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Lu C, Qing L, Yina L. Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract alleviates halitosis and reduces the inflammatory response to oral bacteria. J Appl Oral Sci 2024; 32:e20240047. [PMID: 38922243 PMCID: PMC11178350 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2024-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of Phyllanthus emblica extract in alleviating halitosis and reducing the inflammatory response to halitosis-related bacteria. METHODOLOGY This investigation, using Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract (PE), involved four aspects. First, we evaluated the effect on growth and aggregation of halitosis-related bacteria, including Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Solobacterium moorei, using a microdilution assay and scanning electron microscopy. Second, volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels were measured on individuals with halitosis in randomized short-term (26 participants) and double-blind randomized long-term trials (18 participants in each group) after rinsing with PE for 3, 6, and 12 h, and 28 days. Third, we analyzed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in TR146 cells using quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Lastly, we assessed pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 mRNA expression via the same experimental methods in a three-dimensional oral mucosal epithelial model (3D OMEM). RESULTS PE extract dose-dependently inhibited the growth of F. nucleatum (50% inhibition concentration [IC50]=0.079%), P. gingivalis (IC50=0.65%), and S. moorei (IC50=0.07%) and effectively prevented bacterial aggregation. Furthermore, VSC contents decreased significantly at 3, 6, and 12 h after rinsing with 5% PE compared with those in the control. Long-term use of mouthwash containing 5% PE for 28 days led to a significant decrease in VSC contents. PE attenuated the F. nucleatum- or P. gingivalis-stimulated mRNA expression and protein release of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in TR146 cells. It also suppressed IL-8 and prostaglandin E2 secretion and TLR2 mRNA expression in F. nucleatum-induced OMEMs. CONCLUSION Our findings support the use of PE in oral care products to alleviate halitosis and it may reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lu
- JAKA Biotechnology Co., LTD, Tiangong Road No. 818, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Liu Qing
- JAKA Biotechnology Co., LTD, Tiangong Road No. 818, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Lu Yina
- JAKA Biotechnology Co., LTD, Tiangong Road No. 818, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
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Shi S, Chang Y, Fu K, Fu N, Hu X, Zhao B, Chen B, Yun X, Shi E. A multifunctional thermosensitive hydrogel based on phototherapy for promoting the healing of dental extraction wounds. RSC Adv 2024; 14:19134-19146. [PMID: 38882475 PMCID: PMC11177182 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03211j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-extraction wound infections are a common complication of dental extractions. More specifically, infection in the alveolar socket after tooth extraction accelerates the resorption and destruction of the alveolar bone, and ultimately affects the final restoration results. Currently, the main clinical treatment approaches applied to the socket after tooth extraction include mechanical wound debridement, chemical rinses (e.g., chlorhexidine), filling of the extraction socket with absorbent gelatin sponges, and the systemic application of antibiotics. However, these traditional treatment modalities have some limitations and their therapeutic effects are unsatisfactory. In this study, a phototherapeutic temperature-sensitive hydrogel material was constructed for injection using a tea polyphenol (TP)-modified poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) hydrogel skeleton loaded with the photosensitiser indocyanine green (ICG). The resulting PNIPAM-TP/ICG system exhibited an excellent injectability and temperature-sensitive properties. In addition, it stopped haemorrhaging and acted as a wound astringent. The hydrogel steadily released ICG into the oral environment to exert photothermal/photodynamic effects along with synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties when combined with tea polyphenols. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the application of PNIPAM-TP/ICG to infected dental extraction wounds in rats rapidly stopped the bleeding and accelerated wound healing. Overall, this study describes a drug-loaded, temperature-sensitive hydrogel for the treatment of open wound infections, and shows promise as a reference for the treatment of tooth extraction wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurui Shi
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral Soft and Hard Tissues Restoration and Regeneration Tianjin 300070 China
| | - Yunhan Chang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral Soft and Hard Tissues Restoration and Regeneration Tianjin 300070 China
| | - Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University Tianjin 300041 China
| | - Ning Fu
- Jingnan Medical Area, Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing 100071 China
| | - Xin Hu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral Soft and Hard Tissues Restoration and Regeneration Tianjin 300070 China
| | - Borui Zhao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral Soft and Hard Tissues Restoration and Regeneration Tianjin 300070 China
| | - Bo Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral Soft and Hard Tissues Restoration and Regeneration Tianjin 300070 China
| | - Xinyue Yun
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral Soft and Hard Tissues Restoration and Regeneration Tianjin 300070 China
| | - Enyu Shi
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral Soft and Hard Tissues Restoration and Regeneration Tianjin 300070 China
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Kamalou AM, Sayar F, Iranpour B. Effect of antibacterial photodynamic therapy with chitosan nanoparticles on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103996. [PMID: 38336150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.103996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the effect of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with chitosan nanoparticles on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) in the culture medium. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this in vitro, experimental study, chitosan nanoparticles (CHNPs) containing indocyanine green (ICG) were first synthesized and characterized. A. actinomycetemcomitans was cultured on trypticase soy agar. The culture media containing A. actinomycetemcomitans were randomly subjected to the following six decontamination protocols: negative control subjected to sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 5 min, positive control exposed to 0.2 % chlorhexidine (CHX) for 5 min, exposure to 0.25 mg/mL ICG in the dark at 37 °C for 5 min, aPDT with 0.25 mg/mL ICG and diode laser (808 nm, 250 mW, 14.94 J/cm2, 30 s, 1 mm distance, 8 mm tip diameter), exposure to CHNPs containing 0.25 mg/mL ICG in the dark at 37 °C for 5 min, and aPDT with CHNPs containing 0.25 mg/mL ICG and diode laser. The number of colonies was counted, and analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tamhane test (alpha=0.050). RESULTS Antimicrobial PDT with CHNPs, and CHX groups comparably showed the highest decontamination efficacy (P = 0.000). CONCLUSION The results showed optimal efficacy of aPDT with CHNPs containing 0.25 mg/mL ICG and 808 nm diode laser for reduction of A. actinomycetemcomitans colony count. Thus, aPDT appears to be as effective as CHX, but with fewer adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferena Sayar
