popruk S, Mahittikorn A, Arthan D, Soonthornworasiri N, Paratthakonkun C, Feng Y, Xiao L. Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in school children at the Thai-Myanmar border. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2887-2895. [PMID: 34331137 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Few data are available on the genetic identity of enteric protists Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in humans in Thailand. In this study, 254 stool samples were collected from primary school children from Ratchaburi Province at the Thai-Myanmar border and examined for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and Cyclospora cayetanensis using PCR techniques. The genotype identity of the pathogens was determined by DNA sequence analysis of the PCR products. Cryptosporidium felis was found in 1 stool sample, G. duodenalis in 19 stool samples, and E. bieneusi in 4 stool samples. For G. duodenalis, sub-assemblage AII was the dominant genotype, but one infection with assemblage F was found. The E. bieneusi genotypes found included known genotypes D and J, and one novel genotype (HPTM1). Cyclospora cayetanensis was not detected in any samples. Results of the preliminary study indicate that children at the Thai-Myanmar border from Ratchaburi Province, Thailand are infected with diverse zoonotic genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantira Sutthikornchai
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dumrongkiet Arthan
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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West SK, Bloch E, Weaver J, Munoz B, Mrango Z, Kasubi M, Lietman T, Coles C. Morbidity in a Longitudinal Cohort of Children Residing in Villages Randomized to Biannual Treatment With Azithromycin Versus Placebo. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:574-580. [PMID: 30950493 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying the finding of reduced child mortality in communities with biannual treatment with azithromycin remain unclear. We determined if there was a difference in morbidity in a cohort of children aged 1-36 months, residing in communities randomized to biannual treatment of preschool-aged children with azithromycin or placebo. METHODS Thirty villages in Kilosa, Tanzania, were randomly assigned to receive biannual treatment of all children aged 1-59 months with either azithromycin (20/mg/kg single dose) or placebo. Children who were aged 1-36 months and participated in the baseline survey were enrolled in this cohort study and followed prospectively for 2 years. Children were monitored every 6 months for signs and symptoms of diarrheal disease, acute respiratory illness, and anemia. Mixed-effects models that include age, time, treatment arm, and the interaction of treatment arm and time as independent predictors were used to evaluate differences between children by treatment assignment over time. RESULTS There was no difference in rates of diarrhea, fever, or anemia by treatment arm at baseline and at all phases of follow-up. The decline over time in reported cough was statistically significant in the children residing in the azithromycin communities, but not in the placebo communities. Once adjusting for clustering and age, the difference in decline between the 2 treatment arms was not significant (P = .09). CONCLUSIONS A beneficial effect of azithromycin treatment on morbidity outcomes was not evident at biannual surveys. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02048007.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Zakayo Mrango
- National Institute for Medical Research, Kilosa District, Tanzania
| | - Mabula Kasubi
- Department of Microbiology, Muhimbili Medical Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Thomas Lietman
- Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Christian Coles
- Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
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16
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Fischer RT, Day JC, Wasserkrug H, Faseler M, Kats A, Daniel JF, Slowik V, Andrews W, Hendrickson RJ. Complications of Cryptosporidium infection after pediatric liver transplantation: Diarrhea, rejection, and biliary disease. Pediatr Transplant 2020; 24:e13807. [PMID: 32777150 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium enteritis can be devastating in the immunocompromised host. In pediatric liver transplant recipients, infection may be complicated by prolonged carriage of the parasite, rejection, and biliary tree damage and fibrosis. Herein, we report on six patients and their long-term outcomes following cryptosporidiosis. METHODS We reviewed all cases of cryptosporidiosis in a pediatric liver transplant population over a 17-year period at a single center. Six patients with infection were identified, and their outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS Infection was associated with significant diarrhea and dehydration in all cases, and led to hospitalization in one-half of patients. Four of the six patients developed biopsy-proven rejection following infection, with three of those patients developing rejection that was recalcitrant to intravenous steroid treatment. Additionally, three patients developed biliary tree abnormalities with similarity to sclerosing cholangitis. In one patient, those biliary changes led to repeated need for biliary drain placement and advancing fibrotic liver allograft changes. CONCLUSIONS Cryptosporidiosis in pediatric liver transplant recipients may lead to significant complications, including recalcitrant episodes of rejection and detrimental biliary tree changes. We advocate for increased awareness of this cause of diarrheal disease and the allograft injuries that may accompany infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Fischer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - J Christopher Day
- Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Heather Wasserkrug
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan Faseler
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander Kats
