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Cabral FV, dos Santos Souza TH, Sellera FP, Fontes A, Ribeiro MS. Strengthening collaborations at the Biology-Physics interface: trends in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:685-697. [PMID: 37681106 PMCID: PMC10480098 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The unbridled use of antimicrobial drugs over the last decades contributed to the global dissemination of drug-resistant pathogens and increasing rates of life-threatening infections for which limited therapeutic options are available. Currently, the search for safe, fast, and effective therapeutic strategies to combat infectious diseases is a worldwide demand. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) rises as a promising therapeutic approach against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. APDT combines light, a photosensitizing drug (PS), and oxygen to kill microorganisms by oxidative stress. Since the APDT field involves branches of biology and physics, the strengthening of interdisciplinary collaborations under the aegis of biophysics is welcome. Given this scenario, Brazil is one of the global leaders in the production of APDT science. In this review, we provide detailed reports of APDT studies published by the Laboratory of Optical Therapy (IPEN-CNEN), Group of Biomedical Nanotechnology (UFPE), and collaborators over the last 10 years. We present an integrated perspective of APDT from basic research to clinical practice and highlight its promising use, encouraging its adoption as an effective and safe technology to tackle important pathogens. We cover the use of methylene blue (MB) or Zn(II) porphyrins as PSs to kill bacteria, fungi, parasites, and pathogenic algae in laboratory assays. We describe the impact of MB-APDT in Dentistry and Veterinary Medicine to treat different infectious diseases. We also point out future directions combining APDT and nanotechnology. We hope this review motivates further APDT studies providing intuitive, vivid, and insightful information for the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Viana Cabral
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Parra Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Martha Simões Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Bonsaglia ECR, Calvo GH, Sordelli DO, Silva NCC, Rall VLM, Casas A, Buzzola F. The Impact of Low-Level Benzalkonium Chloride Exposure on Staphylococcus spp. Strains and Control by Photoinactivation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1244. [PMID: 37627664 PMCID: PMC10451822 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of bacteria to low concentrations of biocides can facilitate horizontal gene transfer, which may lead to bacterial adaptive responses and resistance to antimicrobial agents. The emergence of antibacterial resistance not only poses a significant concern to the dairy industry but also adds to the complexity and cost of mastitis treatment. This study was aimed to evaluate how selective stress induced by benzalkonium chloride (BC) promotes antibiotic non-susceptibility in Staphylococcus spp. In addition, we investigated the efficacy of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) in both resistant and susceptible strains. The study determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BC using the broth microdilution method for different Staphylococcus strains. The experiments involved pairing strains carrying the qacA/qacC resistance genes with susceptible strains and exposing them to subinhibitory concentrations of BC for 72 h. The recovered isolates were tested for MIC BC and subjected to disc diffusion tests to assess changes in susceptibility patterns. The results demonstrated that subinhibitory concentrations of BC could select strains with reduced susceptibility and antibiotic resistance, particularly in the presence of S. pasteuri. The results of PDI mediated by toluidine blue (100 µM) followed by 60 min irradiation (total light dose of 2.5 J/cm2) were highly effective, showing complete inactivation for some bacterial strains and a reduction of up to 5 logs in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika C. R. Bonsaglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (E.C.R.B.); (G.H.C.); (D.O.S.)
| | - Gustavo H. Calvo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (E.C.R.B.); (G.H.C.); (D.O.S.)
| | - Daniel O. Sordelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (E.C.R.B.); (G.H.C.); (D.O.S.)
| | - Nathalia C. C. Silva
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil;
| | - Vera L. M. Rall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-691, Brazil;
| | - Adriana Casas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina;
| | - Fernanda Buzzola
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (E.C.R.B.); (G.H.C.); (D.O.S.)
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3
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Junior RCDS, Campanholi KDSS, Maciel BC, Pinto LADM, de Morais FAP, Rando FDS, Pereira PCDS, Pozza MSDS, Nakamura CV, Caetano W. Natural photosensitizer-loaded in micellar copolymer to prevent bovine mastitis: A new post-dipping protocol on milking. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103337. [PMID: 36813143 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Good management practices such as post-dipping applications (post-milking immersion bath) contribute to the dairy cattle health during lactation and minimize the appearance of mastitis (an infection in the mammary gland). The post-dipping procedure is performed conventionally using iodine-based solutions. The search for therapeutic modalities that are not invasive and do not cause resistance to the microorganisms that cause bovine mastitis instigates the interest of the scientific community. In this regard, antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) is highlighted. The aPDT is based on combining a photosensitizer (PS) compound, light of adequate wavelength, and molecular oxygen (3O2), which triggers a series of photophysical processes and photochemical reactions that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for the inactivation of microorganisms. The present investigation explored the photodynamic efficiency of two natural PS: Chlorophyll-rich spinach extract (CHL) and Curcumin (CUR), both incorporated into the Pluronic® F127 micellar copolymer. They were applied in post-dipping procedures in two different experiments. The photoactivity of formulations mediated through aPDT was conducted against Staphylococcus aureus, and obtained a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.8 mg mL-1 for CHL-F127 and 0.25 mg mL-1 for CUR-F127. Only CUR-F127 inhibited Escherichia coli growth with MIC 0.50 mg mL-1. Concerning the count of microorganisms during the days of the application, a significant difference was observed between the treatments and control (Iodine) when the teat surface of cows was evaluated. For CHL-F127 there was a difference for Coliform and Staphylococcus (p < 0.05). For CUR-F127 there was a difference for aerobic mesophilic and Staphylococcus (p < 0.05). Such application decreased bacterial load and maintained the milk quality, being evaluated via total microorganism count, physical-chemical composition, and somatic cell count (SCC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bianca Cristina Maciel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabiana Dos Santos Rando
- Post-graduate in Agronomy, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cassilândia, 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Brazil State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil
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4
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Pierański MK, Kosiński JG, Szymczak K, Sadowski P, Grinholc M. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation: An Alternative for Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization in a Murine Experimental Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:847. [PMID: 37107222 PMCID: PMC10135335 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus agalactiae, referred to as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a prominent bacterium causing life-threatening neonatal infections. Although antibiotics are efficient against GBS, growing antibiotic resistance forces the search for alternative treatments and/or prevention approaches. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) appears to be a potent alternative non-antibiotic strategy against GBS. METHODS The effect of rose bengal aPDI on various GBS serotypes, Lactobacillus species, human eukaryotic cell lines and microbial vaginal flora composition was evaluated. RESULTS RB-mediated aPDI was evidenced to exert high bactericidal efficacy towards S. agalactiae in vitro (>4 log10 units of viability reduction for planktonic and >2 log10 units for multispecies biofilm culture) and in vivo (ca. 2 log10 units of viability reduction in mice vaginal GBS colonization model) in microbiological and metagenomic analyses. At the same time, RB-mediated aPDI was evidenced to be not mutagenic and safe for human vaginal cells, as well as capable of maintaining the balance and viability of vaginal microbial flora. CONCLUSIONS aPDI can efficiently kill GBS and serve as an alternative approach against GBS vaginal colonization and/or infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał K. Pierański
