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Fernández-Bastit L, Cano-Terriza D, Caballero-Gómez J, Beato-Benítez A, Fernández A, García-Párraga D, Domingo M, Sierra C, Canales R, Borragan S, de la Riva-Fraga M, Molina-López R, Cabezón Ó, Puig-Ribas M, Espunyes J, Vázquez-Calero DB, Vergara-Alert J, García-Bocanegra I, Segalés J. Survey of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in captive and free-ranging wildlife from Spain. Vet Res 2024; 55:90. [PMID: 39030652 PMCID: PMC11264983 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), considered a zoonotic agent of wildlife origin, can infect various animal species, including wildlife in free-range and captive environments. Detecting susceptible species and potential reservoirs is crucial for preventing the transmission, spread, genetic evolution, and further emergence of viral variants that are major threats to global health. This study aimed to detect exposure or acute infection by SARS-CoV-2 in 420 animals from 40 different wildlife species, including terrestrial and aquatic mammals, from different regions of Spain during the 2020-2023 coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. In total, 8/137 animals were positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against the receptor binding domain and/or viral nucleoprotein according to independent ELISAs. However, only one ELISA-positive sample of a captive bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with a low titre (SNT50 38.15) according to a virus neutralization test. Cetaceans are expected to have a high risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 according to early predictive studies due to the similarity of their angiotensin converting enzyme 2 cell receptor to that of humans. Moreover, of 283 animals analysed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using RT-qPCR, none tested positive. Our results reinforce the importance of considering cetaceans at risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and support taking preventive biosecurity measures when interacting with them, especially in the presence of individuals with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Although most animals in this study tested negative for acute infection or viral exposure, ongoing surveillance of wildlife species and potentially susceptible animals is important to prevent future spillover events and detect potential novel reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leira Fernández-Bastit
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08139, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Cano-Terriza
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII-CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Caballero-Gómez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII-CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Adrián Beato-Benítez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Institute of Animal Health, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001, Las Palmas, Trasmontaña, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Research Department, Fundación Oceanografic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, 46013, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mariano Domingo
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08139, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Service, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Sierra
- Selwo Aventura, 29680, Estepona, Málaga, Spain
- Selwo Marina, 29630, Benalmádena, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Borragan
- Parque de la Naturaleza de Cabárceno, 39690, Obregón, Cantabria, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Molina-López
- Centre de Fauna de Torreferrussa, Àrea de Gestió Ambiental Servei de Fauna I Flora, Forestal Catalana, 08130, Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar Cabezón
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08139, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina I Cirugia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Puig-Ribas
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08139, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina I Cirugia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johan Espunyes
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08139, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina I Cirugia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08139, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII-CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08139, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Service, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Machine-learning prediction of hosts of novel coronaviruses requires caution as it may affect wildlife conservation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5101. [PMID: 36096892 PMCID: PMC9468137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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3
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Allender MC, Adkesson MJ, Langan JN, Delk KW, Meehan T, Aitken‐Palmer C, McEntire MM, Killian ML, Torchetti M, Morales SA, Austin C, Fredrickson R, Olmstead C, Ke R, Smith R, Hostnik ET, Terio K, Wang L. Multi-species outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in a zoological institution, with the detection in two new families of carnivores. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3060-e3075. [PMID: 35839756 PMCID: PMC9349917 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a worldwide distribution in humans and many other mammalian species. In late September 2021, 12 animals maintained by the Chicago Zoological Society's Brookfield Zoo were observed with variable clinical signs. The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in faeces and nasal swabs by qRT-PCR, including the first detection in animals from the families Procyonidae and Viverridae. Test positivity rate was 12.5% for 35 animals tested. All animals had been vaccinated with at least one dose of a recombinant vaccine designed for animals and all recovered with variable supportive treatment. Sequence analysis showed that six zoo animal strains were closely correlated with 18 human SARS-CoV-2 strains, suggestive of potential human-to-animal transmission events. This report documents the expanding host range of COVID-19 during the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Allender
- Brookfield ZooChicago Zoological SocietyBrookfieldIllinoisUSA
- Veterinary Diagnostic LabUniversity of Illinois Wildlife Epidemiology LaboratoryUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Jennifer N. Langan