- Division of Pathology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - James F Daniel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Voytek Slowik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Walter Andrews
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard J Hendrickson
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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17
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Jerez Puebla LE, Núñez-Fernández FA, Fraga Nodarse J, Atencio Millán I, Cruz Rodríguez I, Martínez Silva I, Ayllón Valdés L, Robertson LJ. Diagnosis of intestinal protozoan infections in patients in Cuba by microscopy and molecular methods: advantages and disadvantages. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 179:106102. [PMID: 33188802 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis of intestinal parasitic diseases in many countries, including Cuba, although molecular approaches often have higher sensitivity as well as other advantages. Fecal samples from 133 patients were analyzed by light microscopy and also real-time multiplex qPCR targeting Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Entamoeba histolytica, and, separately, Dientamoeba fragilis. Microscopy revealed G. duodenalis occurred most commonly (17 patients), followed by Blastocystis spp. (12 patients). In a few patients, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, Cryptosporidium spp., and Cyclospora cayetanensis were identified. Molecular analysis identified 4 more G. duodenalis infections and 2 more Cryptosporidium spp. infections; concordance between microscopy and PCR showed almost perfect agreement for G. duodenalis (κ = 0.88) and substantial agreement for Cryptosporidium (κ = 0.74). PCR indicated that E. dispar, rather than E. histolytica, had been identified by microscopy. Additionally, 16 D. fragilis infections were detected using molecular methods. Although both microscopy and molecular techniques have a place in parasitology diagnostics, for parasites such as D. fragilis, where microscopy can underestimate occurrence, molecular techniques may be preferable, and also essential for distinguishing between morphologically similar microorganisms such as E. histolytica and E. dispar. Although in resource-constrained countries such as Cuba, microscopy is extremely important as a diagnostic tool for intestinal parasites, inclusion of molecular techniques could be invaluable for selected protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique Jerez Puebla
- Departament de Parasitología, Instituto "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6½ e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Fidel A Núñez-Fernández
- Departament de Parasitología, Instituto "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6½ e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba; Latin-American School of Medical Science, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Jorge Fraga Nodarse
- Departament de Parasitología, Instituto "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6½ e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Iraís Atencio Millán
- Departament de Parasitología, Instituto "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6½ e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Iredys Cruz Rodríguez
- Departament de Parasitología, Instituto "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6½ e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Isabel Martínez Silva
- Paediatric Hospital "William Soler", Avenida 100 y Perla, Altahabana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Lucía Ayllón Valdés
- Paediatric Hospital "William Soler", Avenida 100 y Perla, Altahabana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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18
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Barrera JP, Carmena D, Rodríguez E, Checa R, López AM, Fidalgo LE, Gálvez R, Marino V, Fuentes I, Miró G, Montoya A. The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as a potential natural reservoir of human cryptosporidiosis by Cryptosporidium hominis in Northwest Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2172-2182. [PMID: 32302466 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are ubiquitous intestinal protozoa that parasitize domestic and wild animals, as well as human beings. Due to their zoonotic potential, the objective of the present study was to determine the presence of these pathogens in the fox population (Vulpes vulpes) located in Northwest Spain. A total of 197 faecal samples from legally hunted foxes were collected in the autonomous region of Galicia. The presence of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. was investigated by PCR-based methods amplifying the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA) gene of the parasites. Attempts to genotype obtained positive samples were subsequently conducted at the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and β-giardin (bg) genes of G. duodenalis, and the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene of Cryptosporidium. Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. were identified in 19 (9.6%) and 12 (6.1%) of the investigated samples, respectively. However, five Cryptosporidium species were detected at the ssu rRNA locus: C. hominis (33.4%, 4/12), C. canis (25.0%, 3/12), C. parvum (16.7%, 2/12), C. ubiquitum (8.3%, 1/12) and C. suis (8.3%, 1/12). An additional Cryptosporidium-positive sample was identified at the genus level only. Typing and subtyping of Giardia- and Cryptosporidium-positive samples were unsuccessful. The detection of C. hominis in wild foxes indicates the probable overlapping of sylvatic and domestic cycles of this parasite in rural settings. Besides, this finding raises the question of whether red foxes may act as natural reservoirs of C. hominis. The detection of C. parvum and C. suis is suggestive of active transmission events between farm and wild animals, opening up the possibility of transmission to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Barrera
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Rodríguez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Checa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M López
