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Amaroli A, Panfoli I, Bozzo M, Ferrando S, Candiani S, Ravera S. The Bright Side of Curcumin: A Narrative Review of Its Therapeutic Potential in Cancer Management. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2580. [PMID: 39061221 PMCID: PMC11275093 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16142580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa, exhibits significant therapeutic potential in cancer management. This review explores curcumin's mechanisms of action, the challenges related to its bioavailability, and its enhancement through modern technology and approaches. Curcumin demonstrates strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to its ability to neutralize free radicals and inhibit inflammatory mediators. Its anticancer effects are mediated by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and interfering with tumor growth pathways in various colon, pancreatic, and breast cancers. However, its clinical application is limited by its poor bioavailability due to its rapid metabolism and low absorption. Novel delivery systems, such as curcumin-loaded hydrogels and nanoparticles, have shown promise in improving curcumin bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, photodynamic therapy has emerged as a complementary approach, where light exposure enhances curcumin's anticancer effects by modulating molecular pathways crucial for tumor cell growth and survival. Studies highlight that combining low concentrations of curcumin with visible light irradiation significantly boosts its antitumor efficacy compared to curcumin alone. The interaction of curcumin with cytochromes or drug transporters may play a crucial role in altering the pharmacokinetics of conventional medications, which necessitates careful consideration in clinical settings. Future research should focus on optimizing delivery mechanisms and understanding curcumin's pharmacokinetics to fully harness its therapeutic potential in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory (BIOPHOR), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (S.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Matteo Bozzo
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory (BIOPHOR), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (S.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Ferrando
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory (BIOPHOR), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (S.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Simona Candiani
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory (BIOPHOR), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (S.F.); (S.C.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Sommerfeld F, Weyersberg L, Vatter P, Hessling M. Photoinactivation of the bacteriophage PhiX174 by UVA radiation and visible light in SM buffer and DMEM-F12. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:3. [PMID: 38167092 PMCID: PMC10759336 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been observed that viruses can be inactivated by UVA radiation and visible light. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a medium that contains a photosensitizer might have an influence on viral reduction under irradiation by UVA, violet or blue light. Test virus is the bacteriophage PhiX174 in the photosensitizer-free SM buffer and DMEM-F12, which contains the known photosensitizer riboflavin. RESULTS The determined PhiX174 D90 doses in SM buffer and DMEM were 36.8 J/cm² and 13.6 J/cm² at 366 nm, 153.6 J/cm² and 129.1 J/cm² at 408 nm and 4988 J/cm² and 2477.1 J/cm² at 455 nm, respectively. It can be concluded that the medium has a large influence on the results. This might be caused by the photosensitizer riboflavin in DMEM-F12. As riboflavin is a key component in many cell culture media, irradiation experiments with viruses in cell culture media should be avoided if the investigation of intrinsical photoinactivation properties of viruses is aimed for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sommerfeld
- Department of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Weyersberg
- Department of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Vatter
- Department of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Hessling
- Department of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Bourbour S, Darbandi A, Bostanghadiri N, Ghanavati R, Taheri B, Bahador A. Effects of Antimicrobial Photosensitizers of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) to Treat Periodontitis. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:1209-1229. [PMID: 37475551 DOI: 10.2174/1389201024666230720104516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy or aPDT is an alternative therapeutic approach in which lasers and different photosensitizing agents are used to eradicate periodontopathic bacteria in periodontitis. Periodontitis is a localized infectious disease caused by periodontopathic bacteria and can destroy bones and tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. The aPDT system has been shown by in vitro studies to have high bactericidal efficacy. It was demonstrated that aPDT has low local toxicity, can speed up dental therapy, and is cost-effective. Several photosensitizers (PSs) are available for each type of light source which did not induce any damage to the patient and are safe. In recent years, significant advances have been made in aPDT as a non-invasive treatment method, especially in treating infections and cancers. Besides, aPDT can be perfectly combined with other treatments. Hence, this survey focused on the effectiveness and mechanism of aPDT of periodontitis by using lasers and the most frequently used antimicrobial PSs such as methylene blue (MB), toluidine blue ortho (TBO), indocyanine green (ICG), malachite green (MG) (Triarylmethanes), erythrosine dyes (ERY) (Xanthenes dyes), rose bengal (RB) (Xanthenes dyes), eosin-Y (Xanthenes dyes), radachlorin group and curcumin. The aPDT with these PSs can reduce pathogenic bacterial loads in periodontitis. Therefore, it is clear that there is a bright future for using aPDT to fight microorganisms causing periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Bourbour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Darbandi
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narjess Bostanghadiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Ghanavati
- Department of Microbiology, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Behrouz Taheri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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de Oliveira AB, Ferrisse TM, de Annunzio SR, Franca MGA, Silva MGDV, Cavalheiro AJ, Fontana CR, Brighenti FL. In Vitro Evaluation of Photodynamic Activity of Plant Extracts from Senna Species against Microorganisms of Medical and Dental Interest. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010181. [PMID: 36678812 PMCID: PMC9861726 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacterial resistance requires new treatments for infections. In this context, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an effective and promising option. Objectives: Three plant extracts (Senna splendida, Senna alata, and Senna macranthera) were evaluated as photosensitizers for aPDT. Methods: Cutibacterium acnes (ATCC 6919), Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35668), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) were evaluated. Reactive oxygen species production was also verified. Oral keratinocytes assessed cytotoxicity. LC-DAD-MS analysis identified the chemical components of the evaluated extracts. Results: Most species cultured in the planktonic phase showed total microbial reduction (>6 log10 CFU/mL/p < 0.0001) for all extracts. C. albicans cultured in biofilm showed total microbial reduction (7.68 log10 CFU/mL/p < 0.0001) for aPDT mediated by all extracts. Extracts from S. macranthera and S. alata produced the highest number of reactive oxygen species (p < 0.0001). The S. alata extract had the highest cell viability. The LC-DAD-MS analysis of active extracts showed one naphthopyrone and seven anthraquinones as potential candidates for photoactive compounds. Conclusion: This study showed that aPDT mediated by Senna spp. was efficient in microbial suspension and biofilm of microorganisms of medical and dental interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analú Barros de Oliveira
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Túlio Morandin Ferrisse
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Sarah Raquel de Annunzio
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alberto José Cavalheiro
- Department of Biochemstry and Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Lourenção Brighenti
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(16)-33016551
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Alkahtany MF. Efficacy of curcumin-mediated photodynamic therapy for root canal therapy procedures: A systematic review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 41:103252. [PMID: 36563708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review aimed to investigate the effectiveness of CUR-mediated PDT (Curcumin mediated PDT) as an adjunct to conventional chemo-mechanical debridement and/or standard PDT of the RC system with endodontic infections. METHODS The focused research question was: "Whether the application Curcumin mediated PDT as an adjunct is more effective than the traditional chemo-mechanical debridement and/or standard PDT of the RC system alone for improving antibacterial and/or mechanical features among subjects undergoing RCT?". An electronic literature search was performed in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. In vitro reports utilizing Curcumin mediated PDT as an adjunct to conventional chemo-mechanical debridement considering permanent dentition assessing the antibacterial and/or mechanical effect were included. RESULTS Eighteen articles were included in the review, out of which 13 studies assessed the antibacterial activity, while 5 evaluated the mechanical properties. Most of the studies concluded that Curcumin mediated PDT had a significant antibacterial activity than the conventional chemo-mechanical debridement and/or standard PDT. Four of the five studies suggested that Curcumin mediated PDT had no impact on the push-out bond strength of root dentin. Furthermore, the significant heterogeneity in the data from the included studies did not permit the author to carry out a meta-analysis. CONCLUSION There is potential for application of Curcumin mediated PDT as an adjunct to the conventional chemo-mechanical debridement and/or standard PDT in reducing the bacterial load, however, Curcumin mediated PDT has minimal effect on enhancing the pushout bond strength of fiber posts to radicular dentin. Moreover, clinical studies are required to provide a more conclusive opinion on the efficacy of Curcumin mediated PDT for RCT procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen F Alkahtany
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Photoeradication of aquatic pathogens by curcumin for clean and safe drinking water. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Enhanced Photodynamic Suppression of Enterococcus faecalis Using Curcumin-Loaded Zeolite. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-021-02085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with curcumin on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 37:102729. [PMID: 35041982 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) affect approximately 1.5 million individuals worldwide. Among the causes of HAIs in Latin America, Staphylococcus aureus presents a severe danger due to its rapid spread and ease of developing antibiotic resistance. Upon acquiring methicillin resistance, it receives the classification Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), responsible for 40 to 60% of HAIs. The increase in resistant microorganisms led to the search for alternative methods, such as antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT), forming Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), leading bacterial cells to death. The objective of this work was to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial action of PDT with curcumin in MRSA biofilm. The strains were induced to form biofilm and incubated with curcumin for 20 minutes, irradiated with LED (Light Emitting Diode) 450 nm, at 110 mW/cm2, 50 J/cm2 for 455 seconds, subsequently counting the Colony Forming Units, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs, Confocal Microscopy images, Resazurin dye test, ROS quantification to assess the effect of PDT on biofilm. The results show that PDT with curcumin reduced the biofilm growth of the MRSA strain. In addition, confocal microscopy showed that curcumin was internalized by S. aureus in the cells at the concentration used, and when isolated, curcumin and the irradiation parameter did not show cytotoxicity. The study demonstrated that the PDT in the established parameters reduced the growth of the MRSA strain biofilm, making it a relevant alternative possibility for the inactivation of this strain.