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Babak Iranpour
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Delavarian F, Ghorbanzadeh R, Salehi-Vaziri A. Effects of nano-micelles curcumin-based photodynamic therapy on expression of RUNX2 as an indicator of bone regeneration in orthodontic tooth movement. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103775. [PMID: 37652179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to evaluate the impact of nano-micelles curcumin (NMCur) based photodynamic therapy (PDT) during compressive force application on human PDL-derived fibroblasts (HPDFs) in vitro for up to 6 days on the expression of RUNX2 as an indicator of bone development and remodeling. MATERIALS AND METHODS HPDFs viability during 2 g/cm2 compressive force application was investigated using membrane-impermeable DNA-binding stain propidium iodide (PI) in flow cytometry. Gene and protein expressions of RUNX2 were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and flow cytometry, respectively, following NMCur-PDT at different concentrations of NMCur (25, 50, and 75 µM plus irradiation of 180 mW/cm2 diode laser at the wavelength of 450 ± 10 nm for 5 min) during the static compressive force of 2 g/cm2 on HPDFs via weight approach-based in-vitro loading model up to 6 days. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests at a p-value equal to/or less than 0.05 were used to analyze the obtained data. RESULTS After 6 days of application of compressive force, 99.21 ± 6.12% of HPDFs were PI negative and therefore considered alive, while only 0.89 ± 0.06% of the population were PI positive and considered dead. In comparison with controls (loaded HPDFs), expression of RUNX2 gene was dose-dependent and the highest expression (14.38-fold; P < 0.01) was observed at a concentration of 75 µM NMCur following 5 min of diode laser irradiation (i.e., 75 µM NMCur-PDT) during compressive force application on day 5. The greatest and lowest upregulations of RUNX2 protein were observed in 75 µM NMCur-PDT during compressive force application on HPDFs, on day 5 (3.19-fold; P < 0.01) and day 6 (2.09-fold; P < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION NMCur-PDT during weight approach-based in-vitro loading model can promote orthodontic tooth movement by upregulating RUNX2 signaling pathway in HPDFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Delavarian
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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Isil T, Ozlem K, Defne BH, Eray GM, Abdurrahim K. Toxicity evaluation of indocyanine green mediated photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103754. [PMID: 37595656 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study is to determine the cytotoxic, genotoxic and inflammatory effects of indocyanine green (ICG) mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in direct contact with L-929 mouse fibroblast cells and over a dentin barrier. METHODS Eight groups were evaluated; control (C), group with a dentin barrier (D), ICG applied directly on the cells (ICG), ICG applied over a dentin barrier (D-ICG), only laser applied (L), laser applied over a dentin barrier (D-L), ICG and laser applied directly on the cells (ICG-L), ICG and laser applied over a dentin barrier (D-ICG-L). Cell viability was evaluated via ATP Assay, DNA damage was evaluated via Comet Assay, and inflammatory markers IL-1β and TNF-α were assessed via ELISA test. RESULTS Cell viability decreased in group ICG (p<0.001). Cell viability decrease was higher in Group ICG-L (p<0.001). Cell viability decrease was lower in group D-ICG-L (p>0.05). Group L caused an increase in cell number (p<0.001). DNA damage was observed in ICG, D-ICG, and ICG-L groups (p<0.05). None of the groups displayed an increase of inflammatory markers IL-1β and TNF-α (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The presence of dentin between ICG and cells acted as a barrier and protected the cells. ICG-mediated PDT did not cause any cytotoxic, genotoxic or inflammatory effect. The use of ICG-mediated PDT for cavity disinfection is acceptable, but at this concentration its use in periodontal pocket disinfection is not recommended due to its cytotoxic and genotoxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turp Isil
- BezmialemVakif University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kara Ozlem
- BezmialemVakif University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Guler Metin Eray
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey; University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, Haydarpasa Numune Health Application and Research Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kocyigit Abdurrahim
- BezmialemVakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
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Huang YF, Yang HW, Lin-Shiau SY. Synergistic antibacterial effects of 5-fluorouracil or thioridazine in combination with phytopolyphenols on cultured Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Dent Sci 2022; 18:709-714. [PMID: 37021224 PMCID: PMC10068534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) is a commonly used anticancer drug. However, the severe oral mucositis induced by 5FU in about 60-70% of patients was a major cause of discontinuous therapy. Since oral dysbiosis induced by 5FU was well correlated with severity of oral mucositis and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) was a keystone pathogen of dysbiosis. Thus, in this study, we aimed to explore the novel regimens of 5FU combined with phytopolyphenols (curcumin, green tea polyphenols) as well as ZnSO4 on antibacterial effects of cultured P.g. growth. In addition, similar regimens containing thioridazine (TRZ) were also tested for their antibacterial efficacy. Materials and methods The synergistic (Combination Index (CI) < 1) antiproliferation and anti-protease efficacies (IC50) of novel regimens on cultured P.g. were evaluated by OD600 and colorimetric method respectively. Results The results obtained indicated that both novel regimens of 5FU and TRZ exhibited potent synergistic antibacterial effects against growth and protease of P.g. Conclusion These novel regimens of 5-FU and TRZ were potent antibacterial agents which merit for further preclinical and clinical trials in management of oral mucositis, cancers and infectious diseases.