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Lugo, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis E Fidalgo
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Lugo, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosa Gálvez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentina Marino
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montoya
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Archer J, O’Halloran L, Al-Shehri H, Summers S, Bhattacharyya T, Kabaterine NB, Atuhaire A, Adriko M, Arianaitwe M, Stewart M, LaCourse EJ, Webster BL, Bustinduy AL, Stothard JR. Intestinal Schistosomiasis and Giardiasis Co-Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa: Can a One Health Approach Improve Control of Each Waterborne Parasite Simultaneously? Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E137. [PMID: 32854435 PMCID: PMC7558413 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both intestinal schistosomiasis and giardiasis are co-endemic throughout many areas of sub-Saharan Africa, significantly impacting the health of millions of children in endemic areas. While giardiasis is not considered a neglected tropical disease (NTD), intestinal schistosomiasis is formally grouped under the NTD umbrella and receives significant advocacy and financial support for large-scale control. Although there are differences in the epidemiology between these two diseases, there are also key similarities that might be exploited within potential integrated control strategies permitting tandem interventions. In this review, we highlight these similarities and discuss opportunities for integrated control of giardiasis in low and middle-income countries where intestinal schistosomiasis is co-endemic. By applying new, advanced methods of disease surveillance, and by improving the provision of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) initiatives, (co)infection with intestinal schistosomiasis and/or giardiasis could not only be more effectively controlled but also better understood. In this light, we appraise the suitability of a One Health approach targeting both intestinal schistosomiasis and giardiasis, for if adopted more broadly, transmission of both diseases could be reduced to gain improvements in health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Archer
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; (J.A.); (B.L.W.)
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (L.O.); (H.A.-S.); (M.S.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Lisa O’Halloran
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (L.O.); (H.A.-S.); (M.S.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Hajri Al-Shehri
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (L.O.); (H.A.-S.); (M.S.); (E.J.L.)
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Asir District, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shannan Summers
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (S.S.); (T.B.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Tapan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (S.S.); (T.B.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Narcis B. Kabaterine
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala 759125, Uganda; (N.B.K.); (A.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Aaron Atuhaire
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala 759125, Uganda; (N.B.K.); (A.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala 759125, Uganda; (N.B.K.); (A.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Moses Arianaitwe
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala 759125, Uganda; (N.B.K.); (A.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Martyn Stewart
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (L.O.); (H.A.-S.); (M.S.); (E.J.L.)
| | - E. James LaCourse
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (L.O.); (H.A.-S.); (M.S.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; (J.A.); (B.L.W.)
| | - Amaya L. Bustinduy
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (S.S.); (T.B.); (A.L.B.)
| | - J. Russell Stothard
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (L.O.); (H.A.-S.); (M.S.); (E.J.L.)
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20
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Protozoan infections are under-recognized in Swedish patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:2153-2160. [PMID: 32638222 PMCID: PMC7561559 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03974-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In acute gastroenteritis (GE), identification of the infectious agent is important for patient management and surveillance. The prevalence of GE caused by protozoa may be underestimated in Swedish patients. The purpose was to compare the prevalence of E. histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp., G. intestinalis, and C. cayetanensis in samples from patients where the clinician had requested testing for gastrointestinal parasites only (n = 758) to where testing for bacterial GE only (n = 803) or where both parasite and bacterial testing (n = 1259) was requested and a healthy control group (n = 197). This prospective cohort study was conducted in Region Jönköping County, Sweden (October 2018–March 2019). Fecal samples were analyzed with microscopy and real-time PCR. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 16 patients in the bacterial GE group and in 13 in the both bacterial and parasite group; no cases were detected in the group were only parasite infection was suspected. C. cayetanensis was detected in two patients in the bacterial GE group. One case of E. histolytica was detected in the bacterial group and one in the both bacterial and parasite group. G. intestinalis was detected in 14 patients in the parasite only group, 12 in the both parasite and bacterial group, three in the bacterial GE group, and one in the control group. Diarrhea caused by protozoa, especially Cryptosporidium was under–recognized by clinicians and is likely more common than hitherto estimated in Sweden. A more symptom-based diagnostic algorithm may increase detection and knowledge about protozoan infections.
