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Lee H, Han T, Park J. Purified Pyropia yezoensis Pigment Extract-Based Tandem Dye Synthesis. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:197. [PMID: 38786588 PMCID: PMC11122725 DOI: 10.3390/md22050197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Red phycoerythrin (R-PE) is a highly valuable protein found in an edible seaweed, Pyropia yezoensis. It is used extensively in biotechnological applications due to its strong fluorescence and stability in diverse environments. However, the current methods for extracting and purifying R-PE are costly and unsustainable. The aim of the present study was to enhance the financial viability of the process by improving the extraction and purification of R-PE from dried P. yezoensis and to further enhance R-PE value by incorporating it into a tandem dye for molecular biology applications. A combination of ultrafiltration, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration yielded concentrated (1 mg·mL-1) R-PE at 99% purity. Using purified PE and Cyanine5 (Cy5), an organic tandem dye, phycoerythrin-Cy5 (PE-Cy5), was subsequently established. In comparison to a commercially available tandem dye, PE-Cy5 exhibited 202.3% stronger fluorescence, rendering it suitable for imaging and analyzes that require high sensitivity, enhanced signal-to-noise ratio, broad dynamic range, or shorter exposure times to minimize potential damage to samples. The techno-economic analysis confirmed the financial feasibility of the innovative technique for the extraction and purification of R-PE and PE-Cy5 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Lee
- Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Han
- Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653-Block F, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jihae Park
- Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653-Block F, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
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2
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Tounsi L, Ben Hlima H, Hentati F, Hentati O, Derbel H, Michaud P, Abdelkafi S. Microalgae: A Promising Source of Bioactive Phycobiliproteins. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:440. [PMID: 37623721 PMCID: PMC10456337 DOI: 10.3390/md21080440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins are photosynthetic light-harvesting pigments isolated from microalgae with fluorescent, colorimetric and biological properties, making them a potential commodity in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. Hence, improving their metabolic yield is of great interest. In this regard, the present review aimed, first, to provide a detailed and thorough overview of the optimization of culture media elements, as well as various physical parameters, to improve the large-scale manufacturing of such bioactive molecules. The second section of the review offers systematic, deep and detailed data about the current main features of phycobiliproteins. In the ultimate section, the health and nutritional claims related to these bioactive pigments, explaining their noticeable potential for biotechnological uses in various fields, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Tounsi
- Enzymatic Engineering and Microbiology Laboratory, Algae Biotechnology Team, Biological Engineering Department, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (L.T.); (H.B.H.); (O.H.); (H.D.); (S.A.)
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hajer Ben Hlima
- Enzymatic Engineering and Microbiology Laboratory, Algae Biotechnology Team, Biological Engineering Department, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (L.T.); (H.B.H.); (O.H.); (H.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Faiez Hentati
- INRAE, Animal Research Unit and Functionalities of Animal Products (UR AFPA), University of Lorraine, USC 340, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Ons Hentati
- Enzymatic Engineering and Microbiology Laboratory, Algae Biotechnology Team, Biological Engineering Department, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (L.T.); (H.B.H.); (O.H.); (H.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Hana Derbel
- Enzymatic Engineering and Microbiology Laboratory, Algae Biotechnology Team, Biological Engineering Department, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (L.T.); (H.B.H.); (O.H.); (H.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Slim Abdelkafi
- Enzymatic Engineering and Microbiology Laboratory, Algae Biotechnology Team, Biological Engineering Department, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (L.T.); (H.B.H.); (O.H.); (H.D.); (S.A.)
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3
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Le Strat Y, Mandin M, Ruiz N, Robiou du Pont T, Ragueneau E, Barnett A, Déléris P, Dumay J. Quantification of Xylanolytic and Cellulolytic Activities of Fungal Strains Isolated from Palmaria palmata to Enhance R-Phycoerythrin Extraction of Palmaria palmata: From Seaweed to Seaweed. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:393. [PMID: 37504924 PMCID: PMC10381405 DOI: 10.3390/md21070393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) can be enzymatically extracted from red seaweeds such as Palmaria palmata. This pigment has numerous applications and is notably known as an antioxidant, antitumoral or anti-inflammatory agent. Enzymes secreted by P. palmata associated fungal strains were assumed to be efficient and adapted for R-PE extraction from this macroalga. The aim of the present study was to quantify both xylanolytic and cellulolytic activities of enzymatic extracts obtained from six Palmaria palmata derived fungal strains. Degradation of P. palmata biomass by fungal enzymatic extracts was also investigated, focused on soluble protein and R-PE extraction. Enzymatic extracts were obtained by solid state fermentation. Macroalgal degradation abilities were evaluated by measuring reducing sugar release using DNS assays. Soluble proteins and R-PE recovery yields were evaluated through bicinchoninic acid and spectrophotometric assays, respectively. Various enzymatic activities were obtained according to fungal isolates up to 978 U/mL for xylanase and 50 U/mL for cellulase. Enzymatic extract allowed high degrading abilities, with four of the six fungal strains assessed exhibiting at least equal results as the commercial enzymes for the reducing sugar release. Similarly, all six strains allowed the same soluble protein extraction yield and four of them led to an improvement of R-PE extraction. R-PE extraction from P. palamata using marine fungal enzymes appeared particularly promising. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first on the use of enzymes of P. palmata associated fungi in the degradation of its own biomass for biomolecules recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoran Le Strat
- Nantes Université, Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Margaux Mandin
- Nantes Université, Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Ruiz
- Nantes Université, Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Thibaut Robiou du Pont
- Nantes Université, Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Emilie Ragueneau
- Nantes Université, Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Alexandre Barnett
- Nantes Université, Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Paul Déléris
- Nantes Université, Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Justine Dumay
- Nantes Université, Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France
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Ji L, Qiu S, Wang Z, Zhao C, Tang B, Gao Z, Fan J. Phycobiliproteins from algae: Current updates in sustainable production and applications in food and health. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112737. [PMID: 37087221 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins are light-harvesting complexes found mainly in cyanobacteria and red algae, playing a key role in photosynthesis. They are extensively applied in food, cosmetics, and biomedical industry due to bright color, unique fluorescence characteristics and diverse physiological activities. They have received much attention in the past few decades because of their green and sustainable production, safe application, and functional diversity. This work aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of parameters affecting the whole bioprocess with a special focus on the extraction and purification, which directly determines the application of phycobiliproteins. Food grade phycobiliproteins are easy to prepare, whereas analytical grade phycobiliproteins are extremely complex and costly to produce. Most phycobiliproteins are denatured and inactivated at high temperatures, severely limiting their application. Inspired by recent advances, future perspectives are put forward, including (1) the mutagenesis and screening of algal strains for higher phycobiliprotein productivity, (2) the application of omics and genetic engineering for stronger phycobiliprotein stability, and (3) the utilization of synthetic biology and heterologous expression systems for easier phycobiliprotein isolation. This review will give a reference for exploring more phycobiliproteins for food and health application development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Sheng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Chenni Zhao
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Bo Tang
- Nantong Focusee Biotechnology Company Ltd., Nantong, Jiangsu 226133, PR China
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China.
