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Wittenberg B, Ryan M, Hoffman J, Bernard T, Seinfeld J, Wilkinson C. Rapidly Progressive Contralateral Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis After COVID-19 Infection in a Down Syndrome Patient With Unilateral Moyamoya Arteriopathy. Cureus 2024; 16:e56575. [PMID: 38646238 PMCID: PMC11031128 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Moyamoya arteriopathy is a condition where chronic, progressive stenosis of large intracranial arteries, primarily of the anterior circulation, results in ischemia and the growth of small, abnormal collateral vessels. There is increasing evidence that infectious pathologies, such as COVID-19, may serve as a sort of trigger, or "second hit," for the development of moyamoya arteriopathy. In this article, we present the case of a 13-year-old female with Down syndrome and unilateral moyamoya arteriopathy who developed contralateral internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection and thrombus in the setting of a positive COVID-19 test and subsequently developed rapidly progressive contralateral ICA and bilateral anterior cerebral artery (ACA) moyamoya-like stenosis. The rapidly progressive contralateral ICA and bilateral ACA moyamoya-like stenosis are likely multifactorial in nature. The contralateral ICA may have had a predisposition for injury and stenosis due to the preexisting moyamoya arteriopathy, making stenosis more likely after COVID-19-induced vascular inflammation and injury as well as after a possible thrombectomy-associated injury. Based on this presentation, patients with moyamoya arteriopathy may be at risk for rapid progression of their moyamoya pathology when exposed to catalysts, including infection, such as COVID-19, and vascular injury, such as thrombectomy-induced injury. In these circumstances, high suspicion and close monitoring are essential for addressing ischemia related to the stenosis before permanent injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Wittenberg
- Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Megan Ryan
- Neurosurgery, Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Parker, USA
| | - Jessa Hoffman
- Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Timothy Bernard
- Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Joshua Seinfeld
- Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Corbett Wilkinson
- Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
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2
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Dorschel KB, Wanebo JE. Physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of the molecular and cellular biology of angiogenesis and inflammation in moyamoya angiopathy and related vascular diseases. Front Neurol 2023; 14:661611. [PMID: 37273690 PMCID: PMC10236939 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.661611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale The etiology and pathophysiological mechanisms of moyamoya angiopathy (MMA) remain largely unknown. MMA is a progressive, occlusive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by recurrent ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes; with compensatory formation of an abnormal network of perforating blood vessels that creates a collateral circulation; and by aberrant angiogenesis at the base of the brain. Imbalance of angiogenic and vasculogenic mechanisms has been proposed as a potential cause of MMA. Moyamoya vessels suggest that aberrant angiogenic, arteriogenic, and vasculogenic processes may be involved in the pathophysiology of MMA. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells have been hypothesized to contribute to vascular remodeling in MMA. MMA is associated with increased expression of angiogenic factors and proinflammatory molecules. Systemic inflammation may be related to MMA pathogenesis. Objective This literature review describes the molecular mechanisms associated with cerebrovascular dysfunction, aberrant angiogenesis, and inflammation in MMA and related cerebrovascular diseases along with treatment strategies and future research perspectives. Methods and results References were identified through a systematic computerized search of the medical literature from January 1, 1983, through July 29, 2022, using the PubMed, EMBASE, BIOSIS Previews, CNKI, ISI web of science, and Medline databases and various combinations of the keywords "moyamoya," "angiogenesis," "anastomotic network," "molecular mechanism," "physiology," "pathophysiology," "pathogenesis," "biomarker," "genetics," "signaling pathway," "blood-brain barrier," "endothelial progenitor cells," "endothelial function," "inflammation," "intracranial hemorrhage," and "stroke." Relevant articles and supplemental basic science articles almost exclusively published in English were included. Review of the reference lists of relevant publications for additional sources resulted in 350 publications which met the study inclusion criteria. Detection of growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines in MMA patients suggests the hypothesis of aberrant angiogenesis being involved in MMA pathogenesis. It remains to be ascertained whether these findings are consequences of MMA or are etiological factors of MMA. Conclusions MMA is a heterogeneous disorder, comprising various genotypes and phenotypes, with a complex pathophysiology. Additional research may advance our understanding of the pathophysiology involved in aberrant angiogenesis, arterial stenosis, and the formation of moyamoya collaterals and anastomotic networks. Future research will benefit from researching molecular pathophysiologic mechanisms and the correlation of clinical and basic research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten B. Dorschel
- Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University Medical School, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John E. Wanebo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, HonorHealth Research Institute, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
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3
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Yoshii S, Fukui R, Hattori S, Yamaguchi R, Fujimoto R, Aoyama H, Omata T. MR vessel wall enhancement in a pediatric focal cerebral arteriopathy. Brain Dev 2023; 45:354-359. [PMID: 36806407 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal cerebral arteriopathy (FCA) is a common cause of childhood arterial ischemic stroke in previously healthy children. Although its mechanisms are poorly understood, recent studies have suggested inflammatory processes. Magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (VWI) is a potential imaging biomarker of inflammation. CASE DESCRIPTION We describe the case of a 7-year-old Japanese girl with right hemiplegia and dysarthria for 3 days. Brain MRI showed acute infarct in the left basal ganglia, and MRA and conventional cerebral angiogram detected vascular stenosis in the left distal internal carotid artery, left M1 and A1 segments. VWI revealed marked vessel wall enhancement and thickening in the left carotid artery, M1, and A2 segments. Based on imaging findings, she was diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke caused by FCA. Because VWI findings were