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21
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Comparative evaluation of Cryptosporidium infection in malnourished and well-nourished children: Parasitic infections are affected by the interaction of nutritional status and socio-demographic characteristics. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 68:101406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Bitilinyu-Bangoh J, Voskuijl W, Thitiri J, Menting S, Verhaar N, Mwalekwa L, de Jong DB, van Loenen M, Mens PF, Berkley JA, Bandsma RHJ, Schallig HDFH. Performance of three rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in children with severe acute malnutrition and diarrhoea. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:96. [PMID: 31775877 PMCID: PMC6882336 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is significant need for accurate diagnostic tools for Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis infections in resource limited countries where diarrhoeal disease caused by these parasites is often prevalent. The present study assessed the diagnostic performance of three commercially available rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) based on faecal-antigen detection for Cryptosporidium spp. and/or G. duodenalis infections in stool samples of children admitted with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and diarrhoea. An established multiplex PCR was used as reference test. Methods Stool samples from children with SAM and diarrhoea enrolled in a randomized controlled trial (registered at clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02246296) in Malawi (n = 175) and Kenya (n = 120) between December 2014 and December 2015 were analysed by a multiplex PCR for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis or Entamoeba histolytica parasite DNA. Cryptosporidium-positive samples were species typed using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. A sub-sample of the stool specimens (n = 236) was used for testing with three different RDTs. Diagnostic accuracy of the tests under evaluation was assessed using the results of PCR as reference standard using MedCalc software. Pearson Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to determine (significant) difference between the number of cryptosporidiosis or giardiasis cases found by PCR in Malawi and Kenya. The overall diagnostic accuracy of each RDT was calculated by plotting a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for each test and to determine the area under the curve (AUC) using SPSS8 software. Results Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. by PCR was 20.0 and 21.7% in Malawi and Kenya respectively, mostly C. hominis. G. duodenalis prevalence was 23.4 and 5.8% in Malawi and Kenya respectively. E. histolytica was not detected by PCR. RDT testing followed the same pattern of prevalence. RDT sensitivities ranged for cryptosporidiosis from 42.9 to 76.9% and for G. duodenalis from 48.2 to 85.7%. RDT specificities ranged from 88.4 to 100% for Cryptosporidium spp. and from 91.2 to 99.2% for G. duodenalis infections. Based on the estimated area under the curve (AUC) values, all tests under evaluation had an acceptable overall diagnostic accuracy (> 0.7), with the exception of one RDT for Cryptosporidium spp. in Malawi. Conclusions All three RDTs for Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis evaluated in this study have a moderate sensitivity, but sufficient specificity. The main value of the RDTs is within their rapidness and their usefulness as screening assays in surveys for diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bitilinyu-Bangoh
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Wieger Voskuijl
- College of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.,Global Child Health Group, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,The Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Thitiri
- The Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi, Kenya.,KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Sandra Menting
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Verhaar
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daisy B de Jong
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merlin van Loenen
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra F Mens
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James A Berkley
- The Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi, Kenya.,KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Robert H J Bandsma
- The Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi, Kenya.,Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Henk D F H Schallig
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Giangaspero A, Marangi M, Latrofa MS, Annoscia G, Putignani L, Capelli G, Bonassisa L, Normanno G, Otranto D, Cereda M, Ferrara F. Efficiency of the Q3 lab-on-chip Real Time-PCR platform for detecting protozoan pathogens in bivalve mollusks. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 56:5000-5008. [PMID: 31741524 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The zoonotic protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis have been recorded worldwide in economically important edible shellfish, and are thus likely to represent a significant public health risk. Therefore, an innovative, user-friendly diagnostic tool is required in order to improve food safety control. The Q3 system is a miniaturized platform whose efficiency and applicability were investigated and compared with results obtained using standard Real-Time PCR. Tanks of saltwater containing acclimated Mytilus galloprovincialis, Ruditapes philippinarum and Ostrea edulis specimens were spiked with purified Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Toxoplasma cysts/oocysts at different concentrations (i.e., 103, 104 and 105). We then collected 30 specimens for each shellfish species from each group at 24 h and 72 h post-contamination. After DNA extraction, we tested all samples by Real-Time-PCR and Q3, and evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, repeatability and concordance between the two systems. Concordance between Real-Time-PCR and Q3 was very good (p < 0.01), especially for Toxoplasma in M. galloprovincialis at both 24 h and 72 h after contamination, and in O. edulis at 72 h. The ability of Q3 to detect all the investigated pathogens was similar to that of Real-Time-PCR, and Q3 was efficient in detecting Toxoplasma in both M. galloprovincialis and O. edulis. This is the first study concerning the use of lab-on-chip technology in a food matrix, and in edible marine mollusks in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata Giangaspero