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan G. Kosiński
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-712 Poznań, Poland
| | - Klaudia Szymczak
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Sadowski
- Department of Pathomorphology, University Hospital in Kraków, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
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5
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Piksa M, Lian C, Samuel IC, Pawlik KJ, Samuel IDW, Matczyszyn K. The role of the light source in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1697-1722. [PMID: 36779328 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a promising approach to fight the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance that threatens health care, food security and agriculture. APDT uses light to excite a light-activated chemical (photosensitiser), leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many APDT studies confirm its efficacy in vitro and in vivo against bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. However, the development of the field is focused on exploring potential targets and developing new photosensitisers. The role of light, a crucial element for ROS production, has been neglected. What are the main parameters essential for effective photosensitiser activation? Does an optimal light radiant exposure exist? And finally, which light source is best? Many reports have described the promising antibacterial effects of APDT in vitro, however, its application in vivo, especially in clinical settings remains very limited. The restricted availability may partially be due to a lack of standard conditions or protocols, arising from the diversity of selected photosensitising agents (PS), variable testing conditions including light sources used for PS activation and methods of measuring anti-bacterial activity and their effectiveness in treating bacterial infections. We thus sought to systematically review and examine the evidence from existing studies on APDT associated with the light source used. We show how the reduction of pathogens depends on the light source applied, radiant exposure and irradiance of light used, and type of pathogen, and so critically appraise the current state of development of APDT and areas to be addressed in future studies. We anticipate that further standardisation of the experimental conditions will help the field advance, and suggest key optical and biological parameters that should be reported in all APDT studies. More in vivo and clinical studies are needed and are expected to be facilitated by advances in light sources, leading to APDT becoming a sustainable, alternative therapeutic option for bacterial and other microbial infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piksa
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cheng Lian
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Imogen C Samuel
- School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Krzysztof J Pawlik
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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6
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Sabino CP, Ribeiro MS, Wainwright M, Dos Anjos C, Sellera FP, Dropa M, Nunes NB, Brancini GTP, Braga GUL, Arana-Chavez VE, Freitas RO, Lincopan N, Baptista MS. The Biochemical Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:742-750. [PMID: 35913428 DOI: 10.1111/php.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The unbridled dissemination of multidrug-resistant pathogens is a major threat to global health and urgently demands novel therapeutic alternatives. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been developed as a promising approach to treat localized infections regardless of drug resistance profile or taxonomy. Even though this technique has been known for more than a century, discussions and speculations regarding the biochemical mechanisms of microbial inactivation have never reached a consensus on what is the primary cause of cell death. Since photochemically generated oxidants promote ubiquitous reactions with various biomolecules, researchers simply assumed that all cellular structures are equally damaged. In this study, biochemical, molecular, biological, and advanced microscopy techniques were employed to investigate whether protein, membrane or DNA damage correlates better with dose-dependent microbial inactivation kinetics. We showed that although mild membrane permeabilization and late DNA damage occur, no correlation with inactivation kinetics was found. On the other hand, protein degradation was analyzed by 3 different methods and showed a dose-dependent trend that matches microbial inactivation kinetics. Our results provide a deeper mechanistic understanding of aPDT that can guide the scientific community towards the development of optimized photosensitizing drugs and also rationally propose synergistic combinations with antimicrobial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caetano P Sabino
- BioLambda, Scientific and Commercial Ltd., São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05595-000.,Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Energy and Nuclear Research Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
| | - Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carolina Dos Anjos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-270.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Fábio P Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-270.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, SP, Brazil, 11080-300
| | - Milena Dropa
- Public Health Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalia B Nunes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Guilherme T P Brancini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Gilberto U L Braga
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Victor E Arana-Chavez
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raul O Freitas
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil, 13083-970
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000.,Department of Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
| | - Maurício S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05513-970
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7
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Use of photodynamic therapy and photobiomodulation as alternatives for microbial control on clinical and subclinical mastitis in sheep. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:2305-2310. [PMID: 35031932 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Evaluate the effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and photobiomodulation (PBM) as alternatives in the treatment of mastitis in sheep. A total of 100 sheep were evaluated, and four teats with clinical mastitis and 16 teats with subclinical mastitis were selected. Milk was collected for isolation and identification of microorganisms. They were grown on TSA, EMB, and MacConkey agar for 24 h, and the microorganisms were identified by Gram stain and biochemical tests. The ceilings were subdivided into four groups: G1, treatment with photosensitizer; G2, treatment with PBM (diode laser λ = 660 nm); G3, aPDT with methylene blue, and G4, control group. Milk samples were collected before, 24 and 48 h after treatments. Cases of subclinical mastitis presented coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp, and clinical mastitis had Escherichia coli grow from the samples. The treatments decrease the total bacterial count of negative coagulase Staphylococcus, Streptococcus spp, and Escherichia coli. Comparing the treatments, aPDT stood out, as it was able to photoinactivate all bacteria. Treatment with methylene blue photosensitizer, PBM, and aPDT induced the initial microbial reduction, but aPDT was more effective 48 h after treatment.