- Brookfield ZooChicago Zoological SocietyBrookfieldIllinoisUSA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Katie W. Delk
- Brookfield ZooChicago Zoological SocietyBrookfieldIllinoisUSA
| | - Thomas Meehan
- Brookfield ZooChicago Zoological SocietyBrookfieldIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Michael M. McEntire
- Illinois Zoological and Aquatic Animal ResidencyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Mary L. Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureAmesIowaUSA
| | - Mia Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureAmesIowaUSA
| | | | - Connie Austin
- Illinois Department of Public HealthSpringfieldIllinoisUSA
| | - Richard Fredrickson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Colleen Olmstead
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Ruian Ke
- T‐6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, T DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNew MexicoUSA
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Department of PathobiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Eric T. Hostnik
- Brookfield ZooChicago Zoological SocietyBrookfieldIllinoisUSA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesOhio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Karen Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of IllinoisBrookfieldIllinoisUSA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
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Rutherford C, Kafle P, Soos C, Epp T, Bradford L, Jenkins E. Investigating SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility in Animal Species: A Scoping Review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2022; 16:11786302221107786. [PMID: 35782319 PMCID: PMC9247998 DOI: 10.1177/11786302221107786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the early stages of response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, it was imperative for researchers to rapidly determine what animal species may be susceptible to the virus, under low knowledge and high uncertainty conditions. In this scoping review, the animal species being evaluated for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, the methods used to evaluate susceptibility, and comparing the evaluations between different studies were conducted. Using the PRISMA-ScR methodology, publications and reports from peer-reviewed and gray literature sources were collected from databases, Google Scholar, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), snowballing, and recommendations from experts. Inclusion and relevance criteria were applied, and information was subsequently extracted, categorized, summarized, and analyzed. Ninety seven sources (publications and reports) were identified which investigated 649 animal species from eight different classes: Mammalia, Aves, Actinopterygii, Reptilia, Amphibia, Insecta, Chondrichthyes, and Coelacanthimorpha. Sources used four different methods to evaluate susceptibility, in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological analysis. Along with the different methods, how each source described "susceptibility" and evaluated the susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2 varied, with conflicting susceptibility evaluations evident between different sources. Early in the pandemic, in silico methods were used the most to predict animal species susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and helped guide more costly and intensive studies using in vivo or epidemiological analyses. However, the limitations of all methods must be recognized, and evaluations made by in silico and in vitro should be re-evaluated when more information becomes available, such as demonstrated susceptibility through in vivo and epidemiological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Rutherford
- School of Public Health, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Pratap Kafle
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,
Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical
Sciences, Long Island University Post Campus, Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Soos
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health
Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada,
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology,
Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,
Canada
| | - Tasha Epp
- Department of Large Animal Clinical
Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lori Bradford
- Ron and Jane Graham School of
Professional Development, College of Engineering, and School of Environment and
Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,
Canada
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5
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Special Issue: Emerging Wildlife Viral Diseases. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040807. [PMID: 35458537 PMCID: PMC9026112 DOI: 10.3390/v14040807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
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6
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Francisco R, Hernandez SM, Mead DG, Adcock KG, Burke SC, Nemeth NM, Yabsley MJ. Experimental Susceptibility of North American Raccoons ( Procyon lotor) and Striped Skunks ( Mephitis mephitis) to SARS-CoV-2. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:715307. [PMID: 35097038 PMCID: PMC8790025 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.715307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent spillback events of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to animals has raised concerns about it becoming endemic in wildlife. A sylvatic cycle of SARS-CoV-2 could present multiple opportunities for repeated spillback into human populations and other susceptible wildlife. Based on their taxonomy and natural history, two native North American wildlife species -the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and the raccoon (Procyon lotor) -represent a high likelihood of susceptibility and ecological opportunity of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2. Eight skunks and raccoons were each intranasally inoculated with one of two doses of the virus (103 PFU and 105 PFU) and housed in pairs. To evaluate direct transmission, a naïve animal was added to each inoculated pair 48 h post-inoculation. Four control animals of each species were handled like the experimental groups. At predetermined intervals, we collected nasal and rectal swabs to quantify virus shed via virus isolation and detect viral RNA via rRT-PCR and blood for serum neutralization. Lastly, animals were euthanized at staggered intervals to describe