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Huang YF, Yang HW, Lin-Shiau SY. Novel regimens of phytopolyphenols with cisplatin or memantine and ZnSO4 for synergistic inhibition of growth and gingipains of the cultured Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:1796-1801. [PMID: 36299354 PMCID: PMC9588875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) played a keystone pathogen not only in initiation and progression of periodontitis but also as a risk factor involved in systemic diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, cancers, diabetes, osteoporosis etc.). Developments of effective and safe drugs to inhibit P.g. growth are urgent. In this study, we aimed at approaching novel regimens so called (PTM) by combination of repurposing drugs including phytopolyphenols (P) (curcumin, tea polyphenols), targeting drugs (T) such as cisplatin or memantine and metal ions(M) (ZnSO4). Materials and methods The synergistic (combination Index (CI) < 1) antiproliferation and anti-protease efficacies (IC50) of novel regimens on cultured P.g. were evaluated by OD600 and colorimetric method respectively. Results The results obtained revealed that these novel regimens (PTM) synergistically (combination index, CI < 1) exerted not only antiproliferative but also anti-gingipain protease effects of P.g. The concentrations for 50% inhibition (IC50) of novel regimens on P.g. growth and gingipains were greatly decreased as compared with those of cisplatin and memantine alone. Conclusion Since these novel regimens exerted potent anti-bacterial effects on both planktonic and biofilm P.g., it is encouraged for further preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Huang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Yang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shoei-Yn Lin-Shiau
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.
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Antimicrobial Behavior and Cytotoxicity of Indocyanine Green in Combination with Visible Light and Water-Filtered Infrared A Radiation against Periodontal Bacteria and Subgingival Biofilm. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050956. [PMID: 35625693 PMCID: PMC9138561 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread increase of antibiotic resistance highlights the need for alternative treatments such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial behavior and cytotoxicity of aPDT with indocyanine green (ICG) in combination with visible light (Vis) and water-filtered infrared A (wIRA). Representative periodontal bacteria (Parvimonas micra, Atopobium riame, Slackia exigua, Actinomyces naeslundii, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Prevotella nigrescens) and subgingival in situ biofilms from periodontal patients were treated with aPDT for 5 min. ICG was used at different concentrations (50–500 µg/mL) and the number of viable cells was determined in colony forming units (CFU). Untreated negative controls and 0.2% chlorhexidine as a positive control were also prepared. The cytotoxicity test on human keratinocytes in vitro was analyzed with the AlamarBlue assay after 5, 10, and 20 min, with four ICG concentrations, and at two temperatures (room temperature and 37 °C). The tested periodontal pathogens treated with aPDT were eliminated in a range between 1.2 and 6.7 log10 CFU, except for A. naeslundii, which was killed at a lower range. The subgingival biofilm treated with aPDT expressed significant differences to the untreated controls except for at 300 µg/mL ICG concentration. The cytotoxicity was directly related to the concentration of ICG and irradiation time. These observations raise questions concerning the use of this specific aPDT as an adjuvant to periodontal treatments due to its possible toxicity towards human gingival cells.
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Ghazi M, Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A, Chiniforush N, Dadpour S, Dadpour Y. Evaluation of adding nanosized natural zeolite to photodynamic therapy against P. gingivalis biofilm on titanium disks. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102519. [PMID: 34478899 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can be used as an adjunctive therapy for eliminating bacterial biofilm. The application of nanotechnology in aPDT, which is a growing trend, has improved the delivery of photosensitizers (PSs) into microorganisms. Encapsulation of molecules and ions is considered an outstanding potential feature of zeolites. This study sought to enhance the effect of aPDT using a diode laser (810 nm) with a potential PS, indocyanine green (ICG), combined with nanosized natural zeolite (NZ), against biofilm of P. gingivalis on sandblasted, large-grit, and acid-etched (SLA) implant titanium disks surface. METHODS A bacterial suspension of standard P. gingivalis (™ATCC® 33277) strains was prepared. To prepare bacterial biofilm, the titanium disks were added to 48 microtubes containing bacterial suspension, and divided into eight groups, i.e., the control groups (positive and negative), and 6 test groups (ICG; NZ; Diod laser; NZ+ICG; aPDT; NZ+aPDT). After the treatments, the total number of colony-forming units per disk was calculated. Finally, the data was analyzed, and the eight groups were compared together. RESULTS The highest reduction in the number of P. gingivalis was seen in group 8 (NZ+aPDT) with 3.55 log10 CFU/ml and the antibacterial effect of 45.7% compared with the negative control group. Conversley, group 5 (Diode Laser solely) represented the highest mean of colony count with the lowest antibacterial effects per disk (6.42 log10 CFU/ml, 1.8%). CONCLUSIONS The antibacterial effect of NZ+aPDT against P. gingivalis biofilm was noticeable. Thus, adding NZ to ICG improved the result of aPDT in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ghazi
- International Campus, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Bahador
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Dadpour
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Y Dadpour
- Department of Periodontology, International Campus, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Mahan St. Zam Zam St. Navab Highway, Tehran, Iran..