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8
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Pieranski MK, Rychlowski M, Grinholc M. Optimization of Streptococcus agalactiae Biofilm Culture in a Continuous Flow System for Photoinactivation Studies. Pathogens 2021; 10:1212. [PMID: 34578244 PMCID: PMC8465167 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a relevant cause of neonatal mortality. It can be transferred to infants via the vaginal tract and cause meningitis, pneumonia, arthritis, or sepsis, among other diseases. The cause of therapy ineffectiveness and infection recurrence is the growth of bacteria as biofilms. To date, several research teams have attempted to find a suitable medium for the cultivation of S. agalactiae biofilms. Among others, simulated vaginal fluid has been used; however, biofilm production in this medium has been found to be lower than that in tryptic soy broth. We have previously shown that S. agalactiae can be successfully eradicated by photoinactivation in planktonic culture, but there have been no studies on biofilms. The aim of this study was to optimize S. agalactiae biofilm culture conditions to be used in photoinactivation studies. We compared biofilm production by four strains representing the most common serotypes in four different broth media with crystal violet staining. Then, we evaluated stationary biofilm culture in microtiter plates and biofilm growth in a CDC Biofilm Reactor® (BioSurface Technologies, Bozeman, MT, USA) under continuous flow conditions. Subsequently, we applied Rose Bengal-mediated photoinactivation to both biofilm models. We have shown that photoinactivation is efficient in biofilm eradication and is not cyto/phototoxic to human keratinocytes. We found conditions allowing for stable and repetitive S. agalactiae biofilm growth in continuous flow conditions, which can be successfully utilized in photoinactivation assays and potentially in all other antibacterial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal K. Pieranski
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Michal Rychlowski
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
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9
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Rodrigues CH, Araújo EAG, Almeida RP, Nascimento TP, Silva MM, Abbas G, Nunes FD, Lins E, Lira-Nogueira MCB, Falcão JSA, Fontes A, Porto ALF, Pereira G, Santos BS. Silver nanoprisms as plasmonic enhancers applied in the photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bubaline mastitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102315. [PMID: 33932564 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a bacterial infection that affects all lactating mammals, and in dairy cattle, it leads to a reduction in their milk production and, in worse cases, it may lead to animal death. One viable therapeutic modality for overcoming bacterial resistance can be photodynamic inactivation (PDI), a therapeutic modality for bacterial infection treatment. One of the main factors that can lead to an efficient PDI process is the association of metallic nanoparticles in the close vicinity of photosensitizers, which has shown promising results due to localized surface plasmon resonance phenomena. In this work, methylene blue (MB) molecules were associated with Ag prismatic nanoplatelets (AgNPrs) to use as PDI photosensitizer against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bubaline mastitis. The optical plasmonic activity of AgNPrs was tuned to the MB absorption region (600-700 nm) by inducing their growth into prismatic shapes by a seed-mediated procedure, using poly (sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) as the surfactant. A simulation on the plasmonic properties of the nanoprisms, applying particle size within the dimensions determined by TEM image analysis (d = 32 ± 6 nm), showed a 30 % increase of the incident field on the prismatic tips. Photodynamic results showed that the electrostatic AgNPr-MB conjugates promoted enhancement (ca. 15 %) of the reactive oxygen species production. Besides, PDI mediated by AgNPrs-MB led to the complete inactivation of the mastitis S. aureus strain after 6 min inactivation, in contrast to PDI mediated by MB, which reduced less than a 0.5 bacterial log. Thus, the results show this plasmonic enhanced photodynamic tool's potential to be applied in the inactivation of multi-resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio H Rodrigues
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Evanísia A G Araújo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rômulo P Almeida
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Nascimento
- Morphology and Animal Physiology Department, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Marllyn M Silva
- Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória, PE, Brazil
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Physics, Riphah International University Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Frederico D Nunes
- Nuclear Engineering Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Emery Lins
- Electronic and Systems Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana S A Falcão
- Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, PB, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Biophysics and Radiobiology Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ana L F Porto
- Morphology and Animal Physiology Department, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Goreti Pereira
- Fundamental Chemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Beate S Santos
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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10
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Hadi J, Wu S, Brightwell G. Antimicrobial Blue Light versus Pathogenic Bacteria: Mechanism, Application in the Food Industry, Hurdle Technologies and Potential Resistance. Foods 2020; 9:E1895. [PMID: 33353056 PMCID: PMC7767196 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue light primarily exhibits antimicrobial activity through the activation of endogenous photosensitizers, which leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that attack components of bacterial cells. Current data show that blue light is innocuous on the skin, but may inflict photo-damage to the eyes. Laboratory measurements indicate that antimicrobial blue light has minimal effects on the sensorial and nutritional properties of foods, although future research using human panels is required to ascertain these findings. Food properties also affect the efficacy of antimicrobial blue light, with attenuation or enhancement of the bactericidal activity observed in the presence of absorptive materials (for example, proteins on meats) or photosensitizers (for example, riboflavin in milk), respectively. Blue light can also be coupled with other treatments, such as polyphenols, essential oils and organic acids. While complete resistance to blue light has not been reported, isolated evidence suggests that bacterial tolerance to blue light may occur over time, especially through gene mutations, although at a slower rate than antibiotic resistance. Future studies can aim at characterizing the amount and type of intracellular photosensitizers across bacterial species and at assessing the oxygen-independent mechanism of blue light-for example, the inactivation of spoilage bacteria in vacuum-packed meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hadi