disease progression through histopathology and immunohistochemistry. No animals developed clinical disease. All intranasally inoculated animals seroconverted, suggesting both species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The highest titers in skunks and raccoons were 1:128 and 1:64, respectively. Low quantities of virus were isolated from 2/8 inoculated skunks for up to day 5 post-inoculation, however no virus was isolated from inoculated raccoons or direct contacts of either species. Neither species had gross lesions, but recovering mild chronic pneumonia consistent with viral insult was recorded histologically in 5/8 inoculated skunks. Unlike another SARS-CoV-2 infection trial in these species, we detected neutralizing antibodies in inoculated raccoons; thus, future wildlife serologic surveillance results must be interpreted with caution. Due to the inability to isolate virus from raccoons, the lack of evidence of direct transmission between both species, and low amount of virus shed by skunks, it seems unlikely for SARS-CoV-2 to become established in raccoon and skunk populations and for virus to spillback into humans. Continued outbreaks in non-domestic species, wild and captive, highlight that additional research on the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife, especially musteloidea, and of conservation concern, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Francisco
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sonia M. Hernandez
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Daniel G. Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kayla G. Adcock
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sydney C. Burke
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Nicole M. Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michael J. Yabsley
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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7
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Muñoz M, Patiño LH, Ballesteros N, Castañeda S, Luna N, Delgado L, Hernandez-Pereira C, Shaban MV, Muñoz SA, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Ramírez JD. Striking lineage diversity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from non-human sources. One Health 2021; 14:100363. [PMID: 34931174 PMCID: PMC8673956 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the necessity to control human-to-human spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the overwhelming majority of the generated data on this virus was solely related to the genomic characteristics of strains infecting humans; conversely, this work aimed to recover and analyze the diversity of viral genomes from non-human sources. From a set of 3595 publicly available SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences, 128 lineages were identified in non-human hosts, the majority represented by the variants of concern Delta (n = 1105, 30.7%) and Alpha (n = 466, 12.9%), followed by B.1.1.298 lineage (n = 458, 12.7%). Environment, Neovison vison, Odocoileus virginianus and Felis catus were the non-human sources with the highest number of lineages (14, 12 and 10, respectively). Phylogenomic analyses showed viral clusters from environmental sources, N. vison, O. virginianus, Panthera tigris, and Panthera leo. These clusters were collectively related to human viruses as well as all other non-human sources that were heterogeneously distributed in the phylogenetic tree. Further, the genetic details of viral genomes from bats and pangolins were independently investigated owing to their high divergence, revealing five distinct clusters. Cluster 4 exclusively included bat-sourced genomes and the SARS-CoV-2 reference strain Wuhan-01. In summary, this study identified new genetic landmarks of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. We propose potential interspecies transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 between animals and humans, which should be considered in order to establish better pathogen surveillance and containment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luz Helena Patiño
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nathalia Ballesteros
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sergio Castañeda
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolás Luna
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lourdes Delgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB/Incubadora Venezolana de la Ciencia, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Hernandez-Pereira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB/Incubadora Venezolana de la Ciencia, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Maryia V Shaban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB/Incubadora Venezolana de la Ciencia, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Shirly Alexandra Muñoz
- Centro de Tecnología en Salud (CETESA), Innovaseq SAS, Bogotá, Colombia.,Unidad de Salud de Ibagué (USI) E.S.E., Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB/Incubadora Venezolana de la Ciencia, Barquisimeto, Venezuela.,Microbiology Division, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Microbiology Division, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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8
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Rabalski L, Kosinski M, Mazur-Panasiuk N, Szewczyk B, Bienkowska-Szewczyk K, Kant R, Sironen T, Pyrc K, Grzybek M. Zoonotic spillover of SARS-CoV-2: mink-adapted virus in humans. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 28:451.e1-451.e4. [PMID: 34920116 PMCID: PMC8673923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This work aimed to analyse possible zoonotic spill-over of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We report the spill-over of mink-adapted SARS-CoV-2 from farmed mink to humans after adaptation that lasted at least 3 months. Methods Next-generation sequencing and a bioinformatic approach were applied to analyse the data. Results In an isolate obtained from an asymptomatic patient testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, we found four distinguishing mutations in the S gene that gave rise to the mink-adapted variant (G75V, M177T, Y453F, and C1247F) and others. Conclusions Zoonotic spill-over of SARS-CoV-2 can occur from mink to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Rabalski
- Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Kosinski
- Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Boguslaw Szewczyk
- Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Maciej Grzybek
- Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland.