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Advances in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Current strategies of combating bacterial infections are limited and involve the use of antibiotics and preservatives. Each of these agents has generally inadequate efficacy and a number of serious adverse effects. Thus, there is an urgent need for new antimicrobial drugs and food preservatives with higher efficacy and lower toxicity. Edible plants have been used in medicine since ancient times and are well known for their successful antimicrobial activity. Often photosensitizers are present in many edible plants; they could be a promising source for a new generation of drugs and food preservatives. The use of photodynamic therapy allows enhancement of antimicrobial properties in plant photosensitizers. The purpose of this review is to present the verified data on the antimicrobial activities of photodynamic phytochemicals in edible species of the world’s flora, including the various mechanisms of their actions.
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Genetic Factors Affect the Survival and Behaviors of Selected Bacteria during Antimicrobial Blue Light Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910452. [PMID: 34638788 PMCID: PMC8508746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global, mounting and dynamic issue that poses an immediate threat to human, animal, and environmental health. Among the alternative antimicrobial treatments proposed to reduce the external use of antibiotics is electromagnetic radiation, such as blue light. The prevailing mechanistic model is that blue light can be absorbed by endogenous porphyrins within the bacterial cell, inducing the production of reactive oxygen species, which subsequently inflict oxidative damages upon different cellular components. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether other mechanisms are involved, particularly those that can affect the efficacy of antimicrobial blue light treatments. In this review, we summarize evidence of inherent factors that may confer protection to a selected group of bacteria against blue light-induced oxidative damages or modulate the physiological characteristics of the treated bacteria, such as virulence and motility. These include descriptions of three major photoreceptors in bacteria, chemoreceptors, SOS-dependent DNA repair and non-SOS protective mechanisms. Future directions are also provided to assist with research efforts to increase the efficacy of antimicrobial blue light and to minimize the development of blue light-tolerant phenotypes.
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Cusicanqui Méndez DA, Cardenas Cuéllar MR, Feliz Pedrinha V, Velásquez Espedilla EG, Bombarda de Andrade F, Rodrigues PDA, Cruvinel T. Effects of curcumin-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy associated to different chelators against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102464. [PMID: 34320428 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate curcumin-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) action combined or not with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and hydroxyethylidene bisphosphonate (HEBP) on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. METHODS Enterococcus faecalis biofilms were grown on dentin bovine discs in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium with 1% glucose, in aerobic conditions at 37°C for 7 days. Then, they were randomly distributed to one of experimental conditions, as follows: control, 75 J.cm-2 LED, 600 μmol.L-1 curcumin, 17% EDTA, 18% HEBP, 600 μmol.L-1 curcumin plus 75 J.cm-2 LED, 600 μmol.L-1 curcumin plus 17% EDTA, 600 μmol.L-1 curcumin plus 18% HEBP, 600 μmol.L-1 curcumin plus 17% EDTA and 75 J.cm-2 LED or 600 μmol.L-1 curcumin plus 18% HEBP and 75 J.cm-2 LED. The viability of microorganisms and the vitality of biofilms were determined by colony forming unit counts and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), respectively. Statistical analysis was conducted by Kruskal Wallis and Dunn's post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS The results showed that all combinations of aPDT with chelators significantly reduced the viability of microbial cells and the vitality of biofilms in comparison to control, even when considering deeper layers of biofilms. CONCLUSION The combination of curcumin with EDTA and HEBP similarly improved the effect of aPDT on E. faecalis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maricel Rosario Cardenas Cuéllar
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Feliz Pedrinha
- Laboratory of Dental Materials, Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Almeida Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Dental Materials, Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cruvinel
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Mozayeni MA, Vatandoost F, Asnaashari M, Shokri M, Azari-Marhabi S, Asnaashari N. Comparing the Efficacy of Toluidine Blue, Methylene Blue and Curcumin in Photodynamic Therapy Against Enterococcus faecalis. J Lasers Med Sci 2021; 11:S49-S54. [PMID: 33995969 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2020.s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as a supplement to the conventional root canal preparation has shown promising results. Previous studies have adopted various combinations of light sources and photosensitizers, which makes it difficult to compare the disinfection efficacy of different PDT protocols. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of three photosensitizers (toluidine blue, methylene blue, and curcumin) in PDT using LED against Enterococcus faecalis in root canal disinfection. Methods: Root canals of 54 single-rooted extracted teeth were prepared using the ProTaper Gold rotary system and were incubated with E. faecalis for three weeks. They were then randomly divided into five experimental groups and a control group: (1) Irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl for 30 seconds, (2) NaOCl irrigation followed by TB-PDT, (3) NaOCl irrigation followed by MB-PDT, (4) NaOCL irrigation followed by curcumin-PDT, (5) Curcumin solvent (1% ethanol+1% BSA), (6) Control (irrigation with normal saline). Sampling was done by collecting dentin shavings from the root canals, and colony-forming units were determined for each treatment group. The data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Results: In all treatment groups, the mean values of colony forming unit (CFU) decreased by 99% compared to the control group. The lowest mean values of CFU were observed in groups 2 and 4, followed groups 3, 1, and 5 respectively. The mean CFU count in group 2 was significantly lower than that of group 1 (P value=0.011), while there were no significant differences among groups 1, 3, and 4 (P value >0.05). Conclusion: The adjunction of toluidine blue-mediated PDT by means of a light-emitting diode to NaOCl irrigation increased its antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis and could be an effective complementary method in root canal disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Mozayeni
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Vatandoost
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asnaashari
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shokri
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saranaz Azari-Marhabi
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Asnaashari
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Current status and future of delivery systems for prevention and treatment of infections in the oral cavity. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:1703-1734. [PMID: 33770415 PMCID: PMC7995675 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oral health reflects the general health, and it is fundamental to well-being and quality of life. An infection in the oral cavity can be associated with serious complications in human health. Local therapy of these infections offers many advantages over systemic drug administration, targeting directly to the diseased area while minimizing systemic side effects. Specialized drug delivery systems into the oral cavity have to be designed in such a fashion that they resist to the aqueous environment that is constantly bathed in saliva and subject to mechanical forces. Additionally, a prolonged release of drug should also be provided, which would enhance the efficacy and also decrease the repeated dosing. This review is aimed to summarize the current most relevant findings related to local drug delivery of various drug groups for prevention and treatment of infections (viral, bacterial, fungal) and infection-related manifestations in the oral cavity. Current therapeutic challenges in regard to effective local drug delivery systems will be discussed, and the recent approaches to overcome these obstacles will be reviewed. Finally, future prospects will be overviewed to promote novel strategies that can be implemented in clinical management for prevention and treatment of oral infections.