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Shuyan Wu
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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11
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da Silva-Junior RC, Campanholi KDSS, de Morais FAP, Pozza MSDS, de Castro-Hoshino LV, Baesso ML, da Silva JB, Bruschi ML, Caetano W. Photothermal Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel Containing Safranine for Mastitis Treatment in Veterinary Using Phototherapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Pieranski M, Sitkiewicz I, Grinholc M. Increased photoinactivation stress tolerance of Streptococcus agalactiae upon consecutive sublethal phototreatments. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:657-669. [PMID: 32916279 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a common commensal bacterium in adults but remains a leading source of invasive infections in newborns, pregnant women, and the elderly, and more recently, causes an increased incidence of invasive disease in nonpregnant adults. Reduced penicillin susceptibility and emerging resistance to non-β-lactams pose challenges for the development and implementation of novel, nonantimicrobial strategies to reduce the burden of GBS infections. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) via the production of singlet oxygen or other reactive oxygen species leads to the successful eradication of pathogenic bacteria, affecting numerous cellular targets of microbial pathogens and indicating a low risk of resistance development. Nevertheless, we have previously reported possible aPDI tolerance development upon repeated sublethal aPDI applications; thus, the current work was aimed at investigating whether aPDI tolerance could be observed for GBS and what mechanisms could cause it. To address this problem, 10 cycles of sublethal aPDI treatments employing rose bengal as a photosensitizer, were applied to the S. agalactiae ATCC 27956 reference strain and two clinical isolates (2306/02 and 2974/07, serotypes III and V, respectively). We demonstrated aPDI tolerance development and stability after 5 cycles of subculturing with no aPDI exposure. Though the treatment resulted in a stable phenotype, no increases in mutation rate or accumulated genetic alterations were observed (employing a RIF-, CIP-, STR-resistant mutant selection assay and cyl sequencing, respectively). qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that 10 sublethal aPDI exposures led to increased expression of all tested major oxidative stress response elements; changes in sodA, ahpC, npx, cylE, tpx and recA expression indicate possible mechanisms of developed tolerance. Increased expression upon sublethal aPDI treatment was reported for all but two genes, namely, ahpC and cylE. aPDI targeting cylE was further supported by colony morphology changes induced with 10 cycles of aPDI (increased SCV population, increased hemolysis, increased numbers of dark- and unpigmented colonies). In oxidant killing assays, aPDI-tolerant strains demonstrated no increased tolerance to hypochlorite, superoxide (paraquat), singlet oxygen (new methylene blue) or oxidative stress induced by aPDI employing a structurally different photosensitizer, i.e., zinc phthalocyanine, indicating a lack of cross resistance. The results indicate that S. agalactiae may develop stable aPDI tolerance but not resistance when subjected to multiple sublethal phototreatments, and this risk should be considered significant when defining efficient anti-S. agalactiae aPDI protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pieranski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Izabela Sitkiewicz
- Department of Drug Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, National Medicines Institute, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
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13
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Couto GK, Seixas FK, Iglesias BA, Collares T. Perspectives of photodynamic therapy in biotechnology. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 213:112051. [PMID: 33074140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a current and innovative technique that can be applied in different areas, such as medical, biotechnological, veterinary, among others, both for the treatment of different pathologies, as well as for diagnosis. It is based on the action of light to activate photosensitizers that will perform their activity on target tissues, presenting high sensitivity and less adverse effects. Therefore, knowing that biotechnology aims to use processes to develop products aimed at improving the quality of life of human and the environment, and optimizing therapeutic actions, researchers have been used PDT as a tool of choice. This review aims to identify the impacts and perspectives and challenges of PDT in different areas of biotechnology, such as health and agriculture and oncology. Our search demonstrated that PDT has an important impact around oncology, minimizing the adverse effects and resistance to chemotherapeutic to the current treatments available for cancer. Veterinary medicine is another area with continuous interest in this therapy, since studies have shown promising results for the treatment of different animal pathologies such as Bovine mastitis, Malassezia, cutaneous hemangiosarcoma, among others. In agriculture, PDT has been used, for example, to remove traces of antibiotics of milk. The challenges, in general, of PDT in the field of biotechnology are mainly the development of effective and non-toxic or less toxic photosensitizers for humans, animals and plants. We believe that there is a current and future potential for PDT in different fields of biotechnology due to the existing demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Klein Couto