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Fekrazad R, Khoei F, Bahador A, Hakimiha N. Comparison of different modes of photo-activated disinfection against Porphyromonas gingivalis: An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:101951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Potentiation effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on quorum sensing genes expression: A promising treatment for multi-species bacterial biofilms in burn wound infections. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Amaroli A, Barbieri R, Signore A, Marchese A, Parker S, De Angelis N, Benedicenti S. Simultaneous photoablative and photodynamic 810-nm diode laser therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment: an in-vitro study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 69:1-7. [PMID: 32214064 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4970.19.04233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of lasers at different wavelengths has been proposed in combination with conventional non-surgical periodontal treatment in order to improve the clinical outcome of periodontal disease. However, the clinical use of laser photonic energy is still the subject of research and debate because the antibacterial activity of the laser is dependent upon method, laser parameters, quantity of bacteria, species selected and photosensitizers used. METHODS We evaluated the in-vitro bactericidal activity of 810 nm diode-laser irradiation in simultaneous photoablative and photodynamic mode against the major pathogenic bacterial organisms associated with periodontal inflammation and disease. We used indocyanine green as photosensitizer and the high-energy density of 161.7 J/cm2 or 215.0 J/cm2 for the photoablative-photodynamic irradiation. RESULTS The bacteria were drastically affected by the 215.0 J/cm2 irradiation in the presence of indocyanine green. In fact, the number of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia was reduced by 99.9% (P<0.001), while the number of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia and Actinomyces viscosus decremented by 83.3% (P<0.01), 86.8% (P<0.05), 75% (P<0.01) and 78.7% (P<0.001), respectively. P. gingivalis and P. intermedia were the only bacteria that were sensitive to the treatment with indocyanine green dye and 161.7 J/cm2 of laser irradiation (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary in-vitro data suggest that simultaneous photoablative-photodynamic irradiation could be a promising therapy against a wide range of bacteria involved in periodontal disease. We believe that further additional in-vivo investigation is necessary, to enable a more complete picture of effectiveness within a clinical setting to be established. In addition, the use of a simultaneous photoablative-photodynamic therapy is suggested to reduce treatment time, without compromising the efficacy against the periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy - .,Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia -
| | - Ramona Barbieri
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Signore
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Faculty of Therapeutic Stomatology, Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Marchese
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Steven Parker
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola De Angelis
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Pourhajibagher M, Hosseini N, Boluki E, Chiniforush N, Bahador A. Photoelimination Potential of Chitosan Nanoparticles-Indocyanine Green Complex Against the Biological Activities of Acinetobacter baumannii Strains: A Preliminary In Vitro Study in Burn Wound Infections. J Lasers Med Sci 2020; 11:187-192. [PMID: 32273961 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2020.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Acinetobacter baumannii strains are important agents causing serious nosocomial infections including soft-tissue and skin infections in patients with burn wounds which have become resistant to several classes of antibiotics. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an alternative antimicrobial procedure is suggested for the treatment of these kinds of infections. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficiency of aPDT by the utilization of an improved form of indocyanine green (ICG) which is encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (NCs@ICG). Methods: NCs@ICG were synthesized and confirmed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). aPDT was performed using NCs@ICG with an 810 nm wavelength of the diode laser at the fluency of 31.2 J/cm2 on 50 A. baumannii strains isolated from burn wounds. The antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of NCs@ICG-aPDT was determined via the colony forming unit (CFU)/mL and crystal violet assays, respectively. In addition, microbial biofilm degradation was evaluated by the SEM. Results: According to the results, NCs@ICG-aPDT showed a significant reduction of 93.2% on the CFU/ mL of planktonic A. baumannii strains compared to the control group (untreated group; P < 0.05). In addition, the biofilm formation of A. baumannii strains was significantly reduced by 55.3% when the bacteria were exposed to NCs@ICG-aPDT (P < 0.05). In contrast, NCs@ICG, ICG, and the diode laser alone were not able to inhibit the CFU/mL and biofilm of A. baumannii strains (P > 0.05). Based on the results of SEM images, NCs@ICG-aPDT disrupted the biofilm structure of A. baumannii strains more than other groups. Conclusion: NCs@ICG-aPDT demonstrates a promising treatment candidate for exploitation in wound infections against both planktonic and biofilm forms of A. baumannii strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nava Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Boluki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ghorbanzadeh R, Assadian H, Chiniforush N, Parker S, Pourakbari B, Ehsani B, Alikhani MY, Bahador A. Modulation of virulence in Enterococcus faecalis cells surviving antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation with reduced graphene oxide-curcumin: An ex vivo biofilm model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 29:101643. [PMID: 31899382 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecalis, as a major microorganism in persistent/secondary infections of endodontically treated teeth, is less likely to be eliminated during endodontic therapy. In this study, the effect of root canal disinfection and anti-virulence activities of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of E. faecalis utilizing reduced graphene oxide-curcumin (rGO-Cur) as a photosensitizing agent following irradiation with light-emitting diode (LED), as well as intracellular ROS production were evaluated on ex vivo biofilms of E. faecalis in comparison with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as the traditional endodontic irrigation solution. MATERIALS AND METHODS After formulation and confirmation of synthesized rGO-Cur using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR), UV-Vis spectra, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Zeta potential, the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) and in vitro anti-biofilm activity of rGO-Cur, light-emitting diode (LED) at the wavelength of 435 ± 20 nm, and rGO-Cur-PDI were determined against 4-week-old pre-formed biofilms of E. faecalis. After preparation of ex vivo biofilm model in root canals, the ex-vivo anti-biofilm potential of rGO-Cur, LED, and rGO-Cur-PDI against E. faecalis were analyzed using the XTT assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in comparison with NaOCl. The effects of sub-MBIC of rGO-Cur and NaOCl, sub-lethal dose of LED, and sub-significant inhibitory (SSI) potential of rGO-Cur-PDI for E. faecalis biofilms on virulence genes (efa, esp, gel, and fsr) expression of E. faecalis were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was measured in rGO-Cur-PDI-treated bacterial cells compared to control cells with 2',7'-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent probe. RESULTS The FTIR, DLS, Zeta potential, SEM, and UV-Vis spectra analysis indicated the successful synthesis of rGO-Cur. The MBIC of rGO-Cur was 250 μg/ml, which inhibited the growth ofE. faecalis. LED showed insignificant anti-biofilm activity against E. faecalis even after treating for a long irradiation time (300 s). According to checkerboard assay, the MBIC value of rGO-Cur-PDI was reduced noticeably compared to the individual MBIC values of rGO-Cur and LED for E. faecalis. The expression levels of efa, esp, gel, and fsr genes in pre-formed E. faecalis biofilms were markedly reduced after rGO-Cur, rGO-Cur-PDI, and NaOCl treatment in comparison with the control group. Conversely, LED revealed no significant change in the expression of the virulence genes. The intracellular ROS assay showed a significant increase (8.3-fold) in rGO-Cur-PDI when compared to the control. CONCLUSION Our data support that rGO-Cur-PDI showed dual inhibitory effects on biofilm formation ability and virulence activity of E. faecalis with potential clinical applications for infection control in endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadi Assadian