thought to suggest vessel wall inflammation, high-dose steroid therapy was administered in addition to neuroprotective care and antithrombotic therapy. Although her clinical symptoms improved immediately, cerebral arteriopathy worsened on MRA a month after the onset. Subsequently, after 3 months of steroid therapy, vessel wall enhancement on VWI decreased, while arterial stenosis partially improved. At the follow-up 9 months after the onset, she had no recurrent stroke, her arteriopathy had stabilized. DISCUSSION Definitive evidence of inflammatory mechanisms in FCA is limited, and appropriate management and treatment strategies for FCA are undefined. VWI attempts to demonstrate pathologic processes within the vessel wall, and reversible wall enhancement observed in our patient suggested the presence of inflammation. VWI would help in the evaluation of disease activity in FCA. CONCLUSION VWI may contribute to the appropriate diagnosis and treatment for FCA to reflect active inflammation. Further work is needed to assess the utility of VWI in pediatric FCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Yoshii
- Division of Child Neurology, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rina Fukui
- Department of Radiology, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinya Hattori
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamaguchi
- Division of Child Neurology, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryo Fujimoto
- Division of Child Neurology, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiromi Aoyama
- Division of Child Neurology, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taku Omata
- Division of Child Neurology, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
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4
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Pizzatto R, Resende LL, Lobo CFT, Neves YCS, Paz JAD, Alves CAPF, Leite CDC, Lucato LT. Arteriopathy in pediatric stroke: an underestimated clinical entity. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2021; 79:321-333. [PMID: 34133513 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (AIS), which was thought to be a rare disorder, is being increasingly recognized as an important cause of neurological morbidity, thanks to new advances in neuroimaging. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the main etiologies of stroke due to arteriopathy in children. METHODS Using a series of cases from our institution, we addressed its epidemiological aspects, physiopathology, imaging findings from CT, MR angiography, MR conventional sequences and MR DWI, and nuclear medicine findings. RESULTS Through discussion of the most recent classification for childhood AIS (Childhood AIS Standardized Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation, CASCADE), we propose a modified classification based on the anatomical site of disease, which includes vasculitis, varicella, arterial dissection, moyamoya, fibromuscular dysplasia, Takayasu's arteritis and genetic causes (such as ACTA-2 mutation, PHACE syndrome and ADA-2 deficiency). We have detailed each of these separately. Conclusions: Prompt recognition of AIS and thorough investigation for potential risk factors are crucial for a better outcome. In this scenario, neurovascular imaging plays an important role in diagnosing AIS and identifying children at high risk of recurrent stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Pizzatto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto de Radiologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Lopes Resende
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto de Radiologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Felipe Teixeira Lobo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto de Radiologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Yuri Costa Sarno Neves
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto de Radiologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - José Albino da Paz
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto de Pediatria, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia da Costa Leite
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto de Radiologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Tavares Lucato
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto de Radiologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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6
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Hummel BA, Blackburn J, Pham-Huy A, Muir K. High-dose steroid and heparin: a novel therapy for cerebral vasculitis associated with presumed group A Streptococcus meningitis. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/2/e239618. [PMID: 33563670 PMCID: PMC7875284 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-239618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vasculitis is a serious complication of bacterial meningitis that can cause significant morbidity and mortality due to stroke. Currently, there are no treatment guidelines or safety and efficacy studies on the management of cerebral vasculitis in this context. Herein, we report a case of a previously well 11-year-old girl who presented with acute otitis media that progressed to mastoiditis and fulminant meningitis. Group A Streptococcus was found in blood and ear-fluid cultures (lumbar puncture was unsuccessful). Her decreased level of consciousness persisted despite appropriate antimicrobial treatment, and repeat MRI revealed extensive large vessel cerebral vasculitis. Based on expert opinion and a presumed inflammatory mechanism, her cerebral vasculitis was treated with 7 days of pulse intravenous methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisone taper. She was also treated with intravenous heparin. Following these therapies, she improved clinically and radiographically with no adverse events. She continues to undergo rehabilitation with improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Alexander Hummel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Blackburn
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, University of Montreal Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Pham-Huy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Muir
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Perez FA, Oesch G, Amlie-Lefond CM. MRI Vessel Wall Enhancement and Other Imaging Biomarkers in Pediatric Focal Cerebral Arteriopathy-Inflammatory Subtype. Stroke 2020; 51:853-859. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.027917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Focal cerebral arteriopathy-inflammatory type (FCA-i) is a common cause of pediatric arterial ischemic stroke characterized angiographically by unifocal and unilateral stenosis/irregularity of the large anterior circulation arteries with a presumed inflammatory cause. Arterial vessel wall enhancement (VWE) on vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging is a potential biomarker of inflammation that may improve diagnosis, guide treatment, and predict outcomes in patients with FCA-i. We hypothesized that patients with FCA-i with more severe or extensive VWE would have worse arteriopathy, larger infarcts, worse clinical outcome, and increased risk for infarct progression/recurrence.