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kommling Seixas
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Porphyrinoid Materials, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Collares
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
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14
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Toledo VH, Yoshimura TM, Pereira ST, Castro CE, Ferreira FF, Ribeiro MS, Haddad PS. Methylene blue-covered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles combined with red light as a novel platform to fight non-local bacterial infections: A proof of concept study against Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 209:111956. [PMID: 32673883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Currently, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is limited to the local treatment of topical infections, and a platform that can deliver the photosensitizer to internal organs is highly desirable for non-local ones; SPIONs can be promising vehicles for the photosensitizer. This work reports an innovative application of methylene blue (MB)-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). We report on the preparation, characterization, and application of MB-SPIONs for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. When exposed to light, the MB photosensitizer generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause irreversible damage in microbial cells. We prepare SPIONs by the co-precipitation method. We cover the nanoparticles with a double silica layer - tetraethyl orthosilicate and sodium silicate - leading to the hybrid material magnetite-silica-MB. We characterize the as-prepared SPIONs by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and magnetic measurements. We confirm the formation of magnetite using powder X-ray diffraction data. We use the Rietveld method to calculate the average crystallite size of magnetite as being 14 nm. Infrared spectra show characteristic bands of iron‑oxygen as well as others associated with silicate groups. At room temperature, the nanocomposites present magnetic behavior due to the magnetite core. Besides, magnetite-silica-MB can promote ROS formation. Thus, we evaluate the photodynamic activity of Fe3O4-silica-MB on Escherichia coli. Our results show the bacteria are completely eradicated following photodynamic treatment depending on the MB release time from SPIONs and energy dose. These findings encourage us to explore the use of magnetite-silica-MB to fight internal infections in preclinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hladkyi Toledo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 09961-400 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Tania Mateus Yoshimura
- Center for Laser and Applications, Energy and Nuclear Research Institute (IPEN), 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Saulo Toledo Pereira
- Center for Laser and Applications, Energy and Nuclear Research Institute (IPEN), 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Castro
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Furlan Ferreira
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Martha Simões Ribeiro
- Center for Laser and Applications, Energy and Nuclear Research Institute (IPEN), 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Silvia Haddad
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 09961-400 Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Cabral FV, Sabino CP, Dimmer JA, Sauter IP, Cortez MJ, Ribeiro MS. Preclinical Investigation of Methylene Blue‐mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on
Leishmania
Parasites Using Real‐Time Bioluminescence. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:604-610. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda V. Cabral
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN‐CNEN/SP) São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Caetano P. Sabino
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo SP Brazil
- Biolambda, Translational Biophotonics LTD São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Jesica A. Dimmer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department School of Chemical Sciences National University of Córdoba Córdoba Argentina
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Plant Biology (IMBIV) CONICET Córdoba Argentina
| | - Ismael P. Sauter
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN‐CNEN/SP) São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Mauro J. Cortez
- Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo (ICB/USP) São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Martha S. Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN‐CNEN/SP) São Paulo SP Brazil
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16
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Sabino CP, Wainwright M, Dos Anjos C, Sellera FP, Baptista MS, Lincopan N, Ribeiro MS. Inactivation kinetics and lethal dose analysis of antimicrobial blue light and photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 28:186-191. [PMID: 31430576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (A-PDT) has been used to treat infections. Currently, microbial inactivation data is reported presenting survival fraction averages and standard errors as discrete points instead of a continuous curve of inactivation kinetics. Standardization of this approach would allow clinical protocols to be introduced globally, instead of the piecemeal situation which currently applies. METHODS To this end, we used a power-law function to fit inactivation kinetics and directly report values of lethal doses (LD) and a tolerance factor (T) that informs if inactivation rate varies along the irradiation procedure. A deduced formula was also tested to predict LD for any given survival fraction value. We analyzed the photoantimicrobial effect caused by red light activation of methylene blue (MB-APDT) and by blue light (BL) activation of endogenous microbial pigments against 5 clinically relevant pathogens. RESULTS Following MB- APDT, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cells become increasingly more tolerant to inactivation along the irradiation process (T < 1). Klebsiella pneumoniae presents opposite behavior, i.e., more inactivation is observed towards the end of the process (T > 1). P. aeruginosa and Candida albicans present constant inactivation rate (T˜1). In contrast, all bacterial species presented similar behavior during inactivation caused by BL, i.e., continuously becoming more sensitive to blue light exposure (T > 1). CONCLUSION The power-law function successfully fit all experimental data. Our proposed method precisely predicted LD and T values. We expect that these analytical models may contribute to more standardized methods for comparisons of photodynamic inactivation efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caetano P Sabino