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5
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Xu Y, Hou Y, Wang Q, Wang Y. Study of fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular mechanisms for the interaction of Hg 2+ ions and R-phycoerythrin from marine algae (Porphyra yezoensis). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 236:112586. [PMID: 36279663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal is a worldwide hazardous material, and many efforts were made to detect them sensitively and selectively. R-phycoerythrin (R-PE), a marine fluorescent protein, is abundant in red algae and participates in photosynthesis. In this work, the fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular mechanism of Hg2+ ions and R-PE were further explored through fluorescence spectrum measurements, time-resolved fluorescence lifetimes, peak fitting of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and molecular docking simulation in this study. It was proved by fluorescent spectrum measurements that Hg2+ ions could lead to static fluorescence quenching. Besides, the interaction was a spontaneous and exothermic process driven by hydrogen bond and Van der Waals (VDW) force. Importantly, Hg2+ ions bound to 78LYS and 82CYS on the α chain and 73CYS and 82CYS on the β chain, which resulted in the structural changes of the peptide chain and affected the secondary structure contents of R-PE. This study further explained the effect of Hg2+ ions on marine fluorescent protein R-PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Xu
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Yanhua Hou
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China.
| | - Quanfu Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China.
| | - Yatong Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
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6
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Brain-Isasi S, Correa S, Amado-Hinojosa J, Buschmann AH, Camus C, Lienqueo ME. Combined extraction methodology for simultaneous recovery of phycobiliproteins and agar from the red alga Gracilaria chilensis C. J. Bird, McLachlan & E. C. Oliveira. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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7
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Ji L, Liu Y, Luo J, Fan J. Freeze-thaw-assisted aqueous two-phase system as a green and low-cost option for analytical grade B-phycoerythrin production from unicellular microalgae Porphyridium purpureum. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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8
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Ramu Ganesan A, Kannan M, Karthick Rajan D, Pillay AA, Shanmugam M, Sathishkumar P, Johansen J, Tiwari BK. Phycoerythrin: a pink pigment from red sources (rhodophyta) for a greener biorefining approach to food applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10928-10946. [PMID: 35648055 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2081962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phycoerythrin (PE) is a photosensitive red pigment from phycobiliprotein family predominantly present in the red algae. The concentration of PE depends on photon flux density (PFD) and the quality of light absorbed by the algae tissue. This necessitates robust techniques to extract PE from the embedded cell-wall matrix of the algal frond. Similarly, PE is sensitive to various factors which influence its stability and purity of PE. The PE is extracted from Red algae through different extraction techniques. This review explores an integrative approach of fractionating PE for the scaling-up process and commercialization. The mechanism for stabilizing PE pigment in food was critically evaluated for further retaining this pigment within the food system. The challenges and possibilities of employing efficient extraction for industrial adoption are meticulously estimated. The techniques involved in the sustainable way of extracting PE pigments improved at a laboratory scale in the past decade. Although, the complexity of industrial-scale biorefining was found to be a bottleneck. The extraction of PE using benign chemicals would be safe for food applications to promote health benefits. The precise selection of encapsulation technique with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity of the membrane would bring better stability of PE in the food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Ramu Ganesan
- Division of Food Production and Society, Biomarine Resource Valorisation, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Torggården, Bodø, Norway
| | - Mohan Kannan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Durairaj Karthick Rajan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arti A Pillay
- School of Applied Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Technology (CEST), Fiji National University, Nasinu, Fiji
| | - Munisamy Shanmugam
- Research and Development Division (DSIR- Lab), Aquagri Processing Private Limited, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Johan Johansen
- Division of Food Production and Society, Biomarine Resource Valorisation, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Torggården, Bodø, Norway
| | - Brijesh K Tiwari
- Food Chemistry & Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Wang Q, Zhang Q, Zhang A, Hou Y. Three-phase partitioning, a recyclable method for the purification of R-phycoerythrin from a red algae Porphyra yezoensis. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:215-222. [PMID: 35499298 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2065685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) was isolated and characterized from Porphyra yezoensis by three-phase partitioning (TPP) method. The effects of temperature, time, pH, salt saturation, and volume ratio on the purity and recovery rate of R-PE were studied. The optimum extraction conditions were determined as follows: salt saturation of 70%, temperature of 25 °C, time of 45 min, pH of 7.0, and volume ratio of 1:1. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the purity of R-PE was 3.90. The results of SDS-PAGE showed that R-PE has three bands at 23 kDa, 22 kDa, and 18 kDa, corresponding to its α, β, γ subunits. The structure and optical activity of R-PE did not change before and after purification based on ultraviolet, infrared, and fluorescence spectra. In addition, the purity and recovery rate of R-PE extracted by tert-butanol were evaluated. The results showed that the extraction performance of tert-butanol for R-PE remained unchanged in three recoveries. These show that TPP is an efficient, green, and recyclable extraction technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfu Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China