Methods—
Pediatric patients with arterial ischemic stroke, classified as FCA-i, and who underwent vessel wall imaging were retrospectively identified at our institution. Clinical data were reviewed and the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure at 1 year was determined as the primary clinical end point. Neuroimaging studies were assessed for infarct size, arteriopathy severity (Focal Cerebral Arteriopathy Severity Score), and VWE.
Results—
Nine cases of FCA-i with vessel wall imaging were evaluated, and there was a strong correlation between clinical outcome at 1-year with initial infarct volume (Spearman correlation coefficient rho=0.84;
P
<0.01) and arteriopathy severity (Focal Cerebral Arteriopathy Severity Score; rho=0.85;
P
<0.01). Patients with infarct progression/recurrence had worse Focal Cerebral Arteriopathy Severity Score at presentation compared with those without progression/recurrence (median [IQR]; 9.0 [8.0–11.8] and 5.0 [4.0–7.0], respectively;
P
<0.05). On the contrary, measures of VWE were not correlated with arteriopathy severity, infarct size, clinical outcome, or risk of infarct progression/recurrence. Moreover, not all patients with FCA-i demonstrated VWE.
Conclusions—
VWE may not be a reliable biomarker for the diagnosis or assessment of FCA-i, and future work is needed to assess the utility of vessel wall imaging in pediatric arterial ischemic stroke and FCA-i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A. Perez
- From the Department of Radiology, Seattle Children’s and University of Washington (F.A.P.)
| | - Gabriela Oesch
- University Children’s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (G.O.)
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8
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the spectrum of neurologic disease associated with human herpesvirus infections. RECENT FINDINGS As more patients are becoming therapeutically immunosuppressed, human herpesvirus infections are increasingly common. Historically, infections with human herpesviruses were described as temporal lobe encephalitis caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2. More recently, however, additional pathogens, such as varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and human herpesvirus 6 have been identified to cause serious neurologic infections. As literature emerges, clinical presentations of herpesvirus infections have taken on many new forms, becoming heterogeneous and involving nearly every location along the neuraxis. Advanced diagnostic methods are now available for each specific pathogen in the herpesvirus family. As data emerge on viral resistance to conventional therapies, newer antiviral medications must be considered. SUMMARY Infections from the herpesvirus family can have devastating neurologic outcomes without prompt and appropriate treatment. Clinical recognition of symptoms and appropriate advanced testing are necessary to correctly identify the infectious etiology. Knowledge of secondary neurologic complications of disease is equally important to prevent additional morbidity and mortality. This article discusses infections of the central and peripheral nervous systems caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and human herpesvirus 6. The pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentations of disease, diagnostic investigations, imaging characteristics, and treatment for each infectious etiology are discussed in detail.
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9
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Boucher AA, Taylor JM, Luchtman-Jones L. Aspirin in childhood acute ischemic stroke: The evidence for treatment and efficacy testing. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66:e27665. [PMID: 30762284 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin is the most commonly prescribed antiplatelet agent worldwide, but evidence supporting its use varies by age and disease process. Despite its frequent use in childhood acute ischemic stroke prevention and management, major knowledge gaps exist about optimal pediatric aspirin use, particularly in this setting, where high-quality clinical trials are urgently needed. This review focuses upon the evidence for aspirin use in childhood acute ischemic stroke, includes a summary of aspirin pharmacology to highlight misconceptions and common clinical situations which may limit its efficacy, and discusses the techniques and potential role of laboratory monitoring of aspirin efficacy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Boucher
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - J Michael Taylor
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lori Luchtman-Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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10
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Piccolo B, Barsacchi M, Greco F, Cerasti D, Ormitti F, Pisani F. Transient posterior cerebral arteriopathy: An unusual case enterovirus-related. Brain Dev 2019; 41:214-216. [PMID: 30224162 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Transient Cerebral Arteriopathy (TCA) is one of the main causes of childhood stroke. Here we present an unusual case of Arterial Ischemic Stroke (AIS) caused by a TCA of posterior flow and originally located in the right thalamus. The detection of enterovirus in the cerebrospinal fluid allowed us to suppose a probable post infectious etiology. The course of symptoms was self-limited and the child had a complete clinical recovery after five days. A new ischemic lesion on the antero-inferior paravermian region of the left cerebellum was revealed by a following brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) three months later and these findings were reported by further brain MRI control performed after 15 months. Comparing follow up Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) with previous High Resolution Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging (HRMI), we found a vessel narrowing at the level of the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery that might explain the arteriopathy process. In conclusion, clinical and radiological course allow us to speculate that this multifocal cerebral arteriopathy might be a transient lesion due to enterovirus infection. To our knowledge, there are only three articles describing TCA enterovirus-related, and brain MRA was performed in only one case; in addition, no one with the involvement of the posterior circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Piccolo
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Mother and Child Department, University-Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Marina Barsacchi
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Greco
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Cerasti
- Neuroradiology, Diagnostic Department, University-Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Ormitti
- Neuroradiology, Diagnostic Department, University-Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Mother and Child Department, University-Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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11
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Abstract
Brain has been considered as an immune-privileged site for centuries owing to the presence of blood-brain barrier, absent lymphatic drainage, and antigen-presenting cells. However, the present prevailing concept is of immune surveillance where brain is continuously surveyed by immune cells. However, the presence of immune cells in central nervous system (CNS) brings the risk of inflammation and autoimmunity involving both T and B cell mediated pathways. These mechanisms form the underlying pathology in a wide spectrum of pediatric CNS diseases manifesting as acquired neurological deficits. Overlapping, heterogenous, and ambiguous clinical features often delays the diagnosis. Although not always pathognomonic, magnetic resonance imaging can be an important biomarker leading to early diagnosis, prognostication, and systematic follow-up pf these diseases. This review describes the spectrum of different pediatric inflammatory disorders and their pertinent imaging features illustrated with clinical examples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthik Muthusamy
- Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manohar Shroff
- Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Kothur K, Troedson C, Webster R, Bandodkar S, Chu S, Wienholt L, Pope A, Mackay MT, Dale RC. Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid cytokine/chemokines involved in innate, T cell, and granulocyte inflammation in pediatric focal cerebral arteriopathy. Int J Stroke 2018; 14:154-158. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493018799975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aim To determine the role of inflammation in pediatric transient focal cerebral arteriopathy using cerebrospinal fluid cytokine/chemokines as biomarkers. Methods We measured 32 cytokine/chemokines in acute cerebrospinal fluid collected from children with stroke due to focal cerebral arteriopathy (n = 5) using multiplex immunoassay and compared with two patients with arterial ischemic stroke due to other causes (non-focal cerebral arteriopathy group, vertebral dissection, n = 1; cryptogenic, n = 1), pediatric encephalitis (n = 43), and non-inflammatory neurological disease controls (n = 20). Results Median age in the focal cerebral arteriopathy group was 9.3 years (range, 2.8–13 years). In the focal cerebral arteriopathy group (n = 5), four patients had middle cerebral ± distal carotid arteriopathy; one patient had posterior circulation arteriopathy. The median time from symptom onset to cerebrospinal fluid sampling was four days (range, 0.6–7 days). Only IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1, and CXCL10 levels were significantly higher in the acute cerebrospinal fluid of focal cerebral arteriopathy patients compared to non-inflammatory neurological disease controls and non-focal cerebral arteriopathy stroke. In contrast to focal cerebral arteriopathy, a broad array of Th1, Th2, Treg, Th17, B-cell related, and other broad spectrum cytokine/chemokines were elevated in encephalitis. Conclusion The elevated cerebrospinal fluid cytokine/chemokines support innate, T cell, and granulocyte inflammatory mechanisms in children with focal cerebral arteriopathy. This warrants larger cohort studies to discriminate primary inflammatory signals of the arteriopathy from secondary inflammation due to the stroke itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kothur
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher Troedson
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard Webster
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sushil Bandodkar
- Department of Biochemistry, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephanie Chu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Louise Wienholt
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alun Pope
- Statistical Consulting, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark T Mackay
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children’s Hospital, and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
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13
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Choi SY, Kim JW, Ko JW, Lee YS, Chang YP. Patterns of ischemic injury on brain images in neonatal group B Streptococcal meningitis. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2018; 61:245-252. [PMID: 30130950 PMCID: PMC6107402 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2018.61.8.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated patterns of ischemic injury observed in brain images from patients with neonatal group B Streptococcal (GBS) meningitis. Methods Clinical findings and brain images from eight term or near-term newborn infants with GBS meningitis were reviewed. Results GBS meningitis was confirmed in all 8 infants via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and patients tested positive for GBS in both blood and CSF cultures. Six infants (75.0%) showed early onset manifestation of the disease (<7 days); the remaining 2 (25.0%) showed late onset manifestation. In 6 infants (75%), cranial ultrasonography showed focal or diffuse echogenicity, suggesting hypoxic-ischemic injury in the basal ganglia, cerebral hemispheres, and periventricular or subcortical white matter; these findings are compatible with meningitis. Findings from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were compatible with bacterial meningitis, showing prominent leptomeningeal enhancement, a widening echogenic interhemisphere, and ventricular wall thickening in all infants. Restrictive ischemic lesions observed through diffusion-weighted imaging were evident in all eight infants. Patterns of ischemic injury as detected through MRI were subdivided into 3 groups: 3 infants (37.5%) predominantly showed multiple punctuate lesions in the basal ganglia, 2 infants (25.0%) showed focal or diffuse cerebral infarcts, and 3 infants (37.5%) predominantly showed focal subcortical or periventricular white matter lesions. Four infants (50%) showed significant developmental delay or cerebral palsy. Conclusion Certain patterns of ischemic injury are commonly recognized in brain images from patients with neonatal GBS meningitis, and this ischemic complication may modify disease processes and contribute to poor neurologic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Yeol Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ji Won Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Young Seok Lee
- Department of Radiology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Young Pyo Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Bernson-Leung ME, Boyd TK, Meserve EE, Danehy AR, Kapur K, Trenor CC, Lehman LL, Rivkin MJ. Placental Pathology in Neonatal Stroke: A Retrospective Case-Control Study. J Pediatr 2018; 195:39-47.e5. [PMID: 29397159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association of placental abnormalities with neonatal stroke. STUDY DESIGN This retrospective case-control study at 3 academic medical centers examined placental specimens for 46 children with neonatal arterial or venous ischemic stroke and 99 control children without stroke, using a standard protocol. Between-group comparisons used χ2 and Fisher exact t test. Correlations used Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS Case placentas were more likely than controls to meet criteria for ≥1 of 5 major categories of pathologic abnormality (89% vs 62%; OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 1.9-14.0; P = .0007) and for ≥2 categories (38% vs 8%; OR, 7.3; 95% CI, 2.9-19.0; P < .0001). Fetal vascular malperfusion occurred in 50% of cases and 17% of controls (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 2.2-10.5; P = .0001). Amniotic fluid inflammation occurred in 46% of cases with arterial ischemic stroke vs 25% of controls (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-6.1; P = .037). There was evidence of a "stress response" (meconium plus elevated nucleated red blood cells) in 24% of cases compared with 1% of controls (OR, 31; 95% CI, 3.8-247.0; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Placental abnormality was more common in children with neonatal stroke compared with controls. All placental findings represent subacute-to-chronic intrauterine stressors. Placental thrombotic processes were associated with both arterial and venous stroke. Our findings provide evidence for specific mechanisms that may predispose to acute perinatal stroke. Amniotic fluid inflammation associated with neonatal arterial ischemic stroke deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miya E Bernson-Leung
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Stroke and Cerebrovascular Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Theonia K Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Emily E Meserve
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Amy R Danehy
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kush Kapur
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Cameron C Trenor
- Stroke and Cerebrovascular Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Laura L Lehman
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Stroke and Cerebrovascular Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michael J Rivkin
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Stroke and Cerebrovascular Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.
