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da Rosa Pinheiro T, Dantas GA, da Silva JLG, Leal DBR, da Silva RB, de Lima Burgo TA, Santos RCV, Iglesias BA. The First Report of In Vitro Antifungal and Antibiofilm Photodynamic Activity of Tetra-Cationic Porphyrins Containing Pt(II) Complexes against Candida albicans for Onychomycosis Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051511. [PMID: 37242753 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a prevalent nail fungal infection, and Candida albicans is one of the most common microorganisms associated with it. One alternative therapy to the conventional treatment of onychomycosis is antimicrobial photoinactivation. This study aimed to evaluate for the first time the in vitro activity of cationic porphyrins with platinum(II) complexes 4PtTPyP and 3PtTPyP against C. albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration of porphyrins and reactive oxygen species was evaluated by broth microdilution. The yeast eradication time was evaluated using a time-kill assay, and a checkerboard assay assessed the synergism in combination with commercial treatments. In vitro biofilm formation and destruction were observed using the crystal violet technique. The morphology of the samples was evaluated by atomic force microscopy, and the MTT technique was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the studied porphyrins in keratinocyte and fibroblast cell lines. The porphyrin 3PtTPyP showed excellent in vitro antifungal activity against the tested C. albicans strains. After white-light irradiation, 3PtTPyP eradicated fungal growth in 30 and 60 min. The possible mechanism of action was mixed by ROS generation, and the combined treatment with commercial drugs was indifferent. The 3PtTPyP significantly reduced the preformed biofilm in vitro. Lastly, the atomic force microscopy showed cellular damage in the tested samples, and 3PtTPyP did not show cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines. We conclude that 3PtTPyP is an excellent photosensitizer with promising in vitro results against C. albicans strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ticiane da Rosa Pinheiro
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Aguiar Dantas
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Bitencourt Rosa Leal
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Immunology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Augusto de Lima Burgo
- Bioinorganic and Porphyrin Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto Christ Vianna Santos
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Ibilce, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
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2
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Gonzalez Lopez EJ, Martínez SR, Aiassa V, Santamarina SC, Domínguez RE, Durantini EN, Heredia DA. Tuning the Molecular Structure of Corroles to Enhance the Antibacterial Photosensitizing Activity. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020392. [PMID: 36839714 PMCID: PMC9959985 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in the antibiotic resistance of bacteria is a serious threat to public health. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of micro-organisms is a reliable antimicrobial therapy to treat a broad spectrum of complex infections. The development of new photosensitizers with suitable properties is a key factor to consider in the optimization of this therapy. In this sense, four corroles were designed to study how the number of cationic centers can influence the efficacy of antibacterial photodynamic treatments. First, 5,10,15-Tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (Co) and 5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-10-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)corrole (Co-CF3) were synthesized, and then derivatized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution with 2-dimethylaminoethanol and 2-(dimethylamino)ethylamine, obtaining corroles Co-3NMe2 and Co-CF3-2NMe2, respectively. The straightforward synthetic strategy gave rise to macrocycles with different numbers of tertiary amines that can acquire positive charges in an aqueous medium by protonation at physiological pH. Spectroscopic and photodynamic studies demonstrated that their properties as chromophores and photosensitizers were unaffected, regardless of the substituent groups on the periphery. All tetrapyrrolic macrocycles were able to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) by both photodynamic mechanisms. Uptake experiments, the level of ROS produced in vitro, and PDI treatments mediated by these compounds were assessed against clinical strains: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In vitro experiments indicated that the peripheral substitution significantly affected the uptake of the photosensitizers by microbes and, consequently, the photoinactivation performance. Co-3NMe2 was the most effective in killing both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (inactivation > 99.99%). This work lays the foundations for the development of new corrole derivatives having pH-activable cationic groups and with plausible applications as effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J. Gonzalez Lopez