| | - Ailin Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China
| | - Yanhua Hou
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China
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Enespa, Chandra P, Singh DP. Sources, purification, immobilization and industrial applications of microbial lipases: An overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6653-6686. [PMID: 35179093 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2038076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipase is looking for better attention with the fast growth of enzyme proficiency and other benefits like easy, cost-effective, and reliable manufacturing. Immobilized enzymes can be used repetitively and are incapable to catalyze the reactions in the system continuously. Hydrophobic supports are utilized to immobilize enzymes when the ionic strength is low. This approach allows for the immobilization, purification, stability, and hyperactivation of lipases in a single step. The diffusion of the substrate is more advantageous on hydrophobic supports than on hydrophilic supports in the carrier. These approaches are critical to the immobilization performance of the enzyme. For enzyme immobilization, synthesis provides a higher pH value as well as greater heat stability. Using a mixture of immobilization methods, the binding force between enzymes and the support rises, reducing enzyme leakage. Lipase adsorption produces interfacial activation when it is immobilized on hydrophobic support. As a result, in the immobilization process, this procedure is primarily used for a variety of industrial applications. Microbial sources, immobilization techniques, and industrial applications in the fields of food, flavor, detergent, paper and pulp, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel, derivatives of esters and amino groups, agrochemicals, biosensor applications, cosmetics, perfumery, and bioremediation are all discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enespa
- School for Agriculture, Sri Mahesh Prasad Post Graduate College, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Chandra
- Food Microbiology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Meng D, Zhang L, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Zhang H, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Yang R. Self-Assembly of Phycoerythrin with Oligochitosan by Electrostatic Interaction for Stabilization of Phycoerythrin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12818-12827. [PMID: 34669400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phycoerythrin (PE) is a natural water-soluble pigment protein with characteristic phycobilins and is sensitive to thermal and light environmental changes. In this study, PE was extracted from Porphyra haitanensis and PE-oligochitosan complexes (POC) were fabricated by a self-assembly approach. The effects of cationic oligochitosan on the binding interaction, structure, size distribution, and color stability of PE were evaluated. The stoichiometric number n was calculated to be 21.67 ± 2.65 (oligochitosan/PE) and the binding constant K was (6.47 ± 0.48) × 105 M-1. Cationic oligochitosan could electrostatically interact with PE and affect the PE structure by increasing the α-helix content. In addition, high concentrations of oligochitosan led to the formation of dense phycoerythrin protein granules. Moreover, at a reaction ratio of 20.0:1 (oligochitosan/PE), being approximately the predicted stoichiometric number n, the thermal stability (40-80 °C), natural light stability, and ultraviolet light irradiation (254 nm) stability of the POC were improved. This study provides an approach to reduce the susceptibility of PE upon environmental changes by forming a stable self-assembly complex, which will promote the application of PE as a natural pigment protein in food and chemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qiaoe Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Haili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Ulagesan S, Nam TJ, Choi YH. Extraction and Purification of R-Phycoerythrin Alpha Subunit from the Marine Red Algae Pyropia Yezoensis and Its Biological Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216479. [PMID: 34770894 PMCID: PMC8587297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phycoerythrin is a major light-harvesting pigment of red algae and cyanobacteria that is widely used as a fluorescent probe or as a colorant in the food and cosmetic industries. In this study, phycoerythrin was extracted from the red algae Pyropia yezoensis and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and various chromatography methods. The purified phycoerythrin was analyzed by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The isolated pigment had the typical spectrum of R-phycoerythrin, with a trimmer state with absorbance maxima at 497, 536, and 565 nm. It was further purified and identified by LC-MS/MS and Mascot search. It showed a 100% sequence similarity with the R-phycoerythrin alpha subunit of Pyropia yezoensis. The molecular mass was 17.97 kDa. The antioxidant activity of the purified R-phycoerythrin alpha subunit was analyzed. It showed significant antioxidant activity in ABTS and FRAP assays and had significant cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumari Ulagesan
- Department of Marine Bio-Materials & Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Gijang-gun, Busan 46041, Korea;
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Department of Marine Bio-Materials & Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea;