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Dias LD, Blanco KC, Mfouo-Tynga IS, Inada NM, Bagnato VS. Curcumin as a photosensitizer: From molecular structure to recent advances in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Chaves Lamarque GC, Méndez DAC, Matos AA, Dionísio TJ, Machado MAAM, Magalhães AC, Oliveira RC, Cruvinel T. In vitro effect of curcumin-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on fibroblasts: viability and cell signaling for apoptosis. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 36:1169-1175. [PMID: 32996021 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although it was demonstrated that curcumin-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is effective for reducing the viability of microbial cells and the vitality of oral biofilms, the cytotoxicity of this therapeutic approach for host cells has not been yet elucidated. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects of curcumin-mediated aPDT on mouse fibroblasts. Cells were treated with 0.6 or 6 μmol.L-1 curcumin combined with 0.075 or 7.5 J.cm-2 LED at 455 nm. Cytotoxicity was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and crystal violet (CV) assays, while quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to assess the expression of Bax, Bad, Bcl-2, VDAC-1, cytochrome C, and Fas-L genes for apoptosis. The differences between groups were detected by Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn's tests for MTT and CV assays and by ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test for qRT-PCR (P < 0.05). The effect of 0.6 μmol.L-1 curcumin plus 0.075 J.cm-2 LED (minimum parameter) did not differ statistically from control group; however, the combination of 0.6 μmol.L-1 curcumin plus 7.5 J.cm-2 LED reduced viable cells in 34%, while the combinations of 6 μmol.L-1 curcumin plus 0.075 and 7.5 J.cm-2 LED reduced viable cells in 47% and 99%, respectively. aPDT increased significantly the relative expression of Bax/Bcl-2, cytochrome C, VDAC-1, and Fas-L genes, without influence on the ratio Bad/Bcl-2. Therefore, curcumin-mediated aPDT activated Bcl-2 apoptosis signaling pathways in mouse fibroblasts regarding present conditions, reducing the viability of cells with the increase of curcumin concentrations and light energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Campos Chaves Lamarque
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária, Bauru, SP, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Daniela Alejandra Cusicanqui Méndez
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária, Bauru, SP, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Adriana Arruda Matos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Thiago José Dionísio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Andrade Moreira Machado
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária, Bauru, SP, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Magalhães
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cardoso Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cruvinel
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária, Bauru, SP, 17012-901, Brazil.
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17
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Antimicrobial Photoinactivation Approach Based on Natural Agents for Control of Bacteria Biofilms in Spacecraft. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186932. [PMID: 32967302 PMCID: PMC7554952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A spacecraft is a confined system that is inhabited by a changing microbial consortium, mostly originating from life-supporting devices, equipment collected in pre-flight conditions, and crewmembers. Continuous monitoring of the spacecraft’s bioburden employing culture-based and molecular methods has shown the prevalence of various taxa, with human skin-associated microorganisms making a substantial contribution to the spacecraft microbiome. Microorganisms in spacecraft can prosper not only in planktonic growth mode but can also form more resilient biofilms that pose a higher risk to crewmembers’ health and the material integrity of the spacecraft’s equipment. Moreover, bacterial biofilms in space conditions are characterized by faster formation and acquisition of resistance to chemical and physical effects than under the same conditions on Earth, making most decontamination methods unsafe. There is currently no reported method available to combat biofilm formation in space effectively and safely. However, antibacterial photodynamic inactivation based on natural photosensitizers, which is reviewed in this work, seems to be a promising method.
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D'Ercole S, Di Fermo P, Di Giulio M, Di Lodovico S, Di Campli E, Scarano A, Tripodi D, Cellini L, Petrini M. Near-infrared NIR irradiation and sodium hypochlorite: An efficacious association to counteract the Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in endodontic infections. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 210:111989. [PMID: 32818768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
New strategies are necessary for the prevention of endodontic infections caused by Enterococcus faecalis, a common resistant pathogen and biofilm producer. Aim of the present study was to compare the effects of Near-Infrared (NIR) Light-Emitting Diode (LED) irradiation and different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) alone or combined to each other on the E. faecalis biofilm, on artificial and human dentin surfaces. E. faecalis ATCC 29212 preformed biofilms, on polystyrene wells and on dentin discs, were treated with 880 nm NIR irradiation and NaOCl at 4%, 2.5%, 1% and 0.5% alone and combined to each other (NIR irradiation plus NaOCl 1% or 0.5%) at 5 and 10 min. Treated biofilms were compared to the controls for (i) biofilm biomass evaluation, (ii) CFU count for the quantification of cultivable cells and (iii) cells viability. All the detected experimental conditions displayed a significant reduction of biofilm biomass (p < 0.001) and CFUs/mL (p < 0.01) in respect to the controls on both tested surfaces. The effects on the E. faecalis biomass, colony count and cell viability were not time-dependent except for NaOCl 2.5% and 1% in the biofilm biomass reductions on human dentin discs. NIR-LED irradiation alone showed a reduction of E. faecalis aggregates without interfering with cell viability whereas NaOCl alone expressed a killing effect in a concentration dependent way. The combination of NIR-LED irradiation with NaOCl 1% and 0.5% displayed a double effect of cluster disaggregation and cell killing. In particular, NIR-LED irradiation combined with NaOCl 0.5% displayed an anti-biofilm activity major than those expressed by NaOCl 0.5% alone (p = 0.001) with a reduction of biomass 93% vs 71% and 97% vs 25% after 10 min, on polystyrene wells and human dentin discs, respectively. The innovative use of NIR-LED irradiation combined at short times with low concentration of NaOCl (1% and 0.5%) is capable to reach a significant effect on E. faecalis biofilm, especially on human dentin discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta D'Ercole
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Paola Di Fermo
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Mara Di Giulio
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Lodovico
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Di Campli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Domenico Tripodi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Luigina Cellini
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Morena Petrini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Galo IDC, Lima BED, Santos TG, Braoios A, Prado RP, Santos WGD. Staphylococcus aureus growth delay after exposure to low fluencies of blue light (470 nm). BRAZ J BIOL 2020; 81:370-376. [PMID: 32490986 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.226473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest challenges to treat bacterial infections worldwide, leading to increase in medical expenses, prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality. The use of blue light has been suggested as an innovative alternative to overcome this problem. In this study we analyzed the antibacterial effect of blue light using low emission parameters on Staphylococcus aureus cultures. In vitro bacterial cultures were used in two experimental approaches. The first approach included single or fractionated blue light application provided by LED emitters (470 nm), with the following fluencies: 16.29, 27.16 and 54.32 J/cm2. For the second approach a power LED (470 nm) was used to deliver 54.32 J/cm2 fractionated in 3 applications. Our results demonstrated that bacterial cultures exposed to fractionated blue light radiation exhibited significantly smaller sizes colonies than the control group after 24 h incubation, however the affected bacteria were able to adapt and continue to proliferate after prolonged incubation time. We could conclude that the hypothetical clinical use of low fluencies of blue light as an antibacterial treatment is risky, since its action is not definitive and proves to be ineffective at least for the strain used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D C Galo
- Unidade Acadêmica Especial de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Regional Jataí, Câmpus Jatobá, Cidade Universitária, BR 364, Km 195, 3800, CEP 75801-615, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - B E De Lima
- Unidade Acadêmica Especial de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Regional Jataí, Câmpus Jatobá, Cidade Universitária, BR 364, Km 195, 3800, CEP 75801-615, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - T G Santos
- Unidade Acadêmica Especial de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Regional Jataí, Câmpus Jatobá, Cidade Universitária, BR 364, Km 195, 3800, CEP 75801-615, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - A Braoios
- Unidade Acadêmica Especial de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Regional Jataí, Câmpus Jatobá, Cidade Universitária, BR 364, Km 195, 3800, CEP 75801-615, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - R P Prado
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Regional Catalão, Campus II, Av. Castelo Branco, s/n, Setor Universitário, CEP 75704-020, Catalão, GO, Brasil
| | - W G Dos Santos
- Unidade Acadêmica Especial de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Regional Jataí, Câmpus Jatobá, Cidade Universitária, BR 364, Km 195, 3800, CEP 75801-615, Jataí, GO, Brasil