- Department of Endodontics, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Steven Parker
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Babak Pourakbari
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Ehsani
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Pourhajibagher M, Plotino G, Chiniforush N, Bahador A. Dual wavelength irradiation antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using indocyanine green and metformin doped with nano-curcumin as an efficient adjunctive endodontic treatment modality. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 29:101628. [PMID: 31870895 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indocyanine green (ICG) doped with nano-curcumin (N-CUR) can increase photosensitivity in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Since metformin (Met) provides a synergistic advantage with photosensitivity, it was conjugated with N-CUR@ICG. Aim of the study was to evaluate the photosensitizing effect of N-CUR@ICG-Met used as a new photosensitizer in dual wavelengths irradiation (diode laser and light-emitting diode, LED) aPDT in root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following synthesis and confirmation of N-CUR@ICG-Met by Scanning electrone microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Zetasizer analysis, the mature microbial biofilm was formed. The quantitative and qualitative evaluations of E. faecalis biofilm were made using microbial viability and SEM analysis of the following groups of treatment modalities (n = 5): 1- N-CUR, 2- ICG, 3- Met, 4- N-CUR@ICG, 5- N-CUR@ICG-Met, 6- Diode laser, 7- LED, 8- aPDT/diode, 9- aPDT/LED, 10- aPDT/diode laser + LED, 11- aPDT/LED + diode laser, 12- 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). In addition, E. faecalis not treated served as negative control. Data were statistically analyzed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the post-Hoc Bonferroni tests with a level of significance set at P < 0.05. RESULTS SEM, FT-IR, XRD, Zetasizer analysis confirmed successful doping of ICG-Met onto/into N-CUR. The treatment modality of N-CUR@ICG-Met mediated aPDT/diode laser, aPDT/LED, aPDT/diode laser + LED, and aPDT/LED + diode laser statistically decreased the cell viability of E. faecalis for 69.40 %, 75.52 %, 82.74 %, and 83.84 %, respectively compared with the negative control group (P < 0.05). The double wavelengths irradiation technique, which exposed the N-CUR@ICG-Met with diode laser irradiation and immediately after with LED (i.e. group No. 10), as well as, N-CUR@ICG-Met with LED irradiation and immediately after with diode laser (i.e. group No. 11) reduced the viable E. faecalis count in biofilm structures statistically more than the other treatment modalities (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS N-CUR@ICG-Met as a new photosensitizer in dual wavelengths irradiation method may improve anti-biofilm activity of aPDT against E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Antimicrobial action of photoactivated C-Phycocyanin against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms: Attenuation of quorum-sensing system. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 28:286-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Pourhajibagher M, Parker S, Chiniforush N, Bahador A. Photoexcitation triggering via semiconductor Graphene Quantum Dots by photochemical doping with Curcumin versus perio-pathogens mixed biofilms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 28:125-131. [PMID: 31479805 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an alternative treatment modality has been used adjunctively in the treatment of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Photosensitizing agents in the form of nanoparticles have been designed for improving the efficiency of aPTD. Graphene quantum dots are a special type of nanocrystals that can promote aPDT when coupled with curcumin (Cur). The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of photoexcited GQD-Cur on the metabolic activity of perio-pathogen mixed biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS GQD-Cur was synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrometry (UV-Vis), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cell cytotoxicity effect of GQD-Cur was evaluated on primary human gingival fibroblast (HuGu) cells. Perio-pathogen mixed biofilms including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia photosensitized with GQD doped with Cur were irradiated with a blue LED at a wavelength of 435 ± 20 nm for 1 min, and then bacterial viability measurements were performed. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile, biofilm formation ability, amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) released, and variations of gene expressions involved in biofilm formation were assessed. RESULTS The SEM, DLS, FTIR, UV-Vis spectrometry, and XRD pattern confirmed that GQD-Cur was synthesized successfully. According to the results, GQD-Cur exhibited no cytotoxicity against HuGu cells. Photoexcited GQD-Cur resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability (93%) and biofilm formation capacity (76%) of peri-pathogens compared to the control group (P < 0.05). According to the results, a significant concentration-dependent increase in the ROS generation was observed in perio-pathogens mixed cells treated with different doses of GQD-Cur-aPDT. Moreover, rcpA, fimA, and inpA gene expression profiles were downregulated by 8.1-, 9.6-, and 11.8-folds, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, photoexcited GQD-Cur have a high potency of perio-pathogens suppression in planktonic and biofilm forms and downregulation of the biofilm genes expression pattern was exploited as a nanoscale-based platform for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Steven Parker
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Inactivation of oral biofilms using visible light and water-filtered infrared A radiation and indocyanine green. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1721-1739. [PMID: 31368351 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) of visible light and water-filtered infrared A radiation in combination with indocyanine green (ICG) on planktonic oral microorganisms as well as on oral biofilm. Methods: The irradiation was conducted for 5 min in combination with ICG. Treatment with chlorhexidine served as a positive control. The number of colony forming units and bacterial vitality were quantified. Results: All tested bacterial strains and salivary bacteria were killed at a level of 3log10. The colony forming units of the initial mature oral biofilms were strongly reduced. The high bactericidal effect of aPDT was confirmed by live/dead staining. Conclusion: The aPDT using visible light and water-filtered infrared A radiation and ICG has the potential to treat periodontitis and peri-implantitis.