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Gijang-gun, Busan 46041, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Khandual S, Sanchez EOL, Andrews HE, de la Rosa JDP. Phycocyanin content and nutritional profile of Arthrospira platensis from Mexico: efficient extraction process and stability evaluation of phycocyanin. BMC Chem 2021; 15:24. [PMID: 33820553 PMCID: PMC8022431 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-021-00746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycocyanin is a blue natural food colorant with multiple health benefits. Here we propose an efficient phycocyanin extraction method from Arthrospira platensis from Mexico. Three extraction methods were applied to optimize the extraction process, using water and buffer as solvents, with three pH values at two agitation times. The highest phycocyanin, 54.65 mg/g, was extracted from dry biomass with water as a solvent using an ultrasonication bar. The optimum condition of extraction was determined to be 1:50 biomass/solvent ratio for dry biomass, with the freeze/thaw method for 20 min repeated twice, and then agitated at 120 rpm for 24 h. The phycocyanin content was 48.88 mg/g biomass, with a purity of 0.47. For scalable phycocyanin productivity, the sonication method is recommended as there is no statistical difference. The phycocyanin stability was best at - 20 °C storage temperature at pH 7 for 35 days. Partial purification with ammonium sulfate was found to be suitable as a fractional precipitation method, first at 0-20% and then 20-65%, to get purity nearly 1. Total protein was found to be 55.52%, and total amino acids after phycocyanin extraction was 33%. The maximum phycocyanin yield using water as a solvent was the most interesting result regardless of the method used for extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghamitra Khandual
- Centro de Investigación Y Asistencia en Tecnología Y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco. Av. Normalistas 800 Colinas de La Normal, C.P. 4227, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Edgar Omar Lopez Sanchez
- Centro de Investigación Y Asistencia en Tecnología Y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco. Av. Normalistas 800 Colinas de La Normal, C.P. 4227, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Hugo Espinosa Andrews
- Centro de Investigación Y Asistencia en Tecnología Y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco. Av. Normalistas 800 Colinas de La Normal, C.P. 4227, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jose Daniel Padilla de la Rosa
- Centro de Investigación Y Asistencia en Tecnología Y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco. Av. Normalistas 800 Colinas de La Normal, C.P. 4227, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Cyanobacteria and Red Macroalgae as Potential Sources of Antioxidants and UV Radiation-Absorbing Compounds for Cosmeceutical Applications. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120659. [PMID: 33371308 PMCID: PMC7767163 DOI: 10.3390/md18120659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research on natural products has gained considerable attention, particularly in the cosmetic industry, which is looking for new bio-active and biodegradable molecules. In this study, cosmetic properties of cyanobacteria and red macroalgae were analyzed. The extractions were conducted in different solvents (water, ethanol and two combinations of water:ethanol). The main molecules with antioxidant and photoprotective capacity were mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), scytonemin and phenolic compounds. The highest contents of scytonemin (only present in cyanobacteria) were observed in Scytonema sp. (BEA 1603B) and Lyngbya sp. (BEA 1328B). The highest concentrations of MAAs were found in the red macroalgae Porphyra umbilicalis, Gelidium corneum and Osmundea pinnatifida and in the cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. Scytonema sp. was the unique species that presented an MAA with maximum absorption in the UV-B band, being identified as mycosporine-glutaminol for the first time in this species. The highest content of polyphenols was observed in Scytonema sp. and P. umbilicalis. Water was the best extraction solvent for MAAs and phenols, whereas scytonemin was better extracted in a less polar solvent such as ethanol:dH2O (4:1). Cyanobacterium extracts presented higher antioxidant activity than those of red macroalgae. Positive correlations of antioxidant activity with different molecules, especially polyphenols, biliproteins and MAAs, were observed. Hydroethanolic extracts of some species incorporated in creams showed an increase in the photoprotection capacity in comparison with the base cream. Extracts of these organisms could be used as natural photoprotectors improving the diversity of sunscreens. The combination of different extracts enriched in scytonemin and MAAs could be useful to design broad-band natural UV-screen cosmeceutical products.
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Efficient Purification of R-phycoerythrin from Marine Algae ( Porphyra yezoensis) Based on a Deep Eutectic Solvents Aqueous Two-Phase System. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120618. [PMID: 33291563 PMCID: PMC7761831 DOI: 10.3390/md18120618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
R-phycoerythrin (R-PE), a marine bioactive protein, is abundant in Porphyra yezoensis with high protein content. In this study, R-PE was purified using a deep eutectic solvents aqueous two-phase system (DES-ATPS), combined with ammonium sulphate precipitation, and characterized by certain techniques. Firstly, choline chloride-urea (ChCl-U) was selected as the suitable DES to form ATPS for R-PE extraction. Then, single-factor experiments were conducted: the purity (A565/A280) of R-PE was 3.825, and the yield was 69.99% (w/w) under optimal conditions (adding 0.040 mg R-PE to ChCl-U (0.35 g)/K2HPO4 (0.8 g/mL, 0.5 mL) and extracting for 20 min). The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results revealed that the purified R-PE contained three main bands. One band was presented after purification in native-PAGE. The UV-vis spectra showed characteristic absorption peaks at 495, 540, and 565 nm. R-PE displayed an emission wavelength at 570 nm when excited at 495 nm. All spectra results illustrated that the structure of R-PE remained unchanged throughout the process, proving the effectiveness of this method. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed that aggregation and surrounding phenomena were the driving forces for R-PE extraction. This study could provide a green and simple purification method of R-PE in drug development.