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20
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Staneva D, Yordanova S, Vasileva-Tonkova E, Stoyanov S, Grabchev I. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y. OPEN CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2019-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe functional characteristics of a new eosin dye with biocidal quaternary ammonium group (E) were studied in aqueous solution and in organic solvents of different polarity. The spectral properties depend on the nature and polarity of the respective solvents. The antimicrobial activity of compound E has been tested in vitro against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter johnsoni and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Gram-positive bacteria (Sarcina lutea and Bacillus cereus) and the antifungal activity was tested against the yeasts Candida lipolytica in solution and after treated on cotton fabric. Broth dilution test has been used for quantitative evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of compound E against the model strains. The ability of compound E to inhibit the growth of model Gram-negative P. aeruginosa strain was assessed after 16 h of incubation in presence and absence of light. These experiments were conducted in planktonic format in solution and on cotton fabric. The results suggest that the new compound is effective in treating the relevant pathogens with better results being obtained by irradiation with light. In this case the quaternary ammonium group promotes the binding of eosin Y moiety to the bacterial cell wall thus accelerating bacterial photo inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desislava Staneva
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stanislava Yordanova
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Evgenia Vasileva-Tonkova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stanimir Stoyanov
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivo Grabchev
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Medicine, 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Pourhajibagher M, Parker S, Chiniforush N, Bahador A. Photoexcitation triggering via semiconductor Graphene Quantum Dots by photochemical doping with Curcumin versus perio-pathogens mixed biofilms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 28:125-131. [PMID: 31479805 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an alternative treatment modality has been used adjunctively in the treatment of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Photosensitizing agents in the form of nanoparticles have been designed for improving the efficiency of aPTD. Graphene quantum dots are a special type of nanocrystals that can promote aPDT when coupled with curcumin (Cur). The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of photoexcited GQD-Cur on the metabolic activity of perio-pathogen mixed biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS GQD-Cur was synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrometry (UV-Vis), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cell cytotoxicity effect of GQD-Cur was evaluated on primary human gingival fibroblast (HuGu) cells. Perio-pathogen mixed biofilms including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia photosensitized with GQD doped with Cur were irradiated with a blue LED at a wavelength of 435 ± 20 nm for 1 min, and then bacterial viability measurements were performed. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile, biofilm formation ability, amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) released, and variations of gene expressions involved in biofilm formation were assessed. RESULTS The SEM, DLS, FTIR, UV-Vis spectrometry, and XRD pattern confirmed that GQD-Cur was synthesized successfully. According to the results, GQD-Cur exhibited no cytotoxicity against HuGu cells. Photoexcited GQD-Cur resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability (93%) and biofilm formation capacity (76%) of peri-pathogens compared to the control group (P < 0.05). According to the results, a significant concentration-dependent increase in the ROS generation was observed in perio-pathogens mixed cells treated with different doses of GQD-Cur-aPDT. Moreover, rcpA, fimA, and inpA gene expression profiles were downregulated by 8.1-, 9.6-, and 11.8-folds, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, photoexcited GQD-Cur have a high potency of perio-pathogens suppression in planktonic and biofilm forms and downregulation of the biofilm genes expression pattern was exploited as a nanoscale-based platform for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Steven Parker
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance requires development of alternative therapeutic options. Multidrug-resistant strains of Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. are still the most commonly identified antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. These microorganisms are part of the so-called 'ESKAPE' pathogens to emphasize that they currently cause the majority of hospital acquired infections and effectively 'escape' the effects of antibacterial drugs. Thus, alternative, safer and more efficient antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed, especially against 'ESKAPE' superbugs. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation is a therapeutic option used in the treatment of infectious diseases. It is based on a combination of a photosensitizer, light and oxygen to remove highly metabolically active cells.
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Oda DF, Duarte MAH, Andrade FB, Moriyama LT, Bagnato VS, de Moraes IG. Antimicrobial action of photodynamic therapy in root canals using LED curing light, curcumin and carbopol gel. Int Endod J 2019; 52:1010-1019. [PMID: 30720875 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the capacity of carbopol gel to maintain the intensity of a LED curing light (blueLED) along the length of prepared root canals in bovine teeth, and to assess the antimicrobial capacity of curcumin photoactivated by a LED curing light in the presence of carbopol gel. METHODOLOGY Experiment 1: Eight straight roots of bovine incisors were standardized to a length of 15 mm, and the root canals instrumented up to a size 120 K-file. The LED curing light was irradiated inside the root canals using an aluminium collimator (1.5 mm in diameter) placed at the orifice (n = 8). Initially, the irradiation was performed in empty root canals and then repeated with the root canals filled with carbopol gel. Simple standardized photographs of the roots were taken with a digital camera in the mesial perspective during the irradiation procedure and the images analysed in OriginLab software to verify the light intensity along the length of the root. Experiment 2: Twenty dentine blocks were obtained from the cervical third of bovine incisors using a trephine bur. Biofilms were induced for 21 days on the blocks using Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 4083) at 109 cells mL-1 . The blocks were treated according to the groups (n = 5): positive control; standard PDT (methylene blue + diode Laser); curcumin; LED curing light; and curcumin + LED curing light. After the treatment, the samples were dyed with Live/Dead BacLight Bacterial Viability solution and fluorescence images were obtained by Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM). Experiment 3: Thirty-two roots of bovine incisors were prepared as described in experiment 1. Their dentinal tubules were contaminated and the root canals treated according to the groups (n = 8): positive control; standard PDT; curcumin + LED curing light; curcumin + carbopol gel + LED curing light. The specimens were sectioned longitudinally and the split roots were treated with the Live/Dead dye to obtain fluorescence images by CSLM. All images were processed using BioImageL software to measure the percentage of viable bacteria and the data analysed statistically using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test (α < 0.05). RESULTS In Experiment 1, carbopol gel did not improve the intensity of LED light transmission along the root canal. In Experiment 2, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in bacterial viability occurred in the following order: positive control < only LED curing light < only curcumin < curcumin + LED curing light = standard PDT; and in Experiment 3 positive control = curcumin + LED curing light ≤ curcumin + gel + LED curing light ≤ standard PDT. CONCLUSION Similar disinfection effectiveness was obtained using curcumin + LED curing light and methylene blue + 660 nm LASER (standard PDT). The use of carbopol gel did not favour a greater transmission of LED light along the root canal and also resulted in less bacterial killing when used in endodontic PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Oda
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - M A H Duarte
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - F B Andrade
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - L T Moriyama
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - V S Bagnato
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - I G de Moraes
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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24
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Lamarque GCC, Méndez DAC, Gutierrez E, Dionisio EJ, Machado MAAM, Oliveira TM, Rios D, Cruvinel T. Could chlorhexidine be an adequate positive control for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in- in vitro studies? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 25:58-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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dos Santos RF, Campos BS, Rego Filho FDAMG, Moraes JDO, Albuquerque ALI, da Silva MCD, dos Santos PV, de Araujo MT. Photodynamic inactivation of S. aureus with a water-soluble curcumin salt and an application to cheese decontamination. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2707-2716. [DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00196d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the optimal parameters for the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of Staphylococcus aureus in bacterial suspensions and in cheese were assessed using a water-soluble curcumin salt as the photosensitizer (PS).