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Sayar F, Chiniforush N, Bahador A, Etemadi A, Akhondi N, Azimi C. Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for elimination of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm on Laser-Lok titanium discs. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:462-466. [PMID: 31362109 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a novel modality suggested for treatment of peri-implantitis. This study aimed to assess the effect of aPDT with toluidine blue (TBO) and indocyanine green (ICG) and 635 nm and 808 nm diode laser on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) biofilm formed on Laser-Lok titanium discs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty sterile Laser-Lok titanium discs were inoculated with A. actinomycetemcomitans to form biofilm and were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 10) of control, chlorhexidine (CHX), TBO, ICG, 635 nm diode laser with 220 mW power, 808 nm diode laser with 250 mW power, 100 μg/mL TBO+635 nm diode laser and ICG+808 nm diode laser. Number of colony forming units (CFUs) on the surface of each disc was counted after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS Significant differences were noted in colony count among the eight groups after the intervention (P = 0.001). Pairwise comparisons with adjusted P value test showed that aPDT with TBO+635 nm laser and ICG+808 nm laser caused significant reduction of bacterial biofilm compared to the control group (P = 0.0001). TBO alone caused significant reduction of biofilm compared to the control group (P = 0.004). No other significant differences were noted (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, the results showed that aPDT is a potential modality for decontamination of implant surface and reduction of A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm in vitro. In this study, aPDT with TBO+635 nm diode laser and ICG+808 nm diode laser decreased the bacterial load on titanium discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferena Sayar
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ardavan Etemadi
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Akhondi
- Department of Mathematics, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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A Review on Surface Modifications and Coatings on Implants to Prevent Biofilm. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-019-00116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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The impact of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm-derived effectors following antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on cytokine production in human gingival fibroblasts. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:1-6. [PMID: 31125769 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an effective adjunctive therapeutic modality for the treatment of local infections, including periodontitis and peri-implantitis. After receiving aPDT, microbial cells in the biofilm structure may produce and/ or release soluble biofilm-derived effectors (BDEs), which may affect the biology of the host cells in the community context of their surrounding microenvironment. Given the fact that no study has investigated the role of BDEs following aPDT in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, the aim of the current study was to determine the effect of BDEs of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans following exposure to sub-lethal doses of indocyanine green (ICG)-aPDT on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in terms of cytokines produced. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we evaluated the effect of biofilm-conditioned medium (BCM) resulting from the treatment of A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm with a sub-lethal dose of aPDT on cytokines production, including IL-6, IL-8, CXCL10, TGF-β, and bFGF of HGFs using enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA). The sensitivity of cytokines to BDEs was determined by micro-titer plates. RESULTS The maximal sub-lethal dose of ICG-PDT was 20.15 μM/mL ICG at a fluence of 31.2 J/cm2. The BCM of ICG-PDT-treated viable A. actinomycetemcomitans significantly reduced IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL10 levels compared to the BCM of untreated viable A. actinomycetemcomitans (78-, 93-, and 61.6-fold reduction, respectively; all P < 0.01). TGF-β and bFGF were strongly induced by BCM of ICG-PDT treated viable A. actinomycetemcomitans (by 57.7 and 36.1 folds, respectively; both P < 0.05). The BCM of untreated viable A. actinomycetemcomitans degraded most of the CxCL10, TGF-β and bFGF (58.8, 61.5, and 71.6%, respectively) in 24 h, while it degraded 9.3% of IL-6 and 15.1% of IL-8 after 24 h. CONCLUSION The results of the current study revealed that a sub-lethal dose of ICG-aPDT through the effect of BCM on HGFs could not only significantly reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines but also promoted their role in periodontal regeneration due to increasing the bFGF level. Altogether, ICG-aPDT, with it's antimicrobial effects reduces inflammation and induces of tissue regeneration resulting from BCM, can be considered an efficient adjunctive therapeutic method for the treatment of local infections.