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16
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Saluri M, Kaldmäe M, Rospu M, Sirkel H, Paalme T, Landreh M, Tuvikene R. Spatial variation and structural characteristics of phycobiliproteins from the red algae Furcellaria lumbricalis and Coccotylus truncatus. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Optimization of the Freezing-Thawing Method for Extracting Phycobiliproteins from Arthrospira sp. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173894. [PMID: 32859046 PMCID: PMC7503228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The freezing-thawing method had been reported to be the best phycobiliprotein extraction technique. However, optimum parameters of this extraction method for Arthrospira sp. (one of the major phycobiliprotein sources) still remained unclear. Hence, this study aimed to optimize the freezing-thawing parameters of phycobiliprotein extraction in Arthrospira sp. (UPMC-A0087). The optimization of the freezing-thawing method was conducted using different solvents, biomass/solvent ratios, temperatures, time intervals and freezing-thawing cycles. The extracted phycobiliproteins were quantified using a spectrophotometric assay. Double distilled water (pH 7) with a 0.50% w/v biomass/solvent ratio was the most efficient solvent in extracting high concentrations and purity of phycobiliproteins from Arthrospira sp. In addition, the combination of freezing at -80 °C (2 h) and thawing at 25 °C (24 h) appeared to be the optimum temperature and extraction time to obtain the highest amount of phycobiliproteins. A minimum of one cycle of freezing and thawing was sufficient for extracting high concentrations of phycobiliproteins. The findings from this study could reduce the cost and labor needed for extracting high quality phycobiliproteins. It also allowed the harvesting of large amounts of valuable phycobiliproteins.
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Zhao P, Wang X, Niu J, He L, Gu W, Xie X, Wu M, Wang G. Agar extraction and purification of R-phycoerythrin from Gracilaria tenuistipitata, and subsequent wastewater treatment by Ulva prolifera. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Torres MD, Flórez-Fernández N, Domínguez H. Integral Utilization of Red Seaweed for Bioactive Production. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E314. [PMID: 31142051 PMCID: PMC6627364 DOI: 10.3390/md17060314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrocolloids carrageenan and agar are the major fraction industrially extracted and commercialized from red seaweeds. However, this type of macroalgae also contains a variety of components with nutritional, functional and biological properties. In the context of sustainability and bioeconomy, where the integral utilization of the natural resources is incentivized, the sequential separation and valorization of seaweed components with biological properties of interest for food, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals and pharmaceuticals is proposed. In this work, a review of the available conventional and alternative greener and efficient extraction for obtaining red seaweed bioactives is presented. The potential of emerging technologies for the production of valuable oligomers from carrageenan and agar is also commented, and finally, the sequential extraction of the constituent fractions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolores Torres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Noelia Flórez-Fernández
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Herminia Domínguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
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Zhao M, Sun L, Fu X, Chen M. Phycoerythrin-phycocyanin aggregates and phycoerythrin aggregates from phycobilisomes of the marine red alga Polysiphonia urceolata. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 126:685-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Phycobiliproteins: Molecular structure, production, applications, and prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:340-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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23
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Nair D, Krishna JG, Panikkar MVN, Nair BG, Pai JG, Nair SS. Identification, purification, biochemical and mass spectrometric characterization of novel phycobiliproteins from a marine red alga, Centroceras clavulatum. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:679-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Miyabe Y, Furuta T, Takeda T, Kanno G, Shimizu T, Tanaka Y, Gai Z, Yasui H, Kishimura H. Structural Properties of Phycoerythrin from DulsePalmaria palmata. J Food Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Miyabe
- Chair of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan
| | - Tomoe Furuta
- Chair of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Takeda
- Chair of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan
| | - Gaku Kanno
- Chair of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Department of Research and Development; Hokkaido Industrial Technology Center; Hakodate Hokkaido 041-0801 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Laboratory of X-Ray Structural Biology, Faculty of Advanced Life Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO; Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Zuoqi Gai
- Laboratory of X-Ray Structural Biology, Faculty of Advanced Life Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Hajime Yasui
- Laboratory of Humans and the Ocean, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences; Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan
| | - Hideki Kishimura
- Laboratory of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences; Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan
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25
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Tang Z, Jilu Zhao, Ju B, Li W, Wen S, Pu Y, Qin S. One-step chromatographic procedure for purification of B-phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 123:70-4. [PMID: 26851659 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
B-phycoerythrin (B-PE) was separated and purified from microalga Porphyridium cruentum using one-step chromatographic method. Phycobiliproteins in P. cruentum was extracted by osmotic shock and initially purified by ultrafiltration. Further purification was carried out with a SOURCE 15Q exchange column and analytical grade B-PE was obtained with a purity ratio (A545/A280) of 5.1 and a yield of 68.5%. It showed a double absorption peaks at 545 nm and 565 nm and a shoulder peak at 498 nm, and displayed a fluorescence emission maximum at 580 nm. The analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed a bulky band between 18 and 20 kDa which could be assigned to subunits α and β and a low intensity band of 27 kDa assigned to γ subunit. Our protocol provides attractive alternative to consider for the purification procedure to obtain analytical grade B-PE at commercial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Tang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Street, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Jilu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Street, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Bao Ju
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Street, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Street, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Shaohong Wen