- BioLambda, Scientific and Commercial LTD, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carolina Dos Anjos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio P Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, National Commission for Nuclear Energy, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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17
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Galstyan A, Dobrindt U. Determining and unravelling origins of reduced photoinactivation efficacy of bacteria in milk. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 197:111554. [PMID: 31326843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is an endemic disease of dairy cattle that is considered to be one of the most frequent and costly diseases in veterinary medicine. An increase in the incidence of disease results in the increased use of antibiotics, which in turn increases the potential of bacterial resistance. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of bovine mastitis, as an alternative to systemic antibiotics. To identify the key factors affecting photoinactivation efficacy, realistic experiments in view of the end-use were conducted in milk samples using two different photosensitizers: methylene blue (MB) and silicon (IV) phthalocyanine derivative (SiPc). We explored the effects of divalent ions and fat content on the aPDT outcome and determined influence of different proteins on aPDT efficacy. Levels of bacterial sensitivity to PSs varied depending on the type of bacteria (Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative) and light exposure time. Critical interrelated factors affecting aPDT in milk were identified and an efficient combination of treatment conditions that can lead to a full photodynamic inactivation of bacteria was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhela Galstyan
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Mendelstraße 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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18
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Dos Anjos C, Sellera FP, Gargano RG, Lincopan N, Pogliani FC, Ribeiro MG, Jagielski T, Sabino CP. Algicidal effect of blue light on pathogenic Prototheca species. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:210-213. [PMID: 30965146 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prototheca spp. are pathogenic algae with important zoonotic potential. Most importantly, these algae often infect dairy cattle. Since there is no effective therapy against the algae, the standard recommendation is the disposal or culling of infected cows to avoid outbreaks. This study investigated the ability of blue light to inactivate pathogenic Prototheca species. Blue LED light (λ = 410 nm) was used to inactivate in vitro suspensions of P. zopfii genotypes 1 and 2, and P. blaschkeae. Our results showed that blue light irradiation induced a strain-specific dose-dependent algicidal effect against all tested strains. P. zopfii genotype 1, was more sensitive than genotype 2 and P. blaschkeae was the most tolerant. Even though we observed different inactivation kinetics, all strains presented significant photoinactivation levels within feasible procedure periods. Therefore, we conclude that blue light irradiation offers promising potential for the development of novel technologies that control contaminations and infections caused by Prototheca spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dos Anjos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Parra Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Gomes Gargano
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Celidonio Pogliani
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Tomasz Jagielski
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Caetano Padial Sabino
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; BioLambda, Scientific and Commercial LTD, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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19
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Ni N, Zhong Y, Chen S, Xia XJ, Liu ZH. In vitro aminolevulinic acid mediated-antimicrobial photodynamic therapy inactivates growth of Prototheca wickerhamii but does not change antibacterial and antifungal drug susceptibiltity profile. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 25:280-284. [PMID: 30586618 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy(aPDT) has been used to treat localized cutaneous fungal infections that have an enhanced antifungal susceptibility profile. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ALA aPDT on both the growth and the antimicrobial and antifungal susceptibility of Prototheca wickerhamii. METHODS Six isolates of P. wickerhamii were used in the present study. The inocula in sterile 6-well microtiter plates were irradiated with narrow band LED (633 ± 10 nm) at the light intensity of 100 mW/cm2 and at a distance of 1 cm for 900 s. The ALA was tested at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 mmol/l, while 10-μl aliquots of suspensions from each group were inoculated on Sabouraud dextrose agar to test the photoinactivation. Antibiotic susceptibility was investigated by the disc-diffusion method. RESULTS Our study shows ALA aPDT induced 46% ± 24.23% reduction of the growth of all tested P. wickerhamii strains in T1 group. ALA aPDT induced 50.39% ± 19.88% reduction of the growth of all tested P. wickerhamii strains in T2 group. ALA aPDT induced 52.68 ± 20.22% reduction of the growth of all tested P. wickerhamii strains inT3 group. Single ALA aPDT induced 32.97% ± 1.6% growith reduction of three tested strains(O23d, O23e and 62,207), while repeated ALA aPDT induced 51.65 ± 2.91% reduction of the growth(P value = 0.000). There were no significant difference of the inhibitory zone diameter of both antibacterial and antifungal agents before and after ALA aPDT. CONCLUSIONS ALA aPDT can inactivate the growth of P. wickerhamii, and repeated aPDT has more photoinactivation of P. wickerhamii. ALA aPDT does not change antibacterial agents and antifungal drugs susceptibility profile of P. wickerhamii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ni
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Jiao Xia
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Hu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, China.