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22
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Plotino G, Grande NM, Mercade M. Photodynamic therapy in endodontics. Int Endod J 2018; 52:760-774. [PMID: 30548497 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality that was initiated in 1900; however, it was not until the last decade that PDT regained attention for its several favourable features during the treatment of microbial infections in endodontics. Recently, several papers advocated its use for root canal treatment. The concept of photodynamic inactivation requires microbial exposure to either exogenous or endogenous photosensitizer molecules, followed by visible light energy, typically wavelengths in the red/near-infrared region that cause the excitation of the photosensitizers resulting in the production of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species that react with intracellular components and consequently produce cell inactivation and death. Recently, PDT has been suggested as a promising effective adjunct to standard antimicrobial intracanal cleaning and shaping for the treatment of periapical lesions. Current publications tested PDT in terms of bacterial load reduction in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo, showing promising results. The purpose of this article was to review the existing literature on PDT in the endodontic field regarding its mechanism of action, photosensitizers and light sources, limitations and clinical procedures. Although positive results have been demonstrated in vitro, there are considerably fewer in vivo investigations. In conclusion, more in vivo studies are needed on the use of antimicrobial PDT in root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N M Grande
- Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - M Mercade
- Department of Dentistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Researcher IDIBELL Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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Analysis of glucosyltransferase gene expression of clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans obtained from dental plaques in response to sub-lethal doses of photoactivated disinfection. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pourhajibagher M, Kazemian H, Chiniforush N, Hosseini N, Pourakbari B, Azizollahi A, Rezaei F, Bahador A. Exploring different photosensitizers to optimize elimination of planktonic and biofilm forms of Enterococcus faecalis from infected root canal during antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:206-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Namvar MA, Vahedi M, Abdolsamadi HR, Mirzaei A, Mohammadi Y, Azizi Jalilian F. Effect of photodynamic therapy by 810 and 940 nm diode laser on Herpes Simplex Virus 1: An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 25:87-91. [PMID: 30447412 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is among the most common viruses in humans. HSV1 is often responsible for oral and perioral herpetic lesions. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel antimicrobial modality that involves the use of laser and a photosensitizer with a specific wavelength. This study aimed to assess and compare the effect of PDT with 810 and 940 nm diode laser and indocyanine green (ICG) photosensitizer on HSV1. METHODS In this in vitro study, HSV1 isolated from herpes labialis and there were 6 experimental groups.The irradiation parameters were the same for all groups. Number of remaining viruses per milliliter in each group was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and statistically analyzed by ANOVA. RESULTS The virus count in all groups significantly decreased compared to the control group (P < 0.05) except in group ICG- without irradiation (P > 0.05). Comparison of groups 810- and 940- (use of each laser alone) with groups 810+ and 940+ (use of each laser plus ICG) revealed that reduction in virus count in groups 810+ and 940+ was significantly greater than that in groups 810- and 940-. CONCLUSION 810 nm diode laser irradiation and ICG causes the greatest reduction in number of HSV1 compared to all the other groups. ICG without laser irradiation has not significant efficacy on reduction of virus count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Alavi Namvar
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral and maxillofacial Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Vahedi
- Associate Professor, Dental research center, Department of Oral and maxillofacial Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Hamid-Reza Abdolsamadi
- Professor, Dental research center, Department of Oral and maxillofacial Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Alireza Mirzaei
- DDS, MS, DMD, member of dental laser research of Hamadan university of medical science, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Younes Mohammadi
- Ph.D. in Epidemiology, Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Associate Professor of Medical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Mahmoudi H, Bahador A, Pourhajibagher M, Alikhani MY. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: An Effective Alternative Approach to Control Bacterial Infections. J Lasers Med Sci 2018; 9:154-160. [PMID: 30809325 PMCID: PMC6378356 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2018.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this review was to evaluate the available literature for in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the field of bacteriology. Methods: A review of the relevant articles carried out in PubMed and Scopus to determine the efficiency of aPDT used in the reduction of microbial infection. Thirty-one relevant documents retrieved from PubMed, Scopus by inserting "antimicrobial photodynamic therapy" and "bacterial infection" and "photodynamic therapy" keywords. Results: According to different results, aPDT can be used as an adjuvant for the treatment of infectious diseases. The use of photosensitizer methylene blue, toluidine blue O (TBO), indocyanine green with light diode laser centered at (630±10 nm) and (650±10 nm) wavelengths have been shown to have significant results for the treatment of infectious diseases and bactericidal properties Conclusion: These findings suggest that, aPDT can be an efficient method in the treatment of localized and superficial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mahmoudi
- Microbiology Department, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Microbiology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pourhajibagher M, Ghorbanzadeh R, Bahador A. Expression patterns of oxyR induced by oxidative stress from Porphyromonas gingivalis in response to photo-activated disinfection. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:717-725. [PMID: 29805265 PMCID: PMC5960254 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s152834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porphyromonas gingivalis, an important endodontic pathogen, may be exposed to sublethal doses of photo-activated disinfection (sPAD) during root canal therapy. Such an exposure can affect bacterial survival and virulence features. In this study, we evaluated the effect of sPAD-related oxidative stresses on the expression of oxidative stress response gene (oxyR) in P. gingivalis clinical isolates surviving in vitro photodynamic treatment. Materials and methods To determine the sPAD, 16 clinical P. gingivalis isolates photosensitized with toluidine blue O (TBO), methylene blue (MB), and indocyanine green (ICG) were irradiated with specific wavelength and energy density of diode laser corresponding to the photosensitizers following bacterial viability measurements. The effects of sPAD on the expression ratio of oxyR of 16 clinical P. gingivalis isolates were then assessed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. Results Maximum values of sPAD against P. gingivalis were 6.25, 15.6, and 25 μg/mL at fluencies of 171.87, 15.6, and 93.75 J/cm2, respectively, for TBO-, ICG-, and MB-sPAD (P>0.05). ICG-, MB-, and TBO-sPAD could increase the oxyR gene expression of the clinical P. gingivalis isolates 12.3-, 5.6-, and 8.5-fold, respectively. ICG-sPAD increased the expression of oxyR gene in clinical isolates of P. gingivalis ~1.5- and 2-fold higher than TBO- and MB-sPAD, respectively. Conclusion Our results showed that upregulation of oxyR during sPAD may lead to better survival and increased pathogenicity of P. gingivalis isolates. Therefore, selection of appropriate photo-activated disinfection dosage should be considered for the successful treatment of endodontic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Dental Implant Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Laser Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ex vivo assessment of synergic effect of chlorhexidine for enhancing antimicrobial photodynamic therapy efficiency on expression patterns of biofilm-associated genes of Enterococcus faecalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 22:227-232. [PMID: 29709604 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has clearly been demonstrated that Enterococcus faecalis, as a persistent microorganism, is the major agent in the etiopatogeny of endodontic infections. Recently, the limitations of conventional endodontic therapy have given rise to many attempts to introduce antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an alternative treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze the ex vivo effect of aPDT in combination with 2.0% chlorhexidine (CHX) as a conventional therapy on colony count and expression patterns of genes associated with biofilm formation of E. faecalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 125 extracted human single-rooted teeth were divide into six groups (A-F; n = 20) and were incubated with E. faecalis. Group A- photosensitizer (indocyanine green [ICG]); B- diode laser; C- aPDT; D- 2.0% CHX; E- aPDT with photosensitizer modified by 2.0% CHX; and F- control group (no procedure was performed). Five remaining teeth were used to confirm the presence of E. faecalis biofilm via scanning electron microscope. Counts of colony forming units (CFUs) in each group were evaluated separately and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was then applied to monitor genes expression of fsrC, efa, and gelE involved in E. faecalis biofilm. RESULTS The results showed that none of the tested groups achieved eradication or inhibition of biofilm. On the other hand, aPDT + 2.0% CHX, 2.0% CHX, and ICG- mediated aPDT groups showed significantly less CFU/mL than ICG and diode laser groups. The group with the lowest CFU/mL count was the aPDT + 2.0% CHX, being statistically different from all other groups that could decrease the expression levels of efa, gelE, and fsrC genes 6.8-, 8.3-, and 12.1-fold, respectively. CONCLUSION Based on the results, the synergism effect of ICG-aPDT with 2.0% CHX leads to modulation of the virulence of E. faecalis strains biofilm model by suppressing the expression of the genes associated with biofilm formation.