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15
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Kortela E, Hytönen J, Numminen J, Overmyer M, Saxen H, Oksi J. Cerebral vasculitis and intracranial multiple aneurysms in a child with Lyme neuroborreliosis. JMM Case Rep 2017; 4:e005090. [PMID: 29026617 PMCID: PMC5630958 DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Lyme borreliosis is a multisystem tick-borne disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Neurological manifestations are reported in up to 15 % of adult patients with Lyme disease, while the frequency among children is higher. The most common manifestations are painful radiculopathy, facial nerve paresis and lymphocytic meningitis. Epileptic seizures and cerebral vasculitis with stroke or aneurysms are very rare complications. Case presentation. We describe a paediatric patient with sensorineural auditory dysfunction, headache, fatigue and epileptic seizures as sequelae of meningoencephalitis/Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) caused by B. burgdorferi. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed widespread enhancement of the leptomeninges, cranial nerves and artery walls compatible with vasculitis and disturbances in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation. The patient was treated with ceftriaxone for 2 weeks. Two years later, the patient had an ischemic stroke. Brain magnetic resonance angiography revealed multiple aneurysms, which were not present previously. The largest aneurysm was operated rapidly. The patient was treated with another course of intravenous ceftriaxone for 4 weeks and pulse therapy with corticosteroids. He recovered well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Kortela
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 348, 00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Jukka Hytönen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Microbiology and Genetics Department, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Numminen
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Margit Overmyer
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Saxen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarmo Oksi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland
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16
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Abstract
Over the last decades, the importance of inflammatory processes in pediatric stroke have become increasingly evident. Ischemia launches a cascade of events: activation and inhibition of inflammation by a large network of cytokines, adhesion and small molecules, protease, and chemokines. There are major differences in the neonatal brain compared to adult brain, but developmental trajectories of the process during childhood are not yet well known. In neonatal stroke ischemia is the leading pathophysiology, but infectious and inflammatory processes have a significant input into the course and degree of tissue damage. In childhood, beside inflammation lanced by ischemia itself, the event of ischemia might be provoked by an underlying inflammatory pathophysiology: transient focal arteriopathy, dissection, sickle cell anemia, Moyamoya and more generalized in meningitides, generalized vasculitis or genetic arteriopathies (as in ADA2). Focal inflammatory reactions tend to be located in the distal part of the carotid artery or the proximal medial arteries, but generalized processes rather tend to affect the small arteries.
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17
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Stence NV, Pabst LL, Hollatz AL, Mirsky DM, Herson PS, Poisson S, Traystman RJ, Bernard TJ. Predicting Progression of Intracranial Arteriopathies in Childhood Stroke With Vessel Wall Imaging. Stroke 2017; 48:2274-2277. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.017922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V. Stence
- From the Department of Radiology (N.V.S., D.M.M.) and Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (T.J.B.), Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (L.L.P., A.L.H., T.J.B.), Department of Anesthesiology (P.S.H., R.J.T.), and Department Neurology (S.P.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Lisa L. Pabst
- From the Department of Radiology (N.V.S., D.M.M.) and Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (T.J.B.), Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (L.L.P., A.L.H., T.J.B.), Department of Anesthesiology (P.S.H., R.J.T.), and Department Neurology (S.P.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Amanda L. Hollatz
- From the Department of Radiology (N.V.S., D.M.M.) and Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (T.J.B.), Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (L.L.P., A.L.H., T.J.B.), Department of Anesthesiology (P.S.H., R.J.T.), and Department Neurology (S.P.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - David M. Mirsky
- From the Department of Radiology (N.V.S., D.M.M.) and Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (T.J.B.), Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (L.L.P., A.L.H., T.J.B.), Department of Anesthesiology (P.S.H., R.J.T.), and Department Neurology (S.P.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Paco S. Herson
- From the Department of Radiology (N.V.S., D.M.M.) and Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (T.J.B.), Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (L.L.P., A.L.H., T.J.B.), Department of Anesthesiology (P.S.H., R.J.T.), and Department Neurology (S.P.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Sharon Poisson
- From the Department of Radiology (N.V.S., D.M.M.) and Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (T.J.B.), Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (L.L.P., A.L.H., T.J.B.), Department of Anesthesiology (P.S.H., R.J.T.), and Department Neurology (S.P.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Richard J. Traystman
- From the Department of Radiology (N.V.S., D.M.M.) and Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (T.J.B.), Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (L.L.P., A.L.H., T.J.B.), Department of Anesthesiology (P.S.H., R.J.T.), and Department Neurology (S.P.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Timothy J. Bernard
- From the Department of Radiology (N.V.S., D.M.M.) and Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (T.J.B.), Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (L.L.P., A.L.H., T.J.B.), Department of Anesthesiology (P.S.H., R.J.T.), and Department Neurology (S.P.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