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20
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Silva AF, Borges A, Giaouris E, Graton Mikcha JM, Simões M. Photodynamic inactivation as an emergent strategy against foodborne pathogenic bacteria in planktonic and sessile states. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:667-684. [PMID: 30318945 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1491528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne microbial diseases are still considered a growing public health problem worldwide despite the global continuous efforts to ensure food safety. The traditional chemical and thermal-based procedures applied for microbial growth control in the food industry can change the food matrix and lead to antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, currently applied disinfectants have limited efficiency against biofilms. Therefore, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a novel alternative for controlling foodborne pathogenic bacteria in both planktonic and sessile states. The use of aPDT in the food sector is attractive as it is less likely to cause antimicrobial resistance and it does not promote undesirable nutritional and sensory changes in the food matrix. In this review, aspects on the antimicrobial photodynamic technology applied against foodborne pathogenic bacteria and studied in recent years are presented. The application of photodynamic inactivation as an antibiofilm strategy is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fiori Silva
- a Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Paraná , Brazil.,b LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Anabela Borges
- b LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- c Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment , University of the Aegean , Lemnos , Greece
| | | | - Manuel Simões
- b LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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21
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Teles AV, Oliveira TMA, Bezerra FC, Alonso L, Alonso A, Borissevitch IE, Gonçalves PJ, Souza GRL. Photodynamic inactivation of Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) by porphyrins. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1301-1306. [PMID: 30058992 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the photodynamic efficiency of anionic meso-tetrakis sulfonophenyl (TPPS4), cationic meso-tetrakis methylpyridiniumyl (TMPyP) and their zinc complexes (ZnTPPS4 and ZnTMPyP) in the inactivation of Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) was evaluated. At a non-cytotoxic concentration, all porphyrins showed significant antiviral activity after irradiation using a halogen lamp. The efficiency of the cationic porphyrins was higher than that of the anionic ones. Porphyrin complexation with zinc increases its lipophilicity and the number of absorbed photons, dramatically reducing the time for complete virus inactivation. The high superposition of the compound optical absorption and light source emission spectra played a key role in the virus inactivation efficiency. The results demonstrated the high effectivity of the photodynamic inactivation of BoHV-1. This method can be used as an auxiliary in the treatment of disorders attributed to BoHV-1 infection, and the porphyrins are promising photosensitizers for this application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda V Teles
- 1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Taise M A Oliveira
- 1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Fábio C Bezerra
- 2Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Lais Alonso
- 2Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Antonio Alonso
- 2Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Iouri E Borissevitch
- 2Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,3Depto. de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pablo J Gonçalves
- 2Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,4Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R L Souza
- 1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,5Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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22
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Ribeiro MS, Gargano RG, Sabino CP, dos Anjos C, Pogliani FC, Sellera FP. Clinical challenges of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for bovine mastitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Moreira LH, de Souza JCP, de Lima CJ, Salgado MAC, Fernandes AB, Andreani DIK, Villaverde AB, Zângaro RA. Use of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:246-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Rineh A, Dolla NK, Ball AR, Magana M, Bremner JB, Hamblin MR, Tegos GP, Kelso MJ. Attaching the NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitor INF55 to Methylene Blue Enhances Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Vitro and in Vivo. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:756-766. [PMID: 28799332 PMCID: PMC6225778 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) uses photosensitizers (PSs) and harmless visible light to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and kill microbes. Multidrug efflux systems can moderate the phototoxic effects of PSs by expelling the compounds from cells. We hypothesized that increasing intracellular concentrations of PSs by inhibiting efflux with a covalently attached efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) would enhance bacterial cell phototoxicity and reduce exposure of neighboring host cells to damaging ROS. In this study, we tested the hypothesis by linking NorA EPIs to methylene blue (MB) and examining the photoantimicrobial activity of the EPI-MB hybrids against the human pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Photochemical/photophysical and in vitro microbiological evaluation of 16 hybrids carrying four different NorA EPIs attached to MB via four linker types identified INF55-(Ac)en-MB 12 as a lead. Compound 12 showed increased uptake into S. aureus cells and enhanced aPDI activity and wound healing effects (relative to MB) in a murine model of an abrasion wound infected by MRSA. The study supports a new approach for treating localized multidrug-resistant MRSA infections and paves the way for wider exploration of the EPI-PS hybrid strategy in aPDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardeshir Rineh
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Naveen K. Dolla
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | | | - Maria Magana
- Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens 115 28, Greece
| | - John B. Bremner
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | | | - Michael J. Kelso
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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Baptista A, Sabino CP, Núñez SC, Miyakawa W, Martin AA, Ribeiro MS. Photodynamic damage predominates on different targets depending on cell growth phase of Candida albicans. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 177:76-84. [PMID: 29107205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has been reported to be effective to eradicate a wide variety of pathogens, including antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. The aim of this study was to identify the potential molecular targets of PDI depending on growth phase of Candida albicans. Fungal cells in lag (6h) and stationary (48h) phases were submitted to PDI mediated by methylene blue (MB) combined with a (662±21) nm-LED, at 360mW of optical power. Pre-irradiation time was 10min and exposure times were 12min, 15min and 18min delivering radiant exposures of 129.6J/cm2, 162J/cm2 and 194.4J/cm2, respectively, on a 24-well plate of about 2cm2 at an irradiance of 180mW/cm2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force spectroscopy (AFS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were employed to evaluate the photodynamic effect in young and old fungal cells following 15min of irradiation. Morphological analysis revealed wrinkled and shrunk fungal cell membrane for both growth phases while extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) removal was only observed for old fungal cells. Damaged intracellular structures were more pronounced in young fungal cells. The surface nanostiffness of young fungal cells decreased after PDI but increased for old fungal cells. Cellular adhesion force was reduced for both growth phases. Fungal cells in lag phase predominantly showed degradation of nucleic acids and proteins, while fungal cells in stationary phase showed more pronounced degradation of polysaccharides and lipids. Taken together, our results indicate different molecular targets for fungal cells in lag and stationary growth phase following PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Baptista
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN - CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Biomedical Engineering Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caetano P Sabino
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN - CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia C Núñez
- Biomedical Engineering Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Walter Miyakawa
- Photonics Division, Institute for Advanced Studies, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Airton A Martin
- Biomedical Engineering Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN - CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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In vivo probiotic and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as alternative therapies against cryptococcosis are ineffective. Vet Microbiol 2017; 211:169-173. [PMID: 29102114 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis, an invasive fungal infection distributed worldwide that affects both domestic and wild animals, has incredible rates regarding treatment failure, leading to the necessity of the development of new therapies. In this way, we aimed to evaluate the probiotic (Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus paracasei ST-11, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) and antimicrobial photodynamic alternative therapies against Cryptococcus gattii in a murine model. Although previous studies suggest that these therapies can be promising against cryptococcosis, our experimental conditions for both probiotic and antimicrobial photodynamic therapies (aPDT) were not able to improve the survival of mice with cryptococcosis, even with the treatment combined with fluconazole. Our results may help other researchers to find the best protocol to test alternative therapies against Cryptococcus gattii.