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26
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Bhavya ML, Umesh Hebbar H. Efficacy of blue LED in microbial inactivation: Effect of photosensitization and process parameters. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 290:296-304. [PMID: 30414562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Efficacy of blue (462 ± 3 nm) Light emitting diode (LED) illumination to inactivate the foodborne pathogens like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of exogenous photosensitizer (curcumin) was studied in vitro. The effect of temperature, concentration of photosensitizer and incubation time with photosensitizer for microbial inactivation was investigated and sublethal injury of cells was determined. Mechanism of inactivation by the combination of photosensitizer and blue light was also examined. A maximum reduction of 5.94 ± 0.22 and 5.91 ± 0.20 log CFU/ml was obtained for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, when treated with photosensitizer (20 μM) at 13 J/cm2 of blue light. There was no significant change in the inactivation of these pathogens both at 9 °C and 27 °C in the presence of photosensitizer. Even, the incubation with the photosensitizer didn't show any significant difference on the inactivation of these food-borne pathogens. Sublethal injury (>90% injury) was also observed for the cells treated with photosensitizer and blue light simultaneously. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis revealed that membrane integrity was disturbed due to photodynamic activity of curcumin in both the bacteria. Further, both cells produced intracellular reactive oxygen species by the action of photosensitizer and blue light. Scanning electron microscopy of E. coli and S. aureus cells treated with photosensitizer and blue light showed morphological changes in the cell wall compared to untreated group. The study indicated that photodynamic inactivation of foodborne pathogens using LED-based photosensitization can be explored as a potential technique for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Bhavya
- Department of Technology Scale-up, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India
| | - H Umesh Hebbar
- Department of Technology Scale-up, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India.
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Ali IAA, Neelakantan P. Light Activated Disinfection in Root Canal Treatment-A Focused Review. Dent J (Basel) 2018; 6:E31. [PMID: 29996523 PMCID: PMC6162728 DOI: 10.3390/dj6030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Light activated disinfection (LAD) is a strategy for optimizing root canal disinfection by using a highly-selective, targeted killing of bacteria using a combination of photosensitizers and light. Over the past decade, numerous in vitro and clinical studies have been performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of this mode of root canal disinfection. While most studies offer an important understanding of the effectiveness of LAD on monospecies biofilms, few have offered credence to the fact that infections of the root canal system are mediated by polymicrobial biofilms. Hence, it is imperative to understand the effect of LAD on polymicrobial biofilms both in terms of microbial killing and the changes in the biofilm architecture. The aim of this review was to systematically review the literature to evaluate the effect of LAD on dual and multispecies biofilms and demonstrate the antibiofilm effect of LAD. Two databases (PubMed and Scopus) were searched to identify eligible studies using a combination of key words. These studies were reviewed to draw conclusions on the effect of LAD on dual and multi species biofilm and the antibiofilm effect of LAD. It was found that LAD alone may be unable to eradicate dual and multispecies biofilms, but it may enhance the effect of conventional canal debridement strategies. Novel formulations of photosensitizers with nanoparticles showed the potential to inhibit biofilm formation and/or disrupt the biofilm architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam A Abdelaziz Ali
- Discipline of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Discipline of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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28
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Bonin E, dos Santos A, Fiori da Silva A, Ribeiro L, Favero M, Campanerut-Sá P, de Freitas C, Caetano W, Hioka N, Mikcha J. Photodynamic inactivation of foodborne bacteria by eosin Y. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1617-1628. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Bonin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
| | - A.R. dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
| | - A. Fiori da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
| | - L.H. Ribeiro
- Curso de Engenharia de Alimentos; Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
| | - M.E. Favero
- Departamento de Patologia; Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina PR Brazil
| | - P.A.Z. Campanerut-Sá
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
| | - C.F. de Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química; Departamento de Química; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
| | - W. Caetano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química; Departamento de Química; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
| | - N. Hioka
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química; Departamento de Química; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
| | - J.M.G. Mikcha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
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Curcumin-mediated Photodynamic Therapy for the treatment of oral infections-A review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:409-415. [PMID: 29378256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidences show the promising applications of Curcumin (CUR) against different diseases, including some of the main oral pathologies. The objective of this review paper was to catalog articles that investigated the photodynamic effect of CUR for oral diseases in the last 15 years. METHODS The establishment of defined criteria for data collection was proposed and a total of 173 articles were identified, but only 26 were eligible for full text reading. Their main findings were critically reviewed to provide a state-of-the-art overview of the use of CUR in Dentistry. RESULTS Antimicrobial potential of CUR was the subject of the majority of the articles. CUR showed great potential for photodynamic action against oral bacteria, fungi, and strains resistant to conventional drugs. Some authors indicated the efficacy of CUR-mediated Photodynamic Therapy to reduce tumor cells while others observed low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells and healthy oral mucosa. However, CUR solubility and stability is still a problem for the photodynamic technique, and to overcome these drawbacks, biocompatible vehicles need to be better explored. CONCLUSIONS Investigations have used different CUR concentrations and formulations, as well as different light parameters. This fact, together with the lack of in vivo studies, clearly shows that clinical protocols have not been established yet. Investigations are necessary in order to establish the best concentrations and safe vehicles to be used for this technique.