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18
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Rapid contralateral progression of focal cerebral arteriopathy distinguished from RNF213-related moyamoya disease and fibromuscular dysplasia. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:1405-1409. [PMID: 28497183 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-017-3451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal cerebral arteriopathy includes unifocal or multifocal lesions that are unilateral or bilateral. Large- and/or medium-sized vessels are involved and can be visualized on angiography. CASE REPORT We report a case of cerebral infarction in a 9-year-old Japanese female who presented with a transient ischemic attack. Steno-occlusion involving the distal part of the internal carotid artery, proximal middle cerebral artery, and anterior cerebral artery was observed. Digital subtraction angiography demonstrated a beaded appearance in the cervical portion of the diseased internal carotid artery. Revascularization surgery was performed 45 days after the onset. A new infarction appeared on the other side of the anterior cerebral artery territory 7 months after the first onset. Antiplatelets and vasodilators were administered, and no progression was observed during 18 months of follow-up. Genetic analysis did not show ring finger protein 213 (RNF213)-related moyamoya disease, and pathological examination revealed no characteristics of fibromuscular dysplasia. CONCLUSION The radiological and genetic features coincided with focal cerebral arteriopathy, which is a distinct entity from fibromuscular dysplasia and RNF213-related moyamoya disease.
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19
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Domi T, Vossough A, Stence NV, Felling RJ, Leung J, Krishnan P, Watson CG, Grant PE, Kassner A. The Potential for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging Techniques in Pediatric Stroke Research. Pediatr Neurol 2017; 69:24-36. [PMID: 28237248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article was written to provide clinicians and researchers with an overview of a number of advanced neuroimaging techniques in an effort to promote increased utility and the design of future studies using advanced neuroimaging in childhood stroke. The current capabilities of advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques provide the opportunity to build on our knowledge of the consequences of stroke on the developing brain. These capabilities include providing information about the physiology, metabolism, structure, and function of the brain that are not routinely evaluated in the clinical setting. METHODS During the Proceedings of the Stroke Imaging Laboratory for Children Workshop in Toronto in June 2015, a subgroup of clinicians and imaging researchers discussed how the application of advanced neuroimaging techniques could further our understanding of the mechanisms of stroke injury and repair in the pediatric population. This subgroup was established based on their interest and commitment to design collaborative, advanced neuroimaging studies in the pediatric stroke population. RESULTS In working toward this goal, we first sought to describe here the magnetic resonance imaging techniques that are currently available for use, and how they have been applied in other stroke populations (e.g., adult and perinatal stroke). CONCLUSIONS With the continued improvement in advanced neuroimaging techniques, including shorter acquisition times, there is an opportunity to apply these techniques to their full potential in the research setting and learn more about the effects of stroke in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trish Domi
- Department of Physiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arastoo Vossough
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas V Stence
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ryan J Felling
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jackie Leung
- Department of Physiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pradeep Krishnan
- Department of Neuroradiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher G Watson
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, Division of Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - P Ellen Grant
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea Kassner
- Department of Physiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Fluss J, Dinomais M, Kossorotoff M, Vuillerot C, Darteyre S, Chabrier S. Perspectives in neonatal and childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 17:135-142. [PMID: 27687767 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1243471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the last decade considerable advances have been made in the identification, understanding and management of pediatric arterial ischemic stroke. Such increasing knowledge has also brought new perspectives and interrogations in the current acute and rehabilitative care of these patients. Areas covered: In developed countries, focal cerebral arteriopathy is one of the most common causes of arterial ischemic stroke in childhood and imaging features are well characterized. However, there are ongoing debates regarding its underlying mechanisms, natural evolution and proper management. The implementation of thrombolytic therapy in acute pediatric stroke has been shown to be efficient in anecdotal cases but is still limited by a number of caveats, even in large tertiary centers. Finally, neonatal stroke represents a unique circumstance of possible early intervention before the onset of any neurological disability but this appears meaningful only in a selective group of neonates. Expert commentary: While perinatal stroke, a leading cause of cerebral palsy, appears to be multifactorial, a large number of childhood ischemic stroke are probably essentially triggered by infectious factors leading to vessel wall damage. Current research is aiming at better identifying risk factors in both conditions, and to define optimal acute and preventive therapeutic strategies in order to reduce significant long-term morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fluss
- a Pediatric Neurology Unit, Pediatric Subspecialties Service, Children's Hospital , Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - M Dinomais
- b LUNAM, Université d'Angers , Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS) , EA7315 F-49000 , Angers , France.,c Département de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation , CHU Angers , Angers , France