- IDAS-CONCIET-UNRC, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - Sol R. Martínez
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - Virginia Aiassa
- UNITEFA-CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Sofía C. Santamarina
- IDAS-CONCIET-UNRC, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo E. Domínguez
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N. Durantini
- IDAS-CONCIET-UNRC, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - Daniel A. Heredia
- IDAS-CONCIET-UNRC, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-0358-4676-538
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3
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Cordero PV, Alvarez MG, Gonzalez Lopez EJ, Heredia DA, Durantini EN. Photoinactivation of Planktonic Cells, Pseudohyphae, and Biofilms of Candida albicans Sensitized by a Free-Base Chlorin and Its Metal Complexes with Zn(II) and Pd(II). Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:105. [PMID: 36671307 PMCID: PMC9854949 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and its occurrence is increasing due to the growing complexity of patients. In particular, Candida albicans exhibits several virulence factors that facilitate yeast colonization in humans. In this sense, the photodynamic inactivation of yeasts is a promising new alternative to eliminate fungal infections. Herein, the photodynamic activity sensitized by a free-base chlorin (TPCF16) and its complexes with Zn(II) (ZnTPCF16) and Pd(II) (PdTPCF16) was investigated in order to eliminate C. albicans under different forms of cell cultures. A decrease in cell survival of more than 5 log was found in planktonic cells incubated with 5 μM TPCF16 or ZnTPCF16 upon 15 min of white-light irradiation. The mechanism of action mainly involved a type II pathway in the inactivation of C. albicans cells. In addition, the photodynamic action induced by these chlorins was able to suppress the growth of C. albicans in a culture medium. These photosensitizers were also effective to photoinactivate C. albicans pseudohyphae suspended in PBS. Furthermore, the biofilms of C. albicans that incorporated the chlorins during the proliferation stage were completely eradicated using 5 μM TPCF16 or ZnTPCF16 after 60 min of light irradiation. The studies indicated that these chlorins are effective photosensitizing agents to eliminate C. albicans as planktonic cells, pseudohyphae, and biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Edgardo N. Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Argentina
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He J, Yin Y, Shao Y, Zhang W, Lin Y, Qian X, Ren Q. Synthesis of a Rare Water-Soluble Silver(II)/Porphyrin and Its Multifunctional Therapeutic Effect on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186009. [PMID: 36144746 PMCID: PMC9501820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrin derivatives are popular photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents; however, their typical insolubility in water has made it challenging to separate cells of organisms in a liquid water environment. Herein, a novel water-soluble 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl-3-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TMPPS) was synthesized with 95% yield by modifying the traditional sulfonation route. The reaction of TMPPS with AgNO3 afforded AgTMPPS an unusual Ag(II) oxidation state (97% yield). The free base and Ag(II) complex were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectroscopy, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier-transform infrared, UV-vis, fluorescence, and X-ray photolectron spectroscopies. Upon 460 nm laser irradiation, AgTMPPS generated a large amount of 1O2, whereas no ⦁OH was detected. Antibacterial experiments on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) revealed that the combined action of AgⅡ ions and PDT could endow AgTMPPS with a 100% bactericidal ratio for highly concentrated MRSA (108 CFU/mL) at a very low dosage (4 μM) under laser irradiation at 360 J/cm2. Another PDT response was demonstrated by photocatalytically oxidizing 1,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to NAD+ with AgTMPPS. The structural features of the TMPPS and AgTMPPS molecules were investigated by density functional theory quantum chemical calculations to demonstrate the efficient chemical and photodynamical effects of AgTMPPS for non-invasive antibacterial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yu Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yingjie Shao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanling Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiuping Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (X.Q.); (Q.R.)
| | - Qizhi Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (X.Q.); (Q.R.)