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Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A. Diagnostic accuracy of multiplex real-time PCR approaches compared with cultivation -based detection methods: Monitoring the endopathogenic microbiota pre and post photo-activated disinfection. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 22:140-146. [PMID: 29578101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several microbial species have been implicated in the pathogenesis of endodontic diseases that colonize the infected root canal system. Since the complete removal of endopathogenic agents is essential in endodontic infection therapy, photo-activated disinfection (PAD) is suggested as an alternative method to traditional antimicrobial therapy. Recent studies reported that the molecular methods with low sensitivity and high efficiency to identify fastidious anaerobic endopathogenic microbiota can be replaced by the cultivation-based approaches. This study aimed to validate the multiplex real-time PCR in order to identify six common microorganisms associated with the endodontic infections before and after the PAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microbial specimens from the root canals of 50 patients with primary and secondary endodontic infections were collected before PAD treatment using sterile paper points. Toluidine blue O (TBO)-mediated PAD was performed on the root canals, followed by resampling. The prePAD- and postPAD-treatment endodontic samples were transferred to a transport medium and six target microorganisms were then identified from the samples using the microbiological culture techniques and multiplex real-time PCR approach. RESULTS Multiplex real-time PCR could represent the presence of all target microorganisms in 100% cases before and after the PAD. Before PAD, using the culture method, Enterococcus faecalis (100%) was found to be the most frequent, followed by Veillonella parvula (97.5%), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (94.7%), Porphyromonas gingivalis (84.3%), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (84.3%), and Actinomyces naeslundii (66.6%); whereas, after PAD these microbial frequencies changed to 80%, 83.3%, 66.6%, 80%, 66.6%, and 33.3%, respectively. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of the multiplex real-time PCR were 100% before and after the PAD, whereas the highest and the lowest specificities were 100% and 82% before PAD, and 97% and 89% after PAD for E. faecalis and P. gingivalis, respectively. The highest (100%) and the lowest (66%) positive predictive values were for V. parvula and A. naeslundii before and after the PAD, respectively. CONCLUSION As observed from the results, multiplex real-time PCR demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity when compared to the culture technique. Therefore, it can prove to be a highly sensitive technique to detect the endodontic infections microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Eroglu CN, Keskin Tunc S, Erten R, Usumez A. Clinical and histological evaluation of the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy used in addition to antibiotic therapy in pericoronitis treatment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:416-420. [PMID: 29486353 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although antimicrobial efficacy of photodynamic therapy has been studied several times, there is no study investigating its efficacy on pericoronitis. This study aimed to determine whether antimicrobial photodynamic therapy combined with antibiotic therapy is clinically and histologically superior to antibiotic therapy alone in pericoronitis treatment. METHODS Patients (n = 40) with pericoronitis were divided into two groups (20 patients for each) to receive either antibiotic + indocyanine green + 810 nm wavelength diode laser (antimicrobial photodynamic therapy group) or antibiotic alone. Initial biopsy samples were obtained from the affected tissue of the patients at their first presentation to the clinic before any intervention. The second biopsy samples were obtained on the 3rd day of treatment in both groups from the tissue part not biopsied before; tooth extraction was then performed. All tissue samples were histologically examined to assess inflammatory cell response. Patients' pain (using Visual Analogue Scale) and lymphadenopathy (presence or absence) were clinically evaluated in the first 3 days and on the 7th day of treatment. RESULTS In the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy group, 100% improvement was achieved regarding pain and lymphadenopathy at the end of the 7th day. Comparison of the inflammatory cell scores of the 2nd biopsy samples between the antibiotic alone and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy groups revealed a significant difference in favor of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy group. CONCLUSIONS Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy combined with antibiotic therapy for pericoronitis treatment was found to be more successful as compared with the antibiotic therapy alone regarding clinical and histological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cennet Neslihan Eroglu
- Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Van, Turkey.
| | - Serap Keskin Tunc
- Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Van, Turkey.
| | - Remzi Erten
- Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Van, Turkey.
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Pourhajibagher M, Ghorbanzadeh R, Bahador A. Culture-dependent approaches to explore the prevalence of root canal pathogens from endodontic infections. Braz Oral Res 2017; 31:e108. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Pourhajibagher M, Ghorbanzadeh R, Bahador A. Investigation of arginine A-specific cysteine proteinase gene expression profiling in clinical Porphyromonas gingivalis isolates against photokilling action of the photo-activated disinfection. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:337-341. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Fekrazad R, Khoei F, Bahador A, Hakimiha N. Photo-activated elimination of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in planktonic culture: Comparison of photodynamic therapy versus photothermal therapy method. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 19:28-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A. In silico identification of a therapeutic target for photo-activated disinfection with indocyanine green: Modeling and virtual screening analysis of Arg-gingipain from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:149-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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