- 1Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marianna Marangi
- 1Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Latrofa
- 2Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Via Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Giada Annoscia
- 2Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Via Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Unità di Parassitologia e Unità di Ricerca di Microbioma umano, Bambino Gesù, Ospedale Pediatrico e Istituto di Ricerca, Viale Di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- 4Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua Italy
| | - Lucia Bonassisa
- BonassisaLab, Z.I. Km. 684.300 Zona Industriale Asi, Incoronata, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Normanno
- 1Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università di Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- 2Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Via Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Cereda
- 6STMicroelectronics Srl, Advanced System Technology, Via Camillo Olivetti, 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrara
- 6STMicroelectronics Srl, Advanced System Technology, Via Camillo Olivetti, 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
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24
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Hendriksen RS, Lukjancenko O, Munk P, Hjelmsø MH, Verani JR, Ng’eno E, Bigogo G, Kiplangat S, Oumar T, Bergmark L, Röder T, Neatherlin JC, Clayton O, Hald T, Karlsmose S, Pamp SJ, Fields B, Montgomery JM, Aarestrup FM. Pathogen surveillance in the informal settlement, Kibera, Kenya, using a metagenomics approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222531. [PMID: 31600207 PMCID: PMC6786639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, the number of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases is increasing, highlighting the importance of global disease pathogen surveillance. Traditional population-based methods may fail to capture important events, particularly in settings with limited access to health care, such as urban informal settlements. In such environments, a mixture of surface water runoff and human feces containing pathogenic microorganisms could be used as a surveillance surrogate. Method We conducted a temporal metagenomic analysis of urban sewage from Kibera, an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, to detect and quantify bacterial and associated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, viral and parasitic pathogens. Data were examined in conjunction with data from ongoing clinical infectious disease surveillance. Results A large variation of read abundances related to bacteria, viruses, and parasites of medical importance, as well as bacterial associated antimicrobial resistance genes over time were detected. Significant increased abundances were observed for a number of bacterial pathogens coinciding with higher abundances of AMR genes. Vibrio cholerae as well as rotavirus A, among other virus peaked in several weeks during the study period whereas Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp, varied more over time. Conclusion The metagenomic surveillance approach for monitoring circulating pathogens in sewage was able to detect putative pathogen and resistance loads in an urban informal settlement. Thus, valuable if generated in real time to serve as a comprehensive infectious disease agent surveillance system with the potential to guide disease prevention and treatment. The approach may lead to a paradigm shift in conducting real-time global genomics-based surveillance in settings with limited access to health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene S. Hendriksen
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Oksana Lukjancenko
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Patrick Munk
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathis H. Hjelmsø
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jennifer R. Verani
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Eric Ng’eno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kiplangat
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Traoré Oumar
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lasse Bergmark
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Timo Röder
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John C. Neatherlin
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Onyango Clayton
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tine Hald
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Susanne Karlsmose
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sünje J. Pamp
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Barry Fields
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Frank M. Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Prasertbun R, Mori H, Sukthana Y, Popruk S, Kusolsuk T, Hagiwara K, Mahittikorn A. "Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium: a cross-sectional study conducted throughout Thailand". BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:808. [PMID: 31521133 PMCID: PMC6744698 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are prevalent zoonotic parasites associated with a high burden among children. To date only limited molecular epidemiological data on E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in humans living in Thailand has been published. METHODS PCR-based tools were used to detect and characterize E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene was used to investigate E. bieneusi, and the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene was used to investigate Cryptosporidium spp., and 697 fecal samples from villagers and school children in rural areas in Thailand were analyzed. RESULTS The infection rates were 2.15% (15/697) for E. bieneusi and 0.14% (1/697) for Cryptosporidium spp. The prevalence of E. bieneusi was significantly high in Loei province. Sequence analysis indicated that the Cryptosporidium isolate was C. parvum. Nine E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, EbpC, Peru12, TMH6, TMH3, TMH7, H, D, and two novel genotypes TMLH1 and TMLH2. E. bieneusi prevalence was significantly higher in male participants than in female participants, and in children aged 3-15 years than in participants aged > 15 years. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence, genotypes, and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi were found to vary significantly high even in one country. Transmission routes and key animal carriers of E. bieneusi may be associated with differences in hygiene, sanitation, and cultural behaviors. Further molecular studies including longitudinal studies will be required to unveil epidemiological characteristics of these opportunistic intestinal protozoa in all over the countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapeepun Prasertbun