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Kashef N, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Advances in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation at the nanoscale. NANOPHOTONICS 2017; 6:853-879. [PMID: 29226063 PMCID: PMC5720168 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2016-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The alarming worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance amongst microbial pathogens necessitates a search for new antimicrobial techniques, which will not be affected by, or indeed cause resistance themselves. Light-mediated photoinactivation is one such technique that takes advantage of the whole spectrum of light to destroy a broad spectrum of pathogens. Many of these photoinactivation techniques rely on the participation of a diverse range of nanoparticles and nanostructures that have dimensions very similar to the wavelength of light. Photodynamic inactivation relies on the photochemical production of singlet oxygen from photosensitizing dyes (type II pathway) that can benefit remarkably from formulation in nanoparticle-based drug delivery vehicles. Fullerenes are a closed-cage carbon allotrope nanoparticle with a high absorption coefficient and triplet yield. Their photochemistry is highly dependent on microenvironment, and can be type II in organic solvents and type I (hydroxyl radicals) in a biological milieu. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles act as a large band-gap semiconductor that can carry out photo-induced electron transfer under ultraviolet A light and can also produce reactive oxygen species that kill microbial cells. We discuss some recent studies in which quite remarkable potentiation of microbial killing (up to six logs) can be obtained by the addition of simple inorganic salts such as the non-toxic sodium/potassium iodide, bromide, nitrite, and even the toxic sodium azide. Interesting mechanistic insights were obtained to explain this increased killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Kashef
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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28
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Pérez-Laguna V, Rezusta A, Ramos JJ, Ferrer LM, Gené J, Revillo MJ, Gilaberte Y. Daylight photodynamic therapy using methylene blue to treat sheep with dermatophytosis caused by Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Pinto JG, Martins JFDS, Pereira AHC, Mittmann J, Raniero LJ, Ferreira-Strixino J. Evaluation of methylene blue as photosensitizer in promastigotes of Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:325-330. [PMID: 28457848 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan of the genus Leishmania. It is considered by WHO as a public health issue and a neglected disease, which affects rural workers and it is also a risk to travelers in endemic areas. The conventional treatment is toxic and leads to severe side effects. The photodynamic therapy has been studied as an alternative treatment to cutaneous leishmaniasis. This study aimed to evaluate the methylene blue internalization and the impact of the PDT in the viability and morphology of Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis promastigote in culture medium. The fluorescence microscopy was used to determine the MB localization. To evaluate the mitochondrial activity (MTT), viability (Trypan blue test) and the morphological alterations both species were incubated with the MB in concentrations starting in 500μg/ml, in serial dilution, until 7,8μg/ml. The fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that the MB is internalized by both species after one hour of incubation. The MB presented low toxicity at the dark and the PDT was capable of decreasing the viability in more than 70% in the higher concentrations tested. The PDT also triggered significant morphological alterations in the Leishmania promastigotes. The results presented in this study are an indicative that the MB is a photosensitizer with promising potential to clinical application, besides its low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Guerra Pinto
- Laboratório de Terapia Fotodinâmica-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jaciara Fagundes de Souza Martins
- Laboratório de Terapia Fotodinâmica-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - André Henrique Correia Pereira
- Laboratório de Terapia Fotodinâmica-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Josane Mittmann
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia-Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB)-Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Setor F, bloco A, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro José Raniero
- Laboratório de Nanossensores-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira-Strixino
- Laboratório de Terapia Fotodinâmica-Instituto de Pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Univap-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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30
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Wainwright M, Maisch T, Nonell S, Plaetzer K, Almeida A, Tegos GP, Hamblin MR. Photoantimicrobials-are we afraid of the light? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 17:e49-e55. [PMID: 27884621 PMCID: PMC5280084 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although conventional antimicrobial drugs have been viewed as miraculous cure-alls for the past 80 years, increasing antimicrobial drug resistance requires a major and rapid intervention. However, the development of novel but still conventional systemic antimicrobial agents, having only a single mode or site of action, will not alleviate the situation because it is probably only a matter of time until any such agents will also become ineffective. To continue to produce new agents based on this notion is unacceptable, and there is an increasing need for alternative approaches to the problem. By contrast, light-activated molecules called photoantimicrobials act locally via the in-situ production of highly reactive oxygen species, which simultaneously attack various biomolecular sites in the pathogenic target and therefore offer both multiple and variable sites of action. This non-specificity at the target circumvents conventional mechanisms of resistance and inhibits the development of resistance to the agents themselves. Photoantimicrobial therapy is safe and easy to implement and, unlike conventional agents, the activity spectrum of photoantimicrobials covers bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. However, clinical trials of these new, truly broad-spectrum, and minimally toxic agents have been few, and the funding for research and development is almost non-existent. Photoantimicrobials constitute one of the few ways forward through the morass of drug-resistant infectious disease and should be fully explored. In this Personal View, we raise awareness of the novel photoantimicrobial technologies that offer a viable alternative to conventional drugs in many relevant application fields, and could thus slow the pace of resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristjan Plaetzer
- Laboratory of Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms, Department of Materials Science and Physics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology, and Centre for Environmental and Marine (CESAM) Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - George P Tegos
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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31
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dos Santos KF, da Silva RJ, Romio KB, Souto PC, Silva JR, de Souza NC. Spray layer-by-layer films for photodynamic inactivation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 15:197-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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