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Chen T, Yang D, Lei S, Liu J, Song Y, Zhao H, Zeng X, Dan H, Chen Q. Photodynamic therapy-a promising treatment of oral mucosal infections. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:103010. [PMID: 35820633 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of oral mucosal infections is increasingly challenging owing to antibiotic resistance. Therefore, alternative antimicrobial strategies are urgently required. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted attention for the treatment of oral mucosal infections because of its ability to effectively inactivate drug-resistant bacteria, completely heal clinical infectious lesions and usually offers only mild adverse reactions. This review briefly summarizes relevant scientific data and published papers and discusses the potential mechanism and application of PDT in the treatment of oral mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Shangxue Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yansong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
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6
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Vera C, Gallucci MN, Marioni J, Sosa Morales MC, Martino DM, Nuñez Montoya S, Borsarelli CD. "On-Demand" Antimicrobial Photodynamic Activity through Supramolecular Photosensitizers Built with Rose Bengal and ( p-Vinylbenzyl)triethylammomium Polycation Derivatives. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:463-472. [PMID: 35138087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial photodynamic activity (aPDA) in fungal and bacterial strains of supramolecular adducts formed between the anionic photosensitizer (PS) Rose Bengal (RB2-) and aromatic polycations derived from (p-vinylbenzyl)triethylammonium chloride was evaluated. Stable supramolecular adducts with dissociation constants Kd ≈ 5 μM showed photosensitizing properties suitable for generating singlet oxygen (ΦΔ = 0.5 ± 0.1) with the added advantage of improving the photostability of the xanthenic dye. However, the aPDA of both free and supramolecular RB2- was highly dependent on the type of microorganism treated, indicating the importance of specific interactions between the different cell wall structures of the microbe and the PSs. Indeed, in the case of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, the aPDA of molecular and supramolecular PSs was highly effective. Instead, in the case of Gram-negative Escherichia coli, only the RB2-:polycation adducts showed aPDA, while RB2- alone was inefficient, but in the case of Candida tropicalis, the opposite behavior was observed. Therefore, the present results indicate the potential of supramolecular chemistry to obtain aPDA à la carte depending on the target microbe and the PS properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Vera
- Instituto de Bionanotecnolgía del NOA (INBIONATEC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), RN9, km 1125, Santiago del Estero G4206XCP, Argentina
| | - Mauro N Gallucci
- Instituto de Bionanotecnolgía del NOA (INBIONATEC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), RN9, km 1125, Santiago del Estero G4206XCP, Argentina
| | - Juliana Marioni
- CONICET, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Cordoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Marcelo C Sosa Morales
- Instituto de Bionanotecnolgía del NOA (INBIONATEC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), RN9, km 1125, Santiago del Estero G4206XCP, Argentina
| | - Debora M Martino
- Instituto de Física del Litoral (IFIS Litoral), CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe S3000GLN, Argentina
| | - Susana Nuñez Montoya
- CONICET, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Cordoba X5000HUA, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Cs. Farmacéuticas, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Claudio D Borsarelli
- Instituto de Bionanotecnolgía del NOA (INBIONATEC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), RN9, km 1125, Santiago del Estero G4206XCP, Argentina.,Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias. UNSE, Av. Belgrano (S) 1912, Santiago del Estero G4200, Argentina
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New Applications of Photodynamic Therapy in the Management of Candidiasis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121025. [PMID: 34947007 PMCID: PMC8705304 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important aetiological agent of opportunistic mycoses worldwide is Candida spp. These yeasts can cause severe infections in the host, which may be fatal. Isolates of Candida albicans occur with greater frequency and variable resistance patterns. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been recognised as an alternative treatment to kill pathogenic microorganisms. PDT utilises a photosensitizer, which is activated at a specific wavelength and oxygen concentration. Their reaction yields reactive oxygen species that kill the infectious microorganism. A systematic review of new applications of PDT in the management of candidiasis was performed. Of the 222 studies selected for in-depth screening, 84 were included in this study. All the studies reported the antifungal effectiveness, toxicity and dosimetry of treatment with antimicrobial PDT (aPDT) with different photosensitizers against Candida spp. The manuscripts that are discussed reveal the breadth of the new applications of aPDT against Candida spp., which are resistant to common antifungals. aPDT has superior performance compared to conventional antifungal therapies. With further studies, aPDT should prove valuable in daily clinical practice.