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hirotake Mori
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yaowalark Sukthana
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teera Kusolsuk
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Katsuro Hagiwara
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Jin Z, Ma J, Zhu G, Zhang H. Discovery of Novel Anti-cryptosporidial Activities From Natural Products by in vitro High-Throughput Phenotypic Screening. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1999. [PMID: 31551955 PMCID: PMC6736568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a globally distributed zoonotic protozoan parasite of both medical and veterinary importance. Nitazoxanide is the only FDA-approved drug to treat cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent people, but it is not fully effective. There is no drug approved by FDA for use in immunocompromised patients or in animals. In the present study, we conducted phenotypic screening of 800 nature products with defined chemical structures for potential novel activity against the growth of C. parvum in vitro. We identified a large number of compounds showing low to sub-micromolar anti-cryptosporidial activity, and fully characterized 16 top hits for anti-parasitic efficacies in vitro [EC50 values from 0.122 to 3.940 μM, cytotoxicity (TC50) values from 6.31 to >100 μm] and their safety margins. Among them, 11 compounds were derived from plants with EC50 values from 0.267 to 3.940 μM [i.e., cedrelone, deoxysappanone B 7,4'-dimethyl ether (Deox B 7,4), tanshinone IIA, baicalein, deoxysappanone B 7,3'-dimethyl ether acetate, daunorubicin, dihydrogambogic acid, deacetylgedunin, deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin, dihydrotanshinone I, 2,3,4'-trihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, and 3-deoxo-3beta-hydroxy-mexicanolide 16-enol ether]. Three compounds with sub-micromolar EC50 values (i.e., cedrelone, Deox B 7,4, and baicalein) were further investigated for their effectiveness on various parasite developmental stages in vitro. Cedrelone and baicalein were more effective than Dexo B 7,4 when treating parasite for shorter periods of time, but all three compounds could kill the parasite irreversibly. These findings provide us a large selection of new structures derived from natural products to be explored for developing anti-cryptosporidial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Jin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jingbo Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guan Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Haili Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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27
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Abstract
Parasitic infections of the gut have major implications for child health, but many questions remain unanswered. Protozoal parasites, especially cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, cause diarrhoea and contribute to impaired growth, neurocognitive development and mortality. Entamoeba histolytica causes dysentery and may have more subtle effects on child growth. Helminth infections are mostly asymptomatic, and untargeted mass deworming has not been shown to be beneficial. However, children with heavy infections certainly benefit from antihelminthic treatment. Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis is a neglected problem on a massive scale, which causes portal hypertension and lifelong morbidity in individuals who get infected in childhood. Neurocysticercosis causes epilepsy and is a significant consequence of taeniasis solium, another neglected disease which is entirely preventable. Parasitic infections of the gut contribute to child health problems on a large scale. Fresh approaches are needed to prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapula Chifunda
- a Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group , University of Zambia School of Medicine , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Paul Kelly
- a Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group , University of Zambia School of Medicine , Lusaka , Zambia.,b Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
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28
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Liu J, Ma'ayeh S, Peirasmaki D, Lundström-Stadelmann B, Hellman L, Svärd SG. Secreted Giardia intestinalis cysteine proteases disrupt intestinal epithelial cell junctional complexes and degrade chemokines. Virulence 2018; 9:879-894. [PMID: 29726306 PMCID: PMC5955458 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1451284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is a common diarrheal disease caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis. Cysteine proteases (CPs) are acknowledged as virulence factors in Giardia but their specific role in the molecular pathogenesis of disease is not known. Herein, we aimed to characterize the three main secreted CPs (CP14019, CP16160 and CP16779), which were identified by mass spectrometry in the medium during interaction with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro. First, the CPs were epitope-tagged and localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic vesicle-like structures. Second, we showed that recombinant CPs, expressed in Pichia pastoris, are more active in acidic environment (pH 5.5-6) and we determined the kinetic parameters using fluorogenic substrates. Third, excretory-secretory proteins (ESPs) from Giardia trophozoites affect the localization of apical junctional complex (AJC) proteins and recombinant CPs cleave or re-localize the AJC proteins (claudin-1 and -4, occludin, JAM-1, β-catenin and E-cadherin) of IECs. Finally, we showed that the ESPs and recombinant CPs can degrade several chemokines, including CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, IL-8, CCL2, and CCL20, which are up-regulated in IECs during Giardia-host cell interactions. This is the first study that characterizes the role of specific CPs secreted from Giardia and our results collectively indicate their roles in the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier and modulating immune responses during Giardia infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liu