| | - M Kossorotoff
- d French Center for Pediatric Stroke, Pediatric Neurology Department , APHP-Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital , Paris , France
| | - C Vuillerot
- e Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, L'Escale , French Center for Pediatric Stroke/Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation Pédiatrique , Bron , France.,f CNRS UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive , Equipe Biostatistique Santé , Pierre-Bénite , France
| | - S Darteyre
- g Department of Pediatrics , French Polynesia Hospital , Tahiti , French Polynesia.,h Inserm U1090 Sainbiose and Université Lyon/Saint-Étienne , Dysfonction vasculaire et hémostase Team , Saint-Étienne , France
| | - S Chabrier
- h Inserm U1090 Sainbiose and Université Lyon/Saint-Étienne , Dysfonction vasculaire et hémostase Team , Saint-Étienne , France.,i CHU Saint-Étienne , French Center for Pediatric Stroke/Pediatric Physical and Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine Department & Inserm CIC1408 , Saint-Étienne , France
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21
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Wei F, Diedrich KT, Fullerton HJ, deVeber G, Wintermark M, Hodge J, Kirton A. Arterial Tortuosity: An Imaging Biomarker of Childhood Stroke Pathogenesis? Stroke 2016; 47:1265-70. [PMID: 27006453 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.011331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Arteriopathy is the leading cause of childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Mechanisms are poorly understood but may include inherent abnormalities of arterial structure. Extracranial dissection is associated with connective tissue disorders in adult stroke. Focal cerebral arteriopathy is a common syndrome where pathophysiology is unknown but may include intracranial dissection or transient cerebral arteriopathy. We aimed to quantify cerebral arterial tortuosity in childhood arterial ischemic stroke, hypothesizing increased tortuosity in dissection. METHODS Children (1 month to 18 years) with arterial ischemic stroke were recruited within the Vascular Effects of Infection in Pediatric Stroke (VIPS) study with controls from the Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program. Objective, multi-investigator review defined diagnostic categories. A validated imaging software method calculated the mean arterial tortuosity of the major cerebral arteries using 3-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiographic source images. Tortuosity of unaffected vessels was compared between children with dissection, transient cerebral arteriopathy, meningitis, moyamoya, cardioembolic strokes, and controls (ANOVA and post hoc Tukey). Trauma-related versus spontaneous dissection was compared (Student t test). RESULTS One hundred fifteen children were studied (median, 6.8 years; 43% women). Age and sex were similar across groups. Tortuosity means and variances were consistent with validation studies. Tortuosity in controls (1.346±0.074; n=15) was comparable with moyamoya (1.324±0.038; n=15; P=0.998), meningitis (1.348±0.052; n=11; P=0.989), and cardioembolic (1.379±0.056; n=27; P=0.190) cases. Tortuosity was higher in both extracranial dissection (1.404±0.084; n=22; P=0.021) and transient cerebral arteriopathy (1.390±0.040; n=27; P=0.001) children. Tortuosity was not different between traumatic versus spontaneous dissections (P=0.70). CONCLUSIONS In children with dissection and transient cerebral arteriopathy, cerebral arteries demonstrate increased tortuosity. Quantified arterial tortuosity may represent a clinically relevant imaging biomarker of vascular biology in pediatric stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wei
- From the Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Section of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada (F.W., J.H., A.K.); Mebio, Inc, Cambridge, MA (K.T.D.); Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco (H.J.F.); Department of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (G.d.V.); and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.M)
| | - Karl T Diedrich
- From the Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Section of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada (F.W., J.H., A.K.); Mebio, Inc, Cambridge, MA (K.T.D.); Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco (H.J.F.); Department of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (G.d.V.); and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.M)
| | - Heather J Fullerton
- From the Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Section of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada (F.W., J.H., A.K.); Mebio, Inc, Cambridge, MA (K.T.D.); Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco (H.J.F.); Department of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (G.d.V.); and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.M)
| | - Gabrielle deVeber
- From the Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Section of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada (F.W., J.H., A.K.); Mebio, Inc, Cambridge, MA (K.T.D.); Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco (H.J.F.); Department of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (G.d.V.); and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.M)
| | - Max Wintermark
- From the Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Section of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada (F.W., J.H., A.K.); Mebio, Inc, Cambridge, MA (K.T.D.); Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco (H.J.F.); Department of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (G.d.V.); and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.M)
| | - Jacquie Hodge
- From the Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Section of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada (F.W., J.H., A.K.); Mebio, Inc, Cambridge, MA (K.T.D.); Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco (H.J.F.); Department of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (G.d.V.); and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.M)
| | - Adam Kirton
- From the Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Section of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada (F.W., J.H., A.K.); Mebio, Inc, Cambridge, MA (K.T.D.); Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco (H.J.F.); Department of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (G.d.V.); and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.M).