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Borba ASM, da Silva Pereira SM, Borba MCM, Paschoal MAB, de Jesus Tavarez RR, de Castro Rizzi C, Ferreira MC, Maia Filho EM. Photodynamic therapy with high-power LED mediated by erythrosine eliminates Enterococcus faecalis in planktonic forms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 19:348-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Curcumin photodynamic effect in the treatment of the induced periodontitis in rats. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1783-1791. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Pinto JG, Martins JFDS, Pereira AHC, Mittmann J, Raniero LJ, Ferreira-Strixino J. Evaluation of methylene blue as photosensitizer in promastigotes of Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:325-330. [PMID: 28457848 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan of the genus Leishmania. It is considered by WHO as a public health issue and a neglected disease, which affects rural workers and it is also a risk to travelers in endemic areas. The conventional treatment is toxic and leads to severe side effects. The photodynamic therapy has been studied as an alternative treatment to cutaneous leishmaniasis. This study aimed to evaluate the methylene blue internalization and the impact of the PDT in the viability and morphology of Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis promastigote in culture medium. The fluorescence microscopy was used to determine the MB localization. To evaluate the mitochondrial activity (MTT), viability (Trypan blue test) and the morphological alterations both species were incubated with the MB in concentrations starting in 500μg/ml, in serial dilution, until 7,8μg/ml. The fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that the MB is internalized by both species after one hour of incubation. The MB presented low toxicity at the dark and the PDT was capable of decreasing the viability in more than 70% in the higher concentrations tested. The PDT also triggered significant morphological alterations in the Leishmania promastigotes. The results presented in this study are an indicative that the MB is a photosensitizer with promising potential to clinical application, besides its low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Guerra Pinto
- Laboratório de Terapia Fotodinâmica-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jaciara Fagundes de Souza Martins
- Laboratório de Terapia Fotodinâmica-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - André Henrique Correia Pereira
- Laboratório de Terapia Fotodinâmica-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Josane Mittmann
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia-Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB)-Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Setor F, bloco A, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro José Raniero
- Laboratório de Nanossensores-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira-Strixino
- Laboratório de Terapia Fotodinâmica-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Penha CB, Bonin E, da Silva AF, Hioka N, Zanqueta ÉB, Nakamura TU, de Abreu Filho BA, Campanerut-Sá PAZ, Mikcha JMG. Photodynamic inactivation of foodborne and food spoilage bacteria by curcumin. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sebrão CCN, Bezerra AG, de França PHC, Ferreira LE, Westphalen VPD. Comparison of the Efficiency of Rose Bengal and Methylene Blue as Photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy Techniques forEnterococcus faecalisInactivation. Photomed Laser Surg 2017; 35:18-23. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leslie Ecker Ferreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Joinville Region (Univille), Joinville, Brazil
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Venkateshbabu N, Anand S, Abarajithan M, Sheriff SO, Jacob PS, Sonia N. Natural Therapeutic Options in Endodontics - A Review. Open Dent J 2016; 10:214-26. [PMID: 27386007 PMCID: PMC4911752 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601610010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete eradication of microbial biofilms and elimination of the smear layer are the key factors during endodontic treatment. Various chemical irrigants have been proposed in the literature for the same. The major setback with these chemical irrigants is that they are not bio-friendly to the dental and peri-radicular tissues. In the recent years, research to use natural products for root canal disinfection has gained importance. The aim of this article is to compile various herbal products that have been used as an irrigants and intracanal medicaments in the field of Endodontics to eradicate the biofilm and remove smear layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Anand
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Penang International Dental College, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Sultan O Sheriff
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pulikkotil S Jacob
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nath Sonia
- Department of Periodontology, Vananchal Dental College, Garhwa, India
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Rose bengal uptake by E. faecalis and F. nucleatum and light-mediated antibacterial activity measured by flow cytometry. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 162:258-265. [PMID: 27394008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using rose bengal (RB) and blue-light kills bacteria through the production of reactive oxygen derivates. However, the interaction mechanism of RB with bacterial cells remains unclear. This study investigated the uptake efficiency and the antibacterial activity of blue light-activated RB against Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Spectrophotometry and epifluorescence microscopy were used to evaluate binding of RB to bacteria. The antibacterial activity of RB after various irradiation times was assessed by flow cytometry in combination with cell sorting. Uptake of RB increased in a concentration dependent manner in both strains although E. faecalis displayed higher uptake values. RB appeared to bind specific sites located at the cellular poles of E. faecalis and at regular intervals along F. nucleatum. Blue-light irradiation of samples incubated with RB significantly reduced bacterial viability. After incubation with 10μM RB and 240s irradiation, only 0.01% (±0.01%) of E. faecalis cells and 0.03% (±0.03%) of F. nucleatum survived after treatment. This study indicated that RB can bind to E. faecalis and F. nucleatum in a sufficient amount to elicit effective aPDT. Epifluorescence microscopy showed a yet-unreported property of RB binding to bacterial membranes. Flow cytometry allowed the detection of bacteria with damaged membranes that were unable to form colonies on agars after cell sorting.
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Quishida CCC, De Oliveira Mima EG, Jorge JH, Vergani CE, Bagnato VS, Pavarina AC. Photodynamic inactivation of a multispecies biofilm using curcumin and LED light. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:997-1009. [PMID: 27126412 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential of curcumin-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (API) on multispecies biofilms of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans of different ages. Acrylic samples (n = 480) were made with standardized rough surfaces and incubated with bacteria and yeast for 24 or 48 h. API was performed with curcumin (80, 100, 120 μM) and LED light. Additional acrylic samples were treated with curcumin or LED light only. Positive control samples received neither light nor curcumin. After API, colony counts were quantified (CFU/mL), cell metabolism was determined by means of XTT assay, and the total biofilm biomass was evaluated using Crystal Violet (CV) staining assay and images were obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The data were analyzed by nonparametric two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests (α < 0.05). For 24-h biofilm, API resulted in statistically significant difference (ρ < 0.001) of viability of C. albicans compared with control (P-L-) for all Cur concentrations. For 48-h biofilm, API resulted in statistically significant difference (ρ < 0.001) compared with control only when Cur at 120 μM was used. API promoted statistically significant difference (ρ ≤ 0.001) in the viability of S. mutans and C. glabrata for all Cur concentrations in the two biofilm ages. In addition, API produced a statistically significant difference (ρ < 0.001) of metabolic activity and of total biomass (ρ < 0.001) of multispecies biofilms compared with control for all Cur concentrations. It can be concluded that both 24- and 48-h biofilms were susceptible to API mediated by Cur; however, 24-h biofilm was more sensitive than the 48-h biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Campos Costa Quishida
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, School of Dentistry - Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, CEP 12245-000, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ewerton Garcia De Oliveira Mima
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá 1680, CEP 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Janaina Habib Jorge
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá 1680, CEP 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Vergani
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá 1680, CEP 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Physics Institute of São Carlos, USP, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, CEP 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá 1680, CEP 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Tabibian D, Mazzotta C, Hafezi F. PACK-CXL: Corneal cross-linking in infectious keratitis. EYE AND VISION 2016; 3:11. [PMID: 27096139 PMCID: PMC4836155 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-016-0042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Corneal cross-linking (CXL) using ultraviolet light-A (UV-A) and riboflavin is a technique developed in the 1990’s to treat corneal ectatic disorders such as keratoconus. It soon became the new gold standard in multiple countries around the world to halt the progression of this disorder, with good long-term outcomes in keratometry reading and visual acuity. The original Dresden treatment protocol was also later on used to stabilize iatrogenic corneal ectasia appearing after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). CXL efficiently strengthened the cornea but was also shown to kill most of the keratocytes within the corneal stroma, later on repopulated by those cells. Review Ultraviolet-light has long been known for its microbicidal effect, and thus CXL postulated to be able to sterilize the cornea from infectious pathogens. This cytotoxic effect led to the first clinical trials using CXL to treat advanced infectious melting corneal keratitis. Patients treated with this technique showed, in the majority of cases, a stabilization of the melting process and were able to avoid emergent à chaud keratoplasty. Following those primary favorable results, CXL was used to treat beginning bacterial keratitis as a first-line treatment without any adjunctive antibiotics with positive results for most patients. In order to distinguish the use of CXL for infectious keratitis treatment from its use for corneal ectatic disorders, a new term was proposed at the 9th CXL congress in Dublin to rename its use in infections as photoactivated chromophore for infectious keratitis -corneal collagen cross-linking (PACK-CXL). Conclusion PACK-CXL is now more frequently used to treat infections from various infectious origins. The original Dresden protocol is still used for this purpose. Careful modifications of this protocol could improve the efficiency of this technique in specific clinical situations regarding certain types of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tabibian