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Heredia DA, Durantini JE, Ferreyra DD, Reynoso E, Gonzalez Lopez EJ, Durantini AM, Milanesio ME, Durantini EN. Charge density distribution effect in pyrrolidine-fused chlorins on microbial uptake and antimicrobial photoinactivation of microbial pathogens. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 225:112321. [PMID: 34695700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two novels structurally related pyrrolidine-fused chlorins were synthesized from 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)chlorin by nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the para-fluoro groups. The reaction with 2-dimethylaminoethanol produced TPCF16-NMe2 in 77% yield, while TPCF16-NBu was obtained using butylamine in 87% yield. The latter was extensively methylated to form TPCF16-N+Bu in 92% yield. The synthetic strategy was designed to compare the effect of charge density distribution on chlorin in the efficacy to induce photodynamic inactivation of pathogens. TPCF16-NMe2 has five tertiary amines that can acquire positive charges in aqueous medium by protonation. Furthermore, four of the cationic groups are located in amino groups linked to the chlorine macrocycle by an aliphatic structure of two carbon atoms, which gives it greater movement capacity. In contrast, TPCF16-N+Bu presents intrinsic positive charges on aromatic rings. Absorption and fluorescence emission properties were not affected by the peripheral substitution on the chlorin macrocycle. Both photosensitizers (PSs) were able to form singlet molecular oxygen and superoxide anion radical in solution. Uptake and photodynamic inactivation mediated by these chlorins were examined on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Both phototherapeutic agents produced efficient photoinactivation of S. aureus. However, only TPCF16-NMe2 was rapidly bound to E. coli cells and this chlorin was effective to photoinactivate both strains of bacteria using lower concentrations and shorter irradiation periods. Our outcomes reveal that the charge density distribution is a key factor to consider in the development of new PSs. Accordingly, this work stands out as a promising starting point for the design of new tetrapyrrolic macrocycles with application in PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Heredia
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier E Durantini
- IITEMA-CONICET Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Darío D Ferreyra
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Reynoso
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edwin J Gonzalez Lopez
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés M Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María E Milanesio
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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9
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Pérez ME, Durantini JE, Reynoso E, Alvarez MG, Milanesio ME, Durantini EN. Porphyrin-Schiff Base Conjugates Bearing Basic Amino Groups as Antimicrobial Phototherapeutic Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195877. [PMID: 34641420 PMCID: PMC8510454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
New porphyrin–Schiff base conjugates bearing one (6) and two (7) basic amino groups were synthesized by condensation between tetrapyrrolic macrocycle-containing amine functions and 4-(3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propoxy)benzaldehyde. This approach allowed us to easily obtain porphyrins substituted by positive charge precursor groups in aqueous media. These compounds showed the typical Soret and four Q absorption bands with red fluorescence emission (ΦF ~ 0.12) in N,N-dimethylformamide. Porphyrins 6 and 7 photosensitized the generation of O2(1Δg) (ΦΔ ~ 0.44) and the photo-oxidation of L-tryptophan. The decomposition of this amino acid was mainly mediated by a type II photoprocess. Moreover, the addition of KI strongly quenched the photodynamic action through a reaction with O2(1Δg) to produce iodine. The photodynamic inactivation capacity induced by porphyrins 6 and 7 was evaluated in Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Furthermore, the photoinactivation of these microorganisms was improved using potentiation with iodide anions. These porphyrins containing basic aliphatic amino groups can be protonated in biological systems, which provides an amphiphilic character to the tetrapyrrolic macrocycle. This effect allows one to increase the interaction with the cell wall, thus improving photocytotoxic activity against microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E. Pérez
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.E.P.); (E.R.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Javier E. Durantini
- IITEMA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Córdoba, Argentina;
| | - Eugenia Reynoso
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.E.P.); (E.R.); (M.G.A.)
| | - María G. Alvarez
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.E.P.); (E.R.); (M.G.A.)
| | - María E. Milanesio
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.E.P.); (E.R.); (M.G.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.M.); (E.N.D.)
| | - Edgardo N. Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.E.P.); (E.R.); (M.G.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.M.); (E.N.D.)