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9
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Sharun K, Dhama K, Pawde AM, Gortázar C, Tiwari R, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, de la Fuente J, Michalak I, Attia YA. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: potential for unknown reservoir hosts and public health implications. Vet Q 2021; 41:181-201. [PMID: 33892621 PMCID: PMC8128218 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1921311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously 2019-nCoV) is suspected of having originated in 2019 in China from a coronavirus infected bat of the genus Rhinolophus. Following the initial emergence, possibly facilitated by a mammalian bridge host, SARS-CoV-2 is currently transmitted across the globe via efficient human-to-human transmission. Results obtained from experimental studies indicate that animal species such as cats, ferrets, raccoon dogs, cynomolgus macaques, rhesus macaques, white-tailed deer, rabbits, Egyptian fruit bats, and Syrian hamsters are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that cat-to-cat and ferret-to-ferret transmission can take place via contact and air. However, natural infections of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported only in pet dogs and cats, tigers, lions, snow leopards, pumas, and gorillas at zoos, and farmed mink and ferrets. Even though human-to-animal spillover has been reported at several instances, SARS-CoV-2 transmission from animals-to-humans has only been reported from mink-to-humans in mink farms. Following the rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within the mink population, a new mink-associated SARS-CoV-2 variant emerged that was identified in both humans and mink. The increasing reports of SARS-CoV-2 in carnivores indicate the higher susceptibility of animal species belonging to this order. The sporadic reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic and wild animal species require further investigation to determine if SARS-CoV-2 or related Betacoronaviruses can get established in kept, feral or wild animal populations, which may eventually act as viral reservoirs. This review analyzes the current evidence of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in domestic and wild animal species and their possible implications on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Abhijit M. Pawde
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio IREC Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (CSIC-Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Grupo de Investigacion BIOECOS, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira, Colombia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health and Infection Research Group, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health and Infection Research Group, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Grupo de Investigacion Biomedicina, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira, Colombia
- Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19), Pereira, Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo, (UNIFRANZ), Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio IREC Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (CSIC-Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Youssef A. Attia
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- The Strategic Center to Kingdom Vision Realization, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Animal and Poultry Production Department, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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10
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Bosco-Lauth AM, Root JJ, Porter SM, Walker AE, Guilbert L, Hawvermale D, Pepper A, Maison RM, Hartwig AE, Gordy P, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Bowen RA. Peridomestic Mammal Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2073-2080. [PMID: 34286685 PMCID: PMC8314817 DOI: 10.3201/eid2708.210180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild animals have been implicated as the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but it is largely unknown how the virus affects most wildlife species and if wildlife could ultimately serve as a reservoir for maintaining the virus outside the human population. We show that several common peridomestic species, including deer mice, bushy-tailed woodrats, and striped skunks, are susceptible to infection and can shed the virus in respiratory secretions. In contrast, we demonstrate that cottontail rabbits, fox squirrels, Wyoming ground squirrels, black-tailed prairie dogs, house mice, and racoons are not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our results expand the knowledge base of susceptible species and provide evidence that human–wildlife interactions could result in continued transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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11
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Ekstrand K, Flanagan AJ, Lin IE, Vejseli B, Cole A, Lally AP, Morris RL, Morgan KN. Animal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the Welfare of Animals during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2044. [PMID: 34359172 PMCID: PMC8300090 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The accelerated pace of research into Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) necessitates periodic summaries of current research. The present paper reviews virus susceptibilities in species with frequent human contact, and factors that are best predictors of virus susceptibility. Species reviewed were those in contact with humans through entertainment, pet, or agricultural trades, and for whom reports (either anecdotal or published) exist regarding the SARS-CoV-2 virus and/or the resulting disease state COVID-19. Available literature was searched using an artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted engine, as well as via common databases, such as Web of Science and Medline. The present review focuses on susceptibility and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, and polymorphisms in transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that contribute to species differences. Dogs and pigs appear to have low susceptibility, while ferrets, mink, some hamster species, cats, and nonhuman primates (particularly Old World species) have high susceptibility. Precautions may therefore be warranted in interactions with such species, and more selectivity practiced when choosing appropriate species to serve as models for research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda J. Flanagan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Ilyan E. Lin
- Department of Biology, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (I.E.L.); (B.V.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Brendon Vejseli
- Department of Biology, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (I.E.L.); (B.V.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Allicyn Cole
- Program in Neuroscience, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (A.C.); (A.P.L.)
| | - Anna P. Lally
- Program in Neuroscience, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (A.C.); (A.P.L.)
| | - Robert L. Morris
- Department of Biology, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (I.E.L.); (B.V.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Kathleen N. Morgan
- Program in Neuroscience, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (A.C.); (A.P.L.)