- Laboratory for Ocular Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ; Department of Ophthalmology, Northampton General Hospital, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Cosimo Mazzotta
- Siena Crosslinking Center, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Farhad Hafezi
- Laboratory for Ocular Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA ; EyeCare Laboratory Research Zurich Associates (ELZA) Institute, Webereistrasse 2, 8953 Dietikon, Switzerland
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Pinto JG, Fontana LC, de Oliveira MA, Kurachi C, Raniero LJ, Ferreira-Strixino J. In vitro evaluation of photodynamic therapy using curcumin on Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:883-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chiniforush N, Pourhajibagher M, Shahabi S, Kosarieh E, Bahador A. Can Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) Enhance the Endodontic Treatment? J Lasers Med Sci 2016; 7:76-85. [PMID: 27330702 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In order to achieve a long-lasting effect, one of the main goals in root canal treatment is to eliminate the endodontic bacteria. Conventional chemomechanical debridement is considered as the basic treatment in root canal therapy, but adjunctive techniques such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can also be helpful. The aim of this study was to evaluate reports in the scientific literature that used different photosensitizers (PSs) for bacterial reduction. The literature search was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar with the keywords "photodynamic therapy," "antimicrobial photodynamic therapy," or "photoactivated disinfection" and "endodontic," "Enterococcus faecalis," or "root canal treatment," from 2000 to 2015. By evaluating different studies, it was concluded that aPDT should be applied in combination with conventional mechanical debridement and irrigants. However, it is also important to note that the success rate is critically dependent on the type of the PS, output power of the laser used, irradiation time, pre-irradiation time, and type of tips used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Shahabi
- Dental biomaterials Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Emad Kosarieh
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Evaluation of photodynamic therapy on fibroblast viability and cytokine production. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 13:97-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
As our knowledge of host-microbial interactions within the oral cavity increases, future treatments are likely to be more targeted. For example, efforts to target a single species or key virulence factors that they produce, while maintaining the natural balance of the resident oral microbiota that acts to modulate the host immune response would be an advantage. Targeted approaches may be directed at the black-pigmented anaerobes, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia, associated with periodontitis. Such pigments provide an opportunity for targeted phototherapy with high-intensity monochromatic light. Functional inhibition approaches, including the use of enzyme inhibitors, are also being explored to control periodontitis. More general disruption of dental plaque through the use of enzymes and detergents, alone and in combination, shows much promise. The use of probiotics and prebiotics to improve gastrointestinal health has now led to an interest in using these approaches to control oral disease. More recently the potential of antimicrobial peptides and nanotechnology, through the application of nanoparticles with biocidal, anti-adhesive and delivery capabilities, has been explored. The aim of this review is to consider the current status as regards non-conventional treatment approaches for oral infections with particular emphasis on the plaque-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Allaker
- a Oral Microbiology; Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London ; London, UK
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Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for Root Canal System Asepsis: A Narrative Literature Review. Int J Dent 2015; 2015:269205. [PMID: 26783392 PMCID: PMC4689923 DOI: 10.1155/2015/269205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. The aim of this comprehensive literature review was to address the question: Does photodynamic therapy (PDT) improve root canal disinfection through significant bacterial reduction in the root canal system? Methodology. A comprehensive narrative literature review was performed to compare PDT effect with sodium hypochlorite as the comparative classical irrigant. Two reviewers independently conducted literature searches using a combination of medical subject heading terms and key words to identify relevant studies comparing information found in 7 electronic databases from January 2000 to May 2015. A manual search was performed on bibliography of articles collected on electronic databases. Authors were contacted to ask for references of more research not detected on the prior electronic and manual searches. Results. The literature search provided 62 titles and abstracts, from which 29 studies were related directly to the search theme. Considering all publications, 14 (48%) showed PDT to be more efficient in antimicrobial outcome than NaOCl (0.5-6% concentration) used alone and 2 (7%) revealed similar effects between them. Toluidine blue and methylene blue are the most used photosensitizers and most commonly laser has 660 nm of wavelength with a 400 nm diameter of intracanal fiber. Conclusions. PDT has been used without a well-defined protocol and still remains at an experimental stage waiting for further optimization. The level of evidence available in clinical studies to answer this question is low and at high risk of bias.
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Marinic K, Manoil D, Filieri A, Wataha JC, Schrenzel J, Lange N, Bouillaguet S. Repeated exposures to blue light-activated eosin Y enhance inactivation of E. faecalis biofilms, in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:393-400. [PMID: 26188278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dentistry, antibacterial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) has shown promising results for inactivating bacterial biofilms causing carious, endodontic and periodontal diseases. In the current study, we assessed the ability of eosin Y exposed to 3 irradiation protocols at inactivating Enterococcus faecalis biofilms, in vitro. METHODS E. faecalis biofilms formed on hydroxyapatite disks were incubated with eosin Y (10-80μM), then activated with blue light using different irradiation protocols. Biofilms exposed to continuous exposure were incubated for 40min before being light-activated for 960 s. For the intermittent exposure, biofilms were exposed 4 times to the light/photosensitizer combination (960 s total) without renewing the photosensitizer. For repeated a-PDT, the same light dose was delivered in a series of 4 irradiation periods separated by dark periods; fresh photosensitizer was added between each light irradiation. After treatment, bacteria were immediately labeled with LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability kit and viability was assessed by flow cytometry (FCM). Results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison intervals (α=0.05). RESULTS The viability of E. faecalis biofilms exposed to 10μM eosin Y, was significantly reduced compared to controls (light only-eosin Y only). After a second exposure to blue light-activated eosin Y, viability significantly decreased from 58% to 12% whereas 6.5% of the bacterial biofilm remained live after a third exposure (p<0.05). Only 3.5% of the bacterial population survived after the fourth exposure. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that blue light-activated eosin Y can photoinactivate E. faecalis biofilms grown on hydroxyapatite disks. Also, repeated exposures to blue light-activated eosin Y were shown to significantly improve efficacy. Further studies seem warranted to optimize the antibacterial activity of blue light-activated eosin Y on major oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Marinic
- Endodontics Unit, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Manoil
- Endodontics Unit, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Filieri
- Endodontics Unit, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John C Wataha
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Lange
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Bouillaguet
- Endodontics Unit, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Tabibian D, Richoz O, Hafezi F. PACK-CXL: Corneal Cross-linking for Treatment of Infectious Keratitis. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2015; 10:77-80. [PMID: 26005557 PMCID: PMC4424723 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.156122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This article discusses corneal cross-linking (CXL) and how it transitioned from a modality for treating corneal ectatic disorders to an inventive means of treating infectious keratitis. Initially, CXL was successfully developed to halt the progression of ectatic diseases such as keratoconus, using the standard Dresden protocol. Later, indications were extended to treat iatrogenic ectasia developing after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and photo-refractive keratectomy (PRK). At the time, it had been postulated that the combination of ultraviolet light with riboflavin could not only biomechanically strengthen the cornea but also was capable of destroying living cells and organisms including keratocytes and pathogens. Thus a new and innovative concept of treatment for infectious keratitis emerged through the use of CXL technology. Initially only advanced infectious melting ulcers resisting standard microbicidal therapy were treated with CXL in addition to standard therapy. In subsequent studies CXL was also used to treat bacterial keratitis as first line therapy without the use of concomitant antibiotic therapy. With the increasing interest in CXL technology to treat infectious keratitis and to clearly separate its use from the treatment of ectatic disorders, a new term was adopted at the 9(th) CXL congress in Dublin for this specific indication: PACK-CXL (photoactivated chromophore for infectious keratitis). PACK-CXL has the potential to eventually become an interesting alternative to standard antibiotic therapy in treating infectious corneal disorders, and may help reduce the global burden of microbial resistance to antibiotics and other therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tabibian