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10
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Wiench R, Skaba D, Matys J, Grzech-Leśniak K. Efficacy of Toluidine Blue-Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on Candida spp. A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040349. [PMID: 33806003 PMCID: PMC8064486 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of oral yeast infections was examined many times in recent years. The authors of this review tried to address the question: "Should TBO (toluidine blue ortho)-mediated aPDT be considered a possible alternative treatment for oral candidiasis?". PubMed/Medline and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CEN-TRAL) databases were searched from 1997 up to the 27th of October 2020 using a combination of the following keywords: (Candida OR Candidiasis oral OR Candidosis oral OR denture stomatitis) AND (toluidine blue OR photodynamic therapy OR aPDT OR photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy OR PACT OR photodynamic inactivation OR PDI). Animal studies or in vitro studies involving Candida albicans (C. albicans) and/or nonalbicans stain, randomized clinical trials (RCT) involving patients with oral candidiasis or denture stomatitis published solely in English language were included. Candida elimination method in animal, in vitro studies and RCT used was TBO-mediated aPDT. Exactly 393 studies were taken into consideration. Then, after analyzing titles and abstracts of said studies, 361 were excluded. Only 32 studies ended up being selected for in-depth screening, after which 21 of them were included in this study. All studies reported the antifungal effectiveness of aPDT with TBO against C. albicans and non-albicans Candida. In studies conducted with planktonic cells, only one study showed eradication of C. albicans. All others showed partial elimination and only one of them was not statistically significant. Experiments on yeast biofilms, in all cases, showed partial, statistically significant cell growth inhibition and weight reduction (a reduction in the number of cells-mainly hyphae) and the mass of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). In vivo aPDT mediated by TBO exhibits antifungal effects against oral Candida spp.; however, its clinical effectiveness as a potent therapeutic strategy for oral yeast infections requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Wiench
- Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (R.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Dariusz Skaba
- Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (R.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Jacek Matys
- Laser Laboratory Dental Surgery Department, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Kinga Grzech-Leśniak
- Laser Laboratory Dental Surgery Department, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Palacios YB, Santamarina SC, Durantini JE, Durantini EN, Durantini AM. BODIPYs bearing a dimethylaminopropoxy substituent for imaging and photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 212:112049. [PMID: 33065476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A new BODIPY (BDP 1) bearing a dimethylaminopropoxy group attached to a phenylene unit was synthesized. This compound was brominated to obtain the halogenated analog BDP 2, which was designed to enhance the photodynamic effect of BODIPY to kill bacteria without an intrinsic cationic charge. The basic amino group located at the end of the propoxy bridge can acquire a positive charge by protonation in an aqueous medium, increasing the binding to bacterial cells. Interaction and photokilling activity mediated by these compounds was evaluated in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. BDP 1 and BDP 2 were rapidly bound to bacterial cells, showing bioimages with green emission. Complete elimination of S. aureus was detected when cells were incubated with 1 μM BDP 2 and irradiated for 5 min. Comparable photoinactivation was obtained with E. coli, after an irradiation of 30 min. Furthermore, BDP 2 was effective to kill bacteria at very low concentration (0.5 μM). Thus, BDP 1 showed mainly interesting properties as a fluorophore, whereas BDP 2 was highly effective photosensitizer as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohana B Palacios
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sofia C Santamarina
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier E Durantini
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés M Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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