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Showgy Ma'ayeh
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Dimitra Peirasmaki
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | | | - Lars Hellman
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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29
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Abstract
The intestinal apicomplexan parasite
Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrheal disease in humans worldwide. However, treatment options are severely limited. The search for novel interventions is imperative, yet there are several challenges to drug development, including intractability of the parasite and limited technical tools to study it. This review addresses recent, exciting breakthroughs in this field, including novel cell culture models, strategies for genetic manipulation, transcriptomics, and promising new drug candidates. These advances will stimulate the ongoing quest to understand
Cryptosporidium and the pathogenesis of cryptosporidiosis and to develop new approaches to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Bhalchandra
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111, USA
| | - Daviel Cardenas
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111, USA
| | - Honorine D Ward
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111, USA.,Medicine, Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111, USA
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30
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Liao C, Wang T, Koehler AV, Fan Y, Hu M, Gasser RB. Molecular investigation of Cryptosporidium in farmed chickens in Hubei Province, China, identifies 'zoonotic' subtypes of C. meleagridis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:484. [PMID: 30157928 PMCID: PMC6114272 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium is a key genus of parasitic protists that infect humans and other vertebrates (mammals and birds). Birds are typically infected with C. avium, C. baileyi, C. galli and/or C. meleagridis, the latter of which is recognised as being zoonotic. Stimulated by the previous finding of C. meleagridis subtypes IIIbA21G1R1, IIIbA22G1R1 and IIIbA26G1R1 in diarrhoeic children in Wuhan city and environs in Hubei Province, China, we performed a molecular epidemiological survey to explore whether these or similar subtypes might occur in farmed chickens in this province. METHODS PCR-coupled sequencing analyses of regions in the small subunit (SSU) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes were utilised to characterise Cryptosporidium in faecal samples from chickens (n = 471) from 14 farms from six distinct regions in Hubei Province. RESULTS Cryptosporidium baileyi (33/471; 7.0%) and C. meleagridis (15/471; 3.2%) were identified in chickens on eight farms in five of the six distinct geographical regions. No significant age-associated difference in the prevalence of C. baileyi was evident, whereas the prevalence of C. meleagridis was significantly higher in younger (≤ 4 months) than in older chickens (> 4 months). For C. meleagridis, two subtype families, IIIb and IIIe, were defined; some of the subtypes (i.e. IIIbA26G1R1b and IIIbA22G1R1c) characterised here matched those identified previously in diarrhoeic children in Wuhan. CONCLUSIONS This is the first molecular study reporting the genetic identity and prevalence of C. baileyi and C. meleagridis in chickens in Hubei. The findings suggest that C. meleagridis subtypes IIIbA26G1R1b and IIIbA22G1R1c are cross-transmissible between chickens and humans, raising awareness about the significance of birds as potential reservoirs of zoonotic variants of Cryptosporidium. Future studies might focus on investigating the prevalence of 'zoonotic' subtypes of Cryptosporidium meleagridis in various species of wild and domesticated birds, and on comparing them with those found in humans in China and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yingying Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Robin B Gasser
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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31
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Cacciò SM, Lalle M, Svärd SG. Host specificity in the Giardia duodenalis species complex. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 66:335-345. [PMID: 29225147 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a unicellular flagellated parasite that infects the gastrointestinal tract of a wide range of mammalian species, including humans. Investigations of protein and DNA polymorphisms revealed that G. duodenalis should be considered as a species complex, whose members, despite being morphologically indistinguishable, can be classified into eight groups, or Assemblages, separated by large genetic distances. Assemblages display various degree of host specificity, with Assemblages A and B occurring in humans and many other hosts, Assemblage C and D in canids, Assemblage E in hoofed animals, Assemblage F in cats, Assemblage G in rodents, and Assemblage H in pinnipeds. The factors determining host specificity are only partially understood, and clearly involve both the host and the parasite. Here, we review the results of in vitro and in vivo experiments, and clinical observations to highlight relevant biological and genetic differences between Assemblages, with a focus on human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M Cacciò
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Lalle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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