- Laboratory for Ocular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Richoz
- Laboratory for Ocular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Farhad Hafezi
- Laboratory for Ocular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA ; The ELZA Institute, Dietikon/Zurich, Switzerland
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Formiga Filho ALN, Carneiro VSM, Souza EA, Santos RL, Catão MHCV, Medeiros ACD. In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Associated with Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl.: New Therapeutic Perspectives. Photomed Laser Surg 2015; 33:240-5. [PMID: 25866862 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2014.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the photodynamic potential of extracts of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. on bacteria involved in several human infections. BACKGROUND DATA Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the interaction of light with an appropriate and photosensitizer wavelength, and the prospect of existing photosensitive compounds in herbal extracts enhanced by the application of laser diode has been promising. METHODS The antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis was obtained by the disk diffusion method on agar. The laser diode InGaAIP was used with 660 nm wavelength, 100 mW, and 4 J/cm(2), and the application was performed in a timely manner for 34 sec on each disk tested. The groups tested were: Laser and bark extract (B+L+); bark extract only (B+L-); Laser and leaf extract (F+L+); leaf extract only (F+L-); Laser and malachite green (M+L+); malachite green only (M+L-); and laser only (L+). RESULTS There were significant differences between the B+L- and B+L+ groups (p=0.029) and between the L+F- and L+F+ groups (p=0.029) at various concentrations of the nebulized extracts of bark and leaf. Among the tested pathogens, S. aureus showed the highest zone of inhibition, 24.55±0.36 mm in group B+L+, 500 mg.mL(-1). CONCLUSIONS PDT with malachite green was effective, and groups B+L+ and F+L+ showed excellent activity on the bacteria tested, suggesting the presence of photosensitizers in extracts of S. brasiliensis Engl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaro L N Formiga Filho
- 1 Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba , Bairro Universitário, Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil
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Mechanistic Aspects of the Photodynamic Inactivation of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Mediated by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Methyl Ester. Curr Microbiol 2014; 70:528-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Leite DPV, Paolillo FR, Parmesano TN, Fontana CR, Bagnato VS. Effects of photodynamic therapy with blue light and curcumin as mouth rinse for oral disinfection: a randomized controlled trial. Photomed Laser Surg 2014; 32:627-32. [PMID: 25343373 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2014.3805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) with blue light and curcumin on oral disinfection during the 2 h after treatment. BACKGROUND DATA a-PDT is a technique that can potentially affect the viability of bacterial cells, with selective action targeting only areas with photosensitizer accumulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized controlled trial was undertaken. Twenty-seven adults were randomly divided into three groups: (1) the PDT group, which was treated with the drug, curcumin, and blue light (n=9); (2) the light group, which was treated only with the blue light, and no drug (n=9) and; (3) the curcumin group, which was treated only with the drug, curcumin, and no light (n=9). The irradiation parameters were: blue light-emitting diode (LED) illumination (455±30 nm), 400 mW of average optical power, 5 min of application, illumination area of 0.6 cm(2), 600 mW/cm(2) of intensity, and 200 J/cm(2) of fluence. A curcumin concentration of 30 mg/L was used. The saliva samples were collected for bacterial counts at baseline and after the experimental phases (immediately after treatment, and 1 and 2 h after treatment). Serial dilutions were performed, and the resulting samples were cultured on blood agar plates in microaerophilic conditions. The number of colony-forming units (CFU) was determined. RESULTS The PDT group showed a significant reduction of CFU immediately after treatment (post-treatment) with PDT (5.71±0.48, p=0.001), and 1 h (5.14±0.92, p=0.001) and 2 h (5.35±0.76, p=0.001) after treatment, compared with pretreatment (6.61±0.82). There were no significant changes for the light group. The curcumin group showed a significant increase of CFU 1 h after treatment (6.77±0.40, p=0.02) compared with pretreatment (5.57±0.91) falling to baseline values at 2 h after treatment (5.58±0.70). CONCLUSIONS The PDT group showed significant difference in microbial reduction (p<0.05) compared with both the light and curcumin groups until 2 h post-treatment. The new blue LED device for PDT using curcumin may be used for reduction of salivary microorganisms, leading to overall disinfection of the mouth (e.g., mucosa, tongue, and saliva), but new protocols should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Portes Vieira Leite
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering from University of Camilo Castelo Branco (UNICASTELO) São José dos Campos , SP, Brazil
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Vengerfeldt V, Špilka K, Saag M, Preem JK, Oopkaup K, Truu J, Mändar R. Highly diverse microbiota in dental root canals in cases of apical periodontitis (data of illumina sequencing). J Endod 2014; 40:1778-83. [PMID: 25227214 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic apical periodontitis (CAP) is a frequent condition that has a considerable effect on a patient's quality of life. We aimed to reveal root canal microbial communities in antibiotic-naive patients by applying Illumina sequencing (Illumina Inc, San Diego, CA). METHODS Samples were collected under strict aseptic conditions from 12 teeth (5 with primary CAP, 3 with secondary CAP, and 4 with a periapical abscess [PA]) and characterized by profiling the microbial community on the basis of the V6 hypervariable region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene by using Illumina HiSeq2000 sequencing combinatorial sequence-tagged polymerase chain reaction products. RESULTS Root canal specimens displayed highly polymicrobial communities in all 3 patient groups. One sample contained 5-8 (mean = 6.5) phyla of bacteria. The most numerous were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes, and Synergistetes were also present in most of the patients. One sample contained 30-70 different operational taxonomic units; the mean (± standard deviation) was lower in the primary CAP group (36 ± 4) than in the PA (45 ± 4) and secondary CAP (43 ± 13) groups (P < .05). The communities were individually different, but anaerobic bacteria predominated as the rule. Enterococcus faecalis was found only in patients with secondary CAP. One PA sample displayed a significantly high proportion (47%) of Proteobacteria, mainly at the expense of Janthinobacterium lividum. CONCLUSIONS This study provided an in-depth characterization of the microbiota of periapical tissues, revealing highly polymicrobial communities and minor differences between the study groups. A full understanding of the etiology of periodontal disease will only be possible through further in-depth systems-level analyses of the host-microbiome interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katerina Špilka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mare Saag
- Department of Stomatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jens-Konrad Preem
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristjan Oopkaup
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Truu
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reet Mändar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tartu, Estonia.
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Flow cytometric assessment of Streptococcus mutans viability after exposure to blue light-activated curcumin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:372-9. [PMID: 24973577 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus mutans biofilms are considered as primary causative agents of dental caries. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) has been recently proposed as a strategy for inactivating dental biofilms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of blue light-activated curcumin on S. mutans viability and to explore its potential as a new anti-caries therapeutic agent. The effect of different concentrations and incubation times of photo-activated curcumin on the survival of S. mutans in planktonic and biofilm models of growth was assessed by flow cytometry. METHODS Streptococcus mutans in planktonic suspensions or biofilms formed on hydroxyapatite disks were incubated for 5 or 10min with curcumin prior to blue light activation. Bacteria were labeled with SYTO 9 and propidium iodide before viability was assessed by flow cytometry. Results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison intervals (α=0.05). RESULTS For planktonic cultures, 0.2μM of light-activated curcumin significantly reduced S. mutans viability (p<0.05). For biofilm cultures, light-activated curcumin at concentration of 40-60μM only suppressed viability by 50% (p<0.05). Independently of the mode of growth, incubation time has no significant effect on PACT efficiency. CONCLUSION This study indicates that blue light-activated curcumin can efficiently inactivate planktonic cultures of S. mutans whereas biofilms were more resistant to treatment. Flow cytometry allowed the detection of bacteria with damaged membranes that were unable to replicate and grow after cell sorting. Further studies seem warranted to optimize the efficacy of light-activated curcumin against S. mutans biofilms.
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