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Buerki SE, Grandgirard D, Datta AN, Hackenberg A, Martin F, Schmitt-Mechelke T, Leib SL, Steinlin M. Inflammatory markers in pediatric stroke: An attempt to better understanding the pathophysiology. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2016; 20:252-260. [PMID: 26778232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of childhood and perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) are poorly understood. Multiple risk factors include cerebral arteriopathy, congenital cardiac disease, infection, sickle cell disease, and maternal-fetal conditions in neonates. For infections and parainfectious conditions being the most important a possible inflammatory pathophysiology has long been suspected. This pilot study aims to detect, whether there are any abnormalities of inflammatory markers associated with childhood and neonatal stroke. METHODS The concentration of 23 different metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), endothelial factors, vascular cell adhesion proteins, and cytokines in plasma were measured in 12 children with AIS, 7 healthy age matched controls and 6 full term neonates with perinatal AIS. RESULTS At the time of the acute event children with AIS had significantly elevated levels of MMP-9, TIMP4, IL-6, IL-8 and CRP compared to controls (p < 0.05). Except for lower IL-6 and CRP levels the pattern of children with a history of varizella-zoster virus (VZV) and other viral infections did not differ to the non-infectious group. Median levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, sE-selectin, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha, VEGF, Fetuin A were found to be higher in the neonatal group when compared with older children. CONCLUSION This pilot study supports the assumption of an inflammatory process and up-regulation of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, and altered pattern of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, CRP and vWF levels in pediatric and neonatal AIS. It highlights the feasibility but also difficulties for similar larger future studies that should aim to clarify childhood stroke etiopathogenesis and consecutive further therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Buerki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Canada; Department of Neuropediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland.
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Neuroinfectiology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, Postfach 8571, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre N Datta
- University Children's Hospital Basel, Universitäts-Kinderspital beider Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annette Hackenberg
- University Children's Hospital Zürich, Kinderspital Zürich, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florence Martin
- Children's Hospital Winterthur, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Brauerstrasse 15, Postfach 834, CH-8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schmitt-Mechelke
- Children's Hospital Lucerne, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Kinderspital Luzern, CH-6000 Luzern 16, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L Leib
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Neuroinfectiology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, Postfach 8571, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; Biology Division, Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Maja Steinlin
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland
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Twilt M, Benseler SM. Central nervous system vasculitis in adults and children. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 133:283-300. [PMID: 27112683 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63432-0.00016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is an inflammatory brain disease targeting the cerebral blood vessels, leading to a wide spectrum of signs and symptoms, including neurologic deficits, cognitive dysfunction, and psychiatric symptoms. The inflammation could be reversible if diagnosed and treated early. The diagnosis requires the careful consideration and rapid evaluation of systemic underlying conditions and disease mimics. The differential diagnosis is distinctly different for angiography-positive and -negative PACNS subtypes and differs depending on age, so there is childhood PACNS or adult PACNS. Distinct disease subtypes have been described, with characteristic disease course, neuroimaging findings, and histopathologic features. Novel and traditional biomarkers, including von Willebrand factor antigen and cytokine levels, can help diagnose, and define subtype and disease activity. Treatment of PACNS should be tailored to the disease subtypes and clinical symptoms. Beyond immunosuppression it should include medications to control symptoms in order to support and enhance the child's or adult's ability to actively participate in rehabilitation. The mortality of PACNS has decreased; studies determining the morbidity and its determinants are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinka Twilt
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susanne M Benseler
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Yeon JY, Shin HJ. Nonprogressive Unilateral Intracranial Arteriopathy in Children with Arterial Ischemic Stroke. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2015; 57:401-7. [PMID: 26180606 PMCID: PMC4502235 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2015.57.6.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonprogressive unilateral intracranial arteriopathy known as transient (focal) cerebral arteriopathy is not a well-recognized arteriopathy among practitioners of Korea and Japan, although it cannot be easily differentiated from early moyamoya disease. This review summarizes the nomenclature, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, clinico-radiological features, and management of nonprogressive (reversible or stable) unilateral arteriopathy based on the relevant literature and our own experiences. Nonprogressive unilateral arteriopathy should be strongly suspected in children presenting with basal ganglia infarction and arterial beading. The early identification of patients likely to have nonprogressive or progressive arteriopathy would ensure proper management and guide further research for secondary stroke prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Young Yeon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Monteventi O, Chabrier S, Fluss J. [Current management of post-varicella stroke in children: a literature review]. Arch Pediatr 2013; 20:883-9. [PMID: 23838069 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among infectious factors, varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a leading cause of central nervous system vasculopathy and stroke in childhood. Not only have viral markers been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of affected patients, but also direct evidence of viral particles in the wall of cerebral arteries has been demonstrated in rare pathological specimens. This certainly reflects a localized infectious process likely associated with variable indirect inflammatory responses. Yet the usefulness in this setting of a lumbar puncture as well as of subsequent targeted antiviral and/or anti-inflammatory therapies is uncertain. Indeed, in the majority of cases, the so-called post-varicella angiopathy has a monophasic evolution with spontaneous resolution or stabilization, explaining diverging diagnostic and treatment approaches. In this paper, we have addressed this problematic area by reviewing 26 published cases from the year 2000 and three unpublished cases. Post-varicella stroke is typically associated with angiopathy most often involving the initial portion of the middle cerebral artery, causing a basal ganglia stroke. It tends to occur in young immunocompetent children. Thrombophilia work-up is in general negative. Lumbar puncture was performed in 17 out of 29 cases. Viral markers were examined in 14 cases, but were positive in only eight cases. Antiviral therapy was administrated in 11 children. In this small retrospective study, the treated children's vasculopathy did not progress more favorably nor was there a better outcome compared with untreated subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Monteventi
- Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève, hôpital des enfants, service des spécialités pédiatriques, neuropédiatrie, rue Willy-Donzé 6, 1211 Genève 14, Suisse
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