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Street, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yang Pu
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Street, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Street, Yantai 264003, China
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26
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Malairaj S, Muthu S, Gopal VB, Perumal P, Ramasamy R. Qualitative and quantitative determination of R-phycoerythrin from Halymenia floresia (Clemente) C. Agardh by polyacrylamide gel using electrophoretic elution technique. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1454:120-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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28
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Wang Q, Xu Y, Hou Y, Wang Y, Yan M, Zhang X, Wang H. Highly sensitive and selective fluorescence detection of Hg(ii) ions based on R-phycoerythrin from Porphyra yezoensis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24185a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
R-Phycoerythrin (R-PE) is a kind of natural fluorescent protein from marine Porphyra yezoensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfu Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- P. R. China
- School of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Yifeng Xu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- P. R. China
- School of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Yanhua Hou
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- P. R. China
- School of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- P. R. China
- School of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Meihong Yan
- School of Marine Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Weihai 264209
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Weihai 264209
- P. R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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29
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Francavilla M, Manara P, Kamaterou P, Monteleone M, Zabaniotou A. Cascade approach of red macroalgae Gracilaria gracilis sustainable valorization by extraction of phycobiliproteins and pyrolysis of residue. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 184:305-313. [PMID: 25465784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins extraction (primary refining) from Gracilaria gracilis seaweed, harvested in Lesina Lagoon (Italy) and further valorization of the residual algal via pyrolysis (secondary refining), were investigated with a cascade biorefinery approach. R-phycoerythrin (7 mg/g d.w.), allophycocyanin (3.5 mg/g d.w.) and phycocyanin (2 mg/g d.w.) were the main phycobiliproteins extracted. Pyrolysis of G.gracilis residue followed, aiming to investigate the production of bio-oil and biochar within a pyrolysis temperature range of 400-600 °C. Results showed that the bio-oil yield is high (∼65 wt%) at pyrolysis temperature ∼500 °C, but its high content in nitrogenous compounds prevents its use as a biofuel, unless some further de-nitrogenation takes place. Biochar yield ranged between 33 wt% (400 °C) and 26.5 wt% (600 °C). Interestingly, inorganic nutrients including P, K, Ca, Fe and Mg were detected in biochar, suggesting its potential use as recovering system of natural mineral resources from the oceanic reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Francavilla
- STAR∗AgroEnergy Research Group, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy; National Research Council, Institute of Marine Science, Lesina, Italy
| | - P Manara
- Biomass Group, Dept of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P Kamaterou
- Biomass Group, Dept of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Monteleone
- STAR∗AgroEnergy Research Group, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - A Zabaniotou
- STAR∗AgroEnergy Research Group, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy; Biomass Group, Dept of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Munier M, Morançais M, Dumay J, Jaouen P, Fleurence J. One-step purification of R-phycoerythrin from the red edible seaweed Grateloupia turuturu. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 992:23-9. [PMID: 25939094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A one-step chromatographic method for the purification of R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) of Grateloupia turuturu Yamada is described. Native R-PE was obtained with a purity index of 2.89 and a recovery yield of 27% using DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow chromatography with a three-step increase in ionic strength. The analysis by SDS electrophoresis showed a broad band between 18 and 21kDa in size corresponding to subunits α and β and a low intensity band of 29kDa corresponding to the γ subunit. Two forms of R-PE were identified by gel filtration chromatography: a native form with a molecular weight of 260±5kDa and a dissociated form with a molecular weight of 60±2kDa. The native form presented the characteristic absorption spectrum of R-PE with three absorbance maxima at 498, 540 and 565nm, whereas the dissociated form presented only the 498 and 540nm peaks. Moreover, the two forms displayed two different fluorescence maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Munier
- FR CNRS 3473 IUML, Mer Molécule Santé (MMS), EA 2160, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Michèle Morançais
- FR CNRS 3473 IUML, Mer Molécule Santé (MMS), EA 2160, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Justine Dumay
- FR CNRS 3473 IUML, Mer Molécule Santé (MMS), EA 2160, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Pascal Jaouen
- FR CNRS 3473 IUML, UMR-CNRS 6144 (GEPEA), Université de Nantes, CRTT 37 boulevard de l'Université, BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France
| | - Joël Fleurence
- FR CNRS 3473 IUML, Mer Molécule Santé (MMS), EA 2160, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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31
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Wang L, Wang S, Fu X, Sun L. Characteristics of an R-phycoerythrin with two γ subunits prepared from red macroalga Polysiphonia urceolata. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120333. [PMID: 25781487 PMCID: PMC4364535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) was isolated by gel filtrations on Sepharose CL-4B and Sephadex G-150 from the phycobiliprotein extract of the marine red macroalga Polysiphonia urceolata Grev and further purified by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow. The purified R-PE showed three absorption peaks at 498 nm, 538 nm, 566 nm and one fluorescent emission maximum at 577 nm. Although the R-PE showed a single band on the examination by native PAGE, it exhibited two very close bands at pH about 4.7 in native isoelectric focusing (IEF). Polypeptide analysis of the R-PE demonstrated that it contained four chromophore-carrying subunits, α18.2, β20.6, γ31.6 (γ'), γ34.6 (γ), and no colorless polypeptide; its subunit composition was 6α18.2:6β20.6:1 γ31.6:2γ34.6. The α and β subunits were distributed within a acidic pH range from 5.0 to 6.0 in denaturing IEF and the γ subunits were in a basic pH range from 7.6 to 8.1. These results reveal that the prepared R-PE may exist in two hexamers of γ (αβ)3 γ (αβ)3γ' and γ (αβ)3 γ'(αβ)3 γ and that the R-PE participate in the rod domain assembly of P. urceolata phycobilisomes by stacking each of its trimer (αβ)3 face-to-face with the aid of one γ subunit (γ or γ').