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12
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Motozono C, Toyoda M, Zahradnik J, Saito A, Nasser H, Tan TS, Ngare I, Kimura I, Uriu K, Kosugi Y, Yue Y, Shimizu R, Ito J, Torii S, Yonekawa A, Shimono N, Nagasaki Y, Minami R, Toya T, Sekiya N, Fukuhara T, Matsuura Y, Schreiber G, Ikeda T, Nakagawa S, Ueno T, Sato K. SARS-CoV-2 spike L452R variant evades cellular immunity and increases infectivity. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1124-1136.e11. [PMID: 34171266 PMCID: PMC8205251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Many SARS-CoV-2 variants with naturally acquired mutations have emerged. These mutations can affect viral properties such as infectivity and immune resistance. Although the sensitivity of naturally occurring SARS-CoV-2 variants to humoral immunity has been investigated, sensitivity to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted cellular immunity remains largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that two recently emerging mutations in the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, L452R (in B.1.427/429 and B.1.617) and Y453F (in B.1.1.298), confer escape from HLA-A24-restricted cellular immunity. These mutations reinforce affinity toward the host entry receptor ACE2. Notably, the L452R mutation increases spike stability, viral infectivity, viral fusogenicity, and thereby promotes viral replication. These data suggest that HLA-restricted cellular immunity potentially affects the evolution of viral phenotypes and that a further threat of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is escape from cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Motozono
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Mako Toyoda
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Jiri Zahradnik
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Akatsuki Saito
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan
| | - Hesham Nasser
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41511, Egypt
| | - Toong Seng Tan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Isaac Ngare
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Izumi Kimura
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| | - Keiya Uriu
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kosugi
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| | - Yuan Yue
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Ryo Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Jumpei Ito
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| | - Shiho Torii
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Akiko Yonekawa
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimono
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagasaki
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospitalization Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka 8108563, Japan
| | - Rumi Minami
- Internal Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka 8108563, Japan
| | - Takashi Toya
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 1138677, Japan
| | - Noritaka Sekiya
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 1138677, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 1138677, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 0608638, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Terumasa Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan.
| | - So Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 2591193, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 3220012, Japan.
| | - Takamasa Ueno
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan.
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 3220012, Japan.
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13
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Jemeršić L, Lojkić I, Krešić N, Keros T, Zelenika TA, Jurinović L, Skok D, Bata I, Boras J, Habrun B, Brnić D. Investigating the Presence of SARS CoV-2 in Free-Living and Captive Animals. Pathogens 2021; 10:635. [PMID: 34064271 PMCID: PMC8224323 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to SARS CoV-2 recombination rates, number of infected people and recent reports of environmental contamination, the possibility of SARS CoV-2 transmission to animals can be expected. We tested samples of dominant free-living and captive wildlife species in Croatia for the presence of anti-SARS CoV-2 antibodies and viral RNA. In total, from June 2020 until February 2021, we tested blood, muscle extract and fecal samples of 422 free-living wild boars (Sus scrofa), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and jackals (Canis aureus); blood and cloacal swabs of 111 yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis) and fecal samples of 32 zoo animals. A commercially available ELISA (ID.Vet, France) and as a confirmatory test, a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT; GenScript, Netherlands) were used. Fecal samples were tested for the presence of viral RNA by a real-time RT-PCR protocol. Fifteen out of 533 (2.8%) positive ELISA results were detected; in wild boars (3.9%), red foxes (2.9%) and jackals (4.6%). However, the positive findings were not confirmed by sVNT. No viral RNA was found. In conclusion, no spillover occurred within the investigated period (second COVID-19 wave). However, further investigation is needed, especially regarding wildlife sample features for serological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Jemeršić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.K.); (T.K.); (B.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Ivana Lojkić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.K.); (T.K.); (B.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Nina Krešić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.K.); (T.K.); (B.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Tomislav Keros
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.K.); (T.K.); (B.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Tajana Amšel Zelenika
- Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.A.Z.); (L.J.)
| | - Luka Jurinović
- Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.A.Z.); (L.J.)
| | - Damir Skok
- Zagreb Zoo, Maksimirski Perivoj, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.S.); (I.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Ingeborg Bata
- Zagreb Zoo, Maksimirski Perivoj, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.S.); (I.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jadranko Boras
- Zagreb Zoo, Maksimirski Perivoj, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.S.); (I.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Boris Habrun
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.K.); (T.K.); (B.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Dragan Brnić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.K.); (T.K.); (B.H.); (D.B.)
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14
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Sánchez-Montes S, Ballados-González GG, Gamboa-Prieto J, Cruz-Romero A, Romero-Salas D, Pérez-Brígido CD, Austria-Ruíz MJ, Guerrero-Reyes A, Lammoglia-Villagómez MA, Camacho-Peralta IP, Morales-Narcia JÁ, Bravo-Ramos JL, Barrientos-Villeda M, Blanco-Velasco LA, Becker I. No molecular evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in companion animals from Veracruz, Mexico. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2398-2403. [PMID: 33998171 PMCID: PMC8242756 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Active epidemiological surveillance of infectious agents represents a fundamental tool for understanding the transmission dynamics of pathogens and establishing public policies that can reduce or limit their expansion. Epidemiological surveillance of emerging agents, such as the recently recognized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of COVID-19, is essential to establish the risk of transmission between species. Recent studies reveal that companion animals are organisms susceptible to being infected by this pathogen due to the close contact they have with their owners. For this reason, the aim of the present work was to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in dogs and cats in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, where there is active transmission of this microorganism in human populations. Oral and nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from dogs and cats with a history of exposure to patients with COVID-19. Total RNA was extracted and detection of viral genes N1 and N2 was performed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). All 130 samples of companion animals tested by RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 were negative at the time they were collected. This study represents the second active surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in populations of domestic dogs and cats in Latin America and the first approach in Mexico. Given that coronaviruses have shown a high capacity to be transmitted between species, it is imperative to establish measures to prevent this agent from entering and establishing in populations of companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Ciudad de México, México.,Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Veracruz, México
| | - Gerardo G Ballados-González
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Universidad Veracruzana, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Janete Gamboa-Prieto
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Universidad Veracruzana, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Anabel Cruz-Romero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Universidad Veracruzana, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Dora Romero-Salas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Universidad Veracruzana, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos D Pérez-Brígido
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María J Austria-Ruíz
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alfredo Guerrero-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | | | - José L Bravo-Ramos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Universidad Veracruzana, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Manuel Barrientos-Villeda
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Universidad Veracruzana, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Veracruz, México
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15
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Loock DJE, Rendón-Franco E, Williams ST, van Niekerk J, Swanepoel LH. Viral Prevalence in Wild Serval Population is Driven by Season and Sex. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:113-122. [PMID: 34059963 PMCID: PMC8166362 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the key factors influencing the population dynamics of threatened species such as felids is disease, but long-term studies of the factors influencing seroprevalence of wild felids are extremely rare, hindering conservation efforts. We set out to determine seroprevalence of six viral diseases (feline panleukopenia virus, feline leukemia virus, feline coronavirus, feline calicivirus, feline herpes virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus) among a population of serval (Leptailurus serval) with an extremely high density in South Africa. We captured 55 individuals over four years and screened blood samples for antibodies to each virus. We found that seroprevalence were high (ranging from 30.0% positive for a single virus to 1.8% positive for up to five viruses) and that seroprevalence was influenced by season and sex, but not body condition. We suggest further monitoring of this population and recommend that long-term studies are conducted for serval and other felids to determine whether these trends are representative on a broader scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan J E Loock
- Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, Bloemfontein, 930, South Africa.
| | - Emilio Rendón-Franco
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, UAM-Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04960, México
| | - Samual T Williams
- Department of Zoology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Johan van Niekerk
- Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, Bloemfontein, 930, South Africa
| | - Lourens H Swanepoel
- Department of Zoology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
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16
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Opriessnig T, Huang Y. Third update on possible animal sources for human COVID-19. Xenotransplantation 2021; 28:e12671. [PMID: 33476071 PMCID: PMC7995224 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUK
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
| | - Yao‐Wei Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary MedicineCollege of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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