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shumei Wang
- College of Photo-electronic Information Science and Technology, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Xuejun Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Li Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, P. R. China
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32
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Methods of phycobiliprotein extraction from Gracilaria crassa and its applications in food colourants. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Phycoerythrins in phycobilisomes from the marine red alga Polysiphonia urceolata. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 73:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dumay J, Morançais M, Nguyen HPT, Fleurence J. Extraction and Purification of R-phycoerythrin from Marine Red Algae. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1308:109-17. [PMID: 26108500 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2684-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the recovery of an R-Phycoerythrin (R-PE)-enriched fraction from marine algae. Since R-PE is a proteinaceous pigment, we have developed a simple and rapid two-step method devoted to the extraction and purification of R-PE from marine red algae. Here we describe a phosphate buffer extraction followed by anion exchange chromatography carried on a DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column. To ensure the quality and quantity of R-PE recovery, we also indicate different methods to monitor each fraction obtained, such as spectrophotometric indicators, gel filtration, and SDS-PAGE analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Dumay
- LUNAM Université, Université de Nantes, MMS, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, Nantes, 44322, France,
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Bellou S, Baeshen MN, Elazzazy AM, Aggeli D, Sayegh F, Aggelis G. Microalgal lipids biochemistry and biotechnological perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1476-93. [PMID: 25449285 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, there has been an intense interest in using microalgal lipids in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries and cosmetology, while a noteworthy research has been performed focusing on all aspects of microalgal lipid production. This includes basic research on the pathways of solar energy conversion and on lipid biosynthesis and catabolism, and applied research dealing with the various biological and technical bottlenecks of the lipid production process. In here, we review the current knowledge in microalgal lipids with respect to their metabolism and various biotechnological applications, and we discuss potential future perspectives. The committing step in fatty acid biosynthesis is the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA that is then introduced in the fatty acid synthesis cycle leading to the formation of palmitic and stearic acids. Oleic acid may also be synthesized after stearic acid desaturation while further conversions of the fatty acids (i.e. desaturations, elongations) occur after their esterification with structural lipids of both plastids and the endoplasmic reticulum. The aliphatic chains are also used as building blocks for structuring storage acylglycerols via the Kennedy pathway. Current research, aiming to enhance lipogenesis in the microalgal cell, is focusing on over-expressing key-enzymes involved in the earlier steps of the pathway of fatty acid synthesis. A complementary plan would be the repression of lipid catabolism by down-regulating acylglycerol hydrolysis and/or β-oxidation. The tendency of oleaginous microalgae to synthesize, apart from lipids, significant amounts of other energy-rich compounds such as sugars, in processes competitive to lipogenesis, deserves attention since the lipid yield may be considerably increased by blocking competitive metabolic pathways. The majority of microalgal production occurs in outdoor cultivation and for this reason biotechnological applications face some difficulties. Therefore, algal production systems need to be improved and harvesting systems need to be more effective in order for their industrial applications to become more competitive and economically viable. Besides, a reduction of the production cost of microalgal lipids can be achieved by combining lipid production with other commercial applications. The combined production of bioactive products and lipids, when possible, can support the commercial viability of both processes. Hydrophobic compounds can be extracted simultaneously with lipids and then purified, while hydrophilic compounds such as proteins and sugars may be extracted from the defatted biomass. The microalgae also have applications in environmental biotechnology since they can be used for bioremediation of wastewater and to monitor environmental toxicants. Algal biomass produced during wastewater treatment may be further valorized in the biofuel manufacture. It is anticipated that the high microalgal lipid potential will force research towards finding effective ways to manipulate biochemical pathways involved in lipid biosynthesis and towards cost effective algal cultivation and harvesting systems, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Bellou
- Division of Genetics, Cell & Development Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Mohammed N Baeshen
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Elazzazy
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dimitra Aggeli
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fotoon Sayegh
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - George Aggelis
- Division of Genetics, Cell & Development Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Separation of native allophycocyanin and R-phycocyanin from marine red macroalga Polysiphonia urceolata by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis performed in novel buffer systems. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106369. [PMID: 25166028 PMCID: PMC4148431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three buffer systems of Imidazole-Acetic acid, HEPES-Imidazole/Bis-tris and Bis-tris-HEPES-MES were designed based on the principle of discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for the native PAGE which could be performed in pH 7.0 and 6.5 in order to analyze and prepare the minor components of allophycocyanin (AP) and R-phycocyanin (R-PC) from marine red macroalga Polysiphonia urceolata. These AP and R-PC phycobiliproteins are easily denatured in alkaline environments. The obtained results demonstrated that the PAGE modes performed in the buffer systems of HEPES-Imidazole/Bis-tris and Bis-tris-HEPES-MES gave the satisfactory resolution and separation of AP and R-PC proteins. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the AP and R-PC proteins which were prepared by the established PAGE modes proved that they maintained natural spectroscopic characteristics. The established PAGE modes may also provide useful references and selections for some other proteins that are sensitive to alkaline environments or are not effectively separated by the classical PAGE modes performed normally in alkaline buffer systems.
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Munier M, Jubeau S, Wijaya A, Morançais M, Dumay J, Marchal L, Jaouen P, Fleurence J. Physicochemical factors affecting the stability of two pigments: R-phycoerythrin of Grateloupia turuturu and B-phycoerythrin of Porphyridium cruentum. Food Chem 2014; 150:400-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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The red seaweed Gracilaria gracilis as a multi products source. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3754-76. [PMID: 24084791 PMCID: PMC3826134 DOI: 10.3390/md11103754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years seaweeds have increasingly attracted interest in the search for new drugs and have been shown to be a primary source of bioactive natural compounds and biomaterials. In the present investigation, the biochemical composition of the red seaweed Gracilaria gracilis, collected seasonally in the Lesina Lagoon (Southern Adriatic Sea, Lesina, Italy), was assayed by means of advanced analytical techniques, such as gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and spectrophotometric tests. In particular, analysis of lipids, fatty acids, sterols, proteins, phycobiliproteins and carbohydrates as well as phenolic content, antioxidant and radical scavenging activity were performed. In winter extracts of G. gracilis, a high content of R-phycoerythrin together with other valuable products such as arachidonic acid (PUFA ω-6), proteins and carbohydrates was observed. High antioxidant and radical scavenging activities were also detected in summer extracts of the seaweed together with a high content of total phenols. In conclusion, this study points out the possibility of using Gracilaria gracilis as a multi products source for biotechnological, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications even although more investigations are required for separating, purifying and characterizing these bioactive compounds.
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Bermejo R, Ruiz E, Ramos A, Acién FG. Pilot-Scale Recovery of Phycoerythrin fromPorphyridium cruentumusing Expanded Bed Adsorption Chromatography. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2013.791319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lage-Yusty MA, Caramés-Adán P, López-Hernández J. Determination of phycobiliproteins by constant-wavelength synchronous spectrofluorimetry method in red algae. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2012.728629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhao M, Sun L, Sun S, Gong X, Fu X, Chen M. The 42.1 and 53.7 kDa bands in SDS-PAGE of R-phycoerythrin from Polysiphonia urceolata. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 60:405-11. [PMID: 23791755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In SDS-PAGE gels of three purified R-phycoerythrins (R-PEs) isolated from three species of red algae, two bands whose molecular weights were about 40 kDa and 50 kDa can stably be found when the sample loading amount was enough. It is important for structure study of R-PE to clarify what these bands represent and how they are formed. According to results of the second SDS-PAGE, as well as molecular weights, fluorescences under UV and abundance, the 42.1 kDa and 53.7 kDa bands in SDS-PAGE gels of R-PE from Polysiphonia urceolata were believed to be complexes of αβ and βγ1, respectively. Formation of these bands may be related to light and phycourobilins (PUB) in subunits; and appearance of these two bands provided some proofs on position of chromophores and directions of energy transfer in R-PE. R-PE containing γ1 subunit was obviously more stable than R-PE containing γ2 subunit when they were exposed to protein denaturants, so γ subunits of R-PE may play important roles in structural stability of R-PE aggregates and the main forces that maintain the stability of R-PE may be interactions between γ subunit and β subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingri Zhao
- Mariculture Research Lab, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
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Dumay J, Clément N, Morançais M, Fleurence J. Optimization of hydrolysis conditions of Palmaria palmata to enhance R-phycoerythrin extraction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 131:21-7. [PMID: 23334315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, response surface methodology was applied to optimize R-phycoerythrin extraction from the red seaweed Palmaria palmata, using enzymatic digestion. Several algal treatments prior to digestion were first investigated. The extraction yield and the purity index of R-phycoerythrin, and the recovery of proteins and reducing sugars in the water-soluble fraction were then studied in relation to the hydrolysis time, the temperature and the enzyme/seaweed ratio. Enzymatic digestion appears to be an effective treatment for R-phycoerythrin extraction. Moreover, using the seaweed roughly cut in its wet form gives the most interesting results in terms of extract quality and economic cost. The R-phycoerythrin extraction yield is 62 times greater than without enzyme treatment and 16 times greater than without optimization. Enzymatic optimization enhanced the purity index up to 16 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Dumay
- LUNAM Université, Université de Nantes, MMS, Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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The pH regulated phycobiliproteins loading and releasing of polyelectrolytes multilayer microcapsules. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 93:121-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pilot Scale Recovery of Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis Using Expanded Bed Adsorption Chromatography. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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46
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Moraes CC, Sala L, Cerveira GP, Kalil SJ. C-phycocyanin extraction from Spirulina platensis wet biomass. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-66322011000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Sala
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brasil
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MORAES CAROLINECOSTA, DE MEDEIROS BURKERT JANAÍNAFERNANDES, KALIL SUSANAJULIANO. C-PHYCOCYANIN EXTRACTION PROCESS FOR LARGE-SCALE USE. J Food Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhao M, Sun L, Fu X, Gong X. Influence of Ionic Strength, pH, and SDS Concentration on Subunit Analysis of Phycoerythrins by SDS-PAGE. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 162:1065-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-8930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Plaza M, Herrero M, Cifuentes A, Ibáñez E. Innovative natural functional ingredients from microalgae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:7159-70. [PMID: 19650628 DOI: 10.1021/jf901070g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, a wide variety of compounds such as polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), or phytosterols obtained, for example, from wine, fish byproducts, or plants are employed to prepare new functional foods. However, unexplored natural sources of bioactive ingredients are gaining much attention since they can lead to the discovery of new compounds or bioactivities. Microalgae have been proposed as an interesting, almost unlimited, natural source in the search for novel natural functional ingredients, and several works have shown the possibility to find bioactive compounds in these organisms. Some advantages can be associated with the study of microalgae such as their huge diversity, the possibility of being used as natural reactors at controlled conditions, and their ability to produce active secondary metabolites to defend themselves from adverse or extreme conditions. In this contribution, an exhaustive revision is presented involving the research for innovative functional food ingredients from microalgae. The most interesting results in this promising field are discussed including new species composition and bioactivity and new processing and extraction methods. Moreover, the future research trends are critically commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merichel Plaza
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid, Spain
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50
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Wang B, Zhang JJ, Pan ZY, Tao XQ, Wang HS. A novel hydrogen peroxide sensor based on the direct electron transfer of horseradish peroxidase immobilized on silica–hydroxyapatite hybrid film. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:1141-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2